View source for Robert Edwards (physiologist)

{{short description|English physiologist and pioneer in reproductive medicine (1925–2013)}}
{{Other people|Robert Edwards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix  = [[Knight Bachelor|Sir]]
| name              = Robert Edwards
| honorific_suffix  = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE|FRS|MAE|size=100%}}
| birth_name        = Robert Geoffrey Edwards
| image             = Robert_Edwards.jpg
| birth_date        = {{birth date |df=yes|1925|9|27}}<ref name="whoswho">{{Who's Who | title=EDWARDS, Sir Robert (Geoffrey) | id = U14722 | volume = 2014 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>
| birth_place       = [[Batley]], England
| death_date        = {{death date and age|df=yes|2013|4|10|1925|9|27}}
| death_place       = near Cambridge, England
| citizenship       = 
| nationality       = 
| field             = {{Plainlist|
* [[Physiology]]
* [[Reproductive medicine]]}}
| work_institutions = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of Cambridge]]
* [[University of Edinburgh]]
* [[Bangor University]]
* [[National Institute for Medical Research]]
* [[University of Glasgow]]
* [[California Institute of Technology]]
* [[Churchill College, Cambridge]]
* [[Bourn Hall Clinic]]}}
| alma_mater        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bangor University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]])
* [[University of Edinburgh]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}
| doctoral_advisor  = R. A. Beatty<br>[[C. H. Waddington]]<Ref name=edwardsphd/>
| doctoral_students = [[Richard Gardner (embryologist)]]<br>[[Martin Hume Johnson]]<br>[[Roger Gosden]]<br>[[Azim Surani]]<ref name=surani>{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|publisher=University of Cambridge|title=Modulation of Implanting Rat Blastocysts to Macromolecular Secretions of the Uterus|first= M. A. H.|last=Surani|date=1975|url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.474243|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.474243}}|website=ethos.bl.uk|oclc=500574338}}</ref>
| thesis_title      = The experimental induction of heteroploidy in the mouse
| thesis_year       = 1955
| thesis_url        = http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13774
| known_for         = Pioneering [[in-vitro fertilisation]]
| prizes            = {{Plainlist|
* [[Knight Bachelor]] (2011)
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] (2010)
* [[Lasker Award]] (2001)<ref name=lasker>[http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2001_c_description.htm Robert Edwards profile at Lasker Foundation]</ref><ref name=rsbm>{{cite journal|last1=Gardner|first1=Richard|title=Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards CBE. 27 September 1925 – 10 April 2013|journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|publisher=Royal Society|year=2015|volume=61|issn=0080-4606|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2014.0020|pages=81–102|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Johnson | first1 = M. H. | author-link1 = Martin Hume Johnson| title = Robert Edwards: The path to IVF | doi = 10.1016/j.rbmo.2011.04.010 | journal = Reproductive BioMedicine Online | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 245–262 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21680248 | pmc =3171154 }}</ref>}}
| religion          = 
| spouse            = {{marriage|[[Ruth Fowler Edwards|Ruth Fowler]]|1959}}<ref name="whoswho"/>
| footnotes         = 
| signature         = 
| website           = {{URL|nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2010/summary/}}
}}
'''Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards''' (27 September 1925&nbsp;– 10 April 2013) was a British [[physiologist]] and pioneer in [[reproductive medicine]], and [[in-vitro fertilisation]] (IVF) in particular. Along with obstetrician and gynaecologist [[Patrick Steptoe]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Edwards | first1 = R. G. | author-link = Robert G. Edwards| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1996.0027 | title = Patrick Christopher Steptoe, C. B. E. 9 June 1913 – 22 March 1988 | title-link = Patrick Steptoe | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 42 | pages = 435–52| year = 1996 | pmid =  11619339| doi-access = free }}</ref> and nurse and embryologist [[Jean Purdy]], Edwards successfully pioneered conception through IVF, which led to the birth of [[Louise Joy Brown|Louise Brown]] on {{Nowrap|25 July}} 1978.<ref>Multiple sources:
*{{Cite journal | last1 = Steptoe | first1 = P. C. | last2 = Edwards | first2 = R. G. | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92957-4 | title = Birth After the Reimplantation of a Human Embryo | journal = The Lancet | volume = 312 | issue = 8085 | pages = 366 | year = 1978 | pmid =  79723| s2cid = 31119969 }}
*{{cite news| title = 1978: First 'test tube baby' born| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/25/newsid_2499000/2499411.stm| publisher = BBC| access-date = 13 June 2009| quote = The birth of the world's first "test-tube baby" has been announced in Manchester (England). Louise Brown was born shortly before midnight in Oldham and District General Hospital| date=25 July 1978}}
*{{cite news| title = World's first test-tube baby Louise Brown has a child of her own| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/worlds-first-testtube-baby-louise-brown-has-a-child-of-her-own-432080.html| newspaper = Independent| access-date = 22 May 2010| quote = The 28-year-old, whose pioneering conception by in-vitro fertilisation made her famous around the world&nbsp;... The fertility specialists [[Patrick Steptoe]] and Bob Edwards became the first to successfully carry out IVF by extracting an egg, impregnating it with sperm, and planting the resulting embryo back into the mother.| location=London| first=Cole| last=Moreton| date=14 January 2007}}</ref> They founded the first IVF programme for infertile patients and trained other scientists in their techniques. Edwards was the founding editor-in-chief of ''[[Human Reproduction (journal)|Human Reproduction]]'' in 1986.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fraser L. R.|
title=In Appreciation of Professor R. G. Edwards, Founding Editor of the Human Reproduction Journals| journal= MHR: Basic Science of Reproductive Medicine|volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=3 |year=2000 |doi=10.1093/molehr/6.5.3|pmid=10775640}}</ref> In 2010, he was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] "for the development of in vitro fertilization".<ref name="nobelpr">{{cite web|url= https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2010/edwards/facts/ 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Press Release |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=4 October 2010 |access-date=4 October 2010|title=Robert G. Edwards – Facts - NobelPrize.org}}</ref><ref>Multiple sources:
*{{Cite journal | pmid = 23726252| year = 2013| last1 = Jones Jr| first1 = H. W.| title = Professor Sir Robert Edwards, 1925–2013| journal = Fertility and Sterility| volume = 99| issue = 7| pages = 1799–800| last2 = Gosden| first2 = R. G.| doi = 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.04.042| doi-access = free}}
*{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/humrep/deq155| pmid = 20657027| title = Why the Medical Research Council refused Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe support for research on human conception in 1971| journal = Human Reproduction| volume = 25| issue = 9| pages = 2157–74| year = 2010| last1 = Johnson | first1 = M. H.| author-link1 = Martin Hume Johnson| last2 = Franklin | first2 = S. B.| author-link2 = Sarah Franklin| last3 = Cottingham | first3 = M.| last4 = Hopwood | first4 = N. | pmc=2922998}}</ref>

==Education and early career==
Edwards was born in [[Batley]], Yorkshire, and attended [[Manchester Academy (Moss Side)|Manchester Central High School]]<ref name="whoswho"/> on Whitworth Street in central Manchester, after which he served in the [[British Army]], and then completed his undergraduate studies in biology, graduating with an [[ordinary degree]] from [[Bangor University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sla-divisions.typepad.com/dbio/2010/10/robert-g-edwards-2010-nobel-prize-winner-in-physiology-or-medicine.html |title=SLA Biomedical & Life Sciences Division Blog: Robert G. Edwards : 2010 Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology or Medicine |publisher=Sla-divisions.typepad.com |date=7 October 2010 |access-date=14 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://healthzone24x7.blogspot.com/2011/05/robert-g-edwards-great-physiologist-to.html |title=Health Zone 24×7 – Health – Fitness – Medicine – Medical |publisher=Healthzone24x7.blogspot.com |access-date=14 April 2013}}</ref> He studied at the [[Roslin Institute|Institute of Animal Genetics and Embryology]] at the [[University of Edinburgh]], where he was awarded a PhD in 1955 under the supervision of R.A. Beatty and [[C. H. Waddington]].<ref name=edwardsphd>{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|publisher=University of Edinburgh|title=The experimental induction of heteroploidy in the mouse|first= Robert Geoffrey|last=Edwards|date=1955|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.649897}}|oclc=606113063|hdl=1842/13774}} {{open access}}</ref>

==Career and research==
After a year as a [[postdoctoral research]] fellow at the [[California Institute of Technology]] he joined the scientific staff of the [[National Institute for Medical Research]] at Mill Hill. After a further year at the [[University of Glasgow]], in 1963 he moved to the [[University of Cambridge]] as Ford Foundation Research Fellow at the Department of Physiology, and a member of [[Churchill College, Cambridge]]. He was appointed [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]] in physiology in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/medicine-obituaries/9984988/Professor-Sir-Robert-Edwards.html |title=Professor Sir Robert Edwards |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=10 April 2013 |access-date=14 April 2013}}</ref>

===Human Fertilization ===
{{further|in vitro fertilisation}}
Circa 1960 Edwards started to study human [[fertilisation]], and he continued his work at Cambridge, laying the groundwork for his later success. In 1968 he was able to achieve fertilisation of a human egg in the laboratory and started to collaborate with [[Patrick Steptoe]], a [[Gynaecology|gynaecological]] surgeon from [[Oldham]]. Edwards developed human culture media to allow the fertilisation and early [[embryo]] culture, while Steptoe used [[laparoscopy]] to recover [[ovocyte]]s from patients with tubal [[infertility]]. Their attempts met significant hostility and opposition,<ref name="pz_opposition">{{cite web | author=Myers, P. Z. | url=http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2010/10/a_surprising_nobel.php | title=A surprising Nobel | date=4 October 2010 | access-date=4 October 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007114129/http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2010/10/a_surprising_nobel.php | archive-date=7 October 2010 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> including a refusal of the [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]] to fund their research and several lawsuits.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The New York Times | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/health/research/05nobel.html | title=Pioneer of in Vitro Fertilization Wins Nobel Prize | first=Nicholas | last=Wade | date=4 October 2010 | access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref><ref>Joseph D. Schulman, M.D., 2010. "Robert G. Edwards – A Personal Viewpoint" {{ISBN|1456320750}}</ref> [[Roger Gosden]] was one of his first graduate students.<ref name="frs"/>

The birth of [[Louise Brown]], the world's first 'test-tube baby', at {{Nowrap|11:47&nbsp;pm}} on {{Nowrap|25 July}} 1978 at the [[Oldham General Hospital]] made medical history: in vitro fertilisation meant a new way to help infertile couples who formerly had no possibility of having a baby.  Nurse [[Jean Purdy]] was the first to see Brown's embryo dividing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weule |first1=Genelle |title=The first IVF baby was born 40 years ago today |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2018-07-25/first-ivf-baby-louise-joy-brown-turns-40/10017032 |access-date=25 July 2018 |work=ABC News |date=25 July 2018 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

[[Image:Bourn Hall, Cambridgeshire.jpg|thumb|Bourn Hall Clinic]]

Refinements in technology have increased pregnancy rates and it is estimated that in 2010 about {{Nowrap|4 million}} children have been born by IVF,<ref name="nobelpr"/> with approximately 170,000 coming from donated [[oocyte]] and embryos.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090220015146/http://www.obgmanagement.com/srm/pdf/first_live_birth_donation.pdf First live birth donation]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.obgmanagement.com/srm.asp?id=5030 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008194941/http://www.obgmanagement.com/srm.asp?id=5030 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-10-08 |title=Home – OBG Management |publisher=Obgmanagement.com |access-date=14 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theafa.org/library/article/talking_with_children_about_ovum_donation_2009 |title=Library |publisher=TheAFA.org |access-date=14 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922111227/http://www.theafa.org/library/article/talking_with_children_about_ovum_donation_2009/ |archive-date=22 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Their breakthrough laid the groundwork for further innovations such as intracytoplasmatic sperm injection [[Intracytoplasmic sperm injection|ICSI]], embryo biopsy ([[Preimplantation genetic diagnosis|PGD]]), and [[stem cell]] research.

Edwards, Purdy, and Steptoe founded the [[Bourn Hall Clinic]] as a place to advance their work and train new specialists. Purdy died in 1985 and Steptoe in 1988. Edwards continued in his career as a scientist and an editor of medical journals.

===Honours and awards===
Edwards received numerous honours and awards including:
* Edwards was elected as a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1984|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1984]].<ref name=rsbm/><ref name="frs"/>
* In 1988, Edwards was appointed [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) in the [[1988 New Year Honours]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1988 New Year Honours |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/51171/supplement/1 |website=[[The London Gazette]]}}</ref>
* In 1994, Doctor Honoris Causa, [[University of Valencia]] (Spain).
* In 2001, he was awarded the Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award by the [[Lasker Foundation]] "for the development of in vitro fertilization, a technological advance that has revolutionized the treatment of human infertility."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2001clinical.htm |title=Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research 2001 |publisher=Laskerfoundation.org |date=16 September 2007 |access-date=4 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009074739/http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2001clinical.htm |archive-date=9 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* In 2002, he was awarded Grand Hamdan International Award - Obstetrics & Gynecology by Hamdan Medical Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Robert G Edwards - Sheikh Hamdan Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award for Medical Sciences - HMA |url=http://www.hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=261 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.hmaward.org.ae}}</ref>
* In 2007, he was ranked 26th in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''{{'}}s list of 100 greatest living geniuses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 100 living geniuses |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=28 October 2007 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html |access-date=4 October 2010 |location=London}}</ref>
* In 2007, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the [[University of Huddersfield]].
* On 4 October 2010, it was announced that Edwards had been awarded the 2010 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for the development of in-vitro fertilisation.<ref name="nobelpr"/> The Nobel Committee praised him for advancing the treatment of infertility and noted that babies of IVF have similar health statuses to other babies.<ref name="Nobel in medicine for IVF pioneer"/> [[Göran K. Hansson]], secretary of the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, announced the news.<ref name="Nobel in medicine for IVF pioneer">{{cite news |title=Nobel in medicine for IVF pioneer |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 October 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/Nobel-in-medicine-for-IVF-pioneer/articleshow/6686973.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104032532/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-05/europe/28237946_1_cell-research-ivf-centre-nobel-laureate |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref> The first child of IVF [[Louise Brown]] described the award as "fantastic news".<ref name="Vatican official criticises Nobel win for IVF pioneer"/> A [[Vatican City|Vatican]] official condemned the move as "completely out of order".<ref name="Vatican official criticises Nobel win for IVF pioneer">{{cite news |title=Vatican official criticises Nobel win for IVF pioneer |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=4 October 2010 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-11472753 |access-date=4 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vatican slams Nobel win for IVF doc |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=5 October 2010 |url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/vatican-slams-nobel-win-for-ivf-doc-20101005-164n0.html |access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref> As mentioned by [[Simon Fishel]], "In December 2010, at the Nobel awards ceremony that was full of pathos in Bob's absence, these precious words were spoken, 'In the absence of this year's Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine, I ask Professor Edwards' wife and long-term scientific companion, Dr [[Ruth Fowler Edwards]], to come forward and receive his Prize from the hands of His Majesty the King'".<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.10.005| title = Ruth Fowler (1930–2013)| journal = Reproductive BioMedicine Online| volume = 28| pages = 3–4| year = 2014| last1 = Fishel | first1 = S. | doi-access = free}}</ref>”
* Edwards was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in the [[2011 Birthday Honours]] for services to human reproductive biology.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=59808 |date=11 June 2011 |page=1 |supp=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Queen's birthday honours list: Knights|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jun/11/queens-birthday-honours-knights|work=The Guardian|access-date=11 June 2011|location=London|date=11 June 2011}}</ref>
* Edwards featured in the [[BBC Radio 4]] series ''[[The New Elizabethans]]'' to mark the [[diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II]] in 2012. A panel of seven academics, journalists, and historians named him among the group of people in the UK "whose actions during the reign of Elizabeth II have had a significant impact on lives in these islands and given the age its character".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01jxs2c/features/about|publisher=BBC|title=The New Elizabethans – Robert Edwards|access-date=29 May 2016}}</ref>

==Politics==
Edwards was a supporter of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], and represented [[Newnham, Cambridgeshire|Newnham]] ward on [[Cambridge City Council]] for two terms, from 1973 to 1978.<ref>Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher, [https://www.electionscentre.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Cambridge-1973-2012.pdf "Cambridge City Council Election Results, 1973-2012"], pp. 1-2.</ref> He enjoyed the experience enough to consider at one stage standing for parliament, but nothing came of it.<ref>Johnson, Martin H., [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/106352 "Edwards, Sir Robert Geoffrey (Bob) (1925–2013)"], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, online edition, January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2024. {{subscription required}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Edwards married [[Ruth Fowler Edwards]] (1930–2013), also a scientist with significant work, granddaughter of 1908 Nobel laureate physicist [[Ernest Rutherford]] and daughter of physicist [[Ralph Fowler]], in 1956.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=1aHdsFAmlsstu3IJeOO%2Bjg&scan=1|title=Index entry |access-date=12 April 2013|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}}</ref> The couple had five daughters and 12 grandchildren.<ref name="kolataobit">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/11/us/robert-g-edwards-nobel-winner-for-in-vitro-fertilization-dies-at-87.html|title=Robert G. Edwards Dies at 87; Changed Rules of Conception With First 'Test Tube Baby' |last=Kolata |first=Gina |author-link=Gina Kolata |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 April 2013 |access-date=13 April 2013}}</ref>

===Death===
Edwards died at home near Cambridge, England<ref name="kolataobit" /> on 10 April 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=IVF pioneer dies|url=http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/News/IVF-pioneer-dies-20130410122245.htm|newspaper=Cambridge News|access-date=10 April 2013}}</ref>{{dl|date=June 2025}} ''[[The Guardian]]'' said that, as of Edwards' death, more than four million births had resulted from IVF.<ref name=guardian>{{cite web | url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/apr/10/ivf-pioneer-robert-edwards-dies | work = [[The Guardian]] | access-date = 10 April 2013 | date = 10 April 2013 | title = IVF pioneer Robert Edwards dies aged 87 | first = Sam |last = Jones}}</ref>

A plaque was unveiled at the Bourn Hall Clinic in July 2013 by Louise Brown and Alastair MacDonald – the world's first IVF baby boy – commemorating Steptoe, Edwards and Purdy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldham-chronicle.co.uk/news-features/8/news-headlines/81552/worlds-first-testtube-baby-hails-pioneers-on-35th-birthday |title=Oldham News &#124; News Headlines &#124; World's first test-tube baby hails pioneers on 35th birthday - Chronicle Online |access-date=2016-11-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106185309/http://www.oldham-chronicle.co.uk/news-features/8/news-headlines/81552/worlds-first-testtube-baby-hails-pioneers-on-35th-birthday |archive-date=6 November 2016 |df=dmy-all }}{{Cite web|url=http://www.bourn-hall-clinic.co.uk/news/35-years-of-ivf-celebrated-by-the-first-test-tube-baby-at-bourn-hall-clinic/|title = News and events Bourn Hall}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Fernando Bonilla-Musoles]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Nobelprize|name=Robert G. Edwards}} 
*[https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1546 Papers of Sir Robert Edwards] and [https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1547 associated papers] held at [[Churchill Archives Centre]] 
*{{NPG name|id=120714}}

{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 2001-2025}}
{{2010 Nobel Prize winners}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edwards, Robert Geoffrey}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Bangor University]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:English knights]]
[[Category:English physiologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:British andrologists]]
[[Category:In vitro fertilisation]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
[[Category:People educated at the Central Grammar School for Boys]]
[[Category:People from Batley]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award]]
[[Category:National Institute for Medical Research faculty]]
[[Category:Members of Academia Europaea]]
[[Category:British eugenicists]]