View source for Roadside hawk

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Buteo magnirostris -Goias -Brazil-8.jpg
| image_caption = In [[Goiás]], Brazil
| image2 = Som-gaviao-carijo.ogg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |year=2020 |title=Rupornis magnirostris  |page=e.T22695880A168800737 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695880A168800737.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| display_parents = 2
| genus = Rupornis
| parent_authority = [[Johann Jakob Kaup|Kaup]], 1844
| species = magnirostris
| authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin, JF]], 1788)
| synonyms = ''Buteo magnirostris''
| range_map = Buteo magnirostris.svg
}}

The '''roadside hawk''' ('''''Rupornis magnirostris''''') is a relatively small [[bird of prey]] found in the [[Americas]]. This vocal species is often the most common raptor in its range. It has many [[subspecies]] and is now usually placed in the [[monotypic]] [[genus]] ''Rupornis'' instead of ''[[Buteo]]''.<ref name=SACC/>

==Taxonomy==
The roadside hawk was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1788 by the German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] in his revised and expanded edition of [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with the eagles, hawks and relatives in the [[genus]] ''[[Falco (bird)|Falco]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Falco magnirostris''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1788 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 1 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=282 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2896882 }}</ref> Gmelin based his description on the "Épervier à gros bec de Cayenne" that had been described and illustrated in 1770 by the French polymath [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Comte de Buffon]] in his multi-volume {{Lang|fr|Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux}}.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Buffon | first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | year=1770 | title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux | volume=1 | location=Paris | publisher=De l'Imprimerie Royale | pages=237–238 | language=French | url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1069704p/f301.item }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last1=Buffon | first1=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author1-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | last2=Martinet | first2=François-Nicolas | author2-link=François-Nicolas Martinet | last3=Daubenton | first3=Edme-Louis  | author3-link=Edme-Louis Daubenton | last4=Daubenton | first4=Louis-Jean-Marie | author4-link=Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton | year=1765–1783 | title=Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle | volume=5 | location=Paris | publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale | at=Plate 464 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35214549  }}</ref> The roadside hawk is now the only species placed in the genus ''Rupornis'' that was introduced in 1844 by the German naturalist [[Johann Jakob Kaup]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Kaup  | first=Johann Jakob  | author-link=Johann Jakob Kaup | year=1844| title=Classification der Säugethiere und Vögel | language=German | location=Darmstadt  | publisher=Carl Wilhelm Leske | page=120 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35282202|access-date=28 December 2022|via=Biodiversity Heritage Library }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |year=2023 | title=Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors | work=IOC World Bird List |version =13.2  | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=22 December 2023 }}</ref> The genus name combines the [[Ancient Greek]] {{Transliteration|grc|rhupos}} meaning "dirt" or "filth" with {{Transliteration|grc|ornis}} meaning "bird". The specific epithet ''magnirostris'' combines the [[Latin]] {{Lang|la|magnus}} meaning "great" with {{Lang|la|-rostris}} meaning "billed".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n343/mode/1up 343], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n237/mode/1up 237] }}</ref>

Twelve [[subspecies]] are recognised. Their distributions are as follow:<ref name=ioc/><ref name=Clement/>
* ''R. m. griseocauda'' <small>([[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1874)</small> – [[Mexico]] (south from [[Colima]], [[Nuevo León]] and [[Tamaulipas]], except [[Yucatán Peninsula|Yucatán]] and [[Tabasco]]) south to northwest [[Costa Rica]] and west [[Panama]] ([[Chiriquí Province|Chiriquí]]).
* ''R. m. conspectus'' <small>[[James L. Peters|Peters]], 1913</small> –  southeast Mexico (Tabasco and Yucatán Peninsula) and north [[Belize]]
* ''R. m. gracilis'' <small>[[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1885</small> –  [[Cozumel]] and [[Isla Holbox]], near Yucatán (Mexico)
* ''R. m. sinushonduri'' <small>([[James Bond (ornithologist)|Bond]], 1936)</small> –  [[Guanaja]] and [[Roatán]], off [[Honduras]]
* ''R. m. petulans'' <small>([[Adriaan Joseph van Rossem|van Rossem]], 1935)</small> –  southwest Costa Rica and Pacific slope of west Panama to [[Tuira River]], and adjacent islands
* ''R. m. alius'' <small>[[James L. Peters|Peters]] & [[Ludlow Griscom|Griscom]], 1929</small> –  San José and San Miguel, in [[Pearl Islands]] (Gulf of Panama)
* ''R. m. magnirostris'' <small>([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788)</small> [[Nominate subspecies#Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms|nominate]] – [[Colombia]] south to west [[Ecuador]], east to [[Venezuela]] and [[the Guianas]], and south to [[Amazônia Legal|Amazonian Brazil]] ([[Madeira River]] east to Atlantic coast)
* ''R. m. occiduus'' <small>[[Outram Bangs|Bangs]], 1911</small> – east [[Peru]], west Brazil (south of [[Amazon River|Amazon]], west of Madeira River) and north [[Bolivia]]
* ''R. m. saturatus'' <small>([[Philip Sclater|P.L. Sclater]] & [[Osbert Salvin|Salvin]], 1876)</small> – Bolivia, through [[Paraguay]] and southwest Brazil (southwest [[Mato Grosso]]) to west [[Argentina]] (south to [[La Rioja Province, Argentina|La Rioja]])
* ''R. m. nattereri'' <small>([[Philip Sclater|P.L. Sclater]] & [[Osbert Salvin|Salvin]], 1869)</small> – northeast Brazil south to [[Bahia]]
* ''R. m. magniplumis'' <small>(Bertoni, 1901)</small> – south Brazil, north Argentina ([[Misiones]]) and adjacent Paraguay
* ''R. m. pucherani'' <small>([[Jules Verreaux|J. Verreaux]] & [[Édouard Verreaux|E. Verreaux]], 1855)</small> – [[Uruguay]] and northeast Argentina (south to [[Buenos Aires Province]])

==Description==
The roadside hawk is {{convert|31|-|41|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|250|-|300|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name=oiseaux/> Males are about 20% smaller than females, but otherwise the sexes are similar.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> In most subspecies, the lower breast and underparts are barred brown and white, and the tail has four or five grey bars. Twelve subspecies are usually recognised and there is significant [[plumage]] variation between these. Depending on the subspecies involved, the roadside hawk is mainly brown or grey. It is fairly common to observe a touch of [[rufous]] (i.e., a light reddish-brown) on the bird's wings, especially when seen in flight.<ref name=Frisch/> Its call is a very high-pitched piercing squeak. The eyes of adult roadside hawks are whitish or yellow. As suggested by its [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], its beak is relatively large.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/>

The roadside hawk is the smallest hawk in the widespread genus ''Buteo'';<ref name =BotW>{{cite web |last1=Bierregaard|first1=Richard O.|last2=Boesman|first2=Peter F.D.|last3=Kirwan|first3=Guy M. |url = https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/roahaw/cur/introduction | title = Roadside Hawk ''Rupornis magnirostris'' |date=4 March 2020| access-date = 15 September 2022 | work = Birds of the World| publisher = Cornell Lab of Ornithology |url-access=subscription}}</ref> although [[Ridgway's hawk]] and the [[white-rumped hawk]] are scarcely larger.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> In flight, the relatively long tail and disproportionately short wings of the roadside hawk are distinctive. It frequently soars, but does not hover.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/>

<gallery mode = packed heights = 160px>
Roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris) immature 2.jpg|Immature ''R. m. saturatus''<br>The Pantanal, Brazil
Roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris magnirostris) in flight Paz de las Aves.jpg|''R. m. magnirostris'', West Ecuador
Roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris magnirostris) in flight Sumaco.jpg|''R. m. magnirostris'', East Ecuador
</gallery>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Roadside Hawk, Palo Verde NP, 3-11-12.jpg|right|thumb|In [[Palo Verde National Park|Palo Verde NP]], Costa Rica]]

The roadside hawk is common throughout its range: from Mexico through [[Central America]] to most of [[South America]] east of the [[Andes]] Cordillera. Vagrants are occasionally found in [[Texas]] in the United States. It is found from the northern [[Caribbean]] coast of South America south to the northeastern parts of Argentina. With the possible exception of dense [[rainforest]]s, the roadside hawk is well adapted to most [[ecosystems]] in its range. It is also an urban bird, and is possibly the most common species of hawk seen in various cities throughout its range—or perhaps just the most conspicuous one, as it becomes aggressive when nesting and has been recorded attacking humans passing near the nest.<ref name=BLI/><ref name=Pereira2008/>

==Behavior and ecology==
===Breeding===
The bulky stick nest is lined with leaves and placed near the top of a tree. The clutch of one or two eggs is incubated for around 37 days, beginning after the first egg is laid.<ref name=hbw>{{ cite book | last=Thiollay | first=J. M. | year=1994 | chapter=Roadside hawk | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=978-84-87334-15-3 | page=179 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0002unse/page/138/mode/1up  | chapter-url-access=registration }}</ref>

===Food and feeding===
The roadside hawk's diet consists mainly of [[insect]]s, [[squamate]]s, and small [[mammal]]s, such as young [[common marmoset]]s and similar small [[monkey]]s which are hunted quite often.<ref name=Lyra-Neves/> It will also take small [[birds]], but far less often than [[generalist and specialist species|generalists]] such as the related but larger [[white-tailed hawk]], or bird specialists like the more distantly related [[aplomado falcon]]. [[Mixed-species feeding flock]]s it encounters when hunting in open [[cerrado]] habitat are not particularly wary of it: they watch it lest the hawk come too close, but consider them hardly more of a threat than the diminutive [[American kestrel]].<ref name=Ragusa-Netto/>

<gallery widths="200" heights="130">
File:Roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris griseocauda) eating speckled racer (Drymobius margaritiferus) Orange Walk.jpg|''R. m. griseocauda'' eating [[Drymobius margaritiferus|speckled racer]], Belize
File:Roadside Hawk, Provincia de Cartago, Turrialba, Costa Rica imported from iNaturalist photo 236075665.jpg|Defecating
</gallery>

=== Hunting ===
Roadside hawks regularly hunt using the "[[Still-hunting|still hunting]]" method while patiently waiting for prey. While perch hunting, a [[hawk]] will drop or glide down from an elevated position to capture their prey.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitacre |first1=David |title=Neotropical Birds of Prey: Biology and Ecology of a Forest Raptor Community |date=2013 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-6611-3 }}{{pn|date=March 2024}}</ref> Though most attempts are successful through this technique, it is crucial to consider that their style of [[hunting]] varies in success depending on the habitat they explore.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Panasci |first1=Theresa |last2=Whitacre |first2=David |title=Diet and Foraging Behavior of Nesting Roadside Hawks in Petén, Guatemala |journal=The Wilson Bulletin |year=2000 |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=555–558 |doi=10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0555:DAFBON]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=4164283 }}</ref> 

==References==
<!-- Caldasia28:371. -->
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=SACC>[[South American Classification Committee]] (2011) ''[http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop460.html Revise generic boundaries in the Buteo group.]'' Accessed 16 June 2011</ref>

<ref name=oiseaux>{{cite web |url=http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-roadside-hawk.html |title=Roadside Hawk |website=oiseaux-birds}}</ref>

<ref name=RaptorsWorld>{{cite book |last1=Ferguson-Lees |first1=James |last2=Christie |first2=David A. |year=2001 |title=Raptors of the World |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=0-7136-8026-1}}</ref>

<ref name=Frisch>As illustrated in: {{cite book |last1=Frisch |first1=J.D. |last2=Frisch |first2=C.D. |year=2005 |title=Aves Brasileiras e Plantas que as Atraem |trans-title=Brazilian birds and plants attractive to them |publisher=Dalgas Ecotec |location=São Paulo |language=pt |page=191 |isbn=85-85015-07-1}}</ref>

<ref name=Clement>{{cite book |last=Clement |first=J.F. |year=2007 |title=The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World |title-link=The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World |publisher=Christopher Helm |edition=6th |isbn=978-0-7136-8695-1}}</ref>

<ref name=BLI>{{BirdLife|22695880|Buteo magnirostris }}</ref>

<ref name=Pereira2008>{{cite book |page=41 |last=Pereira |first=José Felipe Monteiro |year=2008 |title=Aves e Pássaros Comuns do Rio de Janeiro |trans-title=Common birds of Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Technical Books Editora |location=Rio de Janeiro |language=pt |isbn=978-85-61368-00-5}}</ref>

<ref name=Lyra-Neves>{{cite journal |last1=de Lyra-Neves |first1=Rachel M. |last2=Oliveira |first2=Maria A.B. |last3=Telino-Júnior |first3=Wallace R. |last4=dos Santos |first4=Ednilza M. |year=2007 |title=Comportamentos interespecíficos entre ''Callithrix jacchus'' (Linnaeus) (Primates, Callitrichidae) e algumas aves de Mata Atlântica, Pernambuco, Brasil |trans-title=Interspecific behaviour between ''Callithrix jacchus'' (Linnaeus) (Callitrichidae, Primates) and some birds of the Atlantic forest, Pernanbuco State, Brazil |journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=709–716 |language=pt |doi=10.1590/S0101-81752007000300022 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Ragusa-Netto>{{cite journal |last=Ragusa-Netto |first=J. |year=2000 |title=Raptors and 'campo-cerrado' bird mixed flock led by ''Cypsnagra hirundinacea'' (Emberizidae: Thraupinae) |journal=Revista Brasileira de Biologia |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=461–467 |doi=10.1590/S0034-71082000000300011 |pmid=11188872 |doi-access=free |hdl=11449/28947 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{EBirdSpecies|roahaw|Roadside Hawk}}
* [http://www.arthurgrosset.com/sabirds/roadside%20hawk.html Roadside Hawk ''Buteo magnirostris''] at [http://www.arthurgrosset.com/sabirds/south%20american%20index.html Arthur Grosset's South American Birds]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20001001084316/http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/3017400.htm Stamps]}} from [[Brazil]], [[Nicaragua]] and [[Suriname]] at {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/19990428065259/http://www.bird-stamps.org/ bird-stamps.org]}}
* {{VIREO|roadside+hawk}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060308223321/http://chandra.as.utexas.edu/~kormendy/Ecuador/RoadsideHawk-1473w.jpg Roadside hawk Photo] at [https://web.archive.org/web/20070922133125/http://chandra.as.utexas.edu/~kormendy/ecuadorbirds.html John Kormendy's Birds of Ecuador]
* {{NeotropicalBirds|roahaw|Roadside hawk}}
* {{IUCN_Map|22695880/168800737|Rupornis magnirostris}}
* {{Xeno-canto species|Rupornis|magnirostris|Roadside hawk}}

{{Buteoninae}}
{{Accipitrimorphae|A.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q426708|from2=Q107055610}}

[[Category:Accipitridae|roadside hawk]]
[[Category:Hawks|roadside hawk]]
[[Category:Birds of Central America]]
[[Category:Birds of the Yucatán Peninsula]]
[[Category:Birds of Nicaragua]]<!--for the Stamp Issue-->
[[Category:Birds of prey of South America]]
[[Category:Birds of the Guiana Shield]]<!--for the Stamp Issue-->
[[Category:Birds described in 1788|roadside hawk]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin|roadside hawk]]