View source for Richard of Cornwall

{{Short description|King of Germany from 1257 to 1272}}
{{For|the philosopher|Richard Rufus of Cornwall}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Richard
| title = [[Earl of Cornwall]]
| succession = [[King of Germany]]<br>(formally [[King of the Romans]])
| image = RisaCornwall.jpg
| caption = Seal of King Richard<ref>On the seal is written {{lang|la|Ricardus Dei gratia romanorum rex semper augustus}} ("Richard [[by the grace of God]] King of the Romans ever august")</ref>
| reign = 13 January 1257 – 2 April 1272
| coronation = 17 May 1257
| predecessor = [[William II of Holland]]
| successor = [[Rudolf I of Germany|Rudolf I of Habsburg]]
| spouses = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|[[Isabel Marshal]]|1231|1240|end=d}}
*{{marriage|[[Sanchia of Provence]]|1243|1261|end=d}}
*{{marriage|[[Beatrice of Falkenburg]]|1269}} }}
| issue = {{plainlist|
*[[Henry of Almain|Henry]]
*[[Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall]]}}
| issue-link = #Wives and progeny
| issue-pipe = more...
| house = [[Plantagenet]]
| father = [[John, King of England]]
| mother = [[Isabella, Countess of Angoulême]]
| birth_date = 5 January 1209
| birth_place = [[Winchester Castle]], Hampshire, [[Kingdom of England|England]]
| death_date = 2 April 1272 (aged 63)
| death_place = [[Berkhamsted Castle]], Hertfordshire, England
| burial_place = [[Hailes Abbey]], Gloucestershire
}}

'''Richard''' (5 January 1209{{sfn|Weis|1992|page=232}} – 2 April 1272) was an English prince who was [[King of the Romans]] from 1257 until his death in 1272. He was the second son of [[John, King of England]], and [[Isabella, Countess of Angoulême]]. Richard was nominal [[Count of Poitou]] from 1225 to 1243, and he also held the title [[Earl of Cornwall]] from 1225. He was one of the wealthiest men in Europe and joined the [[Barons' Crusade]], where he achieved success as a negotiator for the release of prisoners and assisted with the building of the citadel in [[Ashkelon|Ascalon]].

==Biography==
===Early life===
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| footer = '''Left''': Seal (''verso'' side) of Richard of Cornwall, showing his arms; '''right''' his arms: ''Argent, a [[Lions in heraldry|lion rampant]] gules crowned or a bordure sable [[bezant]]ée'' as drawn by his contemporary [[Matthew Paris]] (d. 1259)<ref>Matthew Paris, Book of Additions, British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, fol 171v [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/illmanus/cottmanucoll/h/011cotnerd00001u00171v00.html];</ref>
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He was born 5 January 1209 at [[Winchester Castle]], the second son of [[John, King of England]], and [[Isabella, Countess of Angoulême]]. He was made [[High Sheriff of Berkshire]] at age eight, was styled [[Count of Poitou]] from 1225 and in the same year, at the age of sixteen, his brother [[Henry III of England|King Henry III]] gave him Cornwall as a birthday present, making him [[High Sheriff of Cornwall]]. Richard's revenues from Cornwall helped make him one of the wealthiest men in Europe. Though he campaigned on King Henry's behalf in [[Poitou]] and [[Brittany]], and served as regent three times, relations were often strained between the brothers in the early years of Henry's reign, once Henry took rule for himself. Richard rebelled against him three times and had to be bought off with lavish gifts.

In 1225, Richard traded with Gervase de Tintagel, swapping the land of [[Merthen Manor|Merthen]] (originally part of the manor of [[Winnianton]]) for [[Tintagel Castle]].<ref name=listing>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1142128|desc=Merthen|access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref> It has been suggested that a castle was built on the site by Richard in 1233 to establish a connection with the Arthurian legends that were associated by [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]] with the area. Richard hoped that, in this way, he could gain the [[Cornish people]]'s trust.<ref>Lovering, D. (2007, May 13). Arthurian legend lives on at Tintagel. ''Deseret News.''</ref>

The dating to the period of Richard has superseded Ralegh Radford's interpretation which attributed the earliest elements of the castle to Earl Reginald de Dunstanville and later elements to Earl Richard.<ref>Radford, C. A. Ralegh (1939) ''Tintagel Castle, Cornwall''; 2nd ed. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office; p. 12</ref> [[Sidney Toy]], however, has suggested an earlier period of construction for the castle.<ref>Toy, S. (1939), ''Castles: a short history of fortifications from 1600 B.C. to A.D. 1600'', London: Heinemann</ref>

===Marriage to Isabel, 1231–1240===
[[File:SvatbaRichard isabela.jpg|thumb|Richard of Cornwall married Isabella of Gloucester, forging a notable dynastic alliance.]]
In March 1231, he married [[Isabel Marshal]], the wealthy widow of the [[Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Gloucester|Earl of Gloucester]], much to the displeasure of his brother King Henry, who feared the Marshal family because they were rich, influential, and often opposed him, as did Richard by this point. The joining of Richard to the Marshal family increased the power behind these rebellions, and the potential risk for Henry. Richard became stepfather to Isabel's six children from her first husband. In that same year he acquired his main residence, [[Wallingford Castle]] in Berkshire (now [[Oxfordshire]]), and spent much money on developing it. He had other favoured properties at [[Marlow, Buckinghamshire|Marlow]] and [[Cippenham]] and was a notable [[lord of the manor]] at [[Princes Risborough|Earls Risborough]], all in Buckinghamshire.

Isabel and Richard had four children, of whom only their son, [[Henry of Almain]], survived to adulthood. Richard opposed [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]] and rose in rebellion in 1238 to protest against the marriage of his sister, [[Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester|Eleanor]], to Simon. Once again he was placated with rich gifts. When Isabel was on her deathbed in 1240, she asked to be buried next to her first husband at [[Tewkesbury]], but Richard had her interred at [[Beaulieu Abbey]] instead. As a pious gesture, however, he sent her heart to Tewkesbury.

===On Crusade and marriage to Sanchia, 1240–1243===
[[File:Sanchie.jpg|thumb|Seal of Sanchia, Queen of the Romans, Richard's wife]]
Later that year, Richard departed for the Holy Land, leading the second host of crusaders to arrive during the [[Barons' Crusade]]. He did not fight any battles but managed to negotiate for the release of prisoners (most notably [[Amaury de Montfort (died 1241)|Amaury de Montfort]]) and the burials of [[crusaders]] killed at a battle in [[Gaza City|Gaza]] in November 1239. He also refortified [[Ashkelon|Ascalon]], which had been demolished by [[Saladin]]. On his return from the Holy Land, Richard visited his sister [[Isabella of England|Isabella]], the empress of [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]].

After the birth of [[Edward I of England|Prince Edward]] in 1239, provisions were made in case of the king's death, which favoured the Queen and her Savoyard relatives and excluded Richard. To keep him from becoming discontented King Henry and Queen Eleanor brought up the idea of a marriage with Eleanor's sister [[Sanchia of Provence|Sanchia]] shortly after his return on 28 January 1242.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}} On his journey to the Holy Land, Richard had met Sanchia in Provence, where he was warmly welcomed by her father [[Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence|Raymond Berenger IV]].{{sfn|Cox|1974|p=114}} Richard and Sanchia were married at Westminster in November 1243. Marriage to Sanchia had the advantage of tying Richard closely to the royal couple and their interests.

Eleanor and Sanchia's youngest sister [[Beatrice of Provence|Beatrice]] married [[Charles I of Naples]], while their oldest sister [[Margaret of Provence|Margaret]] had married [[Louis IX of France]]. The marriages of the kings of France and England and their two brothers to the four sisters from [[Provence]] improved the relationship between the two countries that led to the [[Treaty of Paris (1259)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1259.<ref>{{cite news | title= The Texts of the Peace of Paris, 1259 | journal = The English Historical Review | volume = 66 | number = 258 | pages = 81–97 [88] | last = Sanders | first= IJ | year=1951 | publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

===Poitou and Sicily===
Richard was appointed count of [[Poitou]] some time before August 1225.{{sfn|Weir|1999|p=67}} However, Richard's claims to [[Gascony]] and [[Poitou]] were never more than nominal, and in 1241, King [[Louis IX of France]] invested his own brother [[Alphonse, Count of Poitiers|Alphonse]] with Poitou. Moreover, Richard and Henry's mother, Isabella of Angoulême, claimed to have been insulted by the French queen. They were encouraged to recover Poitou by their stepfather, [[Hugh X of Lusignan]], but the expedition turned into a military fiasco after Lusignan betrayed them.{{sfn|Cox|1974|pp=112–113}} Richard conceded Poitou around December 1243.{{sfn|Weir|1999|p=67}}

[[Pope Innocent IV]] offered Richard the [[Kingdom of Sicily|crown of Sicily]], but according to [[Matthew Paris]], he responded to the extortionate price by saying, "You might as well say, 'I will sell or give you the moon, rise up and take it'".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Whalen |first=Brett Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaSTDwAAQBAJ&dq=richard+of+cornwall+offered++the+moon+climb+up+and+take+it&pg=PA220 |title=The Two Powers: The Papacy, the Empire, and the Struggle for Sovereignty in the Thirteenth Century |date=2019 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-5086-2 |page=110 |language=en}}</ref> Instead, his brother King Henry [[Sicilian business|attempted to purchase the kingdom]] for his own son [[Edmund Crouchback|Edmund]].

===Elected King of Germany, 1257===
Richard was elected in 1257 as [[King of the Romans|King of Germany]] by four of the seven [[Prince-elector|German Electoral Princes]]:

*[[Konrad von Hochstaden]], the Archbishop of [[Electoral Cologne|Cologne]]; 
*{{interlanguage link|Gerhard I von Dhaun|de|Gerhard I. von Dhaun}}, Archbishop of [[Elector of Mainz|Mainz]]; 
*[[Louis II, Duke of Bavaria|Louis II]], the [[Electoral Palatinate|Count Palatine]];
*[[Ottokar II of Bohemia|Ottokar II]], King of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]].

His candidacy was opposed by [[Alfonso X of Castile]], who was supported by three electors:

*[[Albert I, Duke of Saxony]]; 
*[[John I, Margrave of Brandenburg]]; 
*[[Arnold II of Isenburg]], Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier|Trier]].

[[Pope Alexander IV]] and King [[Louis IX]] of France favoured Alfonso, but both were ultimately convinced by the powerful relatives of Richard's wife Sanchia, and his sister-in-law, [[Eleanor of Provence]], to support Richard. [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]], who at first voted for Richard but later elected Alfonso, eventually agreed to support the Earl of Cornwall, thus establishing the required simple majority. So Richard had to bribe only four of them, but this came at a huge cost of 28,000 [[Mark (currency)|marks]]. On 17 May 1257, [[Konrad von Hochstaden]], [[List of Archbishops of Cologne|Archbishop]] of [[Cologne]], himself crowned Richard [[King of the Romans]] in [[Aachen]];<ref>Goldstone, Nancy (2008). ''Four Queens: The Provençal Sisters who ruled Europe.'' Penguin Books, London, p. 213.</ref> however, like his lordships in [[Gascony]] and [[Poitou]], his title never held much significance, and he made only four brief visits to Germany between 1257 and 1269.

===Later life, death and successors===
He founded [[Burnham Abbey]] in Buckinghamshire in 1263, and the {{ill|Grashaus|de}}, [[Aachen]] in 1266.

He joined King Henry in fighting against Simon de Montfort's rebels in the [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267). After the shattering royalist defeat at the [[Battle of Lewes]], Richard took refuge in a [[windmill]], was discovered, and was imprisoned until September 1265.

Richard bought the [[feudal barony of Trematon]] in 1270.

In March 1271 Richard's son and heir [[Henry of Almain]] was murdered in Viterbo at the Church of San Silvestro by [[Guy de Montfort, Count of Nola|Guy]] and [[Simon de Montfort the Younger]] in revenge for their father and brother [[Henry de Montfort]] being killed at the Battle of Evesham. Simon and Guy were Richard's nephews and sources say that Richard did not recover from the shock. In December 1271, he had a stroke. His right side was paralysed and he lost the ability to speak. On 2 April 1272, Richard died at [[Berkhamsted Castle]] in Hertfordshire. He was buried next to his second wife [[Sanchia of Provence]] and [[Henry of Almain]], his son by his first wife, at [[Hailes Abbey]], which he had founded.

After his death, a power struggle ensued in Germany, which only ended in 1273 with the emergence of [[Rudolf I of Germany|Rudolph I of Habsburg]], the first scion of a long-lasting noble family to rule the empire. In Cornwall, Richard was succeeded by [[Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall|Edmund]], son of his second wife Sanchia.

==Wives and progeny==
Richard of Cornwall married three times and had six legitimate children, none of whom themselves had children, and he also had illegitimate progeny:

===First wife===
Richard married first, on 30 March 1231 at [[Fawley, Buckinghamshire]], to [[Isabel Marshal]] (d. 1240) was the daughter of [[William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke]], by his wife [[Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke|Isabel de Clare]], who in turn was daughter of Sir [[Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Richard "Strongbow" de Clare]] and [[Aoife MacMurrough]]. Isabel Marshal died on 17 January 1240 while giving birth at [[Berkhamsted Castle]] and was buried at [[Beaulieu Abbey]]. By Isabel Marshal he had four children, of whom only one reached adulthood:<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Harvnb|Richardson|2011a|pp=566–571}}</ref>
*John of Cornwall (31 January 1232 – 22 September 1232), born and died at [[Marlow, Buckinghamshire]], buried at [[Reading Abbey]].
*Isabel of Cornwall (c. 9 September 1233 – 6 October 1234), born and died at Marlow, Buckinghamshire, buried at Reading Abbey.
*[[Henry of Almain|Henry of Cornwall]] (2 November 1235 – 13 March 1271). Known as "Henry of [[Names of Germany#Names from Alemanni|Almain]]" (Germany). He was buried at [[Hailes Abbey]] in [[Gloucestershire]]. He had no children.
*Nicholas of Cornwall (b. & d. 17 January 1240 at Berkhamsted Castle), died shortly after birth; buried at Beaulieu Abbey with his mother.

===Second wife===
Richard's second marriage took place nearly four years after the death of his first wife. His new bride, whom he married in [[Westminster Abbey]] on 23 November 1243, was [[Sanchia of Provence]] ({{circa|1225}} – 9 November 1261), the third of four daughters of [[Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence]], by his wife [[Beatrice of Savoy]]. She was a younger sister of the Queens of France and England, while the youngest sister would later become Queen of Sicily. The match was arranged by Sanchia's elder sister [[Eleanor of Provence]], wife of Richard's elder brother King [[Henry III of England]]. Sanchia died on 9 November 1261 at [[Berkhamsted Castle]] and was buried 15 November in [[Hailes Abbey]] in [[Gloucestershire]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goldstone|first1=Nancy|title=Four Queens: The Provençal Sisters who ruled Europe|date=2007|publisher=Viking|location=New York|isbn=978-0-670-03843-5|pages=217}}</ref> By Sanchia of Provence, Richard had a further two sons:<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*unnamed son (Jul 1246 – 15 Aug 1246), died in infancy.
*[[Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall]] (26 December 1249 – before 25 September 1300), usually styled ''Edmund of Almain''. Edmund married Margaret de Clare (1250 – shortly before November 1312), daughter of [[Richard de Clare, Earl of Gloucester]], but by her had no children.

===Third wife===
[[File:Valkenberg window.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Beatrice of Falkenburg]], Richard's third wife, shown as Queen of the Romans in a 13th-century depiction]]
The third marriage of Richard was to [[Beatrice of Falkenburg]], said to be one of the most beautiful women of her time. Her father, Dietrich I, Count of Falkenburg, of [[Valkenburg Castle]] in the Netherlands, was a supporter of Richard's claim to the throne of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The two men fought on the same side in a battle, at which time Richard met Beatrice and grew besotted by her. They married on 16 June 1269 at [[Kaiserslautern]], when she was about fifteen years old while he was in his sixty-first year and his youngest child was only four years older than Beatrice. Richard doted on his young wife, and she had a high regard for him, but they produced no children.<ref name="Richardson I 2011 567">{{Harvnb|Richardson|2011a|p=567}}</ref> Beatrice survived Richard by only five years and never married again. She died on 17 October 1277 and was buried before the high altar at the Church of the [[Friars Minor|Grey Friars]] in [[Oxford]].<ref name="Richardson I 2011 567"/>

===Illegitimate children===
Richard had several documented out-of-wedlock children. One of Richard's mistresses was Joan de Vautort, widow of Ralph de Vautort<ref name="Pole, p.309">{{harvnb|Pole|1791|p=309}}</ref> (d. 1267), [[feudal baronies in Devonshire|feudal baron of Harberton]], Devon{{sfn|Pole|1791|p=21}} and [[feudal barony of Trematon|Trematon]], Cornwall. Joan later married Sir Alexander Okeston, [[lord of the manor]] of [[Modbury]] in Devon, a part of the Vautorts' [[feudal baron]]y of Harberton that had been granted him by Roger de Vautort.<ref name="Pole, p.309"/> Joan bore Alexander a son and heir, Sir James Okeston.<ref name="Vivian 1531, p.160">[[John Lambrick Vivian|Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L.]], (Ed.) ''The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620'', Exeter, 1895, p. 160, pedigree of Champernowne</ref>

By Joan de Vautort or other mistresses, the Earl of Cornwall had at least three sons and a daughter as follows:<ref>{{Harvnb|Richardson|2011a|pp=573–574}}. An additional daughter, Isabel, who received a grant from King Henry III in which she was called "niece", has been attributed to Earl Richard. However, Cecil G. Savile, ''The House of Cornwall'', pp. 37–40, shows this to be chronologically impossible, and suggests that this Isabel was Henry's niece only in the half-blood, being granddaughter of the second marriage of his mother [[Isabella of Angoulême]] with [[Hugh X of Lusignan]].</ref>
* Philip of Cornwall, a priest.
* Sir Richard of Cornwall, who received a grant from his half-brother [[Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall]] (d. 1300), in which he was called "brother". He married Joan, allegedly daughter of [[John Fitzalan (1246–1272)|John Fitzalan III]], and by her had three sons and a daughter. He was slain by an arrow at the [[Sack of Berwick (1296)|Siege of Berwick]] in 1296. His daughter Joan of Cornwall married Sir John Howard, from whom the [[Howard family]], [[Duke of Norfolk|Dukes of Norfolk]], are descended.<ref>{{Harvnb|Richardson|2011a|pp=574–575}}; {{Harvnb|Richardson|2011b|p=265}}</ref>
* Sir Walter of Cornwall, who received a grant of the royal manor of [[St Stephen-in-Brannel|Brannel]], Cornwall; from his half-brother Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall, in which he was called "brother". He was ancestor of the Cornwalls of Branell.
* Joan of Cornwall, daughter of Joan de Vautort, in 1283 received a grant from her half-brother Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall, in which she was called "sister".{{sfn|Pole|1791|p=309}}{{sfn|Risdon|1811|p=187}} The younger Joan married (1st) Richard de Champernoun and (2nd) Sir Peter de Fishacre of [[Combe Fishacre]] and [[Coleton Fishacre]], Devon,{{sfn|Pole|1791|p=274}} having no issue by the second. Her childless half-brother Sir James Okeston made her son (or grandson) Richard de Champernoun his heir.{{sfn|Pole|1791|p=309}}{{sfn|Risdon|1811|p=187}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=The Eagles of Savoy|last=Cox|first=Eugene L.|year=1974|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=0691052166}}
* {{Cite book|last=Richardson|first=Douglas|year=2011a|editor-last=Everingham|editor-first=Kimball G.|title=Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families|location=Salt Lake City|authorlink=Douglas Richardson|edition=2nd|volume=I|isbn=978-1449966317}}
* {{Cite book|last=Richardson|first=Douglas|year=2011b|editor-last=Everingham|editor-first=Kimball G.|title=Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families|location=Salt Lake City|authorlink=Douglas Richardson|edition=2nd|volume=II|isbn=978-1449966348}}
* {{cite book |authorlink=William Pole (antiquary) |last=Pole |first=Sir William | title=Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon |location=London |year=1791}}
* {{cite book |authorlink=Tristram Risdon|last=Risdon |first=Tristram |title=Survey of Devon |location= London |year=1811}}
* {{cite book|first=Alison|last=Weir|title=Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy|location=London|authorlink=Alison Weir|publisher=The Bodley Head|year=1999}}
* {{cite book |first=Frederick Lewis |last=Weis |editor-first1=Walter Lee |editor-last1=Sheppard |editor-first2=David |authorlink=Frederick Lewis Weis |editor-last2=Faris |title=Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: The Lineage of Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Some of Their Descendants |location=London |publisher=Genealogical Publishing Co. |year=1992 |isbn=9780806313672}}

==Further reading==
{{Portal|Cornwall}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Richard, Earl of Cornwall |volume= 23 |last= Davis |first= Henry William Carless |author-link= Henry William Carless Davis | page = 294 |short= 1 }}
* [[Noël Denholm-Young|Denholm-Young, Noël]]. ''Richard of Cornwall''. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1947.
* Hilpert, Hans-Eberhard (1980). "Richard of Cornwall's candidature for the German throne and the christmas 1256 parliament at Westminster". ''Journal of Medieval History''. '''6''' (2): 185–198.
* [[Peter Jackson (historian)|Jackson, Peter]]. "The Crusades of 1239–41 and their Aftermath". ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'' '''50''', 1 (1987), pp.&nbsp;32–60.
* Lewis, Frank R. "Beatrice of Falkenburg, the Third Wife of Richard of Cornwall". ''English Historical Review'' '''52''', 106 (1937), pp.&nbsp;279–82.
* Lower, Michael. ''The Barons' Crusade: A Call to Arms and Its Consequences''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.
* [[Sidney Painter|Painter, Sidney]]. "The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239–1241". R. L. Wolff; H. W. Hazard, ''A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311'', pp.&nbsp;463–86. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.
* Roche, T. W. E. ''The King of Almayne: A 13th-Century Englishman in Europe''. London: John Murray, 1966.
* Schwab, Ingo. "The Charters of Richard of Cornwall for the Empire". ''Thirteenth Century England'' '''12''' (2009), pp.&nbsp;183–92.
* Vincent, Nicholas. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-23501 "Richard, first earl of Cornwall and king of Germany (1209–1272)"]. ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. 2008 online [2004 print].
* [[Frederick Parkes Weber|Weber, F. P.]] "Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and His Coins as King of the Romans (1257–1271)". ''The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society'', Third Series '''13''' (1893), pp.&nbsp;273–81.
* Weiler, Björn. "Image and Reality in Richard of Cornwall's German Career". ''English Historical Review'' '''113''', 454 (1998), pp.&nbsp;1111–42.
* Werner, Christoph. "Richard von Cornwall. Ein Engländer auf dem deutschen Thron. Historische Erzählung". Tredition GmbH, Hamburg 2022.
** Darren Baker: ''Richard of Cornwall. The English King of Germany.'' Amberley Publishing. Stroud, 2022.
** Gebauer, Georg Christian: ''Leben und denckwürdige Thaten Herrn Richards, Erwählten Römischen Kaysers, Grafens von Cornwall und Poitou: in dreyen Büchern beschrieben''. Leipzig 1744.

==External links==
{{Commons|Richard of Cornwall}}
{{EB1911 poster|Richard of Cornwall}}
* [http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba-cgi/kleioc/00101KlLBA/exec/apply3/width/%226109%22/height/%226109%22/url/%22http:%7B|%7D%7B|%7D137.248.186.134%7B|%7Dlba-cgi-local%7B|%7Dpic.sh%7B-%7Djpg%7B|%7DF1030.jpg%22 Charter given by Richard as German King to the town of Zürich, 20.11.1262]. Photograph taken from the collections of the {{ill|Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden|de}} at [[Marburg University]] showing Richards's seal.

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou | [[House of Plantagenet]] |5 January|1209|2 April|1272| }}
{{s-reg}}
{{S-bef|rows=1|before=[[William II of Holland|William]]}}
{{S-ttl|rows=1|title=[[King of Germany]]|years=13 January 1257 – 2 April 1272|regent1=[[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso]] as contender}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Rudolf I of Germany|Rudolf I]]}}
{{S-reg | en}}
{{S-new}}
{{S-ttl | title=[[Earl of Cornwall]] | years=1225–1272 }}
{{S-aft | after=[[Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall|Edmund]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Poitou Counts}}
{{House of Plantagenet|john|Richard of Cornwall Arms.svg}}
{{German monarchs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Richard, Earl Of Cornwall}}
[[Category:1209 births]]
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[[Category:13th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:13th-century Kings of the Romans]]
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[[Category:Heirs presumptive to the English throne|Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall]]
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[[Category:House of Plantagenet|Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall]]
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