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{{Short description|1991 film by Akira Kurosawa}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = Rhapsody in August
| image          = RHAPSODY IN AUGUST.JPG
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = [[Akira Kurosawa]]
| producer       = Hisao Kurosawa
| screenplay     = Akira Kurosawa
| based_on       = {{Based on|''Nabe no naka''|[[Kiyoko Murata]]}}
| starring       = {{plainlist|
* [[Sachiko Murase]]
* [[Hidetaka Yoshioka]]
* [[Richard Gere]]}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* [[Takao Saito (cinematographer)|Takao Saito]]
* Shoji Ueda}}
| distributor    = [[Shochiku]]
| released       = {{film date|1991|5|25|df=yes}}
| runtime        = 98 minutes
| country        = Japan
| language       = Japanese and English
| music          = [[Shin’ichirō Ikebe]]
| budget         = 
| gross          = {{JPY|820 million}} {{small|(Japan rentals)}}<ref>{{Cite journal |title = 1991年邦画作品配給収入 |journal = [[Kinema Junpo]] |issue = 1992年（平成4年）2月下旬号 |year = 1992 |page = 144 |publisher = Kinema Junposha}}</ref> <br> {{US$|9 million|long=no}} {{small|(overseas)}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=Focus Japan |journal=Focus Japan |date=1992 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hd8G3v-HeMMC |access-date=19 March 2022 |publisher=Japan External Trade Organization |quote=In 1991 the industry's top overseas earner, at {{US$|9 million|long=no}}, was "Rhapsody in August" the 29th feature film by 82-year-old Akira Kurosawa.}}</ref>
}}

{{nihongo|'''''Rhapsody in August'''''|八月の狂詩曲|Hachigatsu no rapusodī or Hachigatsu no kyōshikyoku}}{{efn|The Japanese title (八月の狂詩曲 ''Hachigatsu no rapusodī'') is also known as ''Hachigatsu no kyōshikyoku''. "八月" means August, and "狂詩曲" means rhapsody. Both are Japanese [[kanji]] words. "狂詩曲" is usually pronounced "kyōshikyoku." When this film released in Japan, 1991, Kurosawa added [[furigana]] "ラプソディー rapusodī" to the word "狂詩曲" contrary to the standard usage of Japanese.<ref>[http://www.shochiku.co.jp/video/japanese/ha/dvd/da0721.html Shochiku official web site (Japanese)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031134638/http://www.shochiku.co.jp/video/japanese/ha/dvd/da0721.html |date=2007-10-31 }}</ref><ref>Akira Kurosawa, Masato Harada. (1995). ''Akira Kurosawa Talks'' (黒澤明語る Kurosawa Akira kataru). Benesse Corporation (Japanese)</ref>{{sfn|Kurosawa|2000|p=306}} So the correct romanization of the official Japanese title is ''Hachigatsu no rapusodī''. But, often, the Japanese title has been cited without the [[furigana]] in various media. This is the reason why the misreading ''Hachigatsu no kyōshikyoku'' has become more widely known than the correct pronunciation.}} is a 1991 Japanese [[film]] by [[Akira Kurosawa]] based on the novel ''Nabe no naka'' by [[Kiyoko Murata]].<ref name=rhapsody>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-12-23-ca-639-story.html|title=MOVIE REVIEW: War, Reconciliation in Kurosawa's 'Rhapsody'|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|first=Kevin|last=Thomas|date=December 23, 1991|access-date=November 29, 2018}}</ref> The story centers on an elderly [[hibakusha]], who lost her husband in the 1945 [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki#Nagasaki|atomic bombing of Nagasaki]], caring for her four grandchildren over the summer. She learns of a long-lost brother, Suzujiro, living in [[Hawaii]] who wants her to visit him before he dies. [[United States|American]] film star [[Richard Gere]] appears as Suzujiro's son Clark. The film was selected as the Japanese entry for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[64th Academy Awards]], but was not accepted as a nominee.<ref>Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</ref>

''Rhapsody in August'' is one of only three sole-directed Kurosawa movies to feature a female lead, and the first in nearly half a century. The others are ''[[The Most Beautiful]]'' (1944) and ''[[No Regrets for Our Youth]]'' (1946). However, Kurosawa also directed most of the female-led ''[[Horse (1941 film)|Uma]]'' (1941), on which he was credited as assistant director.<ref>Conrad, David A. (2022). ''Akira Kurosawa and Modern Japan''. McFarland & Co.</ref>

At the 15th [[Japan Academy Film Prize]], the film received nine nominations, including for [[Japan Academy Film Prize for Picture of the Year|Picture of the Year]], [[Japan Academy Film Prize for Director of the Year|Director of the Year]], [[Japan Academy Film Prize for Screenplay of the Year|Screenplay of the Year]], [[Japan Academy Film Prize for Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress]] for Murase, and [[Japan Academy Film Prize for Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actor]] for Igawa, and winning for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography, Outstanding Achievement in Lighting Direction, Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction, and Outstanding Achievement in Sound Recording.<ref>https://www.japan-academy-prize.jp/prizes/?t=15</ref>
==Plot==
''Rhapsody in August'' is a tale of three generations in a post-war Japanese family and their responses to the atomic bombing of Japan. Kane is an elderly woman, now suffering the consequences of older age and diminishing memory, whose husband was killed in the atomic bombing of Nagasaki. Kane has two children who are both married and both of whom grew up in [[Post-Occupation Japan|postwar Japan]]. She also has a brother now living in Hawaii whose son Clark (played by [[Richard Gere]]) has grown up in America. Finally, there are Kane's four grandchildren, who were born after the [[Japanese post-war economic miracle|Japanese economic miracle]] who have come to visit her at the family country home near Nagasaki in Kyushu.

Kane's grandchildren are visiting her at her rural home on [[Kyūshū]] one summer while their parents visit Kane's brother in Hawaii. The grandchildren have been charged with the task by their parents of convincing their grandmother to visit her brother in Hawaii. The grandchildren take a day off to visit the urban environment of Nagasaki. While in Nagasaki the children visit the spot where their grandfather was killed in 1945 and become aware, at a personal level, of some of the emotional consequences of the atomic bombing for the first time in their lives. They slowly come to have more respect for their grandmother and also grow to question the morality of the United States for deciding to use atomic weapons against Japan.

In the meantime they receive a telegram from their American cousins, who turn out to be rich and offer their parents a job managing their pineapple fields in Hawaii. Matters are complicated when Kane writes to Hawaii telling her American relatives about the death of her husband at Nagasaki. Her own two children, who have now returned from Hawaii to visit her, feel that this action will be viewed by their now Americanized relatives in Hawaii as hostile and a source of friction. Clark, who is Kane's nephew, then travels to Japan to be with Kane for the memorial service of her husband's death at Nagasaki. Kane reconciles with Clark over the bombing.

Clark is much moved by the events he sees in the Nagasaki community at the time of the memorial events surrounding the deaths which are annually remembered following the bombing of Nagasaki. Especially significant to Clark is the viewing of a Buddhist ceremony where the local community of Nagasaki meets to remember those who had died when the bomb was dropped. Suddenly, Clark receives a telegram telling him that his father, Kane's brother, has died in Hawaii and he is forced to return there for his father's funeral.

Kane's mental health and memory begin to falter. Her recollections of her lost spouse have never been fully reconciled within her own memory of her lost loved one. She begins to show signs of odd behavior in laying out her husband's old clothing as if her husband might suddenly reappear and need them to put on. When a storm is brewing, her mental health seems to confuse the storm for an air raid warning of another atomic bomb attack and she seeks to protect her visiting grandchildren by employing folk remedies, which confuse her children and especially her grandchildren. As the storm later intensifies again, Kane becomes more disoriented and mistakenly confuses the storm for the atmospheric disturbance caused by the bombing of Nagasaki which she witnessed visually from a safe distance when her husband was killed many years ago. In her disoriented state, Kane decides that she must save her husband, still alive in her memory, from the impending atomic blast. With all her remaining strength, she takes her small umbrella to battle the storm on foot on the way to warn her husband in Nagasaki of the mortal threat still fresh in her mind of the atomic blast which she cannot forget.

== Cast ==
[[File:Richardgere.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|As a practicing Buddhist, Gere played the role of Clark in Kurosawa's 1991 film. Gere in [[Italy]] in October 2007.]]
*[[Sachiko Murase]] as Kane (The Grandmother)
*[[Hisashi Igawa]] as Tadao (Kane's Son)
*[[Narumi Kayashima]] as Machiko (Tadao's Wife)
*[[Tomoko Otakara]] as Tami (Tadao's Daughter)
*[[Mitsunori Isaki]] as Shinjiro (Tadao's Son)
*[[Toshie Negishi]] as Yoshie (Kane's Daughter)
*[[Hidetaka Yoshioka]] as Tateo (Yoshie's Son)
*[[Choichiro Kawarazaki]] as Noboru (Yoshie's Husband)
*[[Mieko Suzuki]] as Minako (Yoshie's Daughter)
*[[Richard Gere]] as Clark (Kane's Nephew)

== Production ==
=== Development and pre-production ===
Based on the novel {{translit|ja|Nabe no naka}} by [[Kiyoko Murata]], Kurosawa read the book and started development on the film during the production of ''[[Dreams (1990 film)|Dreams]]'' (1990). Writing the screenplay in about fifteen days, he decided to change the location of the story to the outskirts of [[Nagasaki]], making the protagonist's deceased husband a victim of the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki]].{{sfn|Galbraith IV|2002|pp=612–613}} With a budget of $10,000,000 {{USDCY|10000000|1990}}, ''Rhapsody in August'' was produced by Kurosawa Production and financed by [[Shochiku]] and Feature Film Enterprise No. 2 (an investment partnership of at least eighteen companies, including [[Imagica]] and [[Hakuhodo]]). It marked Kurosawa's first film produced solely by Japanese studios since ''[[Dodes'ka-den]]'' (1970).{{sfn|Galbraith IV|2002|p=612}}

When she received the script for the film, Sachiko Murase was initially reluctant to accept, but was impressed by Kurosawa's understanding of both perspectives of the [[Second World War]], considering his attitude and direction to be compassionate and gentle. Despite harboring reservations about the difference between herself and the characterization of Kane, she did not ask to change the character's personality. Struck by his interest in Asia and practice of [[Lamaism]], Richard Gere was cast after Kurosawa asked if he was interested in the role of Clark at a party that celebrated Kurosawa's birthday and 1990 Oscar award. When he was told about the role, Gere offered to act in the film for free but accepted the offer of a minor fee.{{sfn|Galbraith IV|2002|p=615}}

=== Filming ===
Location shooting in Nagasaki began on 22 August 1990, the film's climax at the elementary school with Richard Gere was filmed over three days from the 24th. That summer was an especially hot one, Kurosawa filmed multiple retakes but Gere's schedule made it difficult to finish early.{{sfn|Nishimura|1991|pp=21–22}} Additions to the script were made during filming, Kurosawa increased Gere's role in the film, but his contract was only for three weeks. Nearly 100 staff members were traveling across Japan which caused logistical problems as they were filming during the [[Obon]] holiday, meaning accommodation and transportation were difficult to book.{{sfn|Nogami|1991|p=27}}

To film a scene that showed ants marching in a straight line, Kurosawa employed a professor from the [[Kyoto Institute of Technology]] to create a [[pheromone]] trail leading to Richard Gere's feet. Working with assistant director Toru Tanaka, they encountered difficulties when the ants continually fanned out in different directions instead of following the trail. Realizing the soil was absorbing the pheromones too quickly, the production team replaced, dried, and remixed the soil with cement. Later scenes involving the use of ants also required a large amount of effort, with Tanaka spending three days on a shot composed of the ants climbing a rose bush.{{sfn|Nogami|2001|pp=124–126}}

Kurosawa told [[Gabriel García Márquez|Gabriel Garcia Marquez]] in 1990:
<blockquote>I have not filmed shockingly realistic scenes which would prove to be unbearable and yet would not explain in and of themselves the horror of the drama. What I would like to convey is the type of wounds the atomic bomb left in the heart of our people, and how they gradually began to heal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=2020-08-15 |title=Akira Kurosawa's Rhapsody in August is a shrine to Nagasaki, whose bombing ended World War II 75 years ago |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/akira-kurosawas-rhapsody-in-august-is-a-shrine-to-nagasaki-whose-bombing-ended-world-war-ii-75-years-ago-8709321.html |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

The film marked Sachiko Murase's last feature appearance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Film Club: Rhapsody in August (1991) |url=https://akirakurosawa.info/2015/03/01/film-club-rhapsody-in-august-1991/ |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=Akira Kurosawa info}}</ref> The role of Clark was originally offered to [[Gene Hackman]], who declined for health reasons. Richard Gere volunteered for the role after reading the screenplay, but Kurosawa was initially reluctant to cast Gere due to his age and image.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=リチャード・ギア×黒澤明が描く日米の心の絆！NHKBS『八月の協奏曲（ラブソディー）』あらすじと予告動画 - ナビコン・ニュース |url=https://navicon.jp/news/31743/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=navicon.jp}}</ref> Other than Murase and Gere, most of the cast were child actors. Two of the child actors had previously appeared in ''Dreams''.<ref name=":1" />

== Release ==
The film was distributed by [[Shochiku]], the first time Kurosawa had partnered with the company since directing ''[[The Idiot (1951 film)|The Idiot]]'' (1951).{{sfn|Galbraith IV|2002|p=612}}

== Reception ==
''Rhapsody in August'' received mixed reviews on its release in 1991. ''Rhapsody in August'' has an approval rating of 60% on [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], based on 15 reviews, and an average rating of 6.1/10.<ref>https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rhapsody-in-august</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] wrote that the film was viewed as a disappointment at the [[1991 Cannes Film Festival]], was "not one of [Kurosawa's] great films," and was part of a shift in Kurosawa's style toward more fanciful imagery.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=1992-02-21 |title=Rhapsody in August movie review (1991) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/rhapsody-in-august-1992 |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=rogerebert.com |language=en}}</ref>

Some critics made much of the fact that the film centered on the film's depiction of the atomic bombing as a [[war crime]] while omitting details of [[Japanese war crimes]] in the [[Pacific War]].  When ''Rhapsody'' premiered at Cannes, one journalist even cried out at a press conference, "Why was the bomb dropped in the first place?"<ref name=":3" /> Others at Cannes, especially Americans, were outraged at the lack of mention of Japanese atrocities during the war.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |date=1991-12-20 |title=Review/Film; Kurosawa, Small in Scale and Blunt |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/20/movies/review-film-kurosawa-small-in-scale-and-blunt.html |access-date=2023-06-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Hicks |first=Chris |date=1992-07-14 |title=Film review: Rhapsody in August |url=https://www.deseret.com/1992/7/14/20088496/film-review-rhapsody-in-august |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}</ref> [[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Kevin Thomas]] and [[Desson Thomson|Desson Howe]] specifically criticized Kurosawa's failure to mention [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] despite the American relatives in the family being from Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Kevin |date=1991-12-23 |title=MOVIE REVIEW : War, Reconciliation in Kurosawa's 'Rhapsody' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-12-23-ca-639-story.html |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Howe |first=Desson |date=1992-02-07 |title=Rhapsody in August (PG) |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/rhapsodyinaugustpghowe_a0ae9d.htm |access-date=2023-06-04 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

At the [[Tokyo Film Festival]], critics of [[Japanese militarism]] said Kurosawa had ignored the historical facts leading up to the bomb. Japanese cultural critic [[Inuhiko Yomota]] commented: "Many critics, myself included, thought Kurosawa chauvinistic in his portrayal of the Japanese as victims of the war, while ignoring the brutal actions of the Japanese and whitewashing them with cheap humanist sentiment."<ref>[http://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/~mickbrod/postmodm/m/text/hibakeds.html#foot%2027 Hibakusha Cinema:Intro<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020725083648/http://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/~mickbrod/postmodm/m/text/hibakeds.html |date=2002-07-25 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Kurosawa's response was that wars are between governments, not people, and denied any [[anti-American]] agenda.<ref name=":3" />

[[Vincent Canby]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' argued that the film's message was targeted toward a Japanese audience rather than a Western audience, describing Kurosawa's message as being: "if Japanese, those of the children's parents' generation, are so convinced that Americans are unforgiving, it also means that the same Japanese are equally implacable."<ref name=":4" />

''[[Chicago Reader]]'' film critic [[Jonathan Rosenbaum]] praised the film as "a beautiful reminder from octogenarian Akira Kurosawa that he's still the master...The pastoral mood and performances of this film are both reminiscent of late [[John Ford]], and Kurosawa's mise en scene and editing have seldom been more poetically apt."<ref name="Chicago Reader">{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/rhapsody-in-august/Film?oid=1058354 |title=Chicago Reader: Rhapsody in August |access-date=2020-03-27|work=chicagoreader.com|date=26 October 1985 }}</ref>

The significance of Clark's apology to Kane is controversial. It can be narrowly interpreted as an apology for being inconsiderate of Kane's feelings when urging her to visit her brother in Hawaii,<ref name=":5" /> but can also be more broadly interpreted as an apology for the death of Kane's husband, and by extension, an apology for the bomb on behalf of Americans.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />

== Legacy ==
In 1990, shortly before the film's release, [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul, Minnesota]] mayor [[James Scheibel|James Schiebel]] visited Nagasaki and learned that there was no sculpture in the [[Nagasaki Peace Park|Peace Park]] from the United States, a point mentioned in the film. ''Rhapsody in August'' was screened in St. Paul in 1991 as part of the efforts to raise funds for the ''Constellation Earth'' sculpture, which was donated to the Peace Park and formally unveiled in September 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline of SPNSCC History |url=https://glockenspiel-sepia-yxn7.squarespace.com/timeline-of-spnscc-history |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Saint Paul - Nagasaki Sister City Committee |language=en-US}}</ref>

Richard Gere purchased the Buddhist temple constructed for the film and had it re-built at his vacation home in the United States.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
* [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]
* [[Hibakusha]]
* [[Japanese-American]]
* [[Cinema of Japan]] 
* [[List of submissions to the 64th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Japanese submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
==== Books and articles ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* <!-- Galbraith IV 2002 --> {{Cite book |last=Galbraith IV |first=Stuart |author-link=Stuart Galbraith IV |title=The Emperor and the Wolf: The Lives and Films of Akira Kurosawa and Toshiro Mifune |publisher=Faber and Faber |year=2002 |isbn=0571199828 |edition=1st |location=London |language=en}}
* <!-- Kurosawa 2000 --> {{Cite book |last=Kurosawa |first=Kazuko |author-link=Kazuko Kurosawa |title=パパ、黒澤明 |publisher=Bungei Shunjū |year=2000 |location=Tokyo |language=Japanese |trans-title=Papa, Kurosawa Akira |isbn=978-4167656973}}
* <!-- Nogami 2001 --> {{Cite book |last=Nogami |first=Teruyo |author-link=Nogami Teruyo |title=Waiting on the Weather: Making Movies with Akira Kurosawa |publisher=Stone Bridge Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-933330-09-9 |location=Berkeley |publication-date=2006 |translator-last=Carpenter |translator-first=Juliet Winters}}
{{Refend}}

==== Magazines ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* <!-- Nishimura 1991 --> {{Cite magazine |last=Nishimura |first=Yuichiro |date=15 June 1991 |title=黒澤明の達観を表す：”陽”のイメージ |trans-title=Revealing Akira Kurosawa's Philosophical Perspective: Images of "Yang" |publisher=[[:ja:キネマ旬報社|Kinema Junposha]] |magazine=[[Kinema Junpo]] |volume=Late June  |location=Tokyo |language=Japanese |pp=21–22| issn=1342-5412}}
* <!-- Nogami 1991 --> {{Cite magazine |last=Nogami |first=Teruyo |date=15 June 1991 |title=黒澤明の黒澤流撮影について：野上照代インタビュー |trans-title=About Akira Kurosawa's Kurosawa-style Cinematography: An Interview with Nogami Teruyo |publisher=[[:ja:キネマ旬報社|Kinema Junposha]] |magazine=[[Kinema Junpo]] |volume=Late June  |location=Tokyo |language=Japanese |pp=27–30| issn=1342-5412}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0101991}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|rhapsody-in-august}}
*{{Mojo title|rhapsodyinaugust}}
* ''[http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1991/do001040.htm Rhapsody in August]'' {{in lang|ja}} at the [[Japanese Movie Database]]

{{Akira Kurosawa}}
{{Japanese submissions for the Academy Award}}
{{Mainichi Film Award for Excellence Film}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhapsody In August}}
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Akira Kurosawa]]
[[Category:Films about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]
[[Category:Films about nuclear war and weapons]]
[[Category:Films based on Japanese novels]]
[[Category:1990s Japanese-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Nagasaki]]
[[Category:Films shot in Nagasaki]]
[[Category:Shochiku films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Akira Kurosawa]]
[[Category:Films about widowhood]]
[[Category:Anti-war films about World War II]]
[[Category:Japanese drama films]]
[[Category:Japanese multilingual films]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shin'ichirō Ikebe]]
[[Category:Whitewashing in film]]