View source for Respiratory disease

{{short description|Disease of the respiratory system}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
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| image           = Emphysema_low_mag.jpg
| caption         = [[Micrograph]] of an emphysematous lung; [[emphysema]] is a respiratory disease, strongly associated with [[smoking]]. [[H&E stain]].
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| field           = [[Pulmonology]]
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'''Respiratory diseases''', or '''lung diseases''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lung diseases |url=https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D008171 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612045116/https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D008171 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=14 August 2019 |website=MeSH.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> are [[pathology|pathological]] conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make [[gas exchange]] difficult in [[Breathing|air-breathing]] animals. They include conditions of the [[respiratory tract]] including the  [[trachea]], [[bronchi]], [[bronchioles]], [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]], [[pulmonary pleurae|pleurae]], [[pleural cavity]], the nerves and [[muscles of respiration]]. Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting, such as the [[common cold]], [[influenza]], and [[pharyngitis]] to life-threatening [[disease]]s such as [[bacterial pneumonia]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[tuberculosis]], [[Asthma|acute asthma]], [[lung cancer]],<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sengupta N, Sahidullah M, Saha G |date=August 2016 |title=Lung sound classification using cepstral-based statistical features |journal=Computers in Biology and Medicine |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=118–29 |doi=10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.05.013 |pmid=27286184}}</ref> and [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]]s, such as [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 2020 |title=COVID-19 and vascular disease |journal=eBioMedicine |volume=58 |pages=102966 |doi=10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102966 |pmc=7438984 |pmid=32829782}}</ref> Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways, including by the organ or tissue involved, by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms, or by the cause of the disease.

The study of respiratory disease is known as [[pulmonology]]. A [[physician]] who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist, a chest medicine specialist, a respiratory medicine specialist, a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist.

==Obstructive lung disease==
[[Asthma]], [[Bronchitis#Chronic bronchitis|chronic bronchitis]], [[bronchiectasis]] and [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD) are all [[obstructive lung disease]]s characterised by [[airway obstruction]]. This limits the amount of air that is able to enter alveoli because of constriction of the bronchial tree, due to inflammation. Obstructive lung diseases are often identified because of symptoms and diagnosed with [[pulmonary function tests]] such as [[spirometry]]. Many obstructive lung diseases are managed by avoiding triggers (such as [[dust mite]]s or [[smoking]]), with symptom control such as [[bronchodilator]]s, and with suppression of inflammation (such as through [[corticosteroid]]s) in severe cases. One common cause of COPD including [[emphysema]], and chronic bronchitis, is [[tobacco smoking]], and common causes of [[bronchiectasis]] include severe infections and [[cystic fibrosis]]. The definitive cause of [[asthma]] is not yet known.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine |vauthors=Reid PT, Innes JA |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7020-5035-0 |veditors=Walker BR, Colledge NR, Ralston SH, Penman I |edition=22nd |pages=661–730 |chapter=Respiratory Diseases}}</ref>

==Restrictive lung diseases==
[[File:Respiratory diseases world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|[[Age adjustment|Age-standardised]] [[disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY) rates from respiratory diseases by country (per 100,000 inhabitants).]]

[[Restrictive lung disease]]s are a category of respiratory diseases characterized by a loss of [[Pulmonary compliance|lung compliance]], causing incomplete lung expansion and increased lung stiffness, such as in infants with respiratory distress syndrome.<ref name="emedicineRLD">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2006 |title=Restrictive Lung Disease |url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2012.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219183106/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301760-overview |archive-date=19 December 2008 |access-date=2008-04-19 |website=Medscape |vauthors=Sharma S |veditors=Grier LR, Ouellette DR, Mosenifar Z}}</ref> Restrictive lung diseases can be divided into two categories: those caused by intrinsic factors and those caused by extrinsic factors.<ref name="Martinez-Pitre-Sabbula-Cascella-2020" /> Restrictive lung diseases yielding from intrinsic factors occur within the lungs themselves, such as [[tissue death]] due to inflammation or toxins. Conversely, restrictive lung diseases caused by extrinsic factors result from conditions originating from outside the lungs such as [[Neuromuscular disease|neuromuscular dysfunction]] and irregular chest wall movements.<ref name="Martinez-Pitre-Sabbula-Cascella-2020">{{Cite book |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560880/ |title=StatPearls |vauthors=Martinez-Pitre PJ, Sabbula BR, Cascella M |date=2020 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |location=Treasure Island (FL) |chapter=Restrictive Lung Disease |pmid=32809715 |access-date=2020-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128230603/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560880/ |archive-date=2022-01-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Chronic respiratory disease==
Chronic respiratory diseases are long-term diseases of the airways and other structures of the lung. They are characterized by a high inflammatory cell recruitment ([[Neutrophil granulocyte|neutrophil]]) and/or destructive cycle of [[infection]], (e.g. mediated by ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''). Some of the most common are [[asthma]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], and [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]]. Most chronic respiratory dieseases are not curable; however, various forms of treatment that help dilate major air passages and improve [[shortness of breath]] can help control symptoms and increase the quality of life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) |url=https://www.who.int/respiratory/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030141942/http://www.who.int/respiratory/en/ |archive-date=2018-10-30 |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref>

===Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease===

The latest evidence suggests that primary pulmonary rehabilitation and maintenance rehabilitation delivered through telerehabilitation for people with chronic respiratory disease reaches outcomes similar to centre-based rehabilitation.<ref name="Cox-DalCorso-Hansen-McDonald-Hill-Zanaboni-Alison-O'Halloran-Macdonald-Holland-2021">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Cox NS, Dal Corso S, Hansen H, McDonald CF, Hill CJ, Zanaboni P, Alison JA, O'Halloran P, Macdonald H, Holland AE |date=January 2021 |title=Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=CD013040 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013040.pub2 |pmc=8095032 |pmid=33511633 |collaboration=Cochrane Airways Group}}</ref> While there are no safety issues identified, the findings are based on evidence limited by a small number of studies.<ref name="Cox-DalCorso-Hansen-McDonald-Hill-Zanaboni-Alison-O'Halloran-Macdonald-Holland-2021" />

==Respiratory tract infections==
Infections can affect any part of the respiratory system. They are traditionally divided into upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

===Upper respiratory tract infection===
[[File:Croup steeple sign.jpg|thumb|Classic steeple sign indicating croup]]
The upper airway is defined as all the structures connecting the glottis to the mouth and nose.<ref name="Walsh-2019" /> The most common [[upper respiratory tract infection]] is the [[common cold]]. However, infections of specific organs of the upper respiratory tract such as [[sinusitis]], [[tonsillitis]], [[otitis media]], [[pharyngitis]] and [[laryngitis]] are also considered upper respiratory tract infections.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

[[Epiglottitis]] is a bacterial infection of the larynx which causes life-threatening swelling of the [[epiglottis]] with a mortality rate of 7% in adults and 1% in children.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Westerhuis |first1=Brian |last2=Bietz |first2=Mandi Greenway |last3=Lindemann |first3=Janet |date=2013 |title=Acute epiglottitis in adults: an under-recognized and life-threatening condition |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24175495/ |url-status=live |journal=South Dakota Medicine: The Journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=309–311, 313 |issn=0038-3317 |pmid=24175495 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922011803/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24175495/ |archive-date=2022-09-22 |access-date=2022-05-16}}</ref> ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' is still the primary cause even with vaccinations. Also Streptococcus pyogenes can cause epiglottitis. Symptoms include drooling, stridor, difficulty breathing and swallowing, and a hoarse voice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-18 |title=Epiglottitis |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epiglottitis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203232158/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epiglottitis/ |archive-date=2020-12-03 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref>

[[Croup]] (Laryngotracheobronchitis) is a viral infection of the [[vocal cords]] typically lasting five to six days. The main symptom is a barking cough and low-grade [[fever]]. On an X-ray, croup can be recognized by the "steeple sign", which is a narrowing of the [[trachea]]. It most commonly occurs in winter months in children between the ages of 3 months and 5 years. A severe form caused by bacteria is called bacterial tracheitis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Croup: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000959.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219064954/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000959.htm |archive-date=2023-02-19 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref>

[[Tonsillitis]] is swelling of the tonsils by a bacterial or viral infection. This inflammation can lead to airway obstruction. From tonsillitis can come a peritonsillar abscess which is the most common upper airway infection and occurs primarily in young adults. It causes swelling in one of the tonsils, pushing the [[Palatine uvula|uvula]] to the unaffected side.<ref name="Walsh-2019" /> Diagnosis is usually made based on the presentation and examination. Symptoms generally include fever, sore throat, trouble swallowing, and sounding like they have a "hot potato" in their mouth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galioto |first=Nicholas J. |date=2017-04-15 |title=Peritonsillar Abscess |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0415/p501.html |url-status=live |journal=American Family Physician |volume=95 |issue=8 |pages=501–506 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=28409615 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516201604/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0415/p501.html |archive-date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2022-05-16}}</ref>

===Lower respiratory tract infection===
The most common lower respiratory tract infection is [[pneumonia]], an infection of the lungs which is usually caused by bacteria, particularly ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'' in Western countries. Worldwide, [[tuberculosis]] is an important cause of pneumonia. Other pathogens such as [[virus]]es and fungi can cause pneumonia, for example [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]], [[COVID-19]] and [[pneumocystis pneumonia]]. Pneumonia may develop complications such as a lung abscess, a round cavity in the lung caused by the infection, or may spread to the [[pleural cavity]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Poor oral care may be a contributing factor to lower respiratory disease, as bacteria from gum disease may travel through airways and into the lungs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Respiratory Disease & Oral Health |url=https://www.unitedconcordia.com/dental-insurance/dental/conditions/respiratory-disease-oral-health/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034226/https://www.unitedconcordia.com/dental-insurance/dental/conditions/respiratory-disease-oral-health/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-01-19 |website=United Concordia Companies, Inc}}</ref><ref name="pmid21523216">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gomes-Filho IS, Passos JS, Seixas da Cruz S |date=December 2010 |title=Respiratory disease and the role of oral bacteria |journal=Journal of Oral Microbiology |volume=2 |page=5811 |doi=10.3402/jom.v2i0.5811 |pmc=3084574 |pmid=21523216}}</ref> There is also a co-occurrence between [[acute eosinophilic pneumonia]], [[desquamative interstitial pneumonia]] and tobacco use.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Casal |first1=Ana |last2=Suárez-Antelo |first2=Juan |last3=Riveiro |first3=Vanessa |last4=Ferreiro |first4=Lucía |last5=Rodríguez-Núñez |first5=Nuria |last6=Toubes |first6=María E. |last7=Valdés |first7=Luis |date=2024-12-01 |title=Smoking-related interstitial lung disease: A narrative review |journal=Chronic Respiratory Disease |language=EN |volume=21 |pages=14799731241291538 |doi=10.1177/14799731241291538 |issn=1479-9731 |pmc=11492237 |pmid=39423337}}</ref>

=== Upper and lower respiratory tract infection ===
[[Primary ciliary dyskinesia]] is a genetic disorder causing the cilia to not move in a coordinated manner. This causes chronic respiratory infections, cough, and nasal congestion. This can lead to bronchiectasis, which can cause life-threatening breathing issues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary ciliary dyskinesia: MedlinePlus Genetics |url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/primary-ciliary-dyskinesia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219065012/https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/primary-ciliary-dyskinesia/ |archive-date=2023-02-19 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref>

==Tumors==
=== Malignant tumors ===
Malignant tumors of the respiratory system, particularly [[lung cancer|primary carcinomas of the lung]], are a major health problem responsible for 15% of all cancer diagnoses and 30% of all cancer deaths. The majority of respiratory system cancers are attributable to [[tobacco smoking|smoking tobacco]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

The major [[histology|histological]] types of respiratory system cancer are:{{cn|date=September 2024}}
* [[Small cell lung cancer]]
* [[Non-small cell lung cancer]]
** Adenocarcinoma of the lung
** Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
** Large cell lung carcinoma
* Other lung cancers ([[carcinoid]], [[Kaposi's sarcoma]], [[melanoma]])
* [[Lymphoma]]
* [[Head and neck cancer]]
* [[Pleural]] [[mesothelioma]], almost always caused by exposure to [[asbestos]] dust.

In addition, since many cancers spread via the bloodstream and the entire cardiac output passes through the lungs, it is common for cancer [[metastases]] to occur within the lung. [[Breast cancer]] may invade directly through local spread, and through lymph node metastases. After metastasis to the [[liver cancer|liver]], [[colon cancer]] frequently metastasizes to the lung. [[Prostate cancer]], germ cell cancer and [[renal cell carcinoma]] may also metastasize to the lung.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

Treatment of respiratory system cancer depends on the type of cancer. Surgical removal of part of a lung ([[lobectomy]], [[segmentectomy]], or [[wedge resection]]) or of an entire lung [[pneumonectomy]]), along with chemotherapy and [[radiotherapy]], are all used. The chance of surviving lung cancer depends on the cancer stage at the time the cancer is diagnosed, and to some extent on the [[histology]], and is only about 14–17% overall. In the case of metastases to the lung, treatment can occasionally be curative but only in certain, rare circumstances.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

===Benign tumors===
Benign tumors are relatively rare causes of respiratory disease. Examples of benign tumors are:{{cn|date=September 2024}}
* Pulmonary [[hamartoma]]
* Congenital malformations such as [[pulmonary sequestration]] and [[congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation]] (CCAM).

==Pleural cavity diseases==
Pleural cavity diseases include [[pleural|pleural mesothelioma]] which are mentioned above.

A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is known as a [[pleural effusion]].<ref name="Karkhanis-Joshi-2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Karkhanis VS, Joshi JM |date=2012-06-22 |title=Pleural effusion: diagnosis, treatment, and management |journal=Open Access Emergency Medicine |volume=4 |pages=31–52 |doi=10.2147/OAEM.S29942 |pmc=4753987 |pmid=27147861 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This may be due to fluid shifting from the bloodstream into the pleural cavity due to conditions such as congestive heart failure and cirrhosis.<ref name="Karkhanis-Joshi-2012" /> It may also be due to inflammation of the pleura itself as can occur with infection, [[pulmonary embolus]], tuberculosis, mesothelioma and other conditions.<ref name="Karkhanis-Joshi-2012" />

A [[pneumothorax]] is a hole in the pleura covering the lung allowing air in the lung to escape into the pleural cavity. The affected lung "collapses" like a deflated balloon. A [[tension pneumothorax]] is a particularly severe form of this condition where the air in the pleural cavity cannot escape, so the pneumothorax keeps getting bigger until it compresses the heart and blood vessels, leading to a life-threatening situation.

==Pulmonary vascular disease==
Pulmonary vascular diseases are conditions that affect the [[pulmonary circulation]]. Examples are:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulmonary Embolism |url=https://medlineplus.gov/pulmonaryembolism.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518140433/https://medlineplus.gov/pulmonaryembolism.html |archive-date=2020-05-18 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=medlineplus.gov}}</ref>{{Citation needed|reason=please give a reliable source.|date=September 2008}}
* [[Pulmonary embolism]], a [[Thrombosis|blood clot]] that forms in a vein, breaks free, travels through the heart and lodges in the lungs (thromboembolism). Large pulmonary emboli are fatal, causing sudden death. A number of other substances can also embolise (travel through the blood stream) to the lungs but they are much more rare: [[fat embolism]] (particularly after bony injury), amniotic fluid embolism (with complications of labour and delivery), [[air embolism]] ([[iatrogenic]] – caused by invasive medical procedures).
* [[Pulmonary arterial hypertension]], elevated pressure in the pulmonary arteries. Most commonly it is [[idiopathic]] (i.e. of unknown cause) but it can be due to the effects of another disease, particularly COPD. This can lead to strain on the right side of the heart, a condition known as [[cor pulmonale]].
* [[Pulmonary edema]], leakage of fluid from capillaries of the lung into the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]] (or air spaces). It is usually due to congestive heart failure.
* Pulmonary hemorrhage, inflammation and damage to capillaries in the lung resulting in blood leaking into the alveoli. This may cause blood to be coughed up. Pulmonary hemorrhage can be due to auto-immune disorders such as [[granulomatosis with polyangiitis]] and [[Goodpasture's syndrome]].

==Neonatal diseases==

Pulmonary diseases also impact newborns and the disorders are often unique from those that affect adults.

[[Infant respiratory distress syndrome]] most commonly occurs in less than six hours after birth in about 1% of all births in the United States.<ref name="Walsh-2019">{{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=Brian |title=Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care |publisher=Elsevier |year=2019}}</ref> The main risk factor is prematurity with the likelihood of it occurring going up to 71% in infants under 750g.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fanaroff |first1=Avroy A. |last2=Stoll |first2=Barbara J. |last3=Wright |first3=Linda L. |last4=Carlo |first4=Waldemar A. |last5=Ehrenkranz |first5=Richard A. |last6=Stark |first6=Ann R. |last7=Bauer |first7=Charles R. |last8=Donovan |first8=Edward F. |last9=Korones |first9=Sheldon B. |last10=Laptook |first10=Abbot R. |last11=Lemons |first11=James A. |date=February 2007 |title=Trends in neonatal morbidity and mortality for very low birthweight infants |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17306659/ |url-status=live |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=196 |issue=2 |pages=147.e1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2006.09.014 |issn=1097-6868 |pmid=17306659 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506233118/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17306659/ |archive-date=2022-05-06 |access-date=2022-05-06}}</ref> Other risk factors include infant of a diabetic mother (IDM), method of delivery, fetal asphyxia, genetics, [[Prelabor rupture of membranes|prolonged rupture of membranes]] (PROM), maternal toxemia, [[chorioamnionitis]], and male sex. The widely accepted pathophysiology of respiratory distress syndrome is it caused by insufficient surfactant production and immature lung and vascular development. The lack of surfactant makes the lungs [[Atelectasis|atelectatic]] causing a ventilation to perfusion mismatch, lowered compliance, and increased air resistance. This causes hypoxia and respiratory acidosis which can lead to [[pulmonary hypertension]]. It has a ground glass appearance on an x-ray. Symptoms can include tachypnea, nasal flaring, paradoxical chest movement, grunting, and subcostal retractions.<ref name="Walsh-2019" />

[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia|Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia]] is a condition that occurs after birth usually from [[mechanical ventilation]] and oxygen use. It happens almost exclusively in pre-mature infants and is characterized by the alveoli, and lung vasculature becoming inflamed and damaged. Complications from BPD can follow a patient into adulthood. As a child they may experience learning disabilities, pulmonary hypertension, and hearing problems. As an adult, there is an increased likelihood for asthma and exercise intolerance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia |url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/bronchopulmonary-dysplasia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111202139/https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/bronchopulmonary-dysplasia |archive-date=2023-01-11 |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=www.lung.org |language=en}}</ref>

[[Meconium aspiration syndrome|Meconium Aspiration Syndrome]] occurs in full term or post-term infants who aspirate [[meconium]]. Risk factors include a diabetic mother, fetal hypoxia, precipitous delivery, and maternal high blood pressure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meconium aspiration syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001596.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511183811/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001596.htm |archive-date=2022-05-11 |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> Its diagnosis is based on meconium stained amniotic fluid at delivery and staining on the skin, nails, and umbilical cord. Aspiration can cause airway obstruction, air-trapping, pneumonia, lung inflammation, and inactivated surfactant. It presents as patchy atelectasis and hyperinflation on an x-ray with a [[pneumothorax]] of pneumomediastinum also possible.<ref name="Walsh-2019" />

[[Persistent fetal circulation|Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn]] (PPHN) is a syndrome that occurs from an abnormal transition to extra-uterine life. It is marked by an elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and vasoconstriction causing a right-to-left shunt of the blood through the [[Foramen ovale (heart)|foramen ovale]] or [[Patent ductus arteriosus|ductus arteriosus]].<ref name="Walsh-2019" /> There are three main causes of PPHN are parenchymal diseases such as meconium aspiration syndrome, idiopathic, and hypoplastic vasculature like in a diaphragmatic hernia. It will eventually resolve in most infants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steinhorn |first=Robin H. |date=March 2010 |title=Neonatal Pulmonary Hypertension |journal=Pediatric Critical Care Medicine |volume=11 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=S79–S84 |doi=10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181c76cdc |issn=1529-7535 |pmc=2843001 |pmid=20216169}}</ref> This is the only syndrome that inhaled nitric oxide is approved for by the FDA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INOmax |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/020845s020lbl.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218005142/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/020845s020lbl.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2023 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Food and Drug Administration}}</ref>
[[File:CXR-Pulmonary interstitial emphysema.jpg|thumb|Pulmonary interstitial emphysema]]
[[Transient tachypnea of the newborn|Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn]] is caused by the retention of alveolar fluid in the lungs. It commonly occurs in infants who are delivered via [[caesarean section]] without the onset of labor because absorption of amniotic fluid in the lungs has not yet commenced. Other risk factors are male sex, [[Large for gestational age|macrosomia]], multiple gestations, and maternal asthma. It usually presents with tachypnea and increased work of breathing. On an x-ray diffuse infiltrates, interlobar fissures, and sometimes [[pleural effusion]]s can be seen. It is a diagnosis of exclusion because of its similarity to other diseases and frequently CPAP is used to help push the lung fluid into the pulmonary vasculature.<ref name="Walsh-2019" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reuter |first1=Suzanne |last2=Moser |first2=Chuanpit |last3=Baack |first3=Michelle |date=2014 |title=Respiratory Distress in the Newborn |journal=Pediatrics in Review |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=417–429 |doi=10.1542/pir.35-10-417 |issn=0191-9601 |pmc=4533247 |pmid=25274969}}</ref>

[[Pulmonary interstitial emphysema]] is the condition of air escaping overdistended alveoli into the pulmonary interstitium. It is a rare disease that occurs most often in premature infants, even though it is possible to appear in adults.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Jalota Sahota |first1=Ruchi |title=Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema |date=2022 |work=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560484/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226075130/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560484/ |archive-date=2023-12-26 |url-status=live |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809319 |last2=Anjum |first2=Fatima}}</ref> It often presents as a slow deterioration with the need for increased ventilatory support. Chest x-ray is the standard for diagnosis where it is seen as linear or cystic translucencies extending to the edges of the lungs.<ref name="Walsh-2019" />

[[Bronchiolitis]] is the swelling and buildup of mucus in the bronchioles. It is usually caused by [[respiratory syncytial virus]] (RSV), which is spread when an infant touches the nose or throat fluids of someone infected.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bronchiolitis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000975.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130080816/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000975.htm |archive-date=2023-01-30 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> The virus infects the cells causing ciliary dysfunction and death. The debris, edema, and inflammation eventually leads to the symptoms.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Justice |first1=Nathaniel A. |title=Bronchiolitis |date=2022 |work=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441959/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814141620/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441959/ |archive-date=2022-08-14 |url-status=live |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=28722988 |last2=Le |first2=Jacqueline K.}}</ref> It is the most common reason for admission of children under the age of one year. It can present widely from a mild respiratory infection to respiratory failure. Since there is no medication to treat the disease, it is only managed supportively with fluids and oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Friedman |first1=Jeremy N |last2=Rieder |first2=Michael J |last3=Walton |first3=Jennifer M |date=2014 |title=Bronchiolitis: Recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age |journal=Paediatrics & Child Health |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=485–491 |doi=10.1093/pch/19.9.485 |issn=1205-7088 |pmc=4235450 |pmid=25414585}}</ref>

==Diagnosis==<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
Respiratory diseases may be investigated by performing one or more of the following tests:{{cn|date=September 2024}}
* [[Biomarker]] tests
* [[Biopsy]] of the lung or pleura
* [[Blood test]]
* [[Bronchoscopy]]
* [[Chest X-ray]]
* [[CT scan]], including [[high-resolution computed tomography]]
* [[Microbiological culture|Culture of microorganisms]] from secretions such as sputum
* [[Medical ultrasonography|Ultrasound]] scanning can be useful to detect fluid such as [[pleural effusion]]
* [[Pulmonary function test]]
* [[Ventilation/perfusion scan|Ventilation–perfusion scan]]

==Epidemiology==
[[File:Respiratory diseases world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Deaths from respiratory diseases per million persons in 2012 {{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}{{legend|#ffff20|19–125}}{{legend|#ffe820|126–169}}{{legend|#ffd820|170–196}}{{legend|#ffc020|197–225}}{{legend|#ffa020|226-–75}}{{legend|#ff9a20|276–308}}{{legend|#f08015|309–365}}{{legend|#e06815|366–440}}{{legend|#d85010|441–593}}{{legend|#d02010|594–1,227}}{{div col end}}]]
Respiratory disease is a common and significant cause of illness and death around the world. In the US, approximately one billion [[common colds]] occur each year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Institutes of Health – common cold |url=http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/commonCold/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001232444/http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/commonCold/ |archive-date=2008-10-01 |access-date=2008-05-07}}</ref>  A study found that in 2010, there were approximately 6.8 million emergency department visits for respiratory disorders in the U.S. for patients under the age of 18.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wier LM, Yu H, Owens PL, Washington R |date=May 2013 |title=Overview of Children in the Emergency Department, 2010 |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb157.jsp |url-status=live |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=157 |pmid=24006551 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025643/http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb157.jsp |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-07-17}}</ref> In 2012, respiratory conditions were the most frequent reasons for hospital stays among children.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Witt WP, Wiess AJ, Elixhauser A |date=December 2014 |title=Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |url-status=live |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=186 |pmid=25695124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070927/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |archive-date=2018-09-24 |access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref>

In the UK, approximately 1 in 7 individuals are affected by some form of chronic lung disease, most commonly [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], which includes [[asthma]], [[Bronchitis#Chronic bronchitis|chronic bronchitis]] and [[emphysema]].<ref name="BLF">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2015 |title=What is COPD? |url=https://www.blf.org.uk/support-for-you/copd/what-is-copd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120011852/https://www.blf.org.uk/support-for-you/copd/what-is-copd |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=16 May 2019 |website=British Lung Foundation |language=en}}</ref>
Respiratory diseases (including lung cancer) are responsible for over 10% of hospitalizations and over 16% of deaths in Canada.<ref name="PHAC">{{Cite web |title=Public Health Agency of Canada – Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control Chronic Respiratory Diseases |url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ccdpc-cpcmc/crd-mrc/facts_gen_e.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411135626/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ccdpc-cpcmc/crd-mrc/facts_gen_e.html |archive-date=2008-04-11 |access-date=2008-05-06}}</ref>

In 2011, respiratory disease with ventilator support accounted for 93.3% of ICU utilization in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barrett ML, Smith MW, Elizhauser A, Honigman LS, Pines JM |date=December 2014 |title=Utilization of Intensive Care Services, 2011 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb185-Hospital-Intensive-Care-Units-2011.jsp |url-status=live |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=185 |pmid=25654157 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162800/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb185-Hospital-Intensive-Care-Units-2011.jsp |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Diseases and disorders of the respiratory system}}
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB     =
| ICD10          = {{ICD10|J|00||j|00}}-{{ICD10|J|99||j|95}}
| ICD9           = {{ICD9|460}}-{{ICD9|519}}
| OMIM           =
| MedlinePlus    =
|  GeneReviewsName =
| ICDO           =
| eMedicineSubj  =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID         = D012140
}}
{{Respiratory pathology}}
{{Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period}}
{{Respiratory physiology}}
{{Disease groups}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Respiratory Disease}}
[[Category:Respiratory diseases| ]]