View source for Renfe Class 103

{{short description|High speed train type}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox train
| name = Renfe Class 103
| image = RENFE Class 103 Vinaixa.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| caption = Series 103 train, Velaro E
| interiorimage = Velaro e preferente car.jpg
| interiorcaption = The interior of a S103 train.
| background = #FFFFFF
| manufacturer = [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]]
| family = [[Siemens Velaro|Velaro]]
| operator = [[Renfe]]
| lines = Madrid - Barcelona<br>Madrid - Figueres
| formation = 8 cars ([[Control car|driver and passenger integrated cars]] at either end)
| numberbuilt = 26 trainsets
| carbody = [[Aluminium]]
| stocktype = [[Electric multiple unit]]
| service = 2007 - present
| weight = {{Convert|425|t|abbr=on}}
| carlength = {{Convert|25.7|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} ([[Control car|Cab car]]) <br> {{Convert|24.2|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} (Intermediate car)
| width = {{convert|2.95|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| capacity = 404
| maxspeed = {{convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (service)<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2025 |title=Network Statement 2026 |url=https://www.adif.es/documents/20124/41522185/20250228_03_NS_Adif_2026_Maps.pdf/56ad5b6f-fc13-ad49-0720-ebb449d0f17e?t=1746005856710 |website=[[Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias|ADIF]] |at=Map 3 - Maximum Speeds, Types of Electrification and Catenaries}}</ref> <br> {{convert|350|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (certified) <br>{{convert|403.7|km/h|abbr=on}} (test)
| traction motors = 16× [[Siemens_Mobility|Siemens]] 1 TB 2019-OGBO2<ref name=voith>{{Cite web |title=References High-Speed Trains and Electric Multiple Units (EMUs) |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/388362948/1535-e-g-1885-e |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>
| poweroutput = {{Convert|8800|kW|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|283|kN|abbr=on}} Starting<br>{{convert|250|kN|abbr=on}} Cont. @{{convert|125|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| uicclass = Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′ +2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′ (8 car set)
| safety = [[LZB]], [[Anuncio de Señales y Frenado Automático|ASFA 200]], [[ERTMS]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|1435 mm|allk=on}}
| powersupply = 
| electricsystem = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|Overhead catenary]]
| collectionmethod = [[Pantograph (rail)|Pantograph]]
| gearbox = [[Voith#Voith_Turbo|Voith]] SE-380<ref name=voith/>
}}

The '''Renfe Class 103''' is a [[high-speed rail|high-speed train]] used for the [[AVE]] service and operated in [[Spain]] by the state-run railway company [[Renfe]]. The trainset is also known as '''S103''' or '''S/103'''.

The trains were constructed by [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]], as the second member of the company's [[Siemens Velaro|Velaro]] family.

==History==

On 24 March 2001, [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]] won one half of [[Renfe]]'s tender to supply 32 high-speed trains for the [[Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line]], offering a modified version of the [[ICE 3]] high-speed train used by German Railways ([[Deutsche Bahn]]) for its [[InterCityExpress]] service. Changes involved an up-rate to higher power ({{convert|8,800|kW|abbr=on|disp=or}}) for higher acceleration and top speed to cover the {{convert|651|km|abbr=on}} between [[Barcelona]] and [[Madrid]] in 2h30m, the ability to operate in a high range of temperatures, and a different interior.

The [[ICE 3]] trains were a joint production with other Germany-based train manufacturers, who refused to supply parts or sell licenses to Siemens for the AVE Class 103. This caused a delay (for which Siemens eventually paid €21 million), during which Siemens had to re-develop the missing components. However, at the end of this development, Siemens had a complete high-speed train platform, which it named [[Siemens Velaro|Velaro]]. The AVE Class 103 was intended as only the second member of a whole family after [[ICE 3]], therefore, it was named by Siemens as the '''Velaro E'''.

The AVE Class 103 has been certified to run at {{convert|350|km/h|4=0|abbr=on}}. During testing between Madrid and Zaragoza, on 16 July 2006, train 005 reached {{convert|403.7|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.listadotren.es/motor/ficha.php?id=1178&sid=d4151febb6c7e30d83ea53b7270f40b6 |title= Ficha de 9-103-005-5|publisher= Listado del Material Ferroviario Español|language= es|access-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> This is both the current national rail speed record for Spain, and also the current speed record for a normal series train in standard configuration.

On 23 December 2005, RENFE ordered a further 10 identical trains (Siemens designation '''Velaro E2'''). Currently, all 26 trains from both orders have been delivered and are in service.

==Specifications==
The certified top speed of the AVE Class 103 is {{convert|350|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}, currently the highest for any train in the world, although the [[Alstom]] [[Automotrice à grande vitesse|AGV]], currently conducting extensive tests, aims for certification at {{convert|360|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}.

The class has [[distributed traction]], traction equipment was moved underfloor, with powered [[bogies]] distributed in alternate carriages along the length of the train. This removes the need for driving units at either end, which AVE Class 100 and 102 have, allowing a better use of space, better energy efficiency, better acceleration at lower speeds, and better ability to climb grades. For the AVE Class 103, four of the eight cars were fitted with two powered bogies each.

Electronically, the train is actually two identical half-trains of four coaches each, each with an independent power system, apart from the active pantograph (only a single pantograph is raised on AC-fed rail lines) and a high voltage line along the entire length of the 8-car train.

The train's capacity of 404 passengers is split between three classes; with two coupled 8-car trains total capacity is therefore 808 passengers. In the end coaches (driving trailers), glass screens separate the driver and passengers, and allow passengers the same views as the driver, just as in the ICE&nbsp;3 and other Velaros. The driver can turn these [[Opacity (optics)|opaque]] if necessary or preferred.
{{gallery
|width=155
|File:202112 Preferente Class at Renfe S-103.jpg|Preferente Class
|File:202112 Turista Class at Renfe S-103.jpg|Turista Class train interior
|File:202112 Interior of the Cafeteria Car of Renfe S-103.jpg|Interior of the Cafeteria Car
|File:202112 Train door of the Renfe S-103 from Inside.jpg|Area next to the train door and restroom
}}

==In service==

The AVE Class 103 entered commercial service on 22 June 2007,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://w1.siemens.com/press/pool/en/pr_cc/2007/06_jun/sc_upload_file_41_velaro_e_e_1452780.pdf |title= First passengers travel on world record train Velaro |date= June 22, 2007 |publisher= [[Siemens]] |access-date= January 16, 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> between Madrid and the temporary end of the line to Barcelona near Tarragona.

While the trains and the tracks were commissioned for a regular top speed of {{convert|350|km/h|4=0|abbr=on}}, the train control and signalling system necessary for such operation, [[European Train Control System#Level 2|ETCS Level 2]], was not ready for service. Therefore, commercial top speed was initially limited with [[European Train Control System#Level 1|ETCS Level 1]] to {{convert|300|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/2EB52D4B-EA3F-47AF-8ED7-B507C421C881/26402/0704218.pdf |title= 15 años de Ave: de ilusión por el progreso a símbolo del desarrollo presente y futuro de España |language= es|date= April 21, 2008|publisher= [[Ministry of Public Works and Transport (Spain)]] |access-date= January 16, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

Between 11 December 2011 until 17 August 2016, trains reached a maximum speed of {{convert|310|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} between [[Guadalajara, Spain|Guadalajara]] and [[Calatayud railway station|Calatayud]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=15 January 2025 |title=Velocidades máximas de los trenes y de las líneas |trans-title=Maximum speeds of trains and lines |url=https://www.geotren.es/blog/velocidades-maximas-de-los-trenes-y-de-las-lineas/ |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=Geotren |language=es}}</ref> Trains have since been running with a maximum speed of {{convert|300|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in service.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2025 |title=Network Statement 2026 |url=https://www.adif.es/documents/20124/41522185/20250228_03_NS_Adif_2026_Maps.pdf/56ad5b6f-fc13-ad49-0720-ebb449d0f17e?t=1746005856710 |website=[[Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias|ADIF]] |at=Map 3 - Maximum Speeds, Types of Electrification and Catenaries}}</ref>

ERTMS is technically capable of supporting speeds of up to {{convert|500|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}, but the signal spacing on the Madrid-Barcelona line was initially, from 7 May 2007, only sufficient to support speeds of {{convert|300|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/madrid-barcelona-at-310-kmh-with-etcs-level-2.html Madrid - Barcelona at 310 km/h with ETCS Level 2]</ref>

From the opening of the [[Córdoba–Málaga high-speed rail line]] on 24 December 2007, the AVE Class 103 were also used from Madrid to Málaga.

On 20 February 2008, the final section of the [[Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line]] into Barcelona was opened. From that day, the AVE Class 103 were used for the faster services between Madrid and Barcelona, achieving the shortest travel time of 2h30m on the non-stop runs.<ref name="BarcndAVE">{{cite web |url=http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/6E42A904-B719-425F-A794-271AF45AE447/34455/Ma04_13.pdf |language= es|title= Barcelona, nuevo destino AVE |work= Revista del Ministerio de Fomento. Nº 571|date=March 2008|publisher= Ministry of Public Works and Transport of Spain|access-date= January 16, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of high-speed trains]]
* [[Siemens Velaro]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170304083252/http://www.uqp.de/kopka/europa/spanien/br103.htm Stamps with AVE Class 103]
*[[AVE Class 102]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Renfe Class 103}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050617083938/http://references.transportation.siemens.com/refdb/link_download.jsp?file_name=Velaro_en_A19100-V800-B720-X-7600_1045994332.pdf&l=en Velaro E specification sheet; download, archived]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100505061701/http://www.renfe.es/ave/ficha_ave_s103.html Technical information AVE Series 103] Renfe page {{in lang|es}}
* [http://www.kaemena360.com/360/VelaroTour Interactive 360° panoramas  of the interior of a  train AVE S103 - Siemens Velaro E]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2gtFZ6mu3Y Renfe AVE S103 - Siemens Velaro E crossing a viaduct on Youtube]

{{Renfe locomotives}}
{{AVE navbox}}
{{German ICE class}}
{{High-speed rail}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renfe Class 103}}
[[Category:AVE high-speed trains|103]]
[[Category:Passenger trains running at least at 300 km/h in commercial operations]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of Spain]]
[[Category:Siemens Velaro]]
[[Category:25 kV AC multiple units]]