View source for Religious Zionism

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{{short description|Ideology that views Zionism as a fundamental component of Orthodox Judaism}}
[[File:Jerusalem Day.jpg|thumb|Religious Zionists celebrating [[Jerusalem Day]] in [[Israel]]]]

'''Religious Zionism''' ({{langx|he|צִיּוֹנוּת דָּתִית|Tziyonut Datit}}) is a religious denomination that views [[Zionism]] as a fundamental component of [[Orthodox Judaism]]. Its adherents are also referred to as '''''Dati Leumi''''' ({{langx|he|דָּתִי לְאֻמִּי||National Religious|label=none}}), and in Israel, they are most commonly known by the plural form of the first part of that term: '''''Datiim''''' ({{langx|he|דתיים||Religious|label=none}}). The community is sometimes called 'Knitted [[kippah]]' ({{langx|he|כִּפָּה סְרוּגָה|Kippah seruga|label=none}}), the typical head covering worn by male adherents to Religious Zionism.

Before the establishment of the [[State of Israel]], most Religious Zionists were observant Jews who supported Zionist efforts to build a [[Jewish state]] in the [[Land of Israel]]. Religious Zionism revolves around three pillars: the Land of Israel, the [[People of Israel]], and the [[Torah]] of Israel.<ref>[[Adriana Kemp]], ''Israelis in Conflict: Hegemonies, Identities, and Challenges'', Sussex Academic Press, 2004, pp. 314–315.</ref> The [[Hardal]] ({{langx|he|חרדי לאומי|Ḥaredi Le'umi|Nationalist [[Haredi]]|label=none}}) are a sub-community, stricter in its observance, and more statist in its politics. Those Religious Zionists who are less strict in their observance – although not necessarily [[Modern Orthodox Judaism#Ideological spectrum|more liberal]] in their politics – are informally referred to as "''dati'' lite".<ref name="spectrum">Adina Newberg (2013). [https://www.biu.ac.il/soc/ijjer/pdf_05-6/new/6_7.1_Elu_v_Elu.pdf Elu v'Elu: Towards Integration of Identity and Multiple Narratives in the Jewish Renewal Sector in Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224222158/https://www.biu.ac.il/soc/ijjer/pdf_05-6/new/6_7.1_Elu_v_Elu.pdf |date=2020-12-24 }}, ''International Journal of Jewish Education Research'', 2013 (5–6), 231–278); Chaim Cohen (n.d.). [https://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/16907 Torah Sociology: Dati Torani and Dati Liberal – Is Dialogue Desirable?], [[Israel National News]].</ref>

== History ==
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 7273 עין הנציquot;ב עולה להתיישבות.jpg|thumb|Religious Zionist pioneers found Kibbutz [[Ein HaNatziv]], 1946]]
[[File:יבנה - מראה-JNF000881.jpeg|thumb|[[Kvutzat Yavne]], 1945]]
In 1862, German Orthodox [[Rabbi]] [[Zvi Hirsch Kalischer]] published his tractate ''Derishat Zion'', positing that the salvation of the Jews, promised by the [[Nevi'im|Prophets]], can come about only by self-help.<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=56&letter=K Zvi Hirsch Kalischer] (Jewish Encyclopedia)</ref> Rabbi [[Moshe Shmuel Glasner]] was another prominent rabbi who supported Zionism. The main ideologue of modern Religious Zionism was Rabbi [[Abraham Isaac Kook]], who justified Zionism according to [[Halakha|Jewish law]], and urged young religious Jews to support efforts to settle the land, and the secular [[Labour Zionist]]s to give more consideration to Judaism. Kook saw Zionism as a part of a divine scheme which would result in the resettlement of the Jewish people in its homeland. This would bring Geula ("salvation") to Jews, and then to the entire world. After world harmony is achieved by the re-foundation of the Jewish homeland, the [[Messiah]] will come. Although this has not yet happened, Kook emphasized that it would take time, and that the ultimate redemption happens in stages, often not apparent while happening. In 1924, when Kook became the [[Ashkenazi]] [[Chief Rabbi]] of [[Mandatory Palestine]], he tried to reconcile Zionism with [[Orthodox Judaism]].

== Ideology ==
[[File:Abraham Isaac Kook 1924.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Abraham Isaac Kook]], 1924]]
Religious Zionists believe that ''[[Eretz Israel]]'' (the Land of Israel) was promised to the ancient [[Israelites]] by [[God in Judaism|God]]. Furthermore, modern Jews have the obligation to possess and defend the land in ways that comport with the [[Torah]]'s high standards of [[Justice#Abrahamic_justice|justice]].<ref>Novak, David. [https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/politics-current-affairs/2020/01/what-unites-people-of-faith-across-religions-and-divides-them-from-others/ "What Unites People of Faith across Religions, and Divides Them from Others."] ''Mosaic''. 23 January 2020. 23 January 2020.</ref> To generations of [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora Jews]], [[Jerusalem]] has been a symbol of the [[Holy Land]] and of their return to it, as promised by God in numerous [[Bible|Biblical prophecies]]. Despite this, many Jews did not embrace Zionism before the 1930s, and certain religious groups opposed it then, as some groups still do now, on the grounds that an attempt to re-establish Jewish rule in Israel by [[human agency]] was blasphemous. Hastening salvation and the coming of the Messiah was considered religiously forbidden, and Zionism was seen as a sign of disbelief in God's power, and therefore, a rebellion against God.

Rabbi Kook developed a [[theology|theological]] answer to that claim, which gave Zionism a religious legitimation: "Zionism was not merely a political movement by secular Jews. It was actually a tool of [[God]] to promote His divine scheme, and to initiate the return of the Jews to their homeland – the land He promised to [[Abraham]], [[Isaac]], and [[Jacob]]. God wants the [[children of Israel]] to return to their home in order to establish a Jewish sovereign state in which Jews could live according to the laws of Torah and [[Halakha]], and commit the [[Mitzvah|Mitzvot]] of Eretz Israel (these are religious commandments which can be performed only in the [[Land of Israel]]). Moreover, to cultivate the Land of Israel was a Mitzvah by itself, and it should be carried out. Therefore, settling [[Eretz Israel|Israel]] is an obligation of the religious Jews, and helping Zionism is actually following God's will."<ref>{{cite book |title=Torat Eretz Yisrael|first=David|last=Samson|author2=Tzvi Fishman |publisher=Torat Eretz Yisrael Publications|location=Jerusalem |year=1991}}</ref>

[[Labour Zionism|Socialist Zionism]] envisaged the movement as a tool for building an advanced [[socialist]] society in the land of Israel, while solving the problem of [[antisemitism]]. The early [[kibbutz]] was a communal settlement that focused on national goals, unencumbered by religion and precepts of Jewish law such as [[kashrut]]. Socialist Zionists were one of the results of a long process of modernization within the Jewish communities of Europe, known as the [[Haskalah]], or Jewish Enlightenment. Rabbi Kook's answer was as follows:<blockquote>Secular Zionists may think they do it for political, national, or socialist reasons, but in fact – the actual reason for them coming to resettle in [[Eretz Israel|Israel]] is a religious Jewish spark ("Nitzotz") in their [[soul]], planted by God. Without their knowledge, they are contributing to the divine scheme and actually committing a great [[Mitzvah]].

The role of religious Zionists is to help them to establish a Jewish state and turn the religious spark in them into a great light. They should show them that the real source of Zionism and the longed-for Zion is [[Judaism]] and teach them Torah with love and kindness. In the end, they will understand that the laws of Torah are the key to true harmony and a socialist state (not in the [[Marxist]] [[Socialist mode of production|meaning]]) that will be a light for the [[goyim|nations]] and bring salvation to the world.</blockquote>[[Shlomo Avineri]] explained the last part of Kook's answer: "... and the end of those pioneers, who scout into the blindness of secularism and atheism, but the treasured light inside them leads them into the path of salvation – their end is that from doing Mitzva without purpose, they will do Mitzva with a purpose." (page 222<sup>[[Religious Zionist Movement#References|1]]</sup>)

== Ideological opposition to Zionism ==
Some Haredi Jews view establishing Jewish sovereignty in the Holy Land before the coming of the Messiah as forbidden, as a violation of the [[Three Oaths]]. This would apply whether those who established this sovereignty were religious or secular.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Shapiro, Yaakov|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1156725117|title=The empty wagon : Zionism's journey from identity crisis to identity theft|year=2018|isbn=978-1-64255-554-7|pages=314–319|oclc=1156725117}}</ref>

Another reason Haredi Jews opposed Zionism that had nothing to do with the establishment of a state or immigration to Palestine was the ideology of secular Zionism itself. Zionism's goal was first and foremost a transformation of the Jewish People from a religious society – whose sole shared characteristic was the Torah – into a political nationality, with a common land, language, and culture.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=M.|first=Rabkin, Yakov|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1164387257|title=A threat from within : a century of Jewish opposition to Zionism|date=2006|publisher=Fernwood Pub|isbn=978-1-84277-699-5|oclc=1164387257}}</ref>

[[Elchonon Wasserman]] said:<blockquote>The nationalist concept of the Jewish people as an ethnic or nationalistic entity has no place among us, and it's nothing but a foreign implant into Judaism; it is nothing but idolatry. And its younger sister, "religious nationalism (l'umis datis)", is idol worship that combines Hashem's name and heresy together (avodah zarah b'shituf).<ref>Wasserman, R. Elchonon. ''Kovetz Maamarim vol. 1 "Eretz Yisroel"'' (in Hebrew). p. 166.</ref></blockquote>

[[Chaim Brisker]] said, "The Zionists have already won because they got the Jews to look at themselves as a nation."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meler|first=Shim'on Yosef ben Elimelekh|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043560561|title=The Brisker Rav: the life and times of maran hagaon haRav Yitzchok Ze'ev HaLevi Soloveichik|date=2007–2015|publisher=Feldheim Publishers|others=Daniel Weiss|isbn=978-1-58330-969-8|location=Jerusalem|oclc=1043560561}}</ref>

[[Sholom Dovber Schneersohn]], also known as the Rebbe Rashab, was the fifth Lubavitcher Rebbe. He opposed both secular and religious [[Zionism]]. In 1903, he published ''Kuntres Uma'ayan'', which included a strong criticism against Zionism. He was concerned that nationalism would replace Judaism as the basis of Jewish identity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goldman|first=Shalom|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/317929525|title=Zeal for Zion : Christians, Jews, & the idea of the Promised Land|date=2009|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-3344-5|location=Chapel Hill|oclc=317929525}}</ref>

Rav Elyashiv also denounced the actions of religious Jews joining Zionist organizations as separating from authentic Judaism. In 2010, Rav Elyashiv published a letter criticizing the Shas Party for joining the [[World Zionist Organization]] (WZO)''.'' He wrote that the Party "is turning its back on the basics of Charedi Jewry of the past hundred years. He compared this move to the decision of the Mizrachi movement to join the WZO [over one hundred years ago], which was the deciding factor in their separation from authentic Torah Judaism.<ref>Yated Ne'eman, Parshas Bo, 2010</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ess|first=Em|date=2020-03-07|title=Hefkervelt : An Open Letter Re WZO Elections by Harav Aharon Feldman Shlita|url=https://hefkervelt.blogspot.com/2020/03/an-open-letter-re-wzo-elections-by.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Hefkervelt}}</ref>

== Organizations ==
[[File:Bnei akiva logo.jpg|thumb|100px|left|[[Bnei Akiva]] youth movement, combining Torah and work]]

The first rabbis to support Zionism were [[Judah Alkalai|Yehuda Shlomo Alkalai]] and [[Zvi Hirsch Kalischer]]. They argued that the change in the status of [[Western Europe]]'s Jews following [[Jewish emancipation|emancipation]] was the first step toward redemption (גאולה), and that, therefore, one must hasten the messianic salvation by a natural salvation – whose main pillars are the ''[[Kibbutz Galuyot]]'' ("Gathering of the Exiles"), the return to Eretz Israel, agricultural work (עבודת אדמה), and the revival of the everyday use of the [[Hebrew language]].

The [[Mizrachi (Religious Zionism)|Mizrachi]] organization was established in 1902 in [[Vilna]] at a world conference of Religious Zionists. It operates a [[Zionist youth movement|youth movement]], [[Bnei Akiva]], which was founded in 1929. Mizrachi believes that the [[Torah]] should be at the centre of [[Zionism]], a sentiment expressed in the Mizrachi Zionist slogan ''Am Yisrael B'Eretz Yisrael al pi Torat Yisrael'' ("The people of Israel in the land of Israel according to the Torah of Israel"). It also sees Jewish nationalism as a tool for achieving religious objectives. Mizrachi was the first official Religious Zionist party. It also built a network of religious schools that exist to this day.

In 1937–1948, the [[Religious Kibbutz Movement]] established three settlement blocs of three kibbutzim each. The first was in the [[Beit Shean]] Valley, the second was in the [[Hebron]] mountains south of [[Bethlehem]] (known as [[Gush Etzion]]), and the third was in the western [[Negev]]. Kibbutz [[Yavne]] was founded in the center of the country as the core of a fourth bloc that came into being after the establishment of the state.<ref>[[Yossi Katz (geographer)|Yossi Katz]], "Settlement clustering on a socio-cultural basis: The bloc settlement policy of the Religious Kibbutz Movement in Palestine", ''Journal of Rural Studies'', vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 161–171, 1995</ref>

== Political parties ==
The [[Labor Movement]] wing of Religious Zionism, founded in 1921 under the Zionist slogan "Torah va'Avodah" (Torah and Labor), was called [[HaPoel HaMizrachi]]. It represented religiously traditional [[Labour Zionism|Labour Zionists]], both in Europe and in the Land of Israel, where it represented religious Jews in the [[Histadrut]]. In 1956, Mizrachi, HaPoel HaMizrachi, and other religious Zionists formed the [[National Religious Party]] (NRP) to advance the rights of religious Zionist Jews in Israel.

The NRP operated as an independent political party until the 2003 elections. In the 2006 elections, the NRP merged with the [[National Union (Israel)|National Union]] (HaIchud HaLeumi). In the 2009 elections, the [[Jewish Home]] (HaBayit HaYehudi) was formed in place of the NRP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.idi.org.il/israeli-elections-and-parties/parties/national-religious-party/|title = National Religious Party}}</ref>

Other parties and groups affiliated with religious Zionism are [[Gush Emunim]], [[Tkuma (political party)|Tkuma]], and [[Meimad]]. [[Kahanism]], a radical branch of religious Zionism, was founded by Rabbi [[Meir Kahane]], whose party, [[Kach and Kahane Chai|Kach]], was eventually banned from the Knesset.

Today, [[Otzma Yehudit]] and [[National Religious Party–Religious Zionism]] are the leading Dati Leumi parties.

== Educational institutions ==
[[File:Mercaz HaRav01.JPG|thumb|[[Mercaz Harav]], Jerusalem]]
[[File:Shiur Klali in Yeshivas Kerem B'Yavne.jpg|thumb|Bet Midrash, Yeshivat Kerem B'Yavneh]]
[[File:Biu Aerial photograph of Bar-Ilan University (21004322376).jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of Bar-Ilan University]]
[[File:Ulpana sicha.jpg|thumb|Ulpana students]]
[[File:Kfar_Hroeh_1955.jpg|thumb|Kfar Haroeh, c. 1950]]
The flagship religious institution of the Religious Zionist movement is the [[yeshiva]] founded by Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook in 1924, called in his honor "[[Mercaz haRav]]" ({{lit|the Rabbi's center}}).
Other Religious Zionist yeshivot include [[Ateret Cohanim]], [[Beit El yeshiva]], and Yeshivat [[Or Etzion]], founded by Rabbi [[Haim Druckman]], a foremost disciple of Rabbi [[Tzvi Yehuda Kook]].
[[Machon Meir]] is specifically [[Baal Teshuva|outreach]]-focused.

There are approximately 90 ''[[Hesder]]'' yeshivot, allowing students to continue their [[Torah study]] during their National Service (see [[#Military_service|below]]).
The first of these was [[Yeshivat Kerem B'Yavneh]], established in 1954; the largest is the [[Hesder Yeshiva of Sderot]], with over 800 students.
Others which are well known include [[Yeshivat Har Etzion]], [[Yeshivat HaKotel]], [[Yeshivat Birkat Moshe]] in [[Maale Adumim]], [[Yeshiva Har Bracha|Yeshivat Har Bracha]], [[Yeshivat Sha'alvim]], and Yeshivat Har Hamor.<ref>See a listing of forty yeshivot at: https://toravoda.org.il/en/yeshivot-midrashot-general-map-high-school-graduates/</ref>

These institutions usually offer a [[kollel]] for ''[[Semikha]]'', or Rabbinic ordination. Students generally prepare for the ''Semikha'' test of the [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel]] (the "Rabbanut"); until his passing in 2020, often for that of the [[posek]] R. [[Zalman Nechemia Goldberg]].
Training as a [[Dayan (rabbinic judge)]] in this community is usually through [[:he:מכון אריאל|''Machon Ariel'']] (''[[Machon Harry Fischel]]''), also founded by Rav Kook, or [[:he:ארץ חמדה (כולל)|''Kollel Eretz Hemda'']]; the Chief Rabbinate also commonly.
The [[:he: בית מדרש מר"ץ|Meretz Kollel]] has trained hundreds of community Rabbis.

Women study in institutions which are known as [[midrasha|''Midrashot'']] (sing.: Midrasha) – prominent examples are [[Midreshet Ein HaNetziv]] and [[Migdal Oz (seminary)|Migdal Oz]]. These are usually attended for one year either before or after ''[[sherut leumi]]''.
Various ''midrashot'' offer parallel degree coursework, and they may then be known as a ''machon''.
The Midrashot focus on [[Tanakh]] (Hebrew Bible) and ''Machshavah'' ([[Jewish thought]]); some offer specialized training in Halakha: 
[[Nishmat (midrasha)|Nishmat]] certifies women as [[Yoetzet Halacha|''Yoatzot Halacha'']], [[Midreshet Lindenbaum]] as [[Toanot Rabniyot|''to'anot'']]; 
Lindenbaum, [[Matan Women's Institute for Torah Studies|Matan]], and Ein HaNetziv offer Talmud-intensive programs in rabbinic-level halakha.
Community education programs are offered by [[:He:אמונה - תנועת האשה הדתית לאומית|''Emunah'']], and Matan, across the country.

For degree studies, many attend [[Bar Ilan University]], which allows students to combine Torah study with university study, especially through its [[:he: המכון הגבוה לתורה|''Machon HaGavoah LeTorah'']]; 
[[Jerusalem College of Technology]] similarly (which also offers a Haredi track).
There are also [[List of Israeli universities and colleges#Colleges|several colleges of education]] which are associated with the ''Hesder'' and the ''Midrashot'', such as [[Herzog College]], [[Talpiot College of Education|Talpiot]], and the [[Lifshitz College of Education]]. These colleges often offer ([[Master's degree|master's level]]) specializations in Tanakh and ''Machshava''.

High school students study at ''Mamlachti Dati'' (religious state) schools,
<ref>See the Hebrew Wikipedia's [[:He: חינוך ממלכתי דתי|חינוך ממלכתי דתי]] generally, as well as [[:he: ישיבה תיכונית|ישיבה תיכונית]] and [[:he: אולפנה|אולפנה]], for further discussion, and a listing of schools.</ref> often associated with ''[[Bnei Akiva]]''.<ref>See the Hebrew Wikipedia's [[:he:מרכז ישיבות ואולפנות בני עקיבא|מרכז ישיבות ואולפנות בני עקיבא]].</ref>
These schools offer intensive Torah study alongside the [[bagrut|matriculation syllabus]], and emphasize tradition and observance; see {{slink|Education in Israel|Educational tracks}}. 
The first of these schools was established at [[Kfar Haroeh]] by [[Moshe-Zvi Neria]] in 1939; 
"[[Yashlatz]]", associated with Mercaz HaRav, was founded in 1964, and predates several schools similarly linked to ''Hesder yeshivot'', such as that at Sha'alvim;
see also the school-networks [[AMIT]] and [[:he: תחכמוני (בית ספר)#תחכמוני בארץ ישראל|Tachkemoni]].
Today, there are 60 such institutions, with more than 20,000 students. A ''Dati Leumi'' girls' high school is referred to as an "''[[Ulpana]]''"; a boys’ high school is a [[:he: ישיבה תיכונית|"''Yeshiva Tichonit''"]].

Some institutions are aligned with the ''Hardal'' community, with an ideology that is somewhat more "statist".
The leading Yeshiva here is [[Har Hamor]];
[[Hardal#Schools|several high schools]] also operate.

== Politics ==
{{Conservatism in Israel}}
Most Religious Zionists embrace [[right-wing]] politics, especially the religious right-wing [[Jewish Home]] party and more recently the [[Religious Zionist Party]], but many also support the mainstream right-wing [[Likud]]. There are also some left-wing Religious Zionists, such as Rabbi [[Michael Melchior]], whose views were represented by the [[Meimad]] party (which ran together with the [[Labor (Israel)|Israeli Labor party]]). Many Israeli [[Israeli settlements|settlers]] in the [[West Bank]] are Religious Zionists, along with most of the settlers forcibly expelled from the [[Gaza Strip]] in August and September 2005.

== Military service ==
[[File:IDF soldier put on tefillin.jpg|thumb|Second-Lieutenant [[Asael Lubotzky]], an [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] field commander during [[Second Lebanon War]], prays with [[tefilin]].]]
Generally, all adult Jewish males and females in Israel are obligated to serve in the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]. Certain segments of Orthodoxy defer their service, in order to engage in full-time [[Torah study]] for purpose of spiritual development in unison with warfare. Religious Zionist belief advocates that both are critical to Jewish survival and prosperity.

For this reason, many Religious Zionist men take part in the [[Hesder]] program, a concept conceived by Rabbi [[Yehuda Amital]] which allows military service to be combined with [[yeshiva]] studies.<ref>See on army service tracks [https://www.nbn.org.il/aliyahpedia/army-national-service/pre-draft/army-service-programs/ https://www.nbn.org.il//pre-draft/army-service-programs/]</ref> Some others attend a pre-army [[Mechina]] educational program, delaying their service by one year. 88% of Hesder students belong to combat units, compared to a national average of below 30%. 
Students at [[Mercaz HaRav]], and some [[Hardal]] yeshivot, undertake their service through a modified form of Hesder.

While some Religious Zionist women serve in the army, most choose national service, known as [[Sherut Leumi]], instead (working at hospitals, schools, and day-care centers).<ref>For information on Sherut Leumi, see, for e. g., https://www.nbn.org.il/sherut-leumi-national-service/</ref>
In November 2010, the IDF held a special conference which was attended by the heads of Religious Zionism, in order to encourage female Religious Zionists to join the IDF. The IDF undertook that all modesty and kosher issues will be handled, in order to make female Religious Zionists comfortable.

== Dress ==
{{See|Hashkafa#Head covering: kippah|Tzniut#Dress|Tzniut#Hair covering}}
[[File:ריקודים בשמחת בית השואבה בישיבת מרכז הרב.jpg|thumb|[[Simchat Beit HaShoeivah]] at Mercaz HaRav. The participants are dressed as typical for Shabbat.]]
[[File:ישיבת תל אביב.jpg|thumb|Shiur, [[:He: ישיבת מעלה אליהו|Tel Aviv Yeshiva]]; the larger [[Kippot]] seen here, are more common amongst Yeshiva students, and Hardal.]]
[[File:MK-Orit-Strouk-20140326 123521.jpg|thumb|[[Member of the Knesset|MK]] [[Orit Strook]]; the head covering and the sleeves are typical for the very religious; see also the above picture of ''ulpana'' students, and the picture at top for the longer, looser skirts described.]]
[[File:Rabbi Yehuda Henkin.jpg|thumb|Rabbi [[Yehuda Henkin]]; a dark suit is typical for a Religious Zionist [[Rosh Yeshiva]] or other (senior) Rabbi, and for other Rabbis on Shabbat.]]
Religious Zionists are often called ''Kippot sruggot'', or "sruggim", in reference to the knitted or crocheted ''[[kippot]]'' (skullcaps; sing. ''kippah'') which are worn by the men (although some of the men wear other types of head coverings, such as black velvet ''kippot''). Otherwise – particularly for the "dati lite" – their style of dress is largely the same as secular Israelis, with [[jeans]] less common; on [[Shabbat]], they wear a stereotypically white [[dress shirt]] (recently a [[polo shirt]] in some sectors), and often a white ''kippah''. Women usually wear (long) skirts, and often cover their hair, usually with a hair accessory, as opposed to a ''[[sheitel]]'' (wig) in the Haredi style.

In the ''Hardal'' community, the dress is generally more formal, with an emphasis on appearing neat. The kippot, which are also knitted, are significantly larger, and it is common for [[tzitzit]] to be visibly worn, in keeping with the [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] practice; ''[[payot]]'' (sidelocks) are similarly common, as is an (untrimmed) beard. Women invariably cover their hair – usually with a [[Snood (headgear)|snood]], or a ''mitpachat'' (Hebrew for "kerchief") – and often wear sandals; their skirts are longer and looser fitting. On Shabbat, men often wear a (blue) suit – [[Suit#Western world|atypical in Israel]] outside the Haredi world – and a large white crocheted ''kippah''.

At prayer, the members of the community typically use the [[Koren Siddur]] or the ''[[Rinat Yisrael]]''. Homes often have on their bookshelves a set of the [[Steinsaltz Talmud]] (much as [[Schottenstein Edition of the Babylonian Talmud|the Artscroll]] is to be found in American ''Haredi'' homes), [[Pinchas Kehati|''Mishnah'' with Kehati]], [[Mishneh Torah#Study|''Rambam La'Am'']], [[Eliezer Melamed#Published works|Peninei Halakha]], and/or [[Halakha#Codes of Jewish law|''Tzurba M'Rabanan'']]; as well as a selection of the numerous popular books by leading ''Dati Leumi'' figures on the [[weekly parsha]], [[Jewish festivals|the festivals]], and ''[[hashkafa]]'' (discussions on Jewish thought). Similar to Haredi families, more religious homes will also have all of [[Judaism#Religious_texts|"The Traditional Jewish Bookshelf"]].

== Notable figures ==

===Rabbis===
* [[Yehuda Amital]]
* [[Yaakov Ariel]]
* [[Yisrael Ariel]]
* [[Shlomo Aviner]]
* [[Meir Bar-Ilan]]
* [[Yoel Bin-Nun]]
* [[Oury Amos Cherki]]
* [[She'ar Yashuv Cohen]]
* [[Zephaniah Drori]]
* [[Mordechai Eliyahu]]
* [[Baruch Gigi]]
* [[Shlomo Goren]]
* [[Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog]]
* [[Zvi Hirsch Kalischer]]
* [[Avraham Yitzchak Kook]]
* [[Zvi Yehuda Kook]]
* [[Aharon Lichtenstein]]
* [[Mosheh Lichtenstein]]
* [[Dov Lior]]
* [[Yaaqov Medan]]
* [[Zalman Baruch Melamed|Zalman Baruch Melamd]]
* [[Eliezer Melamed]]
* [[Moshe-Zvi Neria]]
* [[Nahum Rabinovitch]]
* [[Shlomo Riskin]]
* [[Haim Sabato]]
* [[Eli Sadan]]
* [[David Samson (rabbi)|David Samson]]
* [[Avraham Shapira]]
* [[Joseph B. Soloveitchik]]
* [[Zvi Thau]]
* [[Shaul Yisraeli]]

===Politicians===
* [[Michael Ben-Ari]]
* [[Naftali Bennett]]
* [[Yosef Burg]]
* [[Haim Drukman]]
* [[Yuli Edelstein]]
* [[Effi Eitam]]
* [[Moshe Feiglin]]
* [[Yehuda Glick]]
* [[Menachem Hacohen]]
* [[Meir Kahane]]
* [[Avi Maoz]]
* [[Baruch Marzel]]
* [[Uri Orbach]]
* [[Zevulun Orlev]]
* [[Rafi Peretz]]
* [[Hanan Porat]]
* [[Bezalel Smotrich]]
* [[Elazar Stern]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|Israel|Judaism
}}
* [[Arutz Sheva]]
* [[Atchalta De'Geulah]]
* [[Haredi nationalism]]
* [[Hardal anti-Zionism]]
* [[Haredim and Zionism]]
* [[Jewish fundamentalism]]
* [[Machon Meir]]
* [[Orthodox Judaism]]
* [[Reconstructionist Judaism and Zionism]]
* [[Religion in Israel]]
* [[Torato Omanuto]]
* [[Torat Eretz Yisrael]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading==
* [[Shlomo Avineri|Avineri, Shlomo]]. ''The Zionist Idea and Its Variations''. ''Am Oved'' publishing, chapter 17: "Rabbi Kook — the dialection in salvation".
* {{cite book |year=2004 |orig-year=1990 |surname=Aran |given=Gideon |chapter=From Religious Zionism to Zionist Religion |title=Social Foundations of Judaism |editor-surname=Goldscheider |editor-given=Calvin |editor-surname2=Neusner |editor-given2=Jacob |editor-link2=Jacob Neusner |place=Eugene, Or |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publ. |edition=Reprint |pages=259–282 |chapter-url= |url={{Google books|id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=1-59244-943-3}}
* {{cite book |surname=Aran |given=Gideon |chapter=Jewish Zionist Fundamentalism: The Bloc of the Faithful in Israel (Gush Emunim) |chapter-url={{Google books|id=qd5yzP5hdiEC|plainurl=y|page=265|keywords=|text=}} |editor-surname=Marty |editor-given=Martin E. |editor-link=Martin E. Marty |editor-surname2=Appleby |editor-given2=R. Scott |editor-link2=R. Scott Appleby |year=1991 |title=Fundamentalisms Observed |series=[[Fundamentalism Project|The Fundamentalism Project]], 1 |place=Chicago, Il; London |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=265–344 |url={{Google books|id=qd5yzP5hdiEC|plainurl=y|page=}} |isbn=0-226-50878-1}}
* {{cite book |author= |chapter=Part 4. Nationalist Orthodoxy |year=2017 |orig-year=1995 |editor-surname=Deshen |editor-given=Shlomo |editor-surname2=Liebman |editor-given2=Charles S. |editor-link2=Charles Liebman |editor-surname3=Shokeid |editor-given3=Moshe |editor-link3=Moshe Shokeid |title=Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel |series=Studies of Israeli Society, 7 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |edition=Reprint |url={{Google books|id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=}} |isbn=978-1-56000-178-2}}
* {{cite book |surname=Gorny |given=Yosef |authorlink=Yosef Gorny |chapter=Judaism and Zionism |editor-surname=Neusner |editor-given=Jacob |editor-link=Jacob Neusner |editor2-surname=Avery-Peck |editor2-given=Alan J. |title=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism |year=2003 |orig-year=2000 |edition=Reprint |pages=477–494 |publisher=Blackwell Publ. |place=Malden, Mass |chapter-url={{Google books|id=bEyD_MaeqP4C|plainurl=y|page=477|keywords=|text=}} |url={{Google books|id=bEyD_MaeqP4C|plainurl=y}} |isbn=1-57718-058-5}}
* {{cite book |year=2004 |orig-year=1990 |surname=Halpern |given=Ben |chapter=The Rise and Reception of Zionism in the Nineteenth Century |title=Social Foundations of Judaism |editor-surname=Goldscheider |editor-given=Calvin |editor-surname2=Neusner |editor-given2=Jacob |editor-link2=Jacob Neusner |place=Eugene, Or |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publ. |edition=Reprint |pages=94–113 |chapter-url={{Google books|id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=94|keywords=|text=}} |url={{Google books|id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |isbn=1-59244-943-3}}
* [[Jacob Neusner|Neusner, Jacob]] (1989). ''Who, Where, and What Is “Israel”? Zionist Perspectives on Israeli and American Judaism.'' Lanham, Md: University Press of America Studies in Judaism.
* {{cite book |surname=Neusner |given=Jacob |authorlink=Jacob Neusner |year=1991 |chapter=Judaism outside of Rabbinic Judaism: Zionism |title=An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader |place=Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster/John Knox Press |chapter-url= |url={{Google books|id=6M8oxDql1KIC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |pages=309–322 |isbn=0-664-25348-2}}
* {{cite book |year=2008 |editor-surname=Waxman |editor-given=Chaim I. |editor-link=Chaim I. Waxman |title=Religious Zionism Post Disengagement: Future Directions |series=Orthodox Forum Series |place=New York |publisher=Michael Scharf Publ. Trust, Yeshiva University Press |url=https://repository.yu.edu/handle/20.500.12202/4529 |isbn=978-1-60280-022-9}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisourcepar|Zionism an Affirmation of Judaism}}
{{commons category}}
* [https://rza.org/ Religious Zionists of America]
* [http://therav.net/gallery/ReligiousZionists8.5x14V14.0.pdf Poster of Historic Religious Zionist Leaders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100122/http://therav.net/gallery/ReligiousZionists8.5x14V14.0.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19980421073857/http://www.biu.ac.il/Spokesman/Tolerance/michman.htm A Historical Look at Religious Zionism] by Prof. Dan Michman
* [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?ben-gurion-peace Original Letters and Manuscripts: Zionism, Ben-Gurion on God's Promises] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612071406/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?ben-gurion-peace |date=2014-06-12 }} Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* [http://www.kipa.co.il/ "Kipa – House of Religious Zionism" (Hebrew)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031203130559/http://mafdal.org.il/?sid=27 Official National Religious Party website (in English)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041216072651/http://www.mizrachi.org/ideas/view.asp?id=122 Religious Zionism And Modern Orthodoxy], Rav Yosef Blau
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050421213010/http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1428 Religious Zionism, Compromise or Ideal?], hagshama.org.il
* [http://www.afyba.org/ The American Friends of YBA – Supporters of religious Zionist educational movement in Israel]

{{Religion in Israel}}
{{Religious Zionism}}
{{Zionism}}
{{OrthodoxJudaism}}
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[[Category:Religious Zionism| ]]
[[Category:Types of Zionism]]