View source for Red Data Book of the Russian Federation

{{Short description|Russian government document on endangered species}}
{{One source|date=December 2018}}

'''''Red Data Book of the Russian Federation''''' ('''''RDBRF'''''), also known as '''''Red Book''''' ({{langx|ru|Красная книга}}) or '''''Russian Red Data Book''''', is a state document established for documenting rare and [[endangered species]] of [[animal]]s, [[plants]] and [[fungi]], as well as some local [[subspecies]] (such as the [[Ladoga seal]]) that exist within the territory of the [[Russian Federation]] and [[Continental shelf of Russia|its continental shelf]] and [[Exclusive Economic Zone|marine economic zone]]. The book has been adopted by [[Russia]] to enact a common agreement on rare and endangered species protection.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

== Conservation ==
The book provides a central information source{{According to whom|date=December 2018}} in organizing studies and monitoring programs on rare and endangered species and their habitats.

{{Further|List of insects in the Red Data Book of Russia}}

==History==
The first Russian ''Red Data Book'' was based upon research conducted between 1961 and 1964 by a number of Soviet biologists. It represented the Soviet part of the [[IUCN Red List]] (hence the name). At that time it was just the [[Soviet Union]]'s first organized list of endangered species, not a legislative document.<ref name="Zavar">{{Cite book |last1=Zavarzin |first1=A. |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2003-054.pdf |title=The harmonization of Red Lists for threatened species in Europe |last2=Krever |first2=O. |last3=Sagitov |first3=R. |last4=Petrov |first4=V. |year=2003 |editor-last1=de Iongh |editor-first1=H.H. |volume=37 |location=Netherlands |pages=225–235 |chapter=Red Lists and Red Data Books in North-West Russia: intents, approaches and realities |doi= |issn= |editor-last2=Bánki |editor-first2=O.S. |editor-last3=Bergmans |editor-first3=W. |editor-last4=van der Werff ten Bosc |editor-first4=M.J.}}</ref>{{rp |225}}

In the late 1960s, more research was conducted. In 1974, the [[Ministry of Agriculture (Russia)]] adopted the first official ''Red Book'', which was published in 1978. In 1984, the second revision was published as ''Red Data Book of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic'' (RSFSR), exclusively for animals.<ref name=Zavar/>{{rp |225}}

The document complemented law as a list of endangered species. Animals on the list were strictly protected and their treatment regulated by Soviet law.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

In 1988, the ''Red Data Book of the RSFSR for plants'' was published with 533 species of plants including 465 species of vascular plants, 22 species of bryophytes, 29 species of lichens and 17 species of fungi.<ref name=Zavar/>{{rp |227}}

After the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]], regulations on endangered species were instituted by each of the former Soviet countries. As of 2003, the absence of a federal regulation rendered regional Red Listing "chaotic and uncontrolled" with 37 regional Red Data Books covering 42 out of 89 Russian regions. Most of these Red Data Books did not meet federal requirements for publication as regional legal acts.<ref name=Zavar/>{{rp |229}}

Many of them had insufficient expertise and resources to maintain their lists and enforce common regulations;{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}  therefore, a common ecological treaty was made{{when|date=May 2023}}  with mutual recognition of endangered species.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

== Cross-referencing ==
Animals, plants and fungi listed in the [[IUCN-The World Conservation Union]] list of endangered species and inhabiting Russian territory, including the [[continental shelf]] and marine economic zone (whether permanently or temporarily) may be included to the ''RDBRF'' if this is necessary due to their number or status in [[Russia]]. The same is true for species protected by international conventions such as [[CITES]].

== Legal framework ==
As of 2003, the  legal framework for species conservation on the federal level consisted of the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993, the Law on the Animal World  from May 5, 1995 and the Law on the Protection of the Environment of 2002.<ref name=Zavar/>{{rp |229}}

The species listed in the ''RDBRF'' must be listed in the regional red data books of the Russian Federation subjects.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

At the moment,{{When|date=February 2011}} the Russian Federation uses the 1998 edition of the ''RDBRF''. A federal Red Data Book is complemented and expanded by regional Red Data Books that govern hunting within particular [[Federal subjects of Russia|region]], although instituting of regional Red Data Books is not compulsory. Regional CIS Red Data Books are direct descendants of their counterparts in the former USSR which were established in individual [[Republics of the Soviet Union|SSR]]s and in certain special areas. Even municipal-level territories at times issue their own Red Data Books.

Usually, a ''Red Book'' comes with a short description of protected species. However, in certain cases, it does not give all descriptions due to space limitations and in rare cases there is no formatted list in the book.

All of the CIS states currently implement Red Data Books.

==Criticism of regional policies==
Introduction of regional Red Books sometimes provokes negative reaction, up to "''Red book [[Bacchanalia]]''". It is alleged that funds which could have been used on more proactive ecological activities are being squandered on useless paperwork, since the federal ''RDBRF'' already fulfills all the requirements of such documents. In addition, allegations are made that local illegal animal traffickers use regional Red Books to track down endangered species.

Proponents of Red Books usually give the following reasons: the connection between illegal hunting and Red Books is unclear and not proven. Local biologists can be approached and bribed by illegal entrepreneurs with the same ease. Funds that are used to create these books do support local biological research. Additionally, regional Red Books allow for more accurate and diverse local environmental protection, like greater bird protection in cities and flora protection in Arctic regions.

== Red Data Book categories and their explanations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=2 | Category
! rowspan=2 | Meaning
|-
! Index
! Title
|-
| 0
| Probably extinct
| Taxa and populations that inhabited Russian territory (or marine area) in the past and whose presence has been not confirmed in 50 years.
|-
| 1
| Endangered
| Taxa and populations whose abundance has decreased down to critical levels so that they can become extinct in the near future.
|-
| 2
| Decreasing Number
| Taxa and populations whose number is constantly decreasing. If the negative factors reducing the number continue, the taxa can be moved to Category 1 in the near future.
|-
| 3
| Rare
| Taxa and populations a low number of individuals inhabiting a limited territory (or a marine  area)  or  sporadically  distributed  over  an  extensive  territory  (or  marine  area).
|-
| 4
| Uncertain  Status
| Taxa and populations which apparently belong to one of the above categories but there are considerable gaps in knowledge on them or they do not exactly meet the criteria for the other categories.
|-
| 5
| Rehabilitated and Rehabilitating
| Taxa and populations whose number and distribution is recovered or recovering due to protective measures. They are close to the state of stable existence without any urgent measures on protection and rehabilitation.
|}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Red Book of Russia|Red Data Book of India   Federation}}
* [[IUCN Red List]]
* [[List of insects in the Red Data Book of India]]
* [[List of the vascular plants in the Red Data Book of India]]
* [[Regional Red List]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* Iliashenko, V.Yu. and E.I. Iliashenko. 2000. Krasnaya kniga Rossii: pravovye akty [Red Data Book of Russia: legislative acts]. State committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection. Moscow. {{in lang|ru}}.

==Further reading==
*{{Cite journal |last1=Nikitin |first1=E. D. |last2=Skvortsova |first2=E. B. |last3=Sabodina |first3=E. P. |date=2014-03-01 |title=Red Data Book of Eurasian Soils: Russia and contiguous countries |url=https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229314030053 |journal=Eurasian Soil Science |language=en |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=216–222 |doi=10.1134/S1064229314030053 |bibcode=2014EurSS..47..216N |s2cid=129435726 |issn=1556-195X|url-access=subscription }}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Lushchekina |first1=A. A. |last2=Karimova |first2=T. Yu. |last3=Neronov |first3=V. M. |date=2022-12-01 |title=Ungulates of the Arid Ecosystems from the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation |url=https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079096122040138 |journal=Arid Ecosystems |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=432–440 |doi=10.1134/S2079096122040138 |bibcode=2022ArEco..12..432L |s2cid=253269547 |issn=2079-0988|url-access=subscription }}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Korb |first1=Stanislav K. |last2=Bolshakov |first2=Lavr V. |date=2016-09-01 |title=A systematic catalogue of butterflies of the former Soviet Union (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lituania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan) with special account to their type specimens (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea) |url=http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4160.1.1 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4160 |issue=1 |pages=1–324 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4160.1.1 |pmid=27615908 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Anisimov |first1=Aleksey Pavlovich |last2=Zemlyakova |first2=Galina Leonidovna |last3=Ryzhenkov |first3=Anatoliy Jakovlevich |date=2018-04-03 |title=Concept of "Semi-Protected Natural Areas" in Environmental Law of Russia and in the Post-Soviet Space: Discussion Questions |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2018.1439657 |journal=Environmental Claims Journal |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=171–187 |doi=10.1080/10406026.2018.1439657 |bibcode=2018EnvCJ..30b.171A |s2cid=158049101 |issn=1040-6026|url-access=subscription }}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Tishkov |first1=Arkady |last2=Belonovskaya |first2=Elena |title=Mountain Natural Biodiversity Conservation in Russia |journal=Geography, Environment, Sustainability |date=2012-06-01 |url=https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/179 |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.24057/2071-9388-2012-5-2-51-67 |issn=2542-1565|doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite book |last1=Lisina |first1=N |last2=Erin |first2=V |last3=Trezubov |first3=E |title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Development of Cross-Border Regions: Economic, Social and Security Challenges (ICSDCBR 2019) |chapter=Legal aspects of the turnover of rare and endangered animal species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation |date=2019 |chapter-url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125922334 |pages=503–506 |language=en |location=Barnaul, Russia |publisher=Atlantis Press |doi=10.2991/icsdcbr-19.2019.99 |isbn=978-94-6252-831-4|s2cid=213590294 |doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Bakka |first1=S V |last2=Kiseleva |first2=N Y |last3=Mizgireva |first3=M S |last4=Vandysheva |first4=T D |last5=Arefieva |first5=S V |date=2020-07-01 |title=Territorial Protection Maintenance of the Wildlife Species Listed in the Red Data Book of the Nizhny Novgorod Region |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=543 |issue=1 |pages=012013 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/543/1/012013 |bibcode=2020E&ES..543a2013B |s2cid=225451346 |issn=1755-1307|doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Solodov |first1=Denis |last2=Zębek |first2=Elżbieta |date=2020-08-28 |title=Environmental Criminal Enforcement in Poland and Russia: Meeting Current Challenges |journal=Utrecht Law Review |language=en-US |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=140–150 |doi=10.36633/ulr.532|s2cid=221760414 |doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Anisimov |first1=Aleksey |last2=Ryzhenkov |first2=Anatoliy |date=2014-03-22 |title=The issue of the strengthening public role in making environmentally significant decisions at the international and national level, with special reference to Russian legislation |url=https://akjournals.com/view/journals/026/55/1/article-p71.xml |journal=Acta Juridica Hungarica |language=en-US |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=71–86 |doi=10.1556/ajur.55.2014.1.5 |issn=1588-2616|doi-access=free }}
*Tishkov, A. (2014). [https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/download/18/19 Conservation of biodiversity in Russia (executive summary of the 5th national report for the secretariat of the convention on biological diversity)]. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 7(3), 125-136.
*E. S. Navasardova, I. N. Klyukovskaya, I. S. Galstyan, K. V. Kolesnikova and R. V. Nutrikhin, [https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/363234 Some of the Corruptogenic Factors of Environmental Legislation in the Russian Federation], International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, vol. 5, no. 3, pp.&nbsp;8–14, Sep. 2015

{{threatened species by region|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Red Data Book Of The Russian Federation}}
[[Category:Ecology literature]]
[[Category:IUCN Red List]]
[[Category:Nature conservation in Russia]]