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{{short description|English composer and violist (1886–1979)}}
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[[File:ClarkeViola.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Clarke with a viola in 1919]]

'''Rebecca Helferich Clarke''' (27 August 1886 – 13 October 1979) was a British classical composer and [[violist]]. Internationally renowned as a viola virtuoso, she also became one of the first female professional orchestral players in London.<ref name=broad>{{cite book|last=Broad|first= Leah|title= Quartet: How Four Women Changed the Musical World|publisher=Faber and Faber |year=2023}}</ref>

Rebecca Clarke had a German mother and an American father, and spent substantial periods of her life in the United States, where she permanently settled after World War II. She was born in [[Harrow, London|Harrow]] and studied at the [[Royal Academy of Music]] and [[Royal College of Music]] in London. Stranded in the United States at the outbreak of [[World War II]], she married composer and pianist [[James Friskin]] in 1944. Clarke died at her home in New York at the age of 93.

Although Clarke's output was not large, her work was recognised for its compositional skill and artistic power. Some of her works have yet to be published; those that were published in her lifetime were largely forgotten after she stopped composing. Scholarship and interest in her compositions revived in 1976. The Rebecca Clarke Society was established in 2000 to promote the study and performance of her music.

==Early life==
[[File:Royal College of Music - April 2007.jpg|thumb|left|London's [[Royal College of Music]] where Clarke studied from 1907 to 1910]]

Clarke was born in [[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]], England, to Joseph Thacher Clarke, an American, and his German wife, Agnes Paulina Marie Amalie Helferich.<ref name="oxford"/> Her father was interested in music, and Clarke started on violin after sitting in on lessons that were being given to her brother, [[Hans Thacher Clarke]], who was 15 months her junior.<ref name="curtis-reader"/> Her father was abusive, often hitting her with a steel ruler over infractions such as biting her nails.<ref name="id" /> She started composing at an early age<ref name="rcc-life"/> and began her studies at the [[Royal Academy of Music]] in 1903, but was abruptly withdrawn by her father in 1905 after her harmony teacher [[Percy Hilder Miles]] proposed to her. Miles later left his [[Stradivarius]] violin to Clarke in his will.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1720, the 'General Kyd' (Provenance) |url=https://tarisio.com/cozio-archive/property/?ID=41490 |website=Tarisio Auctions |accessdate=4 September 2023}}</ref> She made the first of many visits to the United States shortly after leaving the Royal Academy.<ref name="curtis-reader">{{cite book|title=A Rebecca Clarke Reader|last=Curtis|first=Liane|publisher=Rebecca Clarke Society|year=2005|isbn=978-0-9770079-0-5|editor=Curtis, Liane|page= 185|chapter=Violist to Violist: Nancy Uscher's Interview with Rebecca Clarke Friskin}}</ref> She then attended the [[Royal College of Music]], becoming one of Sir [[Charles Villiers Stanford]]'s few female composition students.<ref name="id"/> Her substantial ''Theme and Variations'' for piano dates from this period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2022/Sep/Clarke-Busch-SRCD408.htm |title=Complete Piano Music|accessdate=23 September 2022|website=MusicWeb}}</ref>

At Stanford's urging she shifted her focus from the violin to the viola, just as the latter was coming to be seen as a legitimate solo instrument.<ref name="oxford" /> She studied with [[Lionel Tertis]], who was considered by some the greatest violist of the day.<ref name="oxford">{{cite web|author=Ponder, Michael|title=Clarke, Rebecca Helferich (1886–1979)|work= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/61135}}{{subscription required}}</ref> In 1910 she composed "Tears", a setting of Chinese poetry, in collaboration with a group of fellow students at RCM.<ref name="curtis-reader" /> She also sang under the direction of [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] in a student ensemble organised by Clarke and another student called Beryl Reeve (later Clarke's sister-in-law) to study and perform [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]]'s music.<ref name="curtis-reader" />

Following her criticism of his extra-marital affairs, Clarke's father turned her out of the house and cut off her funds.<ref name="cd">{{cite AV media notes|author=Ponder, Michael|year=2000|title=Rebecca Clarke: Midsummer Moon|id=Dutton Laboratories}}</ref> She had to leave the Royal College in 1910 and supported herself through her viola playing. Clarke (along with [[Grimson (musical family)|Jessie Grimson]]) became one of the first female professional orchestral musicians when she was selected by Sir [[Henry Wood]] to play in the Queen's Hall Orchestra in 1912.<ref name="id">{{cite journal|author=Curtis, Liane|date=May 1996|url=http://www.rebeccaclarke.org/pdf/identity.pdf|title=A Case of Identity|journal=Musical Times|volume=137|issue=1839|pages=15–21|doi=10.2307/1003935|jstor=1003935}}</ref><ref name="grove">{{cite web|author=Curtis, Liane|title=Rebecca Clarke|work=[[New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|Grove Music]] Online|url=http://www.grovemusic.com}}{{subscription required}}</ref> She was highly sought after as a violist, playing with [[Artur Schnabel]], [[Pablo Casals]], [[Jascha Heifetz]], [[Jacques Thibaud]], [[Guilhermina Suggia]], [[Arthur Rubinstein]], [[Pierre Monteux]], and [[George Szell]], among others.<ref name="rcc-life">{{Cite web |date=3 June 2020 |title=Life |url=https://rebeccaclarkecomposer.com/life/ |website=Rebecca Clarke}}</ref>

In 1916 Clarke moved to the United States to continue her performing career. In 1918, she premiered her short, lyrical piece for viola and piano titled ''Morpheus'', composed under the pseudonym of 'Anthony Trent,' at her joint recital with cellist [[May Mukle]] in New York City. Reviewers praised the "Trent", largely ignoring the works credited to Clarke premiered in the same recital.<ref name="cd" /> She continued to perform with [[May Mukle]] in Hawaii in 1918 and 1919, and on a tour of the British colonies in 1923.<ref name="rcs-life">{{Cite web |title=Her Life |publisher= Rebecca Clarke Society |url=https://www.rebeccaclarke.org/her-life/ |accessdate=11 December 2023 }}</ref>

Her compositional career peaked in a brief period, beginning with the [[Viola Sonata (Rebecca Clarke)|viola sonata]] she entered in a 1919 competition sponsored by [[Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge]], Clarke's neighbour and a [[patronage|patron]] of the arts. In a field of 72 entrants, Clarke's sonata tied for first place with a composition by [[Ernest Bloch]]. Coolidge later declared Bloch the winner. Reporters speculated that "Rebecca Clarke" was only a pseudonym for Bloch himself, or at least that it could not have been Clarke who wrote these pieces,<ref name="grove" /> as the idea that a woman could write such a beautiful work was socially inconceivable. The sonata was well received and had its first performance at the Berkshire music festival in 1919. In 1921 Clarke again made an impressive showing in Coolidge's composition competition with her [[piano trio]], though again failed to take the prize. A 1923 [[rhapsody (music)|rhapsody]] for [[cello]] and [[piano]] followed, sponsored by Coolidge, making Clarke the only female recipient of Coolidge's patronage.<ref name="grove" /> These three works represent the height of Clarke's compositional career.<ref name="oxford" />

==Later life ==
Clarke, in 1924, embarked upon a career as a solo and ensemble performer in London, after first completing a world tour in 1922–23.<ref name=reich>{{cite book|last=Reich|first=Nancy B|title=A Rebecca Clarke reader|year=2005|publisher=Rebecca Clarke Society|isbn=978-0-9770079-0-5|pages=10–18|editor=Curtis, Liane|chapter=Rebecca Clarke: An Uncommon Woman}}</ref> In 1924 she became a founding member of the [[Gordon Bryan (pianist)|Aeolian Players]] and in 1927 she helped form the English Ensemble, a piano quartet that included herself, [[Marjorie Hayward]], [[Kathleen Long]] and [[May Mukle]]. She also performed on several recordings in the 1920s and 1930s, and participated in [[BBC]] music broadcasts. Her compositional output greatly decreased during this period.<ref name="oxford"/> However, she continued to perform, participating in the Paris Colonial Exhibition in 1931 as part of the English Ensemble.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Clarke|first=Rebecca|title=La Semaine Anglaise at the Paris Colonial Exhibition|journal=BMS Bulletin|date=Autumn 1931|volume=New Series I|pages=7–11}}</ref> Between 1927 and 1933 she was romantically involved with the British [[baritone]] [[John Goss (baritone)|John Goss]], who was eight years her junior and married at the time.<ref name="id" /> He had premiered several of her mature songs, two of which were dedicated to him, "June Twilight" and "The Seal Man". Her "Tiger, Tiger", finished at the time the relationship was ending, proved to be her last composition for solo voice until the early 1940s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stein, Deborah|year=2005|chapter='Dare seize the fire': An introduction to the songs of Rebecca Clarke|editor=Curtis, Liane|title=A Rebecca Clarke Reader|publisher=Rebecca Clarke Society|pages=43–78|isbn=978-0-9770079-0-5}}</ref>

In 1936 Clarke sold the Stradivarius she had been bequeathed to a dealer in New York. At the outbreak of World War&nbsp;II, Clarke was in the US visiting her two brothers, and was unable to obtain a visa to return to Britain. She lived for a while with her brothers' families and then in 1942 took a position as a governess for a family in Connecticut.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ammer, Christine|year=2001|title=[[Unsung: A History of Women in American Music]] |edition= 2nd|page= 167|publisher=Amadeus|isbn=1-57467-058-1}}</ref> She composed 10 works between 1939 and 1942, including her ''Passacaglia on an Old English Tune''.<ref name="curtis-reader"/> She had first met [[James Friskin]], a composer, concert pianist, and founding member of the [[Juilliard School]] faculty, and later to become her husband, when they were both students at the Royal College of Music. They renewed their friendship after a chance meeting on a Manhattan street in 1944 and married in September of that year when both were in their late 50s. According to musicologist Liane Curtis, Friskin was "a man who gave [Clarke] a sense of deep satisfaction and equilibrium."<ref name="id" />

Clarke has been described by [[Stephen Banfield]] as the most distinguished British female composer of the inter-war generation.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Banfield, Stephen|title=Clarke, Rebecca (Thacher)|encyclopedia=The Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers|publisher=W.W. Norton and Co|year=1995|page=120}}</ref> However, her later output was sporadic.<ref name="oxford"/> It has been suggested by musicologist Liane Curtis that Clarke had [[dysthymia]], a chronic form of [[mood disorder|depression]];<ref name="woolf">{{cite journal|author=Curtis, Liane|title=When Virginia Woolf met Rebecca Clarke|journal=Newsletter of the Rebecca Clarke Society|date=Fall 2003}}</ref> the lack of encouragement—sometimes outright discouragement—she received for her work also made her reluctant to compose.<ref name="id" /> Clarke did not consider herself able to balance her personal life and the demands of composition: "I can't do it unless it's the first thing I think of every morning when I wake and the last thing I think of every night before I go to sleep." After her marriage, she stopped composing, despite the encouragement of her husband, although she continued working on arrangements until shortly before her death. She also stopped performing.<ref name="oxford"/><ref name="id" />

In 1963 Clarke helped establish the May Mukle prize at the Royal Academy. The prize is still awarded annually to an outstanding cellist.<ref>Schleifer, Martha Furman (2000). Program notes to Clarke's ''Sonata for Viola and Piano''. Hildegard Publishing Company.</ref> After her husband's death in 1967, Clarke began writing a [[memoir]], titled ''I Had a Father Too (or the Mustard Spoon)''; it was completed in 1973 but never published. In it she describes her early life, marked by frequent beatings from her father and strained family relations which affected her perceptions of her proper place in life.<ref name="id" /> In the 1970s, as interest in her music, and in tonal compositions and in women composers, surged, she gave a few more major performances in New York.<ref name="rcc-life" /> Clarke died on 13 October 1979 at her home in [[New York City]] at the age of 93, and was [[cremation|cremated]].<ref name="oxford" />

Clarke is now established as one of the most important 'women composers' of her generation. However, as she told a journalist, "I would sooner be regarded as a 16th-rate composer than be judged as if there were one kind of musical art for men and another for women."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Broad |first=Leah |date=May 2023 |title=Clarke, Rebecca |url=https://www.classical-music.com/features/composers/rebecca-clarke |work=Classical Music}}</ref>

==Compositions ==
[[File:Aeolian Hall program (13 Feb 1918).jpg|thumb|A 1918 program showcasing Clarke's work. Here, her duet ''Morpheus'' is credited to the pseudonym "Anthony Trent".]]

A large portion of Clarke's music features the viola, as she was a professional performer for many years. Much of her output was written for herself and the all-female chamber ensembles she played in, including the Norah Clench Quartet, the English Ensemble, and the d'Aranyi Sisters. She also toured worldwide, particularly with cellist May Mukle. Several trends in [[20th-century classical music]] strongly influenced her works. Clarke also knew many leading composers of the day, including [[Ernest Bloch|Bloch]] and [[Maurice Ravel|Ravel]], with whom her work has been compared.<ref name="oxford"/>

The [[impressionist music|impressionism]] of [[Claude Debussy|Debussy]] is often mentioned in connection with Clarke's work, particularly its lush textures and modernistic [[harmony|harmonies]]. The [[Viola Sonata (Rebecca Clarke)|Viola Sonata]] (published in the same year as the Bloch and the [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]] Viola Sonata) is an example of this, with its [[pentatonic scale|pentatonic]] opening theme, thick harmonies, emotionally intense nature, and dense, [[rhythm]]ically complex texture. The Sonata remains a part of the standard repertoire for the viola. ''[[Morpheus (Rebecca Clarke)|Morpheus]]'', composed a year earlier, was her first expansive work, after over a decade of songs and miniatures. The ''Rhapsody'' that Coolidge sponsored is Clarke's most ambitious work: it is roughly 23 minutes long, with complex musical ideas and ambiguous tonalities contributing to the varying moods of the piece. In contrast, "Midsummer Moon", written the following year, is a light miniature, with a flutter-like solo violin line.<ref name="cd" />

In addition to her chamber music for strings, Clarke wrote many songs. Nearly all of Clarke's early pieces are for solo voice and piano. Her 1933 "Tiger, Tiger", a setting of [[William Blake|Blake]]'s poem "[[The Tyger]]", is dark and brooding, almost [[expressionism|expressionist]]. She worked on it for five years to the exclusion of other works during her tumultuous relationship with John Goss and revised it in 1972.<ref name="grove" /> Most of her songs, however, are lighter in nature. Her earliest works were [[parlour music|parlour songs]], and she went on to build up a body of work drawn primarily from classic texts by [[William Butler Yeats|Yeats]], [[John Masefield|Masefield]], and [[A.E. Housman]].<ref name="oxford"/>

During 1939 to 1942, the last prolific period near the end of her compositional career, her style became more clear and [[counterpoint|contrapuntal]], with emphasis on [[motif (music)|motivic]] elements and tonal structures, the hallmarks of [[neoclassicism (music)|neoclassicism]]. ''Dumka'' (1941), a recently published work for violin, viola, and piano, reflects the [[Eastern Europe]]an [[folk music|folk]] styles of [[Béla Bartók|Bartók]] and [[Bohuslav Martinů|Martinů]].<ref name="grove" /> The "[[Passacaglia]] on an Old English Tune", also from 1941 and premiered by Clarke herself, is based on a theme attributed to [[Thomas Tallis]] which appears throughout the work. The piece is modal in flavor, mainly in the [[Dorian mode]] but venturing into the seldom-heard [[Phrygian mode]]. The piece is dedicated to "BB", ostensibly Clarke's niece Magdalen; scholars speculate that the dedication is more likely referring to [[Benjamin Britten]], who organised a concert commemorating the death of Clarke's friend and major influence [[Frank Bridge]].<ref>Curtis, Liane (1999). Program notes to Clarke's ''Passacaglia on an Old English Tune''. Hildegard Publishing Company.</ref> The ''Prelude, Allegro, and Pastorale'', also composed in 1941, is another neoclassically influenced piece, written for clarinet and viola (originally for her brother and sister-in-law).<ref name="cd" />

Clarke composed no large scale works such as symphonies. Her total output of compositions comprises 52 songs, 11 choral works, 21 chamber pieces, the Piano Trio, and the Viola Sonata.<ref name="grove"/> Her work was all but forgotten for a long period of time, but interest in it was revived in 1976 following a radio broadcast in celebration of her ninetieth birthday. Some of Clarke's compositions remain unpublished and in the personal possession of her heirs, along with most of her writings.<ref name="woolf" /> However, in the early 2000s more of her works were printed and recorded.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Curtis, Liane|title=A Rebecca Clarke reader|publisher=The Rebecca Clarke Society|year=2005|pages=3–5}}</ref> Examples of recent publications include two [[string quartet]]s and ''Morpheus'', published in 2002.<ref name="cd" />

Modern reception of Clarke's work has been generally positive. A 1981 review of her Viola Sonata called it a "thoughtful, well constructed piece" from a relatively obscure composer;<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review: Britten. Lacrymae, Op. 48, Clarke. Viola Sonata.|journal=Gramophone|date=July 1981|page=48}}</ref> a 1985 review noted its "emotional intensity and use of dark tone colours".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review: Clarke. Viola Sonata.|journal=Gramophone|date=July 1985|page=42}}</ref> Andrew Achenbach, in his review of a [[Helen Callus]] recording of several Clarke works, referred to ''Morpheus'' as "striking" and "languorous".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Achenbach|first=Andrew|title=Review: A Portrait of the Viola|journal=Gramophone|date=February 2003|page=65}}</ref> Laurence Vittes noted that Clarke's "Lullaby" was "exceedingly sweet and tender".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vittes|first=Laurence|title=Viola View|journal=Gramophone|date=November 2005|page=49}}</ref> A 1987 review concluded that "it seems astonishing that such splendidly written and deeply moving music should have lain in obscurity all these years".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review: Clarke. Piano Trio.|journal=Gramophone|date=March 1987|page=75}}</ref>

The Viola Sonata was the subject of [[BBC Radio 3]]'s Building a Library survey on 17 October 2015. The top recommendation, chosen by Helen Wallace, was by [[Tabea Zimmermann]] (viola) and [[Kirill Gerstein]] (piano). In 2017 BBC Radio 3 devoted five hours to her music as ''Composer of the Week.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08rg35f|title=The Famous Viola Sonata, Rebecca Clarke (1886–1979), Composer of the Week |website=BBC Radio 3}}</ref>

==Rebecca Clarke Society==
The Rebecca Clarke Society was established in September 2000 to promote performance, scholarship, and awareness of the works of Rebecca Clarke. Founded by [[musicologist]]s Liane Curtis and [[Jessie Ann Owens]] and based in the Women's Studies Research Center at [[Brandeis University]], the Society has promoted recording and scholarship of Clarke's work, including several world premiere performances, recordings of unpublished material, and numerous journal publications.<ref name="rcs">{{cite web|title=About the Rebecca Clarke Society|url=http://www.rebeccaclarke.org/aboutRCS.html|publisher=Rebecca Clarke Society|accessdate=1 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923132358/http://www.rebeccaclarke.org/aboutRCS.html |archivedate=23 September 2010}}</ref>

The Society made available previously unpublished compositions from Clarke's estate. "Binnorie", a twelve-minute song based on [[Celt]]ic folklore, was discovered in 1997, and not premiered until 2001. Over 25 previously unknown works have been published since the establishment of the Society. Several of Clarke's chamber works, including the expansive ''Rhapsody'' for cello and piano, and ''Cortège'' for solo piano (1930), dedicated to [[William Busch]] and premiered by him, were first recorded in 2000 on the Dutton label, using material from the Clarke estate. In 2002, the Society organised and sponsored the world premieres of the 1907 and 1909 violin sonatas.<ref name="news">{{cite web|title=News and Events|url=http://www.rebeccaclarke.org/news.html|publisher=Rebecca Clarke Society|accessdate=1 December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109012123/http://www.rebeccaclarke.org/news.html |archivedate=9 November 2010}}</ref>

The head of the Rebecca Clarke Society, Liane Curtis, is the editor of ''A Rebecca Clarke Reader'', originally published by Indiana University Press in 2004. The book was withdrawn from circulation by the publisher following complaints from the current manager of Clarke's estate about the quotation of unpublished examples from Clarke's writings.<ref name="byrne">{{cite news|author=Byrne, Richard|title=Silent Treatment|url=http://chronicle.com/article/Silent-Treatment/36247|accessdate=1 December 2010|newspaper=The Chronicle of Higher Education|date=16 July 2004}}</ref> However, the ''Reader'' has since been reissued by the Rebecca Clarke Society itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebeccaclarke.org/the-rebecca-clarke-reader-2/ |title=A Rebecca Clarke Reader |publisher=Rebecca Clarke Society |accessdate=19 June 2012 }}</ref>

==Selected works==
{{Main list|List of compositions by Rebecca Clarke}}

'''Chamber music'''
* ''2 Pieces: Lullaby and Grotesque'' for viola (or violin) and cello ({{circa|1916}})
* ''[[Morpheus (Rebecca Clarke)|Morpheus]]'' for viola and piano (1917–1918)
* [[Viola Sonata (Rebecca Clarke)|Sonata]] for viola and piano (1919)
* Piano Trio (1921)
* ''Rhapsody'' for cello and piano (1923)
* ''Passacaglia on an Old English Tune'' for viola (or cello) and piano (?1940–1941)
* ''Prelude, Allegro and Pastorale'' for viola and clarinet (1941)

'''Vocal'''
* ''Shiv and the Grasshopper'' for voice and piano (1904); words from ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' by [[Rudyard Kipling]]
* ''Shy One'' for voice and piano (1912); words by [[W. B. Yeats|William Butler Yeats]]
* ''He That Dwelleth in the Secret Place'' ([[Psalm 91]]) for soloists and mixed chorus (1921)
* ''The Seal Man'' for voice and piano (1922); words by [[John Masefield]]
* ''The Aspidistra'' for voice and piano (1929); words by [[Claude Flight]]
* ''The Tiger'' for voice and piano (1929–1933); words by [[William Blake]]
* ''God Made a Tree'' for voice and piano (1954); words by Katherine Kendall

'''Choral'''
* ''Music, When Soft Voices Die'' for mixed chorus (1907); words by [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Rebecca Helferich Clarke}}
* [http://rebeccaclarkecomposer.com Rebecca Clarke Composer homepage]
* [http://www.rebeccaclarke.org/ The Rebecca Clarke Society Homepage]
* {{IMSLP|id=Clarke, Rebecca|cname=Rebecca Clarke}}
* [http://theartsongproject.com/rebecca-clarke/ Songs by Rebecca Clarke on The Art Song Project]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1dUtY-d2yg Virginia Eskin hosts 'A Note to You' episode on Rebecca Clarke's life & music]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Clarke, Rebecca}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century English classical composers]]
[[Category:20th-century British violists]]
[[Category:20th-century English women composers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Music]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:English women classical composers]]
[[Category:British women violists]]
[[Category:Composers for viola]]
[[Category:English classical violists]]
[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:English people of American descent]]
[[Category:English people of German descent]]
[[Category:English people with disabilities]]
[[Category:British musicians with disabilities]]
[[Category:Musicians from the London Borough of Harrow]]
[[Category:People from Harrow, London]]
[[Category:People with mood disorders]]
[[Category:Pupils of Charles Villiers Stanford]]