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{{short description|Cambodian epic poem}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:2016 Phnom Penh, Pałac Królewski, Malowidła przedstawiające sceny z Reamker (27).jpg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|Mural depicting stories of the Reamker in Phnom Penh's Silver Pagoda]]
{{Contains special characters|Khmer}}
'''''Reamker''''' ({{langx|km|រាមកេរ្តិ៍}}, [[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]]: {{Transliteration|km|Réamkértĕ}}, [[Romanization of Khmer|ALA-LC]]: {{Transliteration|km|Rāmākerti ̊}}; {{IPA|km|riəmkeː}}) is a [[Cambodia]]n [[Epic poetry|epic poem]], based on the [[Sanskrit]]'s [[Ramayana|Rāmāyana]] [[Hindu Epics|epic]]. The name means "Glory of Rama". It is the national epic of Cambodia, along with the less famous version of the ''[[Trai Bhet]]''. The earliest mention of this epic's manuscript in Cambodia dates back to the 7th century based on Veal Kantel inscription (K.359).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Leng|first=Sirang|title=Reamker Performance in Khmer Society_English Version|url=https://www.academia.edu/36956161}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CU92nFk5fU4C&q=Veal+kantel+inscription&pg=PA264|title=Asian Variations in Ramayana: Papers Presented at the International Seminar on 'Variations in Ramayana in Asia : Their Cultural, Social and Anthropological Significance", New Delhi, January 1981|last=Iyengar|first=Kodaganallur Ramaswami Srinivasa|date=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126018093}}</ref> The surviving text of Reamker dates from 16th century.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Marrison|first=G. E.|date=January 1989|title=Reamker (Rāmakerti), the Cambodian version of the Rāmāyaṇa.* a review article|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=121|issue=1|pages=122–129|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00167917|s2cid=161831703 |issn=2051-2066}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Khmer-literature|title=Khmer literature|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://asiasociety.org/education/reamker|title=Reamker|website=Asia Society|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref> Reamker adapts the [[Hindu]] ideas of the Ramayana to [[Buddhist]] themes and shows the balance of good and evil in the world. More than just a reordering of the epic tale, the Reamker is a mainstay of the [[Khmer Classical Dance|royal ballet]]'s repertoire. Like the [[Ramayana]], it is a philosophical allegory, exploring the ideals of justice and fidelity as embodied by the protagonists, King [[Rāma]] and Queen [[Sītā]]. The epic is well known among the [[Khmer people]] for its portrayal in Khmer dance theatre, called the ''Lakhon'' ({{lang|km|ល្ខោន}} {{Transliteration|km|lkhaôn}}), in various festivals across [[Cambodia]]. Scenes from the Reamker are painted on the walls of the Royal Palace in Khmer style, and its predecessor is carved into the walls of the [[Angkor Wat]] and [[Banteay Srei]] temples. It is considered an integral part of [[Culture of Cambodia|Cambodian culture]].

The Reamker differs from the original [[Ramayana|Rāmāyana]] in some ways, featuring additional scenes and emphasis on [[Hanumān]] and [[Suvannamaccha]].<ref name=":5" />

In the Reamker, issues of trust, loyalty, love, and revenge play out in dramatic encounters among princes and giants, monkeys and mermaids, and a forlorn princess. Though it is understood that Preah Ream is an incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu, his characteristics and those of the others in the story are interpreted in Cambodia as those of mere mortals, not of the gods as is the case in [[India]]. The complex interplay of strengths and weaknesses, though couched in episodes lined with magic, nonetheless represents a decidedly human social behavior.

As in other [[Southeast Asian]] countries, the [[Rāma]] story in [[Cambodia]] is not confined to the realm of literature but extends to all Cambodian art forms, from sculpture to dance drama, painting and art. Another epic, ''[[The Poem of Angkor Wat]]'' ({{lang|km|ល្បើកអង្គរវត្ត}} {{Transliteration|km|Lbaeuk Ângkôr Vôtt}}), which dates from the beginning of the 17th century, celebrates the magnificent temple complex at Angkor and describes the bas-reliefs in the temple galleries that portray the Rāma story.

==History==
[[File:Cambodian dance Reamker.png|thumb|450px|A scene from the Reamker; a battle between Rama and Ravana performed in the courtyard of the Silver Pagoda, c. 1900s~1920s]]
The original [[Ramayana]] arrived to [[Southeast Asia]] from [[South India]] along with [[Hinduism]], but its retelling there suggests [[Buddhist]] influence.

The exact time when was Ramayana introduced to Cambodia is unknown, however, the earliest mentioning of the epic dated to 7th century according to a stone inscription at Veal Kantel, [[Stung Treng|Stueng Treng]]. Based on the same inscription, the manuscript of this epic already existed in Cambodia as the inscription mentioned the offering of the epic's manuscript to a temple which expressed its importance in Khmer belief.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> On the other hand, the surviving text of Reamker dated in 16th century.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6"/> Intricate carvings on the walls of [[Angkor Wat]] depict a scene from the [[Ramayana]] dating back nearly a millennium. Statues of the poem's heroes were worshiped in temple sanctuaries, akin to the wall paintings at [[Cambodia]]'s [[Phnom Penh|Royal Palace]] and Wat Bo. The [[Ramayana]] has been an important epic in India for at least two thousand years, and Reamker is its Khmer adaptation. The [[Culture of Cambodia|Cambodian]] version includes incidents and details not found in the [[Sanskrit]] original. An example of a story that does not appear in Indian texts and performance is that of the encounter between [[Hanuman]], the monkey general, and [[Sovanna Maccha]], the mermaid, a favorite of Cambodian audiences.<ref name=":5">[http://vorasith.online.fr/cambodge/reamker.htm Le Reamker] - Description of Ream Ker in French</ref>

==Literary Text of Reamker==
The exact time or when was Ramaya or Reamker text existed in Cambodia is unknown. However, plenty of art works and inscriptions mentioning the epic were made throughout ancient Cambodia ([[Funan]], [[Chenla]], and [[Angkor]]). The earliest evidence regarding the presence of Ramayana text in Cambodia can be found in a 7th-century inscription of Veal Kantel (K.359), where it mentioned the offering of [[Mahabharata|Mahabhrata]] and Ramayana manuscripts to the temple as well as the daily recitation of the texts.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:L'exposition "Angkor - la naissance d'un mythe" (musée Guimet) (11804234493).jpg|thumb|left|Bas-relief at Angkor Wat depicting the “Battle of Lanka”. Preah Ream (Rama) is standing on Hanuman, followed by his brother Preah Leak, and Vibhishana.]]
The Khmer version of Ramayana bears the name ''Reamker (Ramakerti)-''literally means "The Glory of [[Rama]]". Indeed, the story of Rama is present in both art and literature throughout the history of Cambodia. Cambodian Ramayana contains some incidents that could not find in [[Valmiki]]'s Ramayana. For instance, the episode of the destruction of Rama's causeway connecting Lanka by fishes and the reconstruction of this causeway as portrayed in a lintel of a [[Khmer Empire|Khmer]] temple at [[Phimai Historical Park|Phimai]] is believed to have emerged from a local development or the imagination of narrator.<ref name=":1" /> However, no literary work prior to 15th century has survived but numerous stone inscriptions or epigraphs have been preserved. From 15th century onward, the story of Rama became an impetus in Khmer literature, mainly in the epic genre, whereby the lengthy poems were composed as recitatives for the masked drama called [[Lakhon Khol|Khol]].<ref name=":1" />

Poems narrating the story or the fame of Rama, called  Reamker or Ramakerti appeared in the middle period of Khmer History. The surviving literary text of Reamker dated back to 16th century. This Reamker text was composed by at least three unknown authors over centuries and divided into two part.<ref name="Khmer literature">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Khmer-literature|title=Khmer literature|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref><ref name=":6"/>

The first part was composed between 16th to 17th century. The earliest writing  accounts for about a fifth of the first part, covering the main events of the Bālakāṇḍa and Ayodhyakāṇḍa. It continued in the 17th century up to the episode where Ravana assembles the remnants of his army for the last battle with Rama. But the episode concerning Ravan's death, the rescue of Sita and her trial by fire, and the triumphant return to Ayodhya are all missing.

The second part of Reamker was composed in 18th century deals specifically with the later history of Rama and Sita. This part includes Sita's second rejection and exile, the birth of their two sons, the meeting again, and Sita's going down to the earth.<ref name=":6" />

The Reamker differs from the original [[Ramayana]] in some ways, featuring additional scenes and emphasis on [[Hanuman]] and [[Sovanna Maccha]] in which this scene occurs during the construction of causeway connecting Lanka.<ref name=":5" />

Reamker is also mentioned in another literature called ''L'berk Angkor Wat'' (“The Story of Angkor Wat”) written in 1620 by Khmer author-Pang Tat (or Nak Pang), celebrating the magnificent temple complex of [[Angkor Wat]] and describing the bas-reliefs in the temple galleries that portray the Rama story.<ref name="Khmer literature"/>

In 1900s, Ta Krud and Ta Chak were the two old men famous for their remarkable memory and ability to narrate the whole Reamker story orally and beautifully with gesture. In 1920, Ta Chak found voluminous manuscripts of Reamker story on [[Latania|latanier]] leaves in a pagoda south of Angkor Wat temple during his monk-hood and he learnt to remember the script by heart. In 1969, Ta Chak's oral narration were recorded and his narration lasted 10 days at the rate of five hours per day. However, he died earlier before he could manage to narrate the remaining episodes.<ref name=":1" />

Many versions of Reamker are available in Cambodia. Nowadays, Reamker is considered as Cambodian national epic which plays significant role in Cambodian literature{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} and extends to all Cambodian art forms, from sculpture to dance drama, painting and art.

==Central plot==
[[File:Indra Silver Pagoda Mural.jpg|thumb|A scene depicting Indra on his mount, Airavata.]]

The Reamker plot begins with its protagonist, Preah Ream or [[Rama]], being sent into exile by one of the queen mothers who wanted her own son to inherit the throne. After being sent to the forest, Preah Ream is joined by his beautiful and faithful wife Neang Seda ([[Sita]]), whom the prince won from her father by being the only Prince who successfully completed the father's challenge of firing arrows through a spinning wheel with spokes. Preah Leak ([[Lakshmana]]), the younger brother of Preah Ream, is concerned about his older brother and joins Neang Seda.<ref>[http://asiasociety.org/countries/traditions/reamker The Reamker] - an article by Toni Shapiro</ref>

[[File:Scene from the Ramayana Royal Palace Cambodia 0549.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Mural depicting Preah Ream (Rama) and Preah Leak (Lakshmana), under royal umbrellas, crossing over to Lanka with their monkey army on the back of a giant.]]
While entering the forest, Neang Seda and Preah Leak meet the [[Rakshasa|rakshasi]] Surpanakhar ([[Surphanakha]]) who first attempts to seduce Preah Ream, and then Preah Leak. Preah Leak, annoyed by the demon's action, cuts off her ear and nose. The butchered Surpanakhar thirsting for revenge went to her ten-headed brother Krong Reap ([[Ravana]]), invincible lord of the island of [[Lanka]]. Krong Reap secretly goes to the forest. When he first set eyes on Neang Seda, he was awed by her divine beauty. Krong Reap transforms himself as a golden deer and runs past the party of three.  Preah Ream realizes that the deer is not a real deer,  however, at Neang Seda's insistence Preah Ream chases it after telling his younger brother to stay and guard his wife.  Krong Reap then mimics Preah Ream's voice and calls for his brother to come and save him.  Although Preah Leak knows that it is not his brother calling out, he is forced to go at Neang Seda's insistence. However, before he leaves he draws a magical circle around his brother's wife in the dirt that will prevent anything from entering the circle. Krong Reap disguises himself as an old errant and easily tricks Neang Seda's to step outside the circle, after which he abducts her. Preah Ream and Preah Leak return and desperately search for Neang Seda and, in the meantime, they assist the monkey king Sukreep ([[Sugriva]]) to destroy his rival Pali Thirat ([[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]]) and regain his throne. Thanking the two, Sukreep sends the monkey warrior [[Hanuman]] to aid them in their search. [[Hanuman]], the son of the wind god, flies out to discover that the demon Krong Reap held Neang Seda prisoner on the island of [[Lanka]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060218114404/http://www.aznforum.com/community/showthread.php?t=361 Reamker Epic Legend] - a forum post</ref>
[[File:2016 Phnom Penh, Pałac Królewski, Malowidła przedstawiające sceny z Reamker (35).jpg|thumb|right|Krong Reap and his subordinates in Lanka]]
[[Hanuman]] order his soldiers to build a bridge of stone to connect the island [[Lanka]] to the mainland. While gathering stones, [[Hanuman]] realizes that mermaids were stealing stones to prevent the construction of the bridge. He was roused by this and decides to capture the mermaid princess Neang Machha but falls deeply in love with her. The mermaid likewise falls in love, and thus her mermaid army ceases to tamper in [[Hanuman]]'s business. The bridge built, Preah Ream and Krong Reap face each other in combat. However, Krong Reap quickly regenerates and damage done to him or any body part that is cut off.  It is not until one of Krong Reap's generals defects and discloses the secret to slaying the demon - an arrow in the belly button. With [[Hanuman]]'s aid, they slay the demon. Preah Ream, victorious in his battles, returns to the capital of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayuthea]] and ascends the throne.  Preah Ream suspects infidelity as his wife was captive of a very smart and manipulative demon. Trust issues between him and his wife Neang Seda arise after his wife draws a picture of Krong Reap at the insistence of her maid servant (as the demon's true face was said to be the ugliest face there was). Fearing her husband's jealousy, Neang Seda puts the picture under the mattress when she is unexpectedly interrupted. Krong Reap's power extends to the picture and that night spikes grow from it and poke Preah Ream through the mattress. He discovers the picture and believes that it confirms his suspicion that his wife succumbed to Krong Reap's persistent attempts to bed her over the years that she was held prisoner. However, Neang Seda had resisted all Krong Reap's attempts,  even that in which Krong Reap transformed himself into her husband. Only his scent had given his disguise away. Preah Ream forces his wife to take the trial of fire to prove she is still pure. Neang Seda passes the test. However, Neang Seda is deeply offended by her husband's lack of trust in her and his lack of belief in her word. She decides to leave and find refuge with [[Valmiki]] the wiseman, where she gives birth to twin boys. They met their father and he immediately recognizes who they are and takes them to his palace.<ref>[http://www.reamker.x10hosting.com Reamker - extensive site on the Reamker]</ref>

==Characters==
===Humans===
*[[Rama|Preah Ream]] {{IPA|km|preəh riːəm|}}, is the main [[protagonist]] of the epic.  He is believed to be the reincarnation of the [[Hindu]] deity [[Vishnu]] and the husband of [[Sita|Neang Seda]] and the father of two boys.
*[[Sita|Neang Seda]] {{IPA|[niːəɳ seːda]}}, the female protagonist of the epic and wife of [[Rama|Preah Ream]].  She gives birth to his two children, but fails to meet happiness at the end of the story.  In the epic, she endured the trial of fire.
*[[Lakshmana|Preah Leak]] {{IPA|[preəh leək]}}, is the brother of [[Rama|Preah Ream]] and his aid to fight [[Ravana|Krong Reap]] and rescue [[Sita|Neang Seda]].

===Mythical beings===
*[[Ravana|Krong Reap]] {{IPA|[kroɳ riːəp]}} or simply Reap {{IPA|[riːəp]}}, is the main [[antagonist]] of the story.  He is the brother of [[Surpanakha|Sopphanakha]] and captured the beautiful [[Sita|Neang Seda]] to his island of [[Lanka|Langka]].
*[[Hanuman]], pronounced as {{IPA|[haʔnomaːn]}}, is the Monkey Warrior who helps rescues [[Sita|Neang Seda]].  While building the bridge connecting the island of Langka to the mainland, he fell madly in love with the mermaid Princess [[Sovanna Maccha]].
*[[Sovanna Maccha|Neang Maccha]], is a mermaid princess who tried to spoil [[Hanuman]]'s plans to build a bridge to [[Lanka|Langka]] but fell in love with him instead and bears his son [[Mudchanu]]
*[[Sugriva]] is the Monkey King who sent [[Hanuman]] to assist [[Rama|Preah Ream]].
*[[Surpanakha]]r is the sister of [[Ravana|Krong Reap]].  She failed to seduce [[Lakshmana|Preah Leak]] and loses her ear and nose as a consequence.
*[[Mahachompoo]] is the king of the kingdom of Chompoo and helps [[Rama|Preah Ream]] fight [[Ravana|Krong Reap]] to reclaim [[Sita|Neang Seda]] with his 18 monkey army
*[[Angada|Angkhut]] is the cousin of [[Hanuman]] and son of [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]]. He helps [[Rama|Preah Ream]] fight [[Ravana|Krong Reap]].

==See also==
*[[Ramayana]]
*[[Ramakien]]
*[[Phra Lak Phra Lam]]
*[[Hikayat Seri Rama]]
*[[Khmer classical dance]]
*[[Dance of Cambodia]]
*[[Culture of Cambodia]]
*[[Greater India]]
*[[Kakawin Ramayana]]

==External links==
*[http://archphkai.wordpress.com/2008/10/23/%e1%9e%9a%e1%9e%bf%e1%9e%84%e1%9e%9a%e1%9e%b6%e1%9e%98%e1%9e%80%e1%9f%81%e1%9e%9a%e1%9f%92%e1%9e%8f%e1%9e%b7%e1%9f%8d%e1%9e%81%e1%9f%92%e1%9e%98%e1%9f%82%e1%9e%9a-%e1%9e%93%e1%9e%b7%e1%9e%84%e1%9e%9a/ រឿងរាមកេរ្តិ៍ខ្មែរ និងរ៉ាមគៀនថៃ]
*[http://www.asiasource.org/cambodia/reamker.htm The Reamker — Toni Shapiro-Phim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626001600/http://www.asiasource.org/cambodia/reamker.htm |date=2009-06-26 }}
*[http://www.reamker.x10hosting.com Reamker]
*The Treasures of Angkor {{ISBN|88-544-0117-X}}
*[http://www.asiasource.org/cambodia/reamker.htm The Reamker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626001600/http://www.asiasource.org/cambodia/reamker.htm |date=2009-06-26 }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ramayana}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cambodian literature]]
[[Category:Performing arts in Cambodia]]
[[Category:Works based on the Ramayana]]