View source for Raul Manglapus

{{Short description|Filipino politician (1918–1999)}}
{{Multiple issues
|{{Essay-like|date=December 2021}}{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}}}
{{Philippine name|Sevilla|Manglapus}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable|The Honorable]]
| name        = Raul Manglapus
| image       = Sen. Raul Manglapus.jpg
| imagesize   = 
| caption     = Manglapus in 1966
| office      = [[Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start  = October 15, 1987
| term_end    = June 30, 1992
| successor3  = 
| birth_name  = Raul Sevilla Manglapus
| birth_date  = {{Birth date|1918|10|20|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ermita]], [[Manila]], [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Philippine Islands]]
| death_date  = {{death date and age|1999|7|25|1918|10|20|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Muntinlupa]], Philippines
| occupation  = Politician, songwriter
| known_for   = 
| spouse      = Pacita La'O
| children    = 
| party       = [[Lakas–CMD (1991)|Lakas]] (1992–1999)
| otherparty  = [[Lakas–CMD_(1991)#Formation|NUCD]] (1968–1992)<br>[[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal]] (1966–1968)<br>[[Progressive Party (Philippines)|Progressive]] (1957–1966)<br>[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] (until 1957)
| alma_mater  = [[Ateneo de Manila University|Ateneo de Manila]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])<br>
[[University of Santo Tomas]]  ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| office1     = [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator of the Philippines]]
| termstart1  = June 30, 1987
| termend1    = October 9, 1987
| termstart2  = December 30, 1961
| termend2    = December 30, 1967
| predecessor = [[Manuel Yan]]
| successor   = [[Roberto Romulo]]
| president   = [[Corazon Aquino]]
}}
'''Raul Sevilla Manglapus''' (October 20, 1918 – July 25, 1999) was a prominent post–World War II Filipino politician and songwriter.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manglapus writes songs for Manila|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VZUVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3woEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6536%2C4161303|access-date=December 9, 2021|work=[[Manila Standard]]|publisher=Kamahalan Publishing Corp.|date=December 27, 1993|page=20}}</ref> He co-founded the reformist [[Progressive Party (Philippines)|Progressive Party]] of the [[Philippines]] and the Christian Democratic Socialist Movement in 1968 (later renamed the [[Lakas–CMD (1991)|National Union of Christian Democrats]]).

He was elected to the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] by a landslide in 1961 and ran for president in 1965, but lost to eventual winner [[Ferdinand Marcos]]. He once again became Secretary of Foreign Affairs under President [[Corazon Aquino]] in 1987.

His name is inscribed on the wall of the Philippines' [[Bantayog ng mga Bayani]], which honors the heroes and martyrs who fought authoritarian rule. However, Manglapus has also drawn the ire of feminist movements for his preconceived notions and controversial sexist remarks during his lifetime.<ref name="BantayogProfile ">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bantayog.org/manglapus-raul-s/ |title=MARTYRS & HEROES: MANGLAPUS, Raul S. |date=2016-03-06 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |language=en-US |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pascual Jr.|first=Federico D.|title='If rape is certain, relax and enjoy it'|website=[[The Philippine STAR]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2017/08/12/1728330/if-rape-certain-relax-and-enjoy-it|date=2017-08-12|access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref>

==Early years==
Manglapus spent his formative years in the [[Ateneo de Manila]]. In 1939, he served as editor-in-chief of the school publication, [[The Guidon]]. It was during this time that he was acquainted with [[Manuel Manahan]], rural reform advocate and later colleague in the Senate. In fact, Manahan served as editor-in-chief of the Guidon before Manglapus. The two became long-time friends and were later running-mates for the [[1965 Philippine presidential election|1965 presidential elections]] under the Party for Philippine Progress (PPP). Manglapus graduated from the [[Ateneo de Manila University|Ateneo de Manila]] AB '39 ''summa cum laude'' and excelled in [[Public speaking|oratory]]. His prize-winning oration, "In Defense of the ''Tao''", (the Common Man), capped extraordinary scholastic achievements which earned him the respect of President [[Manuel L. Quezon]] who attended the contest for the sole purpose of hearing Manglapus speak. He then attended law school at the [[University of Santo Tomas]] and took the bar exam in November 1946, becoming a lawyer a few months later.

During [[World War II]] Manglapus was the voice in the "Voice of Freedom" broadcasts from the beleaguered Filipino-American forces on Bataan and Corregidor, serving under Gen. [[Douglas MacArthur]]. He was tortured to the brink of death by the Japanese in [[Fort Santiago]]. He was a member of the Philippine delegation who witnessed the signing of the Instrument of Surrender by the Japanese on board the {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}} on 2 September 1945.

==Political career==
===Early political career===
He first came to prominence from his association with Defense Secretary [[Ramon Magsaysay]], the one-time [[mechanic]] turned populist [[President of the Philippines]]. In 1953, Manglapus composed for the presidential candidate Magsaysay the catchy campaign jingle "[[Mambo Magsaysay]]", which became widely popular and was credited in some quarters as aiding immensely in the election of Magsaysay.

Manglapus remained, until the end of his life, a prolific [[composer]] and musical performer. His compositions, distinctive for their martial lilt, included, besides, a college rallying march, ''Blue Eagle the King'', whose music were later borrowed and adapted by his alma Mater, Ateneo.

He was also the leader of the Executive Combo Band, a jazz band composed mainly of his peers which performed for [[Pope John Paul II]] at the Vatican in 1995. He jammed with jazz giant [[Duke Ellington]], and prominent jazz-inclined politicians such as U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]], [[Amelita Ramos]]—wife of President [[Fidel V. Ramos]], and King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] of [[Thailand]]. Later in life, Manglapus would serve as chairman of the Filipino Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (FILSCAP).

A linguist and a snappy dresser, he sometimes conveyed the persona of an upstart elitist, further highlighted by his fluent American-tinged accent hallmarked by his education at the [[Ateneo de Manila University|Ateneo de Manila]], which awarded him an honorary [[doctor of laws]] degree in 1965. The lack of a traditional political machinery to support him contributed to early electoral defeats. He also did not have plenty of allies, often distancing himself from other senators due to his elitist personality, though this did not prevent him from cooperating with them in his post-Martial Law career. Nonetheless, by the time of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, he had attained prominence and stability in the Filipino political arena.

===During martial law===
Manglapus was on a speaking engagement in the United States when Marcos declared [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|martial law]] in 1972. Marcos refused to allow his wife and children to join him in exile, and they were forced to flee the country by through a complicated route, leapfrogging even by small raft to freedom. 

Manglapus remained in exile for 14 years, dissuaded by an outstanding warrant of arrest should he return to the country. Even in exile, Manglapus remained as one of the Filipino opposition leaders after [[Benigno Aquino Jr.]], [[Jovito Salonga]] and [[Jose W. Diokno]]. 

During his years as an expatriate, Manglapus founded the Movement for a Free Philippines (MFP). In July 1974, his musical comedy ''Manifest Destiny'' was first staged in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Manglapus|first=Raul S.|title=Philippines: The Silenced Democracy|date=1976|publisher=Orbis Books|pages=77–78|isbn=978-0-88344-381-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UmseAAAAMAAJ|access-date=January 15, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Buckley|first=Tom|title=Footnotes Before the Footlights|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/07/archives/footnotes-before-the-footlights-premiere-in-hawaii.html|access-date=January 15, 2025|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 7, 1974|page=36}}</ref> He served as president of Democracy International, an organization of exiled world leaders seeking the restoration of democratic institutions in their respective countries, and president of the Washington-based [[International Center for Development Policy]] from 1981 to 1986. 

In an interview in March 1981, he voiced his strong revulsion of Marcos' violation of the Constitution and his manipulation of the political scene as a ploy to the declaration of martial law as a means to entrench himself and [[cronies of Ferdinand Marcos|his cronies]]:

''"Martial law pure and simple has been a facade masking the exploitation of our people and their natural resources by Marcos, his family and close friends. Any benefits, and there have been few, that have reached the people have been accidental and not the result of deliberate martial law policy''."

===Return to the Philippines===
[[File:The Honorable Raul S. Manglapus (Secretary of Foreign Affairs).png|thumb|left|Raul Manglapus as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, photograph released by the [[Philippine Congress]], {{circa|1988}}]]
Manglapus immediately returned to the Philippines upon the ouster of Marcos and the accession to the presidency of [[Corazon Aquino]] in 1986. He was elected to the Philippine Senate in 1987, but resigned before his term expired to serve once again as Secretary of Foreign Affairs for President Aquino.

A longtime critic of the American military presence, he pressed for a considerable increase in U.S. military aid and general economic assistance<ref>{{cite web| title = Raul Manglapus; Marcos Foe, Philippine Official | url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jul-27-mn-60044-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times| date = 27 July 1999 |access-date = 12 May 2023}}</ref> in exchange for extending the operations of U.S. military bases in the country, signing compromise agreements in this effort with the United States that was later rejected by the Philippine Senate in 1991, which resulted in the U.S. military pulling out by the end of 1992.<ref>{{cite web| title = Critics Say Agreement Will Strengthen Calls For Closing Bases In 1991 With PM-US-Philippines | url = https://apnews.com/article/9cfccb72d0aeb53aec2860b102a50b44| publisher=Associated Press|access-date = 12 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = LOOK BACK: When the Senate said 'no' to US bases renewal | date = 16 September 2016| url = https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/146410-look-back-senate-no-us-base-renewal-1991/| publisher=Rappler|access-date = 12 May 2023}}</ref> He also courted controversy after a remark he made during a Senate hearing on the rape of Filipina domestic workers during the [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait]] in 1990. He quipped, to general outrage, that if [[rape]] were inevitable, one should relax and enjoy it. Despite the subsequent political firestorm, Manglapus weathered widespread calls for his resignation.

After the election of his close associate [[Fidel V. Ramos]] as president in 1992, Manglapus lowered his political profile, while retaining powerful positions such as chairman of the [[Philippine National Oil Company]] and the [[Lakas–CMD (1991)|Lakas-National Union of Christian Democrats (NUCD)]], Ramos' political party. Manglapus had established the Christian Democratic Socialist Movement in 1968, a party which eventually reorganized as the NUCD. Manglapus fostered ties with the other Christian Democratic parties in the world, such as that in Germany.

As senator and government official, he promoted land reform and battled corruption. He was also a foremost nationalist and human rights advocate. Commenting on his unsuccessful bid for the presidency, a writer wrote: ''"Raúl Manglapus was one of the leading Filipino intellectuals of his generation and a politician with wide appeal. It was the Philippines' misfortune that Ferdinand Marcos, equally able but lacking in principles, won the presidency rather than someone like Manglapus."''<ref>{{cite web| title = Honolulu Star - Bulletin Editorial | url = http://www.starbulletin.com/1999/07/27/editorial/ | access-date = 25 September 2008}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|+ Electoral history of Raul Manglapus
! rowspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0;" |Year
! rowspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0;" |Office
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0;" |Party
! colspan="4" style="background:#eaecf0;" |Votes received
! rowspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0;" |Result
|-
! style="background:#eaecf0;" |Total
! style="background:#eaecf0;" | %
! style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{abbr|2=Position|P}}.
! style="background:#eaecf0;" |[[Swing (politics)|Swing]]
|-
![[1957 Philippine Senate election|1957]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Senator of the Philippines]]
| rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Progressive Party (Philippines)}};" |
| rowspan="3"|[[Progressive Party (Philippines)|Progressive]]
|1,005,595
|19.69%
|12th
| {{n/a}}
| {{Lost}}
|-
![[1959 Philippine Senate election|1959]]
|1,651,097
|25.82%
|11th
| {{n/a}}
| {{Lost}}
|-
![[1961 Philippine Senate election|1961]]
|3,489,658
|51.78%
|1st
| {{n/a}}
| {{Won}}
|-
![[1987 Philippine Senate election|1987]]
| style="background:{{party color|Lakas–CMD (1991)}};" |
| [[Lakas–CMD_(1991)#Formation|NUCD]]
|9,910,244
|43.58%
|16th
| {{n/a}}
| {{Won}}
|-
![[1965 Philippine presidential election|1965]]
| [[President of the Philippines]]
| style="background:{{party color|Progressive Party (Philippines)}};" |
| [[Progressive Party (Philippines)|Progressive]]
|384,564
|5.17%
|3rd
| {{n/a}}
| {{Lost}}
|}

==Personal life==
[[File:Valentín Manglapus.jpg|thumb|175px|left|Raul's father, Valentín Manglapus]]
He was married to Pacita La'O. His father was Congressman Valentin Manglapus of [[Ilocos Sur]], and his mother was Justina Sevilla of [[Malabon|Malabon, Rizal]].

==Death==
[[File:BantayogWall20181115Alternativity-1998-99.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Detail of the Wall of Remembrance at the [[Bantayog ng mga Bayani]], showing names from the 1999 batch of Bantayog Honorees, including that of Raul Manglapus]] 
Manglapus died on July 25, 1999, from throat cancer.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vanzi|first=Sol Jose|title=Raul Manglapus Succumbs to Cancer|url=http://www.newsflash.org/1999/07/hl/hl011468.htm|newspaper=Philippine Headline News Online|date=July 26, 1999}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/former_senators/raul_manglapus.htm Official Philippine Senate Historical Profile]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070717160432/http://www.bughaw.com/?p=112 Land of Bondage, Land of the Free (bughaw.com)]

==Further reading==
*''A Pen For Democracy''. Raúl S. Manglapus and Lilia Ramos-de León. 1983. MPF. Washington, D.C.
*''Faith in the Filipino: the ripening revolution: a collection of speeches''. Raul S. Manglapus, ed. 1961. Regal Publishing. Manila, Philippines.
*''Japan in Southeast Asia: Collision Course''. Raúl S. Manglapus and Thomas L. Hughes. 1976. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. New York.
*''Land of Bondage, Land of the Free''. Raúl S. Manglapus. 1963. La Solidaridad. Manila.
*''Philippines, the Silenced Democracy''. Raúl S. Manglapus. 1976. Orbis Books. New York.
*''Will of the People: Exploring Original Democracy in Non-Western Societies''. Raúl S. Manglapus. 1987. Greenwood Press. Westport, CT.

{{Candidates in the Philippine presidential election, 1965}}
{{8th Congress of the Philippines senators}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manglapus, Raul}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Ateneo de Manila University alumni]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1965 Philippine presidential election]]
[[Category:Corazon Aquino administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Deaths from esophageal cancer in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Filipino musicians]]
[[Category:Filipino political party founders]]
[[Category:Individuals honored at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani]]
[[Category:Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians]]
[[Category:Movement for a Free Philippines]]
[[Category:Politicians from Manila]]
[[Category:Progressive Party (Philippines) politicians]]
[[Category:Secretaries of foreign affairs of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Senators of the 5th Congress of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Senators of the 6th Congress of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Senators of the 8th Congress of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Members of the Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971]]
[[Category:University of Santo Tomas alumni]]