View source for Raphael Rooms

{{Short description|Rooms in the Vatican frescoed by Raphael}}
{{Infobox artwork
|title=Raphael Rooms
|image_file=Raffael Stanza della Segnatura.jpg
|caption=The Stanza della Segnatura
|artist=[[Raphael]]
|city=[[Rome]]
|museum=[[Apostolic Palace]], part of [[Vatican Museums]]
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|mapframe=yes
|mapframe-caption=Click on the map for a fullscreen view
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}}
The four '''Raphael Rooms''' ({{langx|it| Stanze di Raffaello}}) form a suite of reception rooms in the [[Apostolic Palace]], now part of the [[Vatican Museums]], in [[Vatican City]]. They are famous for their [[fresco]]es, painted by [[Raphael]] and his workshop. Together with [[Michelangelo]]'s [[Sistine Chapel ceiling]] frescoes, they are the grand fresco sequences that mark the [[High Renaissance]] in [[Rome]].

The ''Stanze'', as they are commonly called, were originally intended as a suite of apartments for [[Pope Julius II]]. He commissioned Raphael, then a relatively young artist from [[Urbino]], and his studio in 1508 or 1509 to redecorate the existing interiors of the rooms entirely. It was possibly Julius' intent to outshine the apartments of his predecessor (and rival) [[Pope Alexander VI]], as the ''Stanze'' are directly above Alexander's [[Borgia Apartment]]. They are on the second floor, overlooking the south side of the [[Cortile del Belvedere|Belvedere Courtyard]].

Running from east to west, as a visitor would have entered the apartment, but not following the sequence in which the ''Stanze'' were frescoed, the rooms are the '''Sala di Costantino''' ("Hall of Constantine"), the '''Stanza di Eliodoro''' ("Room of Heliodorus"), the '''Stanza della Segnatura''' ("Room of the Signatura"), and the '''Stanza dell'Incendio del Borgo''' ("The Room of the ''Fire in the Borgo''").

After the death of Julius in 1513, with two rooms frescoed, [[Pope Leo X]] continued the program. Following Raphael's death in 1520, his assistants [[Gianfrancesco Penni]], [[Giulio Romano (painter)|Giulio Romano]] and [[Raffaellino del Colle]] finished the project with the frescoes in the ''Sala di Costantino''.

==Scheme==
The scheme of the works is as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:centre"
! width="20%" |{{small|Room of the Signatura}}
! width="20%" |{{small|Room of Heliodorus}}
! width="20%" |{{small|Room of the Fire in the Borgo}}
! width="20%" |{{small|Hall of Constantine}}
|-
|colspan="4"|'''General view (I)'''
|-
|[[File:1 Estancia del Sello (Vista general I).jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:8 Estancia de Heliodoro (Vista general I).jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:15 Estancia del Incendio del Borgo (Vista general I).png|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:113d Sala de Constantino (Vista, d).jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|-
|colspan="4"|'''General view (II)'''
|-
|[[File:2 Estancia del Sello (Vista general II).jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:9 Estancia de Heliodoro (Vista general II).jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:16 Estancia del Incendio del Borgo (Vista general II).jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:113e Sala de Constantino (Vista, e).jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|-
|colspan="4"|'''East wall'''
|-
|[[File:"The School of Athens" by Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:Raphael - The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:Raphael - Battle of Ostia.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:School of Raphael - Vision of the Cross.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|-
|''{{small|[[The School of Athens]]}}''
|''{{small|[[The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple]]}}''
|''{{small|[[Battle of Ostia (Raphael's painting)|Battle of Ostia]]}}''
|''{{small|[[The Vision of the Cross]]}}''
|-
|colspan="4"|'''South wall'''
|-
|[[File:Raphael - Cardinal and Theological Virtues.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:Raphael - The Mass at Bolsena.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:Raphael - Fire in the Borgo.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:Giulio Romano - The Battle of the Milvian Bridge.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|-
|''{{small|[[Cardinal and Theological Virtues]]}}''
|''{{small|[[The Mass at Bolsena]]}}''
|''{{small|[[The Fire in the Borgo]]}}''
|''{{small|[[The Battle of the Milvian Bridge (Giulio Romano)|The Battle of the Milvian Bridge]]}}''
|-
|colspan="4"|'''West wall'''
|-
|[[File:Raphael1a.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:Raphael - The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:Raphael - Coronation of Charlemagne.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:Giannfrancesco Penni - Baptism of Constantine.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|-
|''{{small|[[Disputation of the Holy Sacrament]]}}''
|''{{small|[[The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila]]}}''
|''{{small|[[The Coronation of Charlemagne]]}}''
|''{{small|[[The Baptism of Constantine]]}}''
|-
|colspan="4"|'''North wall'''
|-
|[[File:Raphael - The Parnassus.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:Raphael - Deliverance of Saint Peter.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:Raphael - Oath of Leo III.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:School of Raphael - Donation of Rome.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|-
|''{{small|[[The Parnassus]]}}''
|''{{small|[[Liberation of Saint Peter (Raphael)|Liberation of Saint Peter]]}}''
|''{{small|[[The Oath of Leo III]]}}''
|''{{small|[[The Donation of Constantine (painting)|The Donation of Constantine]]}}''
|-
|colspan="4"|'''Ceiling'''
|-
|[[File:Raphael - Ceiling of the Selling Room.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:Raphael - Ceiling of the Room of Eliodorus.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:Perugino - Ceiling of the Room of Fire in the Borgo.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|[[File:Tommaso Laureti - Ceiling of Room of Constantine.jpg|thumb|upright=.2|centre]]
|-
|}

==Sala di Costantino==
The largest of the twelve rooms is the ''Sala di Costantino'' ("Hall of Constantine"). Its paintings were not begun until Pope Julius and, indeed Raphael himself, had died. The room is dedicated to the victory of Christianity over paganism. Its frescoes represent this struggle from the life of the Roman Emperor [[Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine]], and are the work of Giulio Romano, Gianfrancesco Penni and Raffaellino del Colle. Because they are not by the master himself, the frescos are less famous than works in the neighboring rooms. Continuing a long tradition of flattery, Raphael's assistants gave the features of the current pontiff, [[Clement VII]], to [[Pope Sylvester I|Pope Sylvester]] in the paintings.

===''The Vision of the Cross''===
{{main|The Vision of the Cross}}
[[File:School of Raphael - Vision of the Cross.jpg|center|thumb|upright=2.5|''The Vision of the Cross'', 1520–1524]]
The fresco of ''The Vision of the Cross'' depicts the legendary story of a great cross appearing to Constantine as he marched to confront his rival [[Maxentius]]. The vision in the sky is painted with the words in Greek "Εν τούτω νίκα" ("By this, conquer", better known as the Latin ''[[In hoc signo vinces]]'') written next to it.

===''The Battle of Milvian Bridge''===
{{main|The Battle of the Milvian Bridge (Giulio Romano)}}
[[File:Giulio Romano - The Battle of the Milvian Bridge.jpg|center|thumb|upright=2.5|''The Battle of Milvian Bridge'', 1520-1524]]
''The Battle of Milvian Bridge'' shows the [[Battle of the Milvian Bridge|battle]] that took place on October 28, 312, following Constantine's vision.

===''The Baptism of Constantine''===
{{main|The Baptism of Constantine}}
[[Image:Raphael Baptism Constantine.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|''The Baptism of Constantine'', 1517–1524]]
The third painting in the sequence, ''[[The Baptism of Constantine]]'', was most likely painted by [[Gianfrancesco Penni]], and shows the emperor being baptised by [[Pope Sylvester I]] in the [[Lateran Baptistery]] at [[Rome]]. This follows the account of Constantine's baptism given in the ''[[Acts of Sylvester]]'' and the ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]'', rather than the alternate deathbed version recounted in [[Eusebius]]'s ''[[Life of Constantine]]''. In ''[[The Baptism of Constantine]]'', Pope Sylvester I has the physical features of [[Pope Clement VII]] (1523–1534), who ordered the completion of the Raphael Rooms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.travelingintuscany.com/art/raphaelrooms.htm|title=Raphael &#124; Stanze in the Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican &#124; Podere Santa Pia, Holiday house in the south of Tuscany|access-date=2021-04-17|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509220337/http://www.travelingintuscany.com/art/raphaelrooms.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''The Donation of Constantine''===
{{main|The Donation of Constantine (painting)}}
[[File:School of Raphael - Donation of Rome.jpg|center|thumb|upright=2.5|''The Donation of Constantine'', 1520–1524]]
The final painting in the sequence, ''The Donation of Constantine'', records an event that supposedly took place shortly after Constantine's baptism, and was inspired by the famous [[Donation of Constantine|forged documents]], incorporated into Gratian's ''[[Decretum Gratiani|Decretum]]'', granting the Papacy sovereignty over Rome's territorial dominions.

==''Stanza di Eliodoro''==
The next room, going from East to West, is the ''Stanza di Eliodoro'' ("Room of Heliodorus"). Painted between 1511 and 1514, it takes its name from one of the paintings. The theme of this private chamber – probably an audience room – was the heavenly protection granted by Christ to the Church.<ref>Roger Jones and Nicholas Penny, ''Raphael,'' New Haven, 1983, 113; Ingrid D. Rowland, "The Vatican Stanze," in ''The Cambridge Companion to Raphael,'' ed. [[Marcia B. Hall]], Cambridge, 2005, 111.</ref> The four paintings are: ''The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple'', ''The Mass at Bolsena,'' ''The Meeting of Pope Leo I and Attila,'' and ''The Deliverance of Saint Peter from Prison''. In the first two of these frescoes, Raphael flatteringly includes his patron, Pope Julius II, as participant or observer; the third, painted after Julius's death, includes a portrait of his successor, Leo X.

Raphael's style changed here from the ''Stanza della Segnatura.''  Instead of the static images of the Pope's library, he had dramatic narratives to portray, and his approach was to maximize the frescoes' expressive effects.  He represented fewer, larger figures so that their actions and emotions have more direct impact on the viewers, and he used theatrical lighting effects to spotlight certain figures and heighten tension.

===''The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple''===
{{main|The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple}}
[[Image:Raphael Heliodorus.jpg|center|thumb|upright=2.5|Raphael, ''The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple,'' 1511–1513]]
In ''The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple'' Raphael illustrated the biblical episode from [[II Maccabees]] (3:21–28) about [[Heliodorus (minister)|Heliodorus]], who was sent to seize the treasure preserved in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], but was stopped when the prayer of the priest of the temple was answered by angels who flogged the intruder and an angelic rider who chased him from the temple. The composition is considerably more dramatic than Raphael's earlier frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura.  Although the focal point is the still figure of the priest at prayer, Heliodorus and the angels rush forward into space, threatening to spill out of the painting.  At the left Julius II, carried by the Swiss Guard in a chair, witnesses the event.  His inclusion here refers to his battles to prevent secular leaders from usurping papal territories.<ref>Jones and Penny, 117; Rowland, 112.</ref>

===''The Mass at Bolsena''===
{{main|The Mass at Bolsena}}
[[Image:Massatbolsena.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|Raphael, ''The Mass at Bolsena,'' 1512]]
''The Mass at Bolsena'' depicts the story of a Bohemian priest who in 1263 ceased to doubt the doctrine of [[Transubstantiation]] when he saw the bread begin to bleed during its consecration at [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]. The cloth that was stained by the blood was held as a relic at the nearby town of [[Orvieto]]; Julius II had visited Orvieto and prayed over the relic in 1506.<ref>Jones and Penny, 117; John Pope-Hennessy, ''Raphael,'' London, 1970, 112; Rowland, 113.</ref> The Pope is portrayed as a participant in the Mass and a witness to the miracle; he kneels to the right of the altar, with members of the Curia (also portraits) standing behind him. Raphael distinguishes the "real" thirteenth-century witnesses from those who are contemporaries of the pope by their degree of engagement in the event; the latter concentrate calmly on Julius kneeling at his devotions rather than responding to the miracle.

===''The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila''===
{{main|The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila}}
[[Image:Leoattila-Raphael.jpg|center|thumb|upright=2.5|''The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila,'' 1514]] 
''The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila'' depicts the storied parley between the [[Pope Leo I|Pope]] and [[Attila|the Hun conqueror]], and includes the legendary images of Saint Peter and [[Paul of Tarsus|Saint Paul]] in the sky bearing swords. A fully developed drawing by Raphael indicates he planned to place the pope – portrayed with Julius's features – in the background; when Leo X became pope – and just happened to choose the name Leo – he must have encouraged the artist to bring the pope front and center and use his own portrait.<ref>Jones & Penny, 118–121; Pope-Hennessy, 115.</ref>

===''Deliverance of Saint Peter''===
{{main|Deliverance of Saint Peter}}
[[Image:Deliveranceofstpeter.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|Raphael, ''Deliverance of Saint Peter,'' 1514]]
The ''Deliverance of Saint Peter'' shows, in three episodes, how [[Saint Peter]] was [[Liberation of Saint Peter|liberated]] from prison by an [[angel]], as described in [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts 12]].  It symbolizes the power of the Vicar of Christ to escape human restraints. Julius II's titular church as cardinal, before he was elevated to the papacy, had been S. Pietro in Vincoli (St. Peter in Chains), so the painting is at once a general reference to the papacy and a specific reference to Julius.<ref>Jones & Penny, 118; Rowland,112–113.</ref>  The fresco is a study in light:  natural moonlight, man-made torchlight, and God-provided angel light.  It is the latter, of course, that outshines the others.

==''Stanza della Segnatura''==
{{main|Stanza della Segnatura}}
The ''Stanza della segnatura'' ("Room of the Signatura") was the first to be decorated by Raphael's frescoes. It was the study housing the library of Julius II, in which the [[Apostolic Signatura|Signatura of Grace]] tribunal was originally located. The artist's concept brings into harmony the spirits of Antiquity and Christianity and reflects the contents of the pope's library with themes of theology, philosophy, jurisprudence, and the poetic arts, represented in [[Tondo (art)|tondi]] above the lunettes of the walls. The theme of this room is worldly and spiritual wisdom and the harmony which [[Renaissance]] [[humanists]] perceived between [[Christianity|Christian]] teaching and [[Greek philosophy]]. The theme of wisdom is appropriate as this room was the council chamber for the [[Apostolic Signatura]], where most of the important papal documents were signed and sealed.

===''Disputation of the Holy Sacrament''===
{{main|Disputation of the Holy Sacrament}}
[[Image:A disputa do Sacramento.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|Raphael, ''Disputation of the Holy Sacrament'', 1509-1510]]
The first composition Raphael executed between 1509 and 1510<ref>''Raphael'', Phaidon Publishers, 1948, p. 24.</ref> was the ''Disputation of the Holy Sacrament'', the traditional name for what is really an ''Adoration of the Sacrament''. In the painting, Raphael created an image of the church, which is presented as spanning both heaven and earth.

=== ''The Parnassus'' ===
{{main|The Parnassus}}
[[Image:Raffael 072.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|Raphael, ''The Parnassus'', 1509-1511]]
Raphael completed the second composition between 1509 and 1511.<ref>Raphael, Marcia B. Hall (ed.), ''The Cambridge Companion to Raphael'', Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 195.</ref> It represents ''The Parnassus'', the dwelling place of the god [[Apollo]] and the Muses and the home of poetry, according to classical myth. In the fresco [[Apollo]] and the Muses are surrounded by poets from antiquity and Raphael's own time.

===''The School of Athens''===
{{main|The School of Athens}}
[[Image:Escola de Atenas - Vaticano 2.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|Raphael, ''The School of Athens'', 1509-1511]]
Between 1509 and 1511, Raphael also completed another work on the wall opposite the ''Disputa''. This third painting,<ref>Jones and Penny, p. 74: "The execution of the ''School of Athens'' ... probably followed that of the ''Parnassus''."</ref> entitled ''The School of Athens'', represents the degrees of knowledge or the truth acquired through reason. The fresco's position as well as the philosophers' walk in direction of the Holy Sacrament on the opposite wall suggested the interpretation of the whole room as the movement from the classical philosophy to the true religion and from the pre-Christian world to Christianity.<ref>M. Smolizza, ''Rafael y el Amor. La Escuela de Atenas como protréptico a la filosofia'', in ''Idea y Sentimiento. Itinerarios por el dibujo de Rafael a Cézanne'', Barcelona, 2007, pp. 29–77</ref> It was meant to reside over the philosophical section of [[Pope Julius II]]'s library. It is perhaps Raphael's most famous fresco.

===''The Cardinal Virtues''===
{{main|Cardinal and Theological Virtues (Raphael)}}
[[Image:Rafael - Virtudes Teologales y la Ley (Estancia del Sello, Vaticano, 1511).jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|Raphael, ''The Cardinal Virtues'', 1511]]
The two scenes on the fourth wall, executed by the workshop, and the lunette above it, containing the ''Cardinal Virtues'', were painted in 1511. ''The Cardinal Virtues'' allegorically presents the virtues of [[courage|fortitude]], [[prudence]] and [[temperance (virtue)|temperance]] alongside [[charity (virtue)|charity]], [[faith]], and [[hope]].

==Stanza dell'incendio del Borgo==
The ''Stanza dell'incendio del Borgo'' was named for the ''Fire in the Borgo'' fresco which depicts [[Pope Leo IV]] making the sign of the cross to extinguish a raging fire in the [[Borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]] district of [[Rome]] near the [[Vatican City|Vatican]]. This room was prepared as a music room for Julius' successor, [[Leo X]]. The frescos depict events from the lives of Popes [[Pope Leo III|Leo III]] and Leo IV. The other paintings in the room are ''The Oath of Leo III'', ''The Coronation of Charlemagne by Leo III'', and ''The Battle of Ostia''. Though the ''Fire in the Borgo'' was based on Raphael's mature designs it was executed by his assistants, who painted the other three paintings without his guidance.

===''The Oath of Leo III''===
{{main|The Oath of Leo III}}
[[File:Raphael - Oath of Leo III.jpg|center|thumb|upright=2.5|The Oath of Leo III, 1516–1517]]
On December 23, 800 [[AD]], Pope Leo III took an oath of purgation concerning charges brought against him by the nephews of his predecessor [[Pope Hadrian I]]. This event is shown in ''The Oath of Leo III''.

===''The Coronation of Charlemagne''===
{{main|The Coronation of Charlemagne}}
[[Image:Raphael Charlemagne.jpg|center|thumb|upright=2.5|''The Coronation of Charlemagne'', 1516–1517]]
''The Coronation of Charlemagne'' shows how [[Charlemagne]] was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor|Imperator Romanorum]] on Christmas Day, 800.

===''Fire in the Borgo''===
{{main|The Fire in the Borgo}}
[[Image:0 Chambre de Raphaël - L'Incendie du Borgo (1).JPG|center|thumb|upright=2.5|''The Fire in the Borgo'', 1514–1517]]
''The Fire in the Borgo'' shows an event that is documented in the ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]'': a fire that broke out in the [[Borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]] in [[Rome]] in 847. According to the Catholic Church, [[Pope Leo IV]] contained the fire with his benediction.

===''The Battle of Ostia''===
{{main|Battle of Ostia (Raphael's painting)}}
[[Image:Raphael Ostia.jpg|center|thumb|upright=2.5|''The Battle of Ostia'', 1514–1515]]
The ''Battle of Ostia'' was inspired by the [[Battle of Ostia|naval victory]] of Leo IV over the [[Saracen]]s at [[Ostia Antica (archaeological site)|Ostia]] in 849.

==See also==
*[[Index of Vatican City-related articles]]
*[[List of paintings by Raphael]]

==Notes==
<references />

==Further reading==
*Rijser, David. “Tradition and Originality in Raphael: The Stanza Della Segnatura, the Middle Ages and Local Traditions.” The Quest for an Appropriate Past in Literature, Art and Architecture, edited by Karl A.E. Enenkel and Konrad A. Ottenheym, vol. 60, Brill, LEIDEN; BOSTON, 2019, pp. 106–126. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctvbqs5nk.11. Accessed 24 Mar. 2021.

==External links==
*[http://mv.vatican.va/3_EN/pages/SDR/SDR_00_Main.html The Stanze of the Vatican - with virtual tour]
*[http://beckydaroff.com/arthistory/raphael/raphaelrooms.html Visual Tour of the Raphael Rooms, with identifications of figures in frescoes]
*[http://www.stockholm360.net/list.php?id=vatican Raphael Rooms' 360x180 degree panorama virtual tour]
*[http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/107497 ''The Vatican: spirit and art of Christian Rome''], a book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on the Raphael Rooms (pp. 111–123) 
* {{commons-inline}}

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