View source for Ranunculaceae

{{Short description|Family of eudicot flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|124|0}} [[Early Cretaceous]]–[[Holocene|Recent]]{{sfn|Pigg|DeVore|2005}}
| image = Ranunculus_auricomis.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Ranunculus auricomus]]''
| taxon = Ranunculaceae
| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
| type_genus = ''[[Ranunculus]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = *[[Hydrastidoideae]]
* [[Glaucidioideae]]
* [[Coptoideae]]
* [[Thalictroideae]]
* [[Ranunculoideae]]
}}

'''Ranunculaceae''' ({{IPAc-en|r|@|n|V|ng|k|j|u:|'|l|eI|s|i|%|aI|,_|-|s|i:|%|i:}} {{respell|rə|nung|kew|LAY|see|e(y)e}}, '''buttercup''' or '''crowfoot family'''; [[Latin]] {{lang|la|rānunculus}} "little frog", from {{lang|la|rāna}} "frog") is a [[family (biology)|family]] of over 2,000 known species of [[flowering plant]]s in 43 genera,{{sfn|Christenhusz|Byng| 2016}} distributed worldwide.

The largest genera are ''[[Ranunculus]]'' (600 species), ''[[Delphinium]]'' (365), ''[[Thalictrum]]'' (330), ''[[Clematis]]'' (380), and ''[[Aconitum]]'' (300).

== Description ==
[[File:Adonis autumnalis flowerdiagram.png|thumb|125px|[[Floral diagram]]. ''[[Adonis annua]]'']]
Ranunculaceae are mostly [[herbaceous]] annuals or perennials, but some are woody climbers (such as ''[[Clematis]]''){{sfn|Clapham|Tutin|Warburg|1981}} or shrubs (e.g. ''[[Xanthorhiza]]'').

Most members of the family have [[bisexual flower]]s which can be showy or inconspicuous. Flowers are solitary, but are also found aggregated in [[Cyme (botany)|cymes]], [[panicle]]s, or [[spike (botany)|spikes]]. The flowers are usually [[radially symmetrical]] but are also found to be [[bilaterally symmetrical]] in the genera ''[[Aconitum]]'' and ''[[Delphinium]]''.{{sfn|Stace|2010}}{{sfn|Ronse de Craene|2010}} The [[sepal]]s, [[petal]]s, [[stamen]]s and [[carpel]]s are all generally free (not fused), the outer flower segments typically number four or five. The outer stamens{{efn|In the Ranunculaceae, a variety of terms are used to describe the whorl of structures between the [[sepals]] and stamens, including honey-leaves, petals, staminodes or [[nectaries]]<ref name="fna" />{{sfn|Tamura|1993|p=564}}}} may be modified to produce only nectar, as in [[Aquilegia]], ''[[Helleborus]]'' and ''Delphinium''.{{sfn|Ronse de Craene|2010}}

In some genera, such as ''[[Thalictrum]]'', the sepals are colorful and appear petal-like (petaloid) and the petals can be inconspicuous or absent.{{sfn|Clapham|Tutin|Warburg|1981}} The stems are unarmed. The leaves are variable. Most species have both [[basal leaf|basal]] and [[cauline leaf|cauline]] (stem) leaves, which are usually compound or lobed but can be simple. They are typically alternate, or occasionally opposite or even whorled. Many species, especially the perennials, form [[rhizome]]s that develop new roots each year.<ref name="fna" /> ''[[Ficaria verna]]'' can reproduce vegetatively by means of root tubers produced in the leaf axils.{{sfn|Clapham|Tutin|Warburg|1981}}{{sfn|Stace|2010}} Some members of the genus ''[[Thalictrum]]'' utilize [[anemophily]] while others utilize [[entomophily]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steven |first1=Janet |last2=Waller |first2=Donald |date=2004 |title=Reproductive alternatives to insect pollination in four species of Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227512644 |journal=Plant Species Biology |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=73–80 |doi=10.1111/j.1442-1984.2004.00103.x |bibcode=2004PSBio..19...73S |access-date=6 December 2018 }}</ref> Flowers of the entomophilous genus ''[[Papaver]]'', also of the ''[[Ranunculales]]'' order, produce only [[pollen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.beeculture.com/treat-bees-banquet-poppies/ |title=Treat Your Bees to a Banquet of Poppies |last=Ross |first=Gary |publisher=A.I. Root Company |date=22 December 2016 |website=Bee Culture |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> Until recently, it was believed that the species of the genus ''[[Anemone]]'' also lack [[nectar]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Erbar |first1=Claudia |last2=Leins |first2=Peter |date=2013 |title=Nectar production in the pollen flower of Anemone nemorosa in comparison with other Ranunculaceae and Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257796107 |journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=287–300 |doi=10.1007/s13127-013-0131-9 |bibcode=2013ODivE..13..287E |s2cid=16275166 |access-date=6 December 2018 }}</ref>

The [[fruit]]s are most commonly free, unfused [[achene]]s (e.g. ''[[Ranunculus]]'', ''Clematis'') or [[Follicle (fruit)|follicle]]s (e.g. ''Helleborus'', ''[[Eranthis]]'', ''[[Nigella]]''), but a [[berry (botany)|berry]] in ''[[Actaea (plant)|Actaea]]''.{{sfn|Clapham|Tutin|Warburg|1981}}{{sfn|Stace|2010}}

{{multiple image
| perrow    = 2
| header    = Fruit Morphology
| align     = right
| image1    = Pulsatilla alpina fruit.JPG
| caption1  = [[Achene]]: ''[[Pulsatilla alpina]]''

| image2    = Ranunculus acris0.jpg
| caption2  = Achene: ''[[Ranunculus acris]]''

| image4    = Helleborus niger (Früchte).jpg
| caption4  = Follicle: ''[[Helleborus niger]]''

| image3    = Nigella damascena fruit.jpg
| caption3  = Follicle: ''[[Nigella arvensis]]''
}}

=== Phytochemistry ===

Many Ranunculaceae members contain [[protoanemonin]], which is toxic to humans and animals. Contact with plant sap may cause inflammation and blistering of the skin, while ingestion can cause irritation of the mouth, vomiting, and diarrhea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anemone (Windflower) {{!}} North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox|url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/anemone/|access-date=2021-02-17|website=plants.ces.ncsu.edu}}</ref>
Toxic alkaloids such as [[aconitine]] may also be present in some species such as ''[[Aconitum carmichaelii]]''.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

==Taxonomy==

Takhtajan (1997) included the Ranunculaceae as the only family in the Ranunculales which he placed in a subclass, the Ranunculidae, instead of a superorder. Previously, Thorn (1992) placed the Ranunculaceae in the Berberidales, an order within the Superorder Magnolianae. Earlier Cronquist in 1981 included the Ranunculaceae along with seven other families in the Rancunculales which was included in the Magnoliidae, which he regarded as a subclass.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/newgate/cronang.htm |title=Flowering Plant Gateway |access-date=2010-05-25 |archive-date=2011-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006041129/http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/newgate/cronang.htm }}</ref> David, (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url = http://apps.rhs.org.uk/rhsplantfinder/documents/Essay.pdf |title = Plants in their proper places – the new classification of flowering plants|publisher = Royal Horticultural Society|archive-date = 18 July 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718073537/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/rhsplantfinder/documents/Essay.pdf}}</ref> placed the Ranuculaceae, together with the [[Eupteleaceae]], [[Lardizabalaceae]], [[Menispermaceae]], [[Berberidaceae]], and [[Papaveraceae]] in the Ranunculales, the only order in the superorder Ranunculanae.  This follows the work of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]].{{cn|date=June 2025}}

The family Ranunculaceae ''[[sensu stricto]]'' is one of seven families included in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Ranunculales]] within the [[eudicots]] according to the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) classification.{{sfn|APG|2016}} The family is [[monophyletic]] with ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium]]'' as [[sister group|sister]] to the remaining genera.{{sfn|Wang et al|2009}} This [[phylogeny]] is illustrated in the APG Poster.<ref>[https://www.bcp.fu-berlin.de/biologie/arbeitsgruppen/Archiv/ag_hilger/publikationen/poster1.pdf  Angiosperm Phylogeny poster]</ref>

=== Subdivision ===

Early subdivisions of the family, such as [[Michel Adanson]] (1763), simply divided it based on one-seeded or many-seeded fruit. [[Karl Anton Eugen Prantl|Prantl]] (1887) envisaged three [[tribe (biology)|tribes]], Paeonieae, Helleboreae and Anemoneae with ''[[Peony|Paeonia]]'', ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium]]'' and ''[[Hydrastis]]'' forming Paeonieae. By the twentieth century Langlet (1932) used chromosome types to create two [[subfamilies]], Ranunculoideae and Thalictroideae. In 1966, [[Minoru N. Tamura|Tamura]] further developed Langlet's system by adding floral characteristics with six subfamilies;{{cn|date=June 2025}}
* [[Helleboroideae]]
* [[Ranunculoideae]]
* [[Isopyroideae]]
* [[Thalictroideae]]
* [[Coptidoideae]]
* [[Hydrastidoideae]]

but by 1988 he had reduced Coptidoideae to a tribe within Isopyroideae, leaving five subfamilies, an arrangement he continued in his 1993 monograph, dividing the larger subfamilies into tribes, though by then ''[[Peony|Paeonia]]'' and ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium]]'' were no longer considered to belong to Ranunculaceae.{{sfn|Tamura|1993}} ''Paeonia'' was separated from Ranuculaceae and placed in its own family of [[Paeoniaceae]] (order [[Saxifragales]]). Other genera originally included in Ranunculaceae include ''[[Circaeaster]],'' which was placed in its own family [[Circaeasteraceae]].{{cn|date=June 2025}}

Tamura's complete system was structured as follows;
;Subfamilies and tribes
* Subfamily Ranunculoideae <small>Hutch.</small>
** [[Adonideae]] <small>Kunth</small>
** [[Anemoneae]] <small>DC.</small>
** [[Ranunculeae]] <small>DC.</small>
* Subfamily Helleboroideae <small>Hutch.</small>
** [[Helleboreae]] <small>DC.</small>
** [[Cimicifugeae]] <small>Torrey & A.Gray</small>
** [[Delphineae]] <small>Schrödinger</small>
** [[Nigelleae]] <small>Schrödinger</small>
* Subfamily Isopyroideae <small>Tamura</small>
** [[Coptideae]] <small>Langlet ex Tamura & K.Kosuge</small>
** [[Dichocarpeae]] <small>Tamura & K.Kosuge</small>
** [[Isopyreae]] <small>Schrödinger</small>
* Subfamily Thalictroideae
* Subfamily Hydrastidoideae

The genus ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium]]'', having been moved to its own family ([[Glaucidiaceae]]), has since been restored to Ranuculaceae.

=== Molecular phylogenetics ===

When subjected to [[molecular phylogenetic]] analysis, only Thalictroideae is monophyletic. The position of ''Glaucidium'' and some of its unique morphological characteristics prompted Stevens to suggest that it be given subfamilial rank as the monotypic Glaucidioideae. Similarly, ''Hydrastis'' has been assigned to subfamily Hydrastidoideae.{{sfn|Stevens|2017}}{{sfn|Wang et al|2009}} Both genera are represented by a single species, ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium palmatum]]'' and ''[[Hydrastis|Hydrastis canadense]]'' respectively.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

The relationships between the genera suggest the existence of three major [[clades]] corresponding to Coptidoideae, Thalictroideae (clade A) and Ranunculoideae (clade F). The latter is the largest with four subclades (B–E). Of these, C corresponds to Delphineae, D to Cimicifugae and E to Ranunculoideae.{{sfn|Wang et al|2009}} Consequently, Wang and colleagues (2009) proposed a new classification with five subfamilies, and further subdividing Ranunculoideae into ten tribes. The relationship between the subfamilies is shown in the [[cladogram]]{{cn|date=June 2025}}

In addition to the two monotypic subgenera, Coptoideae has 17 species and Thalictroideae has 450, including ''[[Thalictrum]]'' and ''[[Aquilegia]]''. The other genera (2025 species, 81% of the family) belong to Ranunculoideae. ''[[Kingdonia]]'' had been included by Tamura in Anemoneae, but is now added to Circaeasteraceae.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

In recent years, researchers have used nuclear genes (obtained through transcriptome sequencing technology) to further investigate the phylogenetic relationships of the Ranunculaceae family, and their findings are consistent with those of Wang and colleagues (2009). However, this study indicates that the ancestors of the Ranunculaceae family experienced multiple whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, which may be related to the longstanding prosperity of this ancient group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=He |first1=Jian |last2=Lyu |first2=Rudan |last3=Luo |first3=Yike |last4=Xiao |first4=Jiamin |last5=Xie |first5=Lei |last6=Wen |first6=Jun |last7=Li |first7=Wenhe |last8=Pei |first8=Linying |last9=Cheng |first9=Jin |date=September 2022 |title=A phylotranscriptome study using silica gel-dried leaf tissues produces an updated robust phylogeny of Ranunculaceae |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790322001580 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=174 |article-number=107545 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107545|pmid=35690374 |bibcode=2022MolPE.17407545H |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

;Subfamilies of Ranunculaceae (5) and tribes of Ranunculoideae
* [[Glaucidioideae]] <small>(Tamura) Loconte</small> (1)
* [[Hydrastidoideae]] <small>Engler</small> (1)
* [[Coptidoideae]] <small>Tamura</small> (2)
* [[Thalictroideae]] <small>Raf.</small> (10)
* [[Ranunculoideae]] <small>Arn.</small> (46)
** Adonideae <small>Kunth</small>
** Delphinieae <small>Schröd.</small>
** Nigelleae <small>Schröd.</small>
** Helleboreae<small> DC.</small>
** Cimicifugeae <small>Torr. and A.Gray</small>
** Caltheae <small>Bercht. and J.Presl</small>
** Asteropyreae <small>W.T.Wang and C. Y.Chang</small>
** Callianthemeae <small>W.Wang and Z. D.Chen</small>
** Anemoneae <small>DC.</small>
** Ranunculeae<small> DC.</small>

{{cladogram|title=Cladogram of Ranunculaceae subfamilies{{sfn|Wang et al|2009}}
|align=center
|cladogram={{clade|style=width:600px;
|label1= Ranunculaceae
|1={{clade
|1= Glaucidoideae[[File:Glaucidium palmatum (flower s3).JPG|80px]]
|2={{clade
|   1=Hydrastidoideae[[File:Hydrastis flor.jpg|80px]]
|   2={{clade
|     1=Coptidoideae[[File:Coptis quinquefolia 3.JPG|80px]]
|     2={{clade|1=Ranunculoideae[[File:Creeping butercup close 800.jpg|80px]]
|          2=Thalictroideae[[File:Thalictrum aquilegifolium 02.jpg|80px]]
}}
      }}
   }}
}}}}}}

{{clear}}

=== Genera ===
Ranunculaceae contains approximately 43 genera.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Byng| 2016}}<ref name=tpl/>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
; Subfamily Glaucidioideae
* ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium]]'' <small>Siebold & Zuccarini</small>
; Subfamily Hydrastidoideae
* ''[[Goldenseal|Hydrastis]]'' <small>L.</small>
; Subfamily Coptidoideae
* ''[[Coptis]]'' <small>Salisb.</small>
* ''[[Xanthorhiza]]'' <small>Marshall</small>
; Subfamily Thalictroideae
* ''[[Aquilegia]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Dichocarpum]]'' <small>W.T.Wang & P.K.Hsiao</small>
* ''[[Enemion]]'' <small>Rafinesque</small>
* ''[[Isopyrum]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Leptopyrum]]'' <small>Reichenbach</small>
* ''[[Paraquilegia]]'' <small>J.R.Drumm. & Hutch.</small>
* ''[[Semiaquilegia]]'' <small>Makino</small>
* ''[[Thalictrum]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Urophysa]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
; Subfamily [[Ranunculoideae]]
;; Tribe [[Adonideae]]
* ''[[Adonis (plant)|Adonis]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Calathodes]]'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small>
* ''[[Megaleranthis]]'' <small>Ohwi</small>
* ''[[Trollius]]'' <small>L.</small>
;; Tribe Delphinieae
* ''[[Aconitum]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Consolida]]'' <small>Gray</small>
* ''[[Gymnaconitum]]'' <small>(Stapf) Wei Wang & Z.D.Chen</small>
* ''[[Delphinium]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Staphisagria]]'' <small>Hill</small>
;; Tribe Nigelleae
* ''[[Nigella]]'' <small>L.</small>
;; Tribe Helleboreae
* ''[[Hellebore|Helleborus]]'' <small>L.</small>
;; Tribe Cimicifugeae
* ''[[Actaea (plant)|Actaea]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Anemonopsis]]'' <small>Siebold & Zuccarini</small>
* ''[[Beesia]]'' <small>Balf.f. & W.W.Sm.</small>
* ''[[Cimicifuga]]'' <small>Wernisch.</small>
* ''[[Eranthis]]'' <small>Salisb.</small>
;; Tribe Caltheae
* ''[[Caltha]]'' <small>L.</small>
;; Tribe Asteropyreae
* ''[[Asteropyrum]]'' <small>J.R.Drumm. & Hutch.</small>
;; Tribe Callianthemeae
* ''[[Callianthemum]]'' <small>C.A.Mey.</small>
;; Tribe Anemoneae
* ''[[Anemoclema]]''<small>(Franch.) W.T.Wang</small>
* ''[[Anemonastrum]]''<small>Holub</small>
* ''[[Anemone]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Anemonoides]]'' <small>Mill.</small>
* ''[[Clematis]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Eriocapitella]]'' <small>Nakai</small>
* ''[[Hepatica]]'' <small>Mill.</small>
* ''[[Knowltonia (plant)|Knowltonia]]'' <small>Salisb.</small>
* ''[[Metanemone]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
* ''[[Naravelia]]'' <small>[[Adans.]]</small>
* ''[[Pulsatilla]]'' <small>Mill.</small>
;; Tribe Ranunculeae
* ''[[Arcteranthis]]'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''[[Beckwithia (plant)|Beckwithia]]'' <small>Jeps.</small>
* ''[[Callianthemoides]]'' <small>Tamura</small>
* ''[[Ceratocephala (plant)|Ceratocephala]]'' <small>Moench</small>
* ''[[Coptidium]]'' <small>(Prantl) Á.Löve & D.Löve ex Tzvelev</small>
* ''[[Cyrtorhyncha]]'' <small>Nutt.</small>
* ''[[Ficaria]]'' <small>Guett.</small>
* ''[[Halerpestes]]'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''[[Hamadryas (plant)|Hamadryas]]'' <small>Comm. ex Juss.</small>
* ''[[Krapfia]]'' <small>DC.</small>
* ''[[Kumlienia]]'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''[[Laccopetalum]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
* ''[[Myosurus]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Oxygraphis]]'' <small>Bunge</small>
* ''[[Paroxygraphis]]'' <small>W.W.Sm.</small>
* ''[[Peltocalathos]]'' <small>Tamura</small>
* ''[[Ranunculus]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Trautvetteria]]'' <small>Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</small>
{{div col end}}

Previous genera
* ''Anemonella'' <small>Spach</small> → ''[[Thalictrum thalictroides|Thalictrum]]''
* ''Psychrophila'' <small>(DC.) Bercht. & J.Presl</small> → ''[[Caltha]]''

=== Fossil record ===

Contrary to earlier data, there are no confirmed pre-[[Tertiary period|Tertiary]] ranunculacean fossils.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Friis |first1=Else Marie |title=Early flowers and angiosperm evolution |last2=Crane |first2=Peter R. |last3=Pedersen |first3=Kaj Raunsgaard |last4=Knorring |first4=Pollyanna von |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-521-59283-3 |edition=1. publ |location=Cambridge}}</ref> The Early Cretaceous ''Leefructus mirus'' from the [[Yixian Formation]] in China was described as belonging to the "compare Family stem lineage to the Ranunculaceae".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Ge |last2=Dilcher |first2=David L. |last3=Wang |first3=Hongshang |last4=Chen |first4=Zhiduan |title=A eudicot from the Early Cretaceous of China |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/50940368 |journal=Nature |date=2011 |volume=471 |issue=7340 |pages=625–628|doi=10.1038/nature09811 |pmid=21455178 |bibcode=2011Natur.471..625S }}</ref> The oldest confirmed representative of the family is ''Paleoactaea nagelii'' Pigg & DeVore described on the basis of fruits coming from the Upper [[Paleocene]] of [[North Dakota]].{{sfn|Pigg|DeVore|2005}}

== Uses ==
More than 30 species of Ranunculaceae are used in [[traditional medicine]]s, including ''[[Aconitum napellus]]'', ''[[Actaea racemosa]]'', ''[[Clematis recta]]'', ''[[Clematis virginiana]]'', ''[[Hydrastis]] canadensis'', ''[[Ranunculus bulbosus]]'', ''[[Helleborus niger]]'', ''[[Delphinium staphisagria]]'', ''[[Pulsatilla nigricans]]''. Many genera are commonly grown in [[flower garden]]s, such as ''[[Aconitum]]'' (monkshood), ''[[Clematis]]'', ''[[Aquilegia]]'', ''[[Consolida]]'' (larkspur), ''[[Delphinium]]'', ''[[Helleborus]]'' (Christmas rose), ''[[Trollius]]'' (globeflower). The seeds of ''[[Nigella sativa]]'' are used as a spice in Indian and Middle Eastern cuisine.{{sfn|Turner|1984}}

==Gallery==

===Tribes of subfamily Ranunculoideae===
<gallery perrow="6">
Image:Adonis_annua_flor.jpg|Adonideae:<br />''[[Adonis annua]]''
Image:Delphinium_elatum_hybride_001.jpg|Delphinieae:<br />''[[Delphinium elatum]]'' hybrid
Image:2007-10-25Nigella_damascena_09.jpg|Nigelleae:<br />''[[Nigella damascena]]''
Image:Lenteroos frekkels.jpg|Helleboreae:<br />''[[Helleborus]] × hybridus''
Image:Actaea simplex and Parnara guttata in Mount Ibuki 2011-08-28.jpg|Cimicifugeae:<br />''[[Actaea simplex]]''
Image:2007-03-27Caltha_palustris02.jpg|Caltheae:<br />''[[Caltha palustris]]''
Image:Callianthemum hondoense 01.jpg|Callianthemeae:<br />''[[Callianthemum|Callianthemum hondoense]]''
Image:10_kwietnia_2009_r._Zawilec_gajowy_033.jpg|Anemoneae:<br />''[[Anemone nemorosa]]''
Image:Ranunculus auricomis.jpg|Ranunculeae:<br />''[[Ranunculus auricomus]]''
</gallery>

===Other subfamilies===
<gallery perrow="6">
File:Coptis trifolia 5.JPG|Coptidoideae:<br />''[[Coptis trifolia]]''
File:Glaucidium palmatum 0a4.JPG|Glaucidioideae:<br />''[[Glaucidium palmatum]]''
File:Hydrastis vision general.jpg|Hydrastidoideae:<br />''[[Hydrastis canadensis]]''
File:Thalictrum delavayi Prague 2013 4.jpg|Thalictroideae:<br />''[[Thalictrum delavayi]]''
File:Akleja.Aquilegia vulgaris.jpg|Thalictroideae:<br />''[[Aquilegia vulgaris]]''
File:Isopyrum thalictroides2.jpg|Thalictroideae:<br />''[[Isopyrum thalictroides]]''
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFFNA}}
{{Reflist|20em|refs=

<ref name=fna>{{harvnb|FNA|}}</ref>

<ref name=tpl>{{harvnb|The Plant List|2013|loc=[http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Ranunculaceae/ Ranunculaceae]}}</ref>

}}

==Bibliography==
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* {{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|author-link = Stace, C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=3|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, U.K.| isbn=978-0-521-70772-5 }}{{rp|101}}
* {{cite book |first=L.P. |last=Ronse de Craene |title=Floral diagrams, an aid to understanding flower morphology and evolution |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-72945-1 }}{{rp|140}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Christenhusz | first1 = M. J. M. | last2 = Byng | first2 = J. W. | author-link1 = Maarten Christenhusz | author-link2 = James W. Byng | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = [[Phytotaxa]] | volume = 261 | issue = 3 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2016Phytx.261..201C }}
* Langlet, O. (1932). Uber Chromosomenverhaltnisse und Systematik der Ranunculaceae. Svensk Bot. Tidskr 26, 381–401.
* {{Cite journal |last=APG |author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Keener|first1=Carl S.|last2=Reveal|first2=James L.|last3=Dutton|first3=Bryan E.|last4=Ziman|first4=Svetlana|author-link2=James Reveal|title=A List of Suprageneric Names in Ranunculaceae (Magnoliophyta)|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|date=August 1999|volume=48|issue=3|page=497|doi=10.2307/1224562|jstor=1224562|bibcode=1999Taxon..48..497K }}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Kubitzki|editor-first1=Klaus|editor-last2=Rohwer|editor-first2=Jens G.|editor-last3=Bittrich|editor-first3=Volker|title=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjlzrzbRXNQC|date=1993|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-540-55509-4|ref={{harvid|Kubitzki et al|1993}}}}
** {{cite book|last1=Tamura|first1=M|author-link=Minoru N. Tamura|title=Ranunculaceae|pages=563–583|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjlzrzbRXNQC&pg=PA563|date=1993-07-28|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-55509-4}}, in {{harvtxt|Kubitzki et al|1993}}
* Strasburger, Noll, Schenck, Schimper: Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen. 4. Auflage, Gustav Fischer, Jena 1900, p.&nbsp;459 (flower diagrams)
* {{cite journal|last1=Pigg|first1=K. B.|last2=DeVore|first2=M. L.|title=Paleoactaea gen. nov. (Ranunculaceae) fruits from the Paleogene of North Dakota and the London Clay|journal=[[American Journal of Botany]]|date=1 October 2005|volume=92|issue=10|pages=1650–1659|doi=10.3732/ajb.92.10.1650|pmid=21646082}}
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* Sandro Pignatti. ''Flora d'Italia'', Edagricole, Bologna 1982.{{in lang|it}} {{ISBN|88-506-2449-2}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Kumazawa|first1=Masao|title=Systematic and Phylogenetic Consideration of the Ranunculaceae and Berberidaceae|journal=Shokubutsugaku Zasshi|date=1938|volume=52|issue=613|pages=9–15|doi=10.15281/jplantres1887.52.9|doi-access=free}}
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* {{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=NJ|title=Counter-irritant and other medicinal uses of plants in Ranunculaceae by native peoples in British Columbia and neighbouring areas.|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|date=July 1984|volume=11|issue=2|pages=181–201|pmid=6387285|doi=10.1016/0378-8741(84)90038-2}}
* {{eFloras|1|first1=Alan T. |last1=Whittemore |first2=Bruce D. |last2=Parfitt |family=Ranunculaceae |ref={{sfnref|FNA|}}}}
* {{cite web|last1=The Plant List|author-link=The Plant List|title=The Plant List Version 1.1|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/|publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] and [[Missouri Botanical Garden]]|access-date=7 July 2015|date=2013}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies|Ranunculaceae}}
{{Refbegin|2}}
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10757 ''Flora of North America'': Ranunculaceae]
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10757 ''Flora of China'': Ranunculaceae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080524060601/http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/ranunculaceae_01.htm Ranunculaceae in Topwalks]
* [https://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/RANU.html Ranunculaceae] in [https://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]
* [https://www.delta-intkey.com/angio/www/ranuncul.htm Ranunculaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants''].
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=3440&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19990824065228/http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=ranunculaceae  Links at CSDL, Texas]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184616/http://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/art/index_kinpougeka.htm Japanese Ranunculaceae] - Flavon's art gallery
* [http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/viewFile/65953/53657 Cai et al. Molecular phylogeny of Ranunculaceae based on internal transcribed spacer sequences 2009]
* [https://indianmedicinalplants.info/d2/index.htm ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' (fam. Ranunculaceae) at the Encyclopedia of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants]
{{Refend}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q145869}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ranunculaceae| ]]
[[Category:Eudicot families]]
[[Category:Extant Cretaceous first appearances]]