View source for Rail transport in Canada

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{{Infobox rail network
|name            = Railways in Canada
|color           = 
|logo            = 
|image           = Rail transportation in Canada, 2021.jpg
|nationalrailway = 
|infrastructure  = 
|majoroperators  = [[Canadian National Railway]]<br>[[Canadian Pacific Kansas City]]<br>[[Via Rail]]
|ridership       = 84 million a year<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railcan.ca/101/canadas-passenger-railways-moving-people/|title=Canada's Passenger Railways: Moving People|website=www.railcan.ca|date=6 October 2016 |access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref>
|passkm          = 
|freight         = 
|length          = {{convert|49422|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|doublelength    = 
|ellength        = {{convert|129|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|freightlength   = 
|hslength        = 
|ogaugelength    =
|ogauge          = {{RailGauge|5ft6in}}
|gauge           = {{RailGauge|sg}}
|hsgauge         = 
|gauge1          = {{RailGauge|3ft6in}}<br>Defunct [[Newfoundland Railway]]
|gauge1length    = 
|gauge2          = {{RailGauge|3ft}}<br>[[White Pass and Yukon Route]]
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|el              = 
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[[File:Railroads-Canada-frame.png| Major lines of the Canadian railway network|thumb|upright=1.3]]
[[Canada]] has a large and well-developed [[railway]] system that primarily transports freight. There are two major publicly traded transcontinental freight railway systems, [[Canadian National Railway|Canadian National]] (CN) and [[Canadian Pacific Kansas City]] (CPKC). Nationwide passenger services are provided by the federal [[crown corporation]] [[Via Rail]], and three international services to the [[United States|US]] by [[Amtrak]]. Three Canadian cities have [[Commuter rail in North America|commuter train]] services: in the [[Montreal]] area by [[Exo commuter rail|Exo]], in the [[Toronto]] area by [[GO Transit]], and in the [[Vancouver]] area by [[West Coast Express]]. These cities and several others are also served by [[light rail]] or [[rapid transit|metro]] systems. Only one (Toronto) has an extensive [[tram|streetcar]] (tram) system. Smaller railways such as [[Ontario Northland Railway]] also run passenger trains to remote rural areas.  The [[Rocky Mountaineer]] and [[Royal Canadian Pacific]] provide luxury rail tours for viewing scenery in the [[Canadian Rockies]] as well as other mountainous areas of [[British Columbia]] and [[Alberta]].

Canada has {{convert|49422|km|mi}} total trackage, of which only {{convert|129|km|mi}} is electrified (all [[urban rail transit]] networks). Canada uses {{RailGauge|sg}} [[standard gauge]] track for the majority of its railway system. The exceptions to this are small lines isolated from the main North American rail network used in resource industries such as mining or forestry, some of which are [[Narrow gauge railways|narrow gauge]], and the [[Toronto streetcar system|streetcar]] and heavy-rail [[Toronto subway|subway]] lines of the [[Toronto Transit Commission]] which use a [[broad gauge]] of {{Track gauge|Toronto|lk=on}}.

==History==
{{main|History of rail transport in Canada}}

The first Canadian railway, the [[Champlain and Saint Lawrence Railroad]], was opened outside [[Montreal]] in 1836.<ref>Cinq-Mars, Francois. "L'avenement du premier chemin de fer au Canada." (1986, Editions Mille Roche). ({{ISBN|2890870286}})</ref> Heavy expansion of the rail system did not get under way until the [[Guarantee Act]] of 1849 that guaranteed [[Bond (finance)|bond]] returns on all railways over {{convert|121|km|mi|abbr=on}}. This led to rapid expansion of railways in [[the Canadas]], sometimes excessive growth as uneconomic lines were built since the government guaranteed profits.

This proved disastrous for government finances, however, and the Canadas were all but bankrupted by the subsidies. The largest rail project of this period was also a disaster. The [[Grand Trunk Railway]] linking [[Montreal]] to [[Sarnia]] was finished in 1860, but was vastly mired in debt. In exchange for bailing out the company the government escaped its guarantee on the railway bonds.

[[Canadian Confederation]] was made possible in part by the railways. The separate colonial governments had all but emptied their treasuries building railways, and a new and more stable method of financing them was required. It was also believed that union would allow for the needed construction of railways linking [[British North America]]. The [[Maritimes]] joined only because of promises to build the [[Intercolonial Railway]], and [[British Columbia]] only because of a promise to build a [[transcontinental railway]].

The government had learned its lesson, and these railways were not funded by guarantees. Rather, the construction of the Intercolonial was fully controlled by the government under the direction of Sir [[Sanford Fleming]].

[[File:Eastbound over SCB.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] freight eastbound over the [[Stoney Creek Bridge]] in [[Rogers Pass (British Columbia)|Rogers Pass]]]]

The railway to the Pacific, the [[Canadian Pacific]], was financed by private funds and through massive land grants in the Canadian prairies (much of it of little value until the railway arrived), $25 million in cash and a guaranteed monopoly. The railway, an engineering marvel that was then the longest in the world, was completed in 1885 to great fanfare.

The booming Canadian economy after 1900 led to plans to build two new transcontinental railways. The [[Canadian Northern]], a successful system covering the northern part of the prairies, and the Grand Trunk (through its [[Grand Trunk Pacific Railway|Grand Trunk Pacific]] subsidiary) both launched ambitious plans to expand. The government at first encouraged the two to come to some arrangement and build only one new network, but in the end no agreement was made and the government supported the expansion of both systems. The federal government itself built the [[National Transcontinental]], a line from [[Moncton|Moncton, New Brunswick]], through [[Quebec City]] to [[Winnipeg]], passing through the vast and uninhabited hinterland of the [[Canadian Shield]].

This aggressive expansion proved disastrous when immigration and supplies of capital all but disappeared with the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. The Canadian Northern, Grand Trunk Pacific, and Grand Trunk were [[nationalization|nationalized]] by the federal government, which absorbed the debt of over two billion dollars. All three railways, along with the [[Canadian Government Railways]] (formed by the Intercolonial, National Transcontinental, and several smaller lines) were then merged into the [[Canadian National Railways]] between 1918 and 1923.

The years after the First World War saw only moderate expansion of the rail network and the age of the great railways was over in Canada. The [[automobile]] provided strong competition by the 1920s, and after the [[Second World War]] most passengers were lost to automobiles and [[airline]]s. During the post-war period several large resource lines were opened in Quebec, Labrador, and British Columbia&nbsp;– several of which are not directly connected to the main North American network.

In 1978 the government created [[Via Rail]] which took over all national passenger service in the country. In 1987 the ''National Transportation Act'' partially deregulated the railway industry in Canada and removed much of the red tape that railways experienced when attempting to abandon unprofitable lines; however, the NTA is now viewed as more of a failure{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} in that railways used the legislation merely as a first-resort after "demarketing" a line, rather than a last-resort after trying to find a short line buyer. In November 1995 the federal government privatized CN, and in 1996, the government corrected the NTA 1987 shortfalls{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} with the ''Canadian Transportation Act'' which more fully deregulates the railway industry.

==Regulatory environment==

While the federal government legislates, and regulates through such bodies as [[Transport Canada]], the railways, various provinces have their own legislation, and indeed if the railway is contained exclusively within the province, are governed by it unless the federal government declares it of importance to the entire country.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-4.html|title = Section 92(10)c| date=7 August 2020 }}</ref>  The [[Railway Association of Canada]], a lobby group, provides lists of legislation,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.railcan.ca/regulations/legislation |title=laws affecting railcan.ca members |access-date=2013-08-03 |archive-date=2017-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724103900/http://www.railcan.ca/regulations/legislation |url-status=dead }}</ref> regulation,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.railcan.ca/regulations/regulations |title=regulations affecting railcan.ca members |access-date=2013-08-03 |archive-date=2017-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724103915/http://www.railcan.ca/regulations/regulations |url-status=dead }}</ref> orders,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.railcan.ca/regulations/orders |title=orders affecting railcan.ca members |access-date=2013-08-03 |archive-date=2017-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724103910/http://www.railcan.ca/regulations/orders |url-status=dead }}</ref> and circulars<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.railcan.ca/regulations/circulars |title=circulars  affecting railcan.ca members |access-date=2013-08-03 |archive-date=2017-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724103905/http://www.railcan.ca/regulations/circulars |url-status=dead }}</ref> on its website.

==List of Canadian railway operators==

The [[Canadian Transportation Agency]] maintains a list, with status updates, of federal railway operators.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://otc-cta.gc.ca/eng/federal-railway-companies |title=List of federally regulated railway operators |access-date=2018-05-04 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225063727/https://otc-cta.gc.ca/eng/federal-railway-companies |url-status=dead }}</ref>  This list is somewhat opaque, because certain owners set up operations in the names of holding companies. This list includes:

* [[Canadian National Railway]]
* [[Canadian Pacific Kansas City]]
* [[Hudson Bay Railway (1997)|Hudson Bay Railway Co.]]
* [[Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway]]
* [[RailLink Canada]]
* [[Tshiuetin Rail Transportation]]
* [[Via Rail]]

Provincial and regional railways include:
* [[Ontario Northland Railway]]
*[[New Brunswick Southern Railway]]
* [[Metrolinx]]
In addition, several U.S. operators connect to the Canadian network:

* [[BNSF Railway]]
* [[CSX Transportation]]
* [[Norfolk Southern]]
* [[Union Pacific]]

==Rail link(s) with adjacent countries==
* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Rail transport in the United States|United States]]&nbsp;– same gauge {{RailGauge|1435mm}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Railways|Canada}}

{{colbegin}}
* [[Alaska-Alberta Railway Development Corporation]]
* [[Algoma Central Railway]]
* [[BC Rail]]
* [[Central Manitoba Railway]]
* [[High-speed rail in Canada]]
* [[Hudson Bay Railway (1910)]]
* [[Island Rail Corridor]]
* [[List of Canadian railways]]
* [[List of defunct Canadian railways]]
* [[Track gauge in Canada]]
* [[White Pass and Yukon Route]]
* {{Section link|Transportation in Canada|Railways}}
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Darling H., ''The Politics of Freight Rates'' McClelland and Stewart 1980
* Due J. F. ''The Intercity Electric Railway Industry in Canada'' University of Toronto Press 1966
* Eagle J. A., ''The Canadian Pacific Railway and the Development of Western Canada, 1896–1914.'' McGill-Queen's University Press 1989
* R. B. Fleming; ''The Railway King of Canada: Sir William Mackenzie, 1849–1923'' University of British Columbia Press, 1991
* D. W. Hertel; ''History of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees: Its Birth and Growth, 1887–1955.'' 1955
* Harold. A. Innis, and A. R. M. Lower; ''Select Documents in Canadian Economic History, 1783–1885'' University of Toronto Press, 1933
* Frank Leonard; ''A Thousand Blunders: The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and Northern British Columbia'' University of British Columbia Press, 1996
* A.A. den Otter. ''The Philosophy of Railways: The Transcontinental Railway Idea in British North America'' University of Toronto Press, 1997.
* Regehr, T. D. ''The Canadian Northern Railway'' Macmillan of Canada 1976
* Stevens, G. ''History of the Canadian National Railways'' Macmillan Company 1973
* R. Kent Weaver; ''The Politics of Industrial Change: Railway Policy in North America'' The Brookings Institution, 1985
* [[Beckles Willson]]; ''The Life of Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal'' 1915.

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Rail travel in Canada}}
{{Commons category|Rail transport in Canada}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Across Canada by train}}
*[http://www.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/GE_P2_4_EN.html Forging the National Dream] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220419/http://www.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/GE_P2_4_EN.html |date=2007-09-27 }}&nbsp;– Illustrated Historical Essay
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030730033452/http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/collection/rail.cfm History of Rail in Canada]
*[https://www.seat61.com/Canada.htm#.VsCnFvLhDIU Train travel in Canada]

{{Canadianmetros}}
{{North America in topic|Rail transport in}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rail transport in Canada| ]]