View source for RIM-7 Sea Sparrow

{{short description|US ship-borne short-range air defense missile system}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile         = yes
| name               = RIM-7 Sea Sparrow
| image              = RIM-7 Sea Sparrow - ID 070813-N-4166B-041.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = A '''Sea Sparrow''' launched from the [[USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)]]
| origin             = United States
| type               = [[Surface-to-air]] missile
| used_by            = 
| manufacturer       = [[Raytheon]] and [[General Dynamics]]
| unit_cost          = $165,400{{citation needed (lead)|date=January 2024}}
| propellant         = 
| production_date    = 
| service            = 1976&ndash;present
| engine             = Hercules MK-58 [[Solid-fuel rocket|solid-propellant rocket motor]]
| engine_power       = 
| weight             = {{convert|510|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
| length             = {{convert|12|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| height             = 
| diameter           = {{convert|8|in|cm|abbr=on}}
| wingspan           = {{convert|3|ft|4|in|m|abbr=on}}
| speed              = {{convert|4256|km/h|abbr=on}}
| vehicle_range      = {{convert|10|nmi|km|abbr=on}}
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 
| filling            = Annular blast fragmentation warhead, {{convert|90|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
| guidance           = [[Semi-active radar homing]]
| detonation         = [[Proximity fuze]]d, [[Continuous-rod warhead|expanding rod]], with a {{convert|27|ft|m|abbr=on}} kill radius
| launch_platform    = Ship, Buk-M1 (modified for use in Ukraine)
}}

The '''RIM-7 Sea Sparrow''' is a U.S. ship-borne short-range [[Surface-to-air missile|anti-aircraft]] and anti-missile weapon system, primarily intended for defense against [[anti-ship missile]]s. The system was developed in the early 1960s from the [[AIM-7 Sparrow]] [[air-to-air missile]] as a lightweight "[[point-defense]]" weapon that could be retrofitted to existing ships as quickly as possible, often in place of existing gun-based anti-aircraft weapons. In this incarnation, it was a very simple system guided by a manually aimed radar illuminator.

After its introduction, the system underwent significant development into an automated system similar to other [[US Navy]] missiles like the [[RIM-2 Terrier]]. Contemporary improvements being made to the Sparrow for the air-to-air role led to similar improvements in the Sea Sparrow through the 1970s and 80s. After that point the air-to-air role passed to the [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] and the Sea Sparrow underwent a series of upgrades strictly for the naval role. It now resembles the AIM-7 only in general form; it is larger, faster and includes a new seeker and a launch system suitable for vertical launch from modern warships.

Fifty years after its development, the Sea Sparrow remains an important part of a layered air defense system, providing a short/medium-range component especially useful against sea-skimming missiles.
__TOC__

==History==
=== Background ===
High-speed jet aircraft flying at low altitudes presented a serious threat to naval forces in the late 1950s. Approaching under the local horizon of the ships, the aircraft would suddenly appear at relatively close ranges, giving the ships only seconds to respond before the aircraft dropped their payloads and withdrew. This gave the aircraft an enormous advantage over earlier weapons such as [[dive bomber]]s or [[torpedo bomber]]s, whose low speed allowed them to be attacked with some effectiveness by [[anti-aircraft gun]]s. The advantage was so great that when the [[Royal Navy]] was faced by the threat of the new Soviet {{sclass|Sverdlov|cruiser}}, they responded in a non-linear fashion by introducing the [[Blackburn Buccaneer]] aircraft to attack them.<ref>{{cite book |first=Roger |last=Chesneau  |title=Aeroguide 30 - Blackburn Buccaneer S Mks 1 and 2 |publisher=Ad Hoc Publications |date=2005 |pages=5–6}}</ref>

Further improving the capabilities of aircraft against ships were a variety of [[Precision-guided munition|precision-guided weapons]]. Early designs were first used in [[World War II]] with manually controlled weapons such as the [[Fritz X]], and evolving into semi-autonomous [[cruise missile]]s, such as the [[Raduga KS-1 Komet]], that relied on a combination of initial guidance from the launching aircraft and terminal guidance on the missile itself. These systems allowed the aircraft to launch their attacks from outside the range of shipboard anti-aircraft weapons, in relative safety. Only the presence of defensive fighters operating at long ranges from the ships could provide cover against these attacks, by attacking the launch aircraft before they could close on the ships.

[[US Navy]] doctrine stressed long-range air cover to counter both high-speed aircraft and missiles, and development of newer short range defenses had been largely ignored. While the Navy was developing expensive long-range fighters like the [[Douglas F6D Missileer]], most ships were left with older weapons, typically [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|Bofors 40 mm gun]]s or [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon]]s. By the early 1960s their capability against modern aircraft and missiles was limited; a lack of fast-reacting mounts, gunsight radars of limited accuracy, and long settling times for the [[fire control system]]s all meant that the guns were unlikely to be able to respond effectively against high-speed aircraft.

The introduction of [[sea skimming|sea-skimming missiles]] dramatically increased the threat against these ships. Unlike the earlier generation of anti-ship missiles (ASMs), sea-skimmers approached at low level, like an attack aircraft, hiding themselves until the last moment. The missiles were relatively small and much harder to hit than an attacking aircraft. While the older defenses might be considered a credible threat to a large aircraft at low altitude or a missile approaching at higher altitudes like the KS-1, against a sea-skimming missile they were useless. To successfully counter this threat, ships needed new weapons able to attack these targets as soon as they appeared, accurately enough to give them a high first-attempt kill probability - there would be little time for a second attempt.

=== Point defense missile system (PDMS) ===
The [[US Army]] faced a similar problem defending against attacks by high-speed jet-powered [[attack aircraft]]. In this case the local horizon was generally even more limited, blocked by trees and hills, and engagement times could be measured in seconds. They concluded that a gun-based system was simply unusable in this role; by the time the radar had locked-on and the gunsight calculated proper "lead" there would be no time to shoot at the target while it was within a gun's relatively short range. Missiles, on the other hand, could progressively tune their approach while they were flying toward the target, and their [[proximity fuse]]s meant they only needed to get "close enough".

In 1959 the Army started development of the [[MIM-46 Mauler]], which mounted a new high-speed missile on top of the ubiquitous [[M113 Armored Personnel Carrier]] chassis, along with a medium-range search radar and a separate tracking and illumination radar. In order to deal with the quick response times needed, the fire control system was semi-automatic; operators would view targets on the search radar and prioritize them, the fire control system would select ones within attack range and automatically slew the missiles toward them and launch. Since the missile would be operating close to the ground in highly cluttered environments, it used a combination of [[beam riding]] along the illumination radar and an [[infrared seeker]] in the nose, which allowed tracking as long as either the path in front or in rear of the missile remained free of obstructions.

These same basic engagement parameters - high-speed and the associated fleeting sighting times - applied to sea-skimming aircraft and missiles as well. The Navy intended to adapt the Mauler to shipboard use by removing its search radar and wiring it into the existing ship-borne radar systems instead. The 9-box launcher and illuminator radar would be retained in a relatively compact mount. Development started in 1960 under the "Point Defense Missile System" (PDMS), the naval version to be known as the "RIM-46A Sea Mauler". The Navy was so confident in the Sea Mauler that they modified the design of their latest [[frigate]]s, the {{sclass|Knox|frigate|4}}, to incorporate a space on the rear deck for the Sea Mauler launcher.<ref name=f360>Friedman, p. 360</ref>

The Navy's confidence in Mauler proved misplaced; by 1963 the program had been downgraded to a pure technology development effort due to continued problems, and was canceled outright in 1965. All three of the stakeholders, the US Army, US Navy and [[British Army]], started looking for a replacement. While the British took a longer-term approach and developed the new [[Rapier missile]], the US Army and Navy scrambled to find a system that could be deployed as quickly as possible. Facing the problem of guidance in a cluttered environment, the Army decided to adapt the infrared [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] missile into the [[MIM-72 Chaparral]]. This was based on the AIM-9D, a tail-chaser, and would be useless for the Navy where its targets would be approaching head on. They required a radar-guided system, and this naturally led to the AIM-7 Sparrow. They also considered Chaparral for smaller ships due to its much smaller size, but no such fits were ever attempted.<ref name=f360/>

=== Basic point defense missile system (BPDMS) ===
[[File:Sea Sparrow Mark115 Fire Control Director.JPEG|right|thumb|Mark 115 manned director, initially used to guide a Sea Sparrow to its target as a part of BPDMS.]]

Quickly organizing the "Basic Point Defense Missile System", BPDMS, the then-current AIM-7E from the [[F-4 Phantom]] was adapted to shipboard use with surprising speed. The main developments were the new Mark 25 trainable launcher developed from the [[ASROC]] launcher, and the Mark 115 manually aimed radar illuminator that looked like two large [[searchlight]]s. Operation was extremely simple; the operator would be cued to targets via voice commands from the search radar operators, and he then slewed the illuminator onto the target. The relatively wide beam of the radar only needed to be in the general direction of the target, the [[continuous wave radar|continuous wave]] signal being [[Doppler shift]]ed by the moving target and showing up strongly even if it was not centered in the beam. The launcher would automatically follow the motions of the illuminator, so that when the missile was fired it would immediately see the signal being reflected off the target.

In this form the Sea Sparrow was tested on the [[destroyer escort]] {{USS|Bradley|FF-1041|6}}<ref>Friedman, p. 225</ref> starting in February 1967, but this installation was removed when ''Bradley'' was sent to [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] later that year. Testing continued, and between 1971 and 1975 Sea Sparrow was fitted to 31 ships of the ''Knox'' class, hulls 1052 to 1069 and 1071 to 1083. The "missing ship" in the series, {{USS|Downes|FF-1070|2}} (DE-1070), was instead used to test an upgraded version (see below).

The Sea Sparrow was far from an ideal weapon. Its rocket engine was designed with the assumption that it would be launched at high speed from an aircraft, and therefore is optimized for a long cruise at relatively low power. In the surface-to-air role one would rather have very high acceleration in order to allow it to intercept sea-skimming targets as soon as possible. The power profile is also suitable for cruising in thin air at high altitudes, but at low altitudes it does not produce enough power to overcome drag and dramatically decreases range; some estimates indicate that the Sea Sparrow may be effective only to {{convert|10|km|mi}}, about one quarter of the range of the air-launched Sparrow. An engine of much higher power would greatly improve performance, in spite of a shorter burning time.

Another problem is that the Sparrow is steered with its mid-mounted maneuvering wings. These were used on the Sparrow because they required less energy for basic maneuvers during cruise, but this made the missile less maneuverable overall, which was not well suited to the quick-reaction weapon. Additionally, the powered wings meant that they could not easily be adapted to fold, and therefore the launcher cells were sized to the wings instead of the missile body, taking up much more room than required. Although the Sea Sparrow was meant as a small missile system that could be fit to a wide variety of ships, the launcher was relatively large and was deployed only to larger frigates, [[destroyer]]s and [[aircraft carrier]]s. Finally, the manually aimed illuminator was of limited use at night or in bad weather, which was hardly encouraging for a ship-borne weapon where fog was a common occurrence.

=== Improved basic point defense missile system (IBPDMS) ===
[[File:US Navy 031105-N-0000D-003 USS O'Brien launches a surface-to-air NATO Sea Sparrow missile.jpg|left|thumb|{{USS|O'Brien|DD-975|6}} launches a Sea Sparrow missile, shown with its mid-wing still folded as it departs a NSSM Mark 29 launcher on November 5, 2003.]]
[[File:Sea Sparrow Mark 91 FCS.jpg|thumb|left|Two Mark 95 unmanned illumination radars used to guide a Sea Sparrow to its target.]]
In 1968, Denmark, Italy, and Norway signed an agreement with the US Navy to use the Sea Sparrow on their ships, and collaborate on improved versions. Over the next few years a number of other countries joined the [[NATO]] SEASPARROW Project Office (NSPO), and today it includes 12 member nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.natoseasparrow.org/ |title=NATO SEASPARROW Surface System Missile Project |access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> Under this umbrella group, the "Improved Basic Point Defense Missile System" (IBPDMS) program started even while the original version was being deployed.

IBPDMS emerged as the RIM-7H, which was essentially the RIM-7A with the mid-mounted wings modified to be able to fold.<ref name=des>{{cite web |first=Andreas |last=Parsch |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-7.html |title=Raytheon AIM/RIM-7 Sparrow  |website=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles |date=13 April 2007 |access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> This was done in a fashion similar to carrier-based aircraft; the wings were hinged at a point about 50% along the span, with the outer portions rotated back toward the body of the missile. This allowed them to be stored in tighter container tubes in the new Mark 29 launcher, and flip open automatically when they were released from the tube. The other major change was to allow the seeker to work with a variety of illumination radars, including those being used with existing European missile systems.

Production of the RIM-7H began in 1973 as NATO Sea Sparrow Missile System (NSSMS) Block I. For the US Navy's use the new Mark 95 illuminator system was also introduced, similar to the original Mark 115 but with automatic guidance that could be used in any weather. The Mark 95 formed the basis of the highly automated Mark 91 fire control system.

===Missile upgrades===
In 1972 Raytheon started a Sparrow upgrade program to arm the upcoming [[F-15 Eagle]], producing the AIM-7F. The F model replaced the older analog guidance system with a [[Solid state (electronics)|solid state]] version that could operate with the F-15's new pulse-doppler radar. The guidance system was much smaller, which allowed the warhead to be moved from its former rear-mounted position to one in front of the mid-mounted wings, and increased in weight to {{convert|86|lb|kg|abbr=on}}. Moving it forward also allowed the rocket engine to be enlarged, so it was replaced by a new dual-thrust engine that quickly accelerated the missile to higher speeds, and then settled to a lower thrust for cruise. The new missiles were quickly adapted for the naval role in a fashion similar to the RIM-7H, producing the RIM-7F. The new missile used the lower model designation in spite of the newer technology than the H model.<ref name=des/>

Another major upgrade to the AIM-7 followed, the AIM-7M. The M included a new [[monopulse radar]] seeker that allowed it to be shot downward from a higher-altitude aircraft at a target otherwise masked by the ground. The new model also included a completely computerized guidance system that could be updated in the field, as well as further reducing weight for yet another warhead upgrade. The computerized guidance system also included a simple autopilot that allowed the missile to continue flying toward the last known target location even with the loss of a signal, allowing the launch platform to break lock for short periods while the missile was in flight. All of these modifications also improved performance against low-altitude sea-skimming targets as well.<ref name=des/> The M model entered US operational service in 1983.<ref name=Polmar/>

The original RIM-7E was capable to fly at about Mach 2+, between {{convert|30|and|15,000|m}}, with a range of {{convert|15|-|22|km|nmi}} (depending on the target height). The RIM-7F enhanced the performances, but also the proximity fuse versus low flying targets, as the minimum altitude was reduced to {{convert|15|m|ft}} or less. The RIM-7M was able to strike targets at an altitude of {{convert|8|m|ft}}, providing some capability against sea-skimming missiles such the Exocet.<ref>{{cite book |title=War Machine encyclopedia |publisher=Limited publishing Ltd  |date=1983 |location=London |language=it |pages=233}}</ref>

While the M model was being worked on, the US Navy also introduced an upgrade for the Mark 91 fire control system, the "Mark 23 Target Acquisition System" (TAS). TAS included a medium-range 2D radar and [[identification friend or foe|IFF]] system that fed information to a new console in the ship's [[combat information center]]. The Mark 23 automatically detected, prioritized and displayed potential targets, greatly improving reaction times of the system as a whole.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/weaps/mk-23.htm |title=MK 23 Target Acquisition System (TAS) |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |date=30 June 1999 |access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> The Mark 23 is also used to select targets for most other weapons systems, including gunfire and other missile systems. TAS started entering the fleet in 1980.<ref name=Polmar>Polmar, p. 521</ref>

[[File:A Crane lifts an Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile (ESSM) aboard the guided missile destroyer USS McCampbell.jpg|thumb|right|Evolved Sea Sparrow being lowered into [[Vertical Launching System|VLS]] tube]]
The NSPO also used the M series upgrade as an opportunity to upgrade the system to allow it to be launched from a [[Vertical Launching System]] (VLS).<ref name=des/> This modification uses the "Jet Vane Control" (JVC) package that is added to the bottom of the missile. On launch, a small engine in the JVC boosts the missile up above the launching ship, then uses vanes positioned in its own exhaust to quickly slew the missile into the proper alignment with the target, which is fed to the JVC during launch. As far as the Sea Sparrow is concerned, there is no difference between being launched directly from a trainable launcher or using JVC, in both cases the missile becomes active looking directly at the target.

A final upgrade to the Sparrow was the AIM-7P, which replaced the M's guidance system with an improved model that allowed mid-course updates to be sent from the launching platform via new rear-mounted antennas.<ref name=des/> For air-to-air use this allowed the missile to be "lofted" above the target and then be directed down towards it as it approached; this gives the missile greater range as it spends more time in thinner high-altitude air. In naval use, this meant it could also be directly guided against small surface targets that would otherwise not show up well on radar, allowing the ship's more powerful search radars to provide guidance until the missile approached the target and the reflected signal grew stronger. This also gave the Sea Sparrow a very useful secondary anti-shipping role that allows it to attack smaller boats.

=== Ground-launched Sea Sparrow ===
[[File:Skyguard-Sparrow Missile Launcher in Songshan Air Force Base Display.jpg|thumb|RIM-7 SAM towed launchers, Taiwan]]
[[File:Skyguard Sparrow Missile Launcher Display at Ching Chuang Kang AFB 20161126a.jpg|thumb|RIM-7 SAM Missile Launcher Display at [[Ching Chuan Kang Air Base]]]]

Taiwan operates ground based Sea Sparrows as part of the [[Skyguard radar|Skyguard]] SHORAD system. Five hundred missiles entered service in 1991 and are deployed on trailers with four box launchers. In 2012 they were temporarily withdrawn from service following a pair of missile failures during testing as well as the failure of a related AIM-7 in the same exercises.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cole |first1=J. Michael |title=Hundreds of missiles placed 'on hold' as Taiwan awaits US investigation |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2012/07/25/2003538591 |website=taipeitimes.com |date=25 July 2012 |publisher=Taipei |access-date=3 February 2019}}</ref>

In January 2023, the United States announced it would transfer Sea Sparrow missiles to Ukraine as part of a military aid package during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. The Sea Sparrows are fired from Soviet-era [[Buk missile system|9K37 Buk]] missile launchers modified by Ukraine to accept them, to counter attacks from [[cruise missile]]s and drones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://defence-blog.com/ukraine-to-integrate-sea-sparrow-missile-into-soviet-era-buk-launchers/|title=Ukraine to integrate Sea Sparrow missile into Soviet-era Buk launchers|first=Dylan|last=Malyasov|date=8 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last1=Seligman | first1=Lara | last2=McLeary | first2=Paul | title=Biden will send Bradley Fighting Vehicles to Ukraine. And tanks could be next. | url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/05/biden-ukraine-bradley-vehicles-tanks-00076549 | date=2023-01-05 | website=[[Politico]] | access-date=2023-01-06}}</ref><ref>[https://news.usni.org/2023/01/06/u-s-sending-ukraine-sea-sparrow-missiles-in-latest-aid-package U.S. Sending Ukraine Sea Sparrow Missiles in Latest Aid Package]. [[USNI News]]''. 6 January 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.airandspaceforces.com/us-to-supply-ukraine-with-bradleys-new-air-weapons-in-massive-3-billion-aid-package/ US to Supply Ukraine with Bradleys, New Air Weapons in Massive $3 Billion Aid Package]. ''Air & Space Forces Magazine''. 6 January 2023.</ref> The system, dubbed "'''FrankenSAM'''",<!-- bolded as a redir link per [[WP:MOSBOLD]] --> utilizes three different air defense missiles—RIM-7 Sea Sparrow missiles, [[AIM-9 Sidewinder#Other ground launch platforms|AIM-9 Sidewinder]] missiles, plus [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot missiles and Patriot sensor elements]]—in combination air defense systems based on older Ukrainian tracked vehicles and the Buk missile system.<ref name=babua20240117/> FrankenSAM was confirmed to be in use in December 2023,<ref>[https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-says-using-frankensam-weapons-fusing-us-soviet-weapons-2023-12 Ukraine says it deployed its 'FrankenSAM' air-defense systems made from stitching together US and Soviet weapons]. ''[[Business Insider]]''. 28 December 2023.</ref> and was first used successfully in combat to bring down a Russian Shahed drone on 17 January 2024 from 9&nbsp;km distance.<ref name=babua20240117>[https://babel.ua/news/102928-v-ukrajini-vpershe-zastosuvali-sistemu-ppo-proyektu-frankensam-zbili-shahed-na-vidstani-9-km In Ukraine, for the first time, the air defense system of the FrankenSAM — was used to bring down Shahed from a distance of 9 km], Lisa Brovko, babel.ua, 17 January 2024.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Charuk| first =Andrij| title =Progres w regresie. Obrona powietrzna Ukrainy na wojnie – wybrane aspekty| magazine = Nowa Technika Wojskowa|issue = 9/2024| date=September 2024|lang=pl|issn=1230-1655|pages=25–26}}</ref>

=== Evolved Sea Sparrow missile (ESSM) ===
{{Main|RIM-162 ESSM}}
[[File:Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile.gif|thumb|right|An ESSM launching. Note the enlarged engine section.]]
Although the Navy and Air Force initially planned additional upgrades for the Sparrow, notably the AIM-7R with a combination radar/infrared seeker, these were canceled in favor of the much more advanced [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] in December 1996. With the link between the airborne and shipborne versions of the Sparrow severed, Raytheon proposed a much more extensive set of upgrades to the Sea Sparrow, the RIM-7R Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile (ESSM). The changes were so extensive that the project was renamed, becoming the [[RIM-162 ESSM]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Andreas |last=Parsch |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-162.html |title=Raytheon RIM-162 ESSM |website=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles |date=27 March 2004 |access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref>

The ESSM takes the existing guidance section from the RIM-7P and fits it to an entirely new rear-section. The new missile is {{convert|10|in|cm}} in diameter instead of the previous 8&nbsp;inches, which allows for a much more powerful motor. It also eliminates the mid-mounted wings entirely, replacing them with long fins similar to those on the [[Standard missile]] (and practically every other Navy missile since the 1950s) and moves guidance control to the rear fins. The tail-fin based steering of the ESSM uses up more energy but offers considerably higher maneuverability while the engine is still firing.

The Mark 25 quad-missile pack was developed during the 1990s to fit four ESSMs into a single [[Mark 41 Vertical Launch System|Mk 41 VLS]] cell.<ref>{{cite web |website=Federation of American Scientists |url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/weaps/mk-41-vls.htm |title=MK 41 Vertical Launching System |date=30 June 1999 |access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> For VLS use, ESSMs are fitted with the same JVC system as the earlier versions.

==Operators==
[[File:RIM-7 operators 2022.png|thumb|400px|Map with RIM-7 operators in blue]]

===Current operators===
;{{BEL}}
*[[Belgian Navy]]
;{{BUL}}
*[[Bulgarian Navy]]
;{{CHI}}
*[[Chilean Navy]]
;{{DEN}}
*[[Royal Danish Navy]]
;{{GER}}
*[[German Navy]]
;{{GRE}}
*[[Hellenic Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.haf.gr/en/equipment/velos/ | title=VELOS }}</ref>
*[[Hellenic Navy]]
;{{flag|Italy}}
*[[Italian Navy]]
;{{JPN}}
*[[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]]
;{{KOR}}
*[[Republic of Korea Navy]]
;{{MEX}}
*[[Mexican Navy]]
;{{NLD}}
*[[Royal Netherlands Navy]]
;{{NOR}}
*[[Royal Norwegian Navy]]
;{{POR}}
*[[Portuguese Navy]]
;{{ESP}}
*[[Spanish Navy]]
;{{TUR}}
*[[Turkish Naval Forces]]
;{{UKR}}
*[[Armed Forces of Ukraine]]: Unknown number to be delivered by the United States in 2023.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3261263/more-than-3-billion-in-additional-security-assistance-for-ukraine/ |title=More Than $3 Billion in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine |website=www.defense.gov |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |date=6 January 2022 |access-date=6 January 2023}}</ref> Sea Sparrows will be mounted on the [[Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon|self-propelled]] [[Buk missile system]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-08 |title=Ukraine to integrate Sea Sparrow missile into Soviet-era Buk launchers |url=https://defence-blog.com/ukraine-to-integrate-sea-sparrow-missile-into-soviet-era-buk-launchers/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=defence-blog.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
;{{USA}}
*[[United States Navy]]
;{{ROC}}
*[[Republic of China Air Force]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1902650069994154&set=pcb.1902650409994120|title=RIM-7 Sea Sparrow launch|website=Republic of China Air Force|access-date=2017-06-19}}</ref><ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2012/07/25/2003538591 Hundreds of missiles placed ‘on hold’ as Taiwan awaits US ]</ref>

=== Former operators ===

; {{AUS}}
* [[Royal Australian Navy]]
;{{CAN}}
*[[Royal Canadian Navy]]
;{{NZL}}
*[[Royal New Zealand Navy]]

==See also==
{{Commons|RIM-7 Sea Sparrow}}
* [[1963 United States Tri-Service rocket and guided missile designation system]]
* [[List of missiles]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |first=Norman |last=Friedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tzp58htKLkEC&q=knox+class+mauler&pg=PA360 |title=U.S. Destroyers |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=1-55750-442-3}}
*{{cite book |first=Norman |last=Polmar |url=https://archive.org/details/navalinstitutegu0018polm |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/navalinstitutegu0018polm/page/521 521] |quote=sea sparrow. |title=The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2004 |isbn=1-59114-685-2}} (note: this source contains several obvious errors)

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|RIM-7 Sea Sparrow}},
* [https://www.navy.mil/Resources/Fact-Files/Display-FactFiles/Article/2168965/seasparrow-missile-rim-7/ US Navy Sea Sparrow fact file]

{{US missiles}}

[[Category:Naval surface-to-air missiles of the United States|RIM007]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the United States]]