View source for R-77

{{Short description|Russian beyond visual range air-to-air missile}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile         = yes
| name               = R-77/RVV-AE<br /><small>AA-12 Adder</small>
| image              = Vympel-R-77-maks2009.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = 
| origin             = 
| type               = Medium range [[Active radar homing|radar guided]] [[air-to-air missile]]
| used_by            = 
| manufacturer       = Molnija OKB, Artem, [[Vympel NPO|Vympel]]
| unit_cost          = 
| propellant         = 
| production_date    = 
| service            = 1994 (R-77)
| engine             = [[solid propellant|Solid fuel]] rocket motor (R-77), air-breathing ramjet (R-77-PD)
| engine_power       = 
| weight             = 175 kg (R-77), 190 kg (R-77-1)
| length             = 3.6 m (R-77), 3.71 m (R-77-1)
| height             = 
| diameter           = 200 mm
| wingspan           = 700 mm
| speed              = Mach 4,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Defensive-Weapons/R-77_a001032001.aspx|title=R-77|website=www.deagel.com|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429105906/http://www.deagel.com/Defensive-Weapons/R-77_a001032001.aspx|archive-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Mach 5 for K-77PD (RVV-AE-PD)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-674.html |title=К-77ПД / РВВ-АЕ-ПД |language=Ru|date=15 June 2012 |access-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016024617/http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-674.html |archive-date=16 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| vehicle_range      = *R-77, RVV-AE: {{convert|80|km}}<ref name="Butowski, Piotr 2007"/><ref name="RVV-AE"/>
*R-77-1, RVV-SD: {{convert|110|km}}<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="RVV-SD"/> 
*R-77M: {{convert|190|km}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=2025-07-25 |title=Signs Russia's Using New R-77M Air-To-Air Missile In Ukraine |url=https://www.twz.com/air/signs-russias-using-new-r-77m-air-to-air-missile-in-ukraine |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref>
*K-77ME: ~250 km
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = {{convert|5|-|25|km|ft|abbr=on}}
| filling            = 22.5 kg [[High Explosive|HE]] fragmenting (R-77)
| guidance           = Transis guiding phase: [[Inertial guidance]] with mid-course [[Semi-active radar homing|SARH]] and [[datalink]] update. 
    Terminal homing phase: [[Active radar homing]]/[[infrared homing]] (R-77T)/[[anti-radiation missile|passive radiation homing]] (R-77P).
| detonation         = [[laser]] proximity fuse
| launch_platform    = [[List of Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 variants|MiG-21UPG]], [[MiG-29]], [[MiG-31|MiG-31BM]], [[Sukhoi Su-27|Su-27]], [[Sukhoi Su-30]], [[Sukhoi Su-34]], [[Sukhoi Su-35]], [[Sukhoi Su-57]], [[Shenyang J-11|J-11]], [[Sukhoi Su-47]], [[Mikoyan Project 1.44]]
}}

The [[Vympel NPO]] '''R-77''' [[missile]] ([[NATO reporting name]]: '''AA-12 Adder''') is a Russian [[active radar homing]] [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]. It is also known by its export designation '''RVV-AE'''. It is the Russian counterpart to the American [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] missile.<ref name="FAS">{{cite web |title=AA-12 ADDER R-77 |url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/aa-12.htm |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204170726/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/aa-12.htm |archive-date=4 December 2004 |access-date=2006-08-19 |website=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref>

The R-77 was marked by a severely protracted development. Work began in the 1980s, but was not completed before the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union fell]]. For many years, only the RVV-AE model was produced for export customers.<ref name="2018b">{{cite journal| author=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)| author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies| title=The Military Balance 2018| journal=The Military Balance| volume=118| publisher=Routledge| date=14 February 2018| language=en}}</ref> Production was further disrupted when the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] resulted in a Ukrainian [[arms embargo]] against Russia, severing [[supply chain]]s. The [[Russian Aerospace Forces]] finally entered the R-77-1 (AA-12B) into service in 2015.<ref name="2018b"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://warisboring.com/russias-most-feared-air-to-air-missile-is-actually-kind-of-a-dud/|title=Russia's Most Feared Air-to-Air Missile Is Actually Kind of a Dud|publisher=War is Boring|first=Tom|last=Cooper|date=14 November 2016|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830110448/https://warisboring.com/russias-most-feared-air-to-air-missile-is-actually-kind-of-a-dud/|archive-date=30 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It was subsequently deployed by [[Sukhoi Su-35|Su-35S]] fighters in Syria on [[combat air patrol]]s.<ref name="2018b"/> The export model of the R-77-1 is called RVV-SD.<ref name="RVV-SD"/>

==Development==
Work on the R-77 began in 1982 by „Molnija OKB“ in [[Ukrainian SSR]]. After the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]] the R-77 (Izdelie 170) missiles were produced in [[Kyiv]]'s "Artem" plant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://warisboring.com/thats-weird-russias-best-fighter-jets-in-syria-are-flying-with-crappy-missiles/ | title= That’s Weird — Russia’s Best Fighter Jets in Syria Are Flying With Crappy Missiles |website=warisboring.com |date=2016-08-16 |access-date=2017-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> It represented Ukraine's and later also Russia's first multi-purpose missile for tactical and strategic aircraft for [[fire-and-forget]] use against aircraft ranging from hovering helicopters to high-speed, low-altitude aircraft. Gennadiy Sokolovski, general designer of the [[Vympel NPO|Vympel Design Bureau]], said that the R-77 missile can be used against medium and long range air-to-air missiles such as the [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] and [[AIM-54 Phoenix]], as well as SAMs such as the [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]]. The munition has a laser-triggered [[proximity fuze]] and an expanding rod warhead that can destroy targets of various sizes. It can be used against [[cruise missiles]] and [[precision-guided munition]]s (PGMs). First seen in 1992 at the Moscow Airshow (MAKS) 1992, the R-77 was immediately nicknamed Amraamski by Western journalists. The basic R-77 is known as the ''izdeliye'' 170, while the export variant is known as the ''izdeliye'' 190 or RVV-AE. The R-77 and RVV-AE have a range of {{cvt|80|km|mi}}.<ref name="Butowski, Piotr 2007">Butowski, Piotr. ''Russia and CIS Observer''. 17 June 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.ktrv.ru/production_eng/323/503/505/|title=Tactical Missiles Corporation JSC|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109184346/http://eng.ktrv.ru/production_eng/323/503/505/|archive-date=9 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RVV-AE"/>  Vympel did not have adequate funding during the 1990s and the first part of the following decade to support further evolution of the R-77, either for the Russian Air Force or the export market. The basic version of the R-77 is not thought to have entered the Russian Aerospace Forces inventory in significant numbers.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The R-77 can be used by upgraded Su-27, MiG-29 and [[MiG-31]] variants in Russian Aerospace Forces service. Some variants of the Su-27 in China's [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]], including the domestically produced [[Shenyang J-11|J-11]] variants, can also employ the missile. The newer Su-30MKK has a [[Mech radar|N001]] (Su-27 radar) with a digital bypass channel incorporating a mode allowing it to use R-77s. The export RVV-AE has been sold widely, with China and India placing significant orders for the munition, as was the case for the [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]]. The baseline R-77 was designed in the 1980s, with development complete by around 1994. India was the first export customer for the export variant, known as the RVV-AE, with the final batch delivered in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/weapon/r77.asp |title=R-77 (AA-12) Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile |publisher=SinoDefence.com |date=2008-10-20 |access-date=2013-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212114427/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/weapon/r77.asp |archive-date=12 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.8/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > PLAAF Equipment Trends |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=2001-10-30 |access-date=2013-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117045321/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.8/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=17 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are other variants under development. One has an upgraded motor to extend a range at high altitudes to as much as 120–160&nbsp;km; it is known as the RVV-AE-PD ('''''P'''ovyshenoy '''D'''alnosti''—improved range). This variant has been test-fired and uses a solid-fuel [[ramjet]] engine. Its range puts it in the long-range class and is equivalent in range to the [[AIM-54 Phoenix]]. In another version of the R-77, a terminal [[infrared homing]] seeker is offered. This is in line with the Russian practice of attacking targets by firing pairs of missiles with different homing systems. This complicates end-game defensive actions for the target aircraft, as it needs to successfully defeat two homing systems. If a radar-guided medium-range missile is fired at an enemy jet aircraft outside the non-escape attack zone, the target aircraft may be able to escape through emergency maneuver. But at this moment, in fact, the infrared guidance has an advantage: once the jet aircraft turns to escape, the engine nozzle is exposed, and the infrared characteristics are exposed. This method of attack may not always be available as IR seekers typically have less range and less resistance to poor weather than radar seekers, which may limit the successful use of mixed seeker attacks unless the IR missile is initially directed by radar or some other means.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/TE-IR-Guidance.html|title=Heat Seeking Missile Guidance|journal=Australian Aviation|date=March 1982|volume=1982|issue=March|access-date=2010-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612140129/http://ausairpower.net/TE-IR-Guidance.html|archive-date=12 June 2010|url-status=live|last1=Kopp|first1=Carlo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Dr Carlo Kopp|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-AAM.html#mozTocId251253 |title=PLA Air to Air Missiles |publisher=Ausairpower.net |date=2012-08-21 |pages=1 |access-date=2013-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721174709/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-AAM.html#mozTocId251253 |archive-date=21 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another improvement program was designated the R-77M, which made the missile longer and heavier, making use of a two-stage motor as well as an improved seeker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/vympel-updates-its-r-77-37517/|title=Vympel updates its R-77|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205202607/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/vympel-updates-its-r-77-37517/|archive-date=5 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> A further product-improvement of the R-77, designated the R-77M1 and then the R-77-PD, was to feature a [[ramjet]] propulsion device. This missile was destined for the [[Mikoyan Project 1.44|MiG 1.44]], which was developed for the MFI program. The munition has a laser fuse and an expanding rod warhead that can destroy the variable sized targets. However, due to funding shortage and eventual cancellation of the MiG 1.44, development of this model may have stopped by 1999; no information or announcement regarding the R-77M and R-77-PD has appeared since.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

=== Further development ===
Tactical Missile Weapons Corporation, also known as TRV (''Takticheskoe Raketnoe Vooruzhenie – Тактическое Ракетное Вооружение''), unveiled the RVV-SD and RVV-MD missiles for the first time at the Moscow Air Show (MAKS) in August 2009. The RVV-SD is an improved version of the R-77, while the RVV-MD is a variant of the R-73. The RVV-SD includes the upgrades associated with the ''izdeliye'' 170-1, or R-77-1.<ref name="Butowski, Piotr 2007"/> The RVV-SD, along with the RVV-MD, seem to be part of Russia's bid for India's [[India MRCA|medium multirole combat aircraft competition]]. Both designations were included by MiG on a presentation covering MiG-35 Fulcrum armament during Aero India Air Show in February. The initial RVV-SD offering is likely no more than a stopgap to try to maintain its position, and to provide a credible radar-guided weapon to offer as part of fighter export packages and upgrade programs.<ref name="ReferenceA">Barrie, Douglas and Pyadushkin, Maxim. "R-77, R-73 Missile Upgrades Emerge". ''[[Aviation Week]]''. 13 August 2009</ref>

According to specifications, the R-77-1 and its export variant RVV-SD is {{convert|15|kg|abbr=on}} heavier than the basic R-77 / RVV-AE, weighing {{convert|190|kg|abbr=on}} rather than {{convert|175|kg|abbr=on}}. Maximum range is increased to {{convert|110|km|abbr=on}} from {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="RVV-SD"/>  The missile is also slightly longer at {{convert|3.71|m|abbr=on}}, rather than the {{convert|3.6|m|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} of the basic variant. Additional improvements include upgrades to the missile's radar seeker and boat tail rear section to reduce drag. Russian missile manufacturer Agat previously confirmed it was working on seeker upgrades for the R-77, implying that at least two projects were underway, one for export and one for the Russian Air Force.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Butowski, Piotr 2007"/>

Vympel, a which had merged to be part of TRV, has been developing a more extensive upgrade of the missile than the R-77-1. Designated the ''izdeliye'' 180 or K-77M and eventually R-77M when operational, this missile is a mid-life upgrade for the missile and is intended to be the main medium-range missile for the [[Sukhoi Su-57]]. This upgrade aims to provide a further improvement in range, with the design including a dual-pulse motor configuration. The ''izdeliye'' 180 uses an [[active electronically scanned array]] seeker and conventional rear fins instead of the R-77's lattice fins. This missile is intended to match the performance of the latest AIM-120 variants.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Butowski, Piotr 2007"/> Though it uses the same designation as the earlier R-77M improvement program, it is not known if these two missiles are the same or are related.

On October 4, 2020 footage of Su-57 fighter flying with R-77M missile was revealed in a video released by the Russian Defense Ministry commemorating the 100th anniversary of the 929th Chkalov State Flight-Test Center<ref>{{cite web|last=Butowski|first=Piotr|title=Russia Unveils Video Of Modernized Air-To-Air Missile|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/missile-defense-weapons/russia-unveils-video-modernized-air-air-missile|website=Aviation week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Russian Air-To-Air Missile Tests Signal Potential New Capabilities For Flanker and Felon|work=theWarzone|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36899/russian-air-to-air-missile-tests-signal-potential-new-capabilities-for-flanker-and-felon}}</ref>

==Design description==
[[File:Seeker Vympel-R-77-maks2009.jpg|140px|thumb|Seeker head of the Vympel R-77 at the 2009 [[MAKS Airshow]]]]

For the first forty years, the aerodynamics combined [[Vestigiality|vestigial]] [[cruciform]] wings with [[grid fin]]s used as tail [[Flight control surfaces|control surface]]s (similar devices are used on the [[OTR-23 Oka]], and USAF uses them on [[GBU-43/B MOAB|MOAB]]). The flow separation which occurs at high angles of attack enhances its turning ability, giving the missile a maximum turn rate of up to 150° per second. However, the grid fins also increase drag and radar cross section. Updated variants of the R-77, such as the ''izdeliye'' 180 that is destined for the Sukhoi Su-57, will use conventional fins instead.<ref name="Butowski, Piotr 2007"/>

The missile uses a multi-function [[doppler radar|doppler]]-[[monopulse radar|monopulse]] active radar seeker developed by OAO Agat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agat.rosprom.org/|title=OAO Agat Website|access-date=2008-01-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108064317/http://agat.rosprom.org/|archive-date=8 January 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The radar features two modes of operation, over short distances, the missile will launch in an active "[[fire-and-forget]]" mode. Over longer distances the missile is controlled by an [[inertial guidance]] auto pilot with occasional encoded [[command guidance|data link updates]] from the launch aircraft's radar on changes in spatial position or G of the target. As the missile comes within {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} of its target, the missile switches to its active radar mode. The host radar system maintains computed target information in case the target breaks the missile's lock-on.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

==Operational history==
At the beginning of February 2016, four Su-35S were deployed to Syria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tass.com/defense/853613|title=Russia redeployed advanced Su-35S fighter jets to Syria — defense ministry|website=TASS|access-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104180017/http://tass.com/defense/853613|archive-date=4 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tass.ru/en/defense/854549|title=Russia's advanced Su-35S fighter jet: premier performance over Syrian skies|website=tass.ru|access-date=15 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416134316/http://tass.ru/en/defense/854549|archive-date=16 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Invasion of Ukraine]], Russia has been using R-77-1s in Su-35s, Su-30SMs to shoot down Ukrainian jets, which outranged all Ukrainian missiles. In July 2025, [https://www.twz.com/ The War Zone] reported that R-77M appeared to have made it operational debut in Ukraine following the wreckage of the missile and pictures taken on [[Sukhoi Su-35|Su-35S]] showing the pylons equipped with R-77M, [[R-74M]] and 2 SAP-518M wingtip pods that form part of the [[Khibiny (electronic countermeasures system)|Khibiny-M]] ECM system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=2025-07-25 |title=Signs Russia's Using New R-77M Air-To-Air Missile In Ukraine |url=https://www.twz.com/air/signs-russias-using-new-r-77m-air-to-air-missile-in-ukraine |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Variants==
[[File:RVV mods.svg|200px|thumb|R-77 variants:<br />R-77 (RVV-AE), <br />R-77PD (RVV-PD),<br />RVV-ZRK,<br />R-77M (izdeliye 180),<br />K-77ME (izdeliyе 180-BD)]]

=== Produced variants ===
* '''R-77 (''izdeliye'' 170)''' – Standard model, USSR-built variant.
* '''RVV-AE (''izdeliye'' 190)''' – Russian-built export model of the R-77. Compared to all newer variants this missile has a reduced maximum range of {{convert|80|km|mi}} with 22.5&nbsp;kg warhead.<ref name="RVV-AE">{{cite web |url= http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/aerospace-systems/air-to-air-missile/rvv-ae/|title = RVV-AE
|publisher= Rosoboronexport |access-date= 2 February 2020}}</ref>
* '''R-77-1 (''izdeliye'' 170-1)''' – Russian-built variant with a streamlined nose, 9B-1248 (''Izdeliye-50-1'') active radar seeker head, and new fins.
* '''RVV-SD''' – Russian-built export model of the R-77-1. The missile has a maximum range of {{convert|110|km|mi}} with 22.5&nbsp;kg warhead.<ref name="RVV-SD">{{cite web |url= http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/aerospace-systems/air-to-air-missile/rvv-sd/|title = RVV-SD
|publisher= Rosoboronexport |access-date= 2 February 2020}}</ref>
* '''R-77M (''izdeliye'' 180)''' – In service with the [[Sukhoi Su-57]] and [[Su-35S]] with a 9B-1103M2 [[active electronically scanned array|AESA]] seeker,<ref name="2018b" /> conventional fins, and dual-pulse motor.

=== Projects ===
* '''R-77P / RVV-PE''' – Passive radiation homing model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Air-to-Air-Missiles/R-77P_a001032003.aspx|title=R-77P|website=www.deagel.com|access-date=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215357/http://www.deagel.com/Air-to-Air-Missiles/R-77P_a001032003.aspx|archive-date=26 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''R-77T / RVV-TE''' – Infrared homing model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Air-to-Air-Missiles/R-77T_a001032002.aspx|title=R-77T|website=www.deagel.com|access-date=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426214943/http://www.deagel.com/Air-to-Air-Missiles/R-77T_a001032002.aspx|archive-date=26 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''R-77-SRK''' – [[Surface-to-air missile|Ship-to-air]] variant.
* '''R-77-ZRK / RVV-AE-ZRK''' – RVV-ZRK [[Surface-to-air missile|Surface-to-air]] variant.
* '''R-77-PD / RVV-AE-PD''' – Ramjet model.
* '''R-77-PD ZRK / RVV-AE-ZRK''' – RVV-(PD-)ZRK [[Surface-to-air missile|Surface-to-air]] variant.
* '''K-77ME (''izdeliye'' 180-BD)''' – Ramjet model of the R-77M.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/farnborough-air-show/2010-07-17/t-50-completes-early-flight-and-bench-tests|title=T-50 completes early flight and bench tests|work=Aviation International News|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731165021/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/farnborough-air-show/2010-07-17/t-50-completes-early-flight-and-bench-tests|archive-date=31 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Operators==
[[File:Map with R-77 operators in blue.png|alt=|thumb|400x400px|Map with R-77 operators in blue]]

===Current operators===
*{{DZA}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Air-to-Air-Missiles/R-77_a001032001.aspx|title=R-77|website=www.deagel.com|access-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014204055/http://www.deagel.com/Air-to-Air-Missiles/R-77_a001032001.aspx|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> – for the MIG-29M/M2 and [[Su-30MKA]]{{cn|date=December 2022}}
*{{EGY}} – 300 for the MIG-29M/M2<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/aerospace-aerospace/egyptian-mig-29-deliveries-concluded-as-su-35-deliveries-begin/|title = Egyptian MiG-29 deliveries concluded as Su-35 deliveries begin|date = 29 June 2021}}</ref>
*{{flag|Eritrea}}<ref name="mdb 2008/4"/>
*{{PRC}} – for the Su-35, Su-30MKK and Su-30MK2{{cn|date=December 2022}}
** {{flagicon image|Air Force Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg}} [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]]<ref name="2018b"/>
** {{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of China.svg}} [[People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force]]<ref name="2018b"/> 
*{{IND}} – formerly on the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21 Bison]],<ref>{{cite web |title=[Actu] MiG-21 Bison; le dernier des Mohicans? |url=https://redsamovar.com/2019/03/06/actu-mig-21-bison-le-dernier-des-mohicans/ |website=Red Samovar |date=6 March 2019}}</ref> [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29UPG]]<ref>{{cite web |title=[Actu] L'Inde et les MiG-29 |url=https://redsamovar.com/2019/10/07/actu-linde-et-les-mig-29/ |website=Red Samovar |date=7 October 2019}}</ref> and [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/outgunned-by-pakistan-f-16s-iaf-plans-to-re-arm-its-sukhois-with-israeli-missiles-2044172|title = Outgunned by Pak F-16s, IAF Plans to Re-Arm Its Sukhois with Israeli Missiles}}</ref> Received 500 missiles in 2014-15, ordered 400 more in 2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0620/104552948/detail.shtml |title=ВВС Индии подписали контракт на закупку в России свыше 700 авиационных управляемых ракет |trans-title=Indian air force signs contract for purchase of over 700 aircraft guided missiles in Russia|language=Ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/90192/india-signs-usd700-million-deal-with-russia-for-1-000-additional-air-to-air-missiles |title=India signs USD700 million deal with Russia for 1,000 additional air-to-air missiles|first1=Rahul|last1=Bedi|first2=Dmitry|last2=Fediushko|date=31 July 2019}}</ref> and more batches of RVV-SD (export R-77-1s) in May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=IAF Boosts MiG-29, Su-30MKI Firepower with Russian RVV-SD A2A Missiles, Offering Superior Range, Accuracy Over Older R-77s Amid Tensions with Pak |url=https://defence.in/threads/iaf-boosts-mig-29-su-30mki-firepower-with-russian-rvv-sd-a2a-missiles-offering-superior-range-accuracy-over-older-r-77s-amid-tensions-with-pak.14287/ |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=Defence News India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-22 |title=They will be responsible for the front line of defense: India urgently purchased Russian RVV-SD missiles |url=https://vpk.name/en/1011425_they-will-be-responsible-for-the-front-line-of-defense-india-urgently-purchased-russian-rvv-sd-missiles.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=ВПК.name |language=en}}</ref>
** {{flagicon image|Fin Flash of India.svg}} [[Indian Naval Air Arm]]<ref name="2018b"/>  on MiG-29K/KUB.
*{{INA}} – for the Su-30MK2 and Su-27SKM<ref>2011 Annual Report of Tactical Missile Corporation, {{cite web|url=http://bmpd.livejournal.com/290141.html |title=BMPD - Портфель экспортных заказов КТРВ |access-date=2013-07-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821071032/http://bmpd.livejournal.com/290141.html |archive-date=2012-08-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jakartagreater.com/sukhoi-tni-au-dan-rudal-r-77/|title=Sukhoi TNI AU dan Rudal R-77|work=JakartaGreater|date=5 November 2013|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112123425/http://jakartagreater.com/sukhoi-tni-au-dan-rudal-r-77/|archive-date=12 November 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
*{{flag|Kazakhstan}} – for the Su-30SM<ref name="2018b"/>
*{{MYS}} – 150 missiles delivered as of 2008<ref name="mdb 2008/4"/>
*{{RUS}} – basic variant never officially introduced in series, Su-30SMs and Su-35S' were spotted with R-77-1s when they were deployed to Syria.<ref name="2018b"/> Two contracts have reportedly been signed in 2015 for 13 billion rubles and in 2020 concerning modernized and import-substituted missiles for 65 billion rubles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iz.ru/1051494/anton-lavrov-roman-kretcul/istrebitelskii-spros-vks-poluchat-noveishie-rakety-po-rekordnomu-kontraktu|title=Истребительский спрос: ВКС получат новейшие ракеты по рекордному контракту|date=23 August 2020}}</ref>
*{{SRB}} – Serbia ordered 32 R-77-1 missiles for its modernized MiG-29s<ref>{{cite web|author=Živojin Banković|title=Vučić: Za MiG-ove uzimamo 32 rakete|lang=sr|website=tangosix.rs|date=23 December 2016|url=http://tangosix.rs/2016/23/12/vucic-za-mig-ove-uzimamo-32-rakete/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923094054/https://tangosix.rs/2016/23/12/vucic-za-mig-ove-uzimamo-32-rakete/|archive-date=23 September 2020|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= Živojin Banković|title=Srpski MiG-ovi 29 biće naoružani raketama vazduh-vazduh R-77|lang=sr|website=tangosix.rs|date=27 April 2022|url=https://tangosix.rs/2022/27/04/srpski-mig-ovi-29-mogu-biti-naoruzani-raketama-vazduh-vazduh-r-77/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427060848/https://tangosix.rs/2022/27/04/srpski-mig-ovi-29-mogu-biti-naoruzani-raketama-vazduh-vazduh-r-77/|archive-date=27 April 2022|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
*{{SUD}} – for the MiG-29SE<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rense.com/general18/russiasells.htm|title=Russia Sells Advanced MiG-29 Fulcrums To Sudan And Yemen|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207221410/http://www.rense.com/general18/russiasells.htm|archive-date=7 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{SYR}} – for the MiG-29SM<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/39087/russia-helps-keep-syria-s-mig-29s-flying|title=Russia helps keep Syria's MiG-29s flying|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612161151/http://www.janes.com/article/39087/russia-helps-keep-syria-s-mig-29s-flying|archive-date=12 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flag|Uganda}}<ref name="2018b"/>
*{{VEN}} – 100 missiles ordered for Su-30MK2s<ref name="2018b"/>
*{{VIE}} – for the Su-30MK2<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baodatviet.vn/hinh-anh/201301/Thu-tuong-kiem-tra-ten-lua-cho-Su-30MK2-2214697/|title=Thủ tướng kiểm tra tên lửa cho Su-30MK2|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073512/http://baodatviet.vn/hinh-anh/201301/Thu-tuong-kiem-tra-ten-lua-cho-Su-30MK2-2214697/|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{YEM}} – 100 missiles delivered by 2006<ref name="mdb 2008/4">{{Cite journal |title=Tactical Missiles Corporation Missile Exportation Since 1992 |journal=[[Moscow Defense Brief]] |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/94687/2008_4.pdf |issue=4/2008 |page=26}}</ref>

===Former operators===
*{{PER}} – used for a short time on MiG-29s<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tincopa |first1=Amaru |title=MiG-29 over the skies of the condor |url=https://indd.adobe.com/view/94bd0a2c-a935-4b3a-8100-3f109fe86d94 |work=Revista Pucará |issue=10 |date=November-December 2021 |page=20}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of missiles]]
*{{lwc|AAM-4}}
*{{lwc|AIM-120 AMRAAM}}
*{{ lwc | Astra (missile) }}
*{{lwc|AIM-260 JATM}} 
*{{lwc|GÖKTUĞ}}
*{{lwc|Long-Range Engagement Weapon}}
*{{lwc|Meteor (missile)}}
*{{lwc|PL-12}}
*{{lwc|PL-15}}
*{{lwc|PL-17}}
*{{lwc|PL-21}}

==References==
;Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}

;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Yefim |title=Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two |year=2004 |location=Hinckley, England |publisher=Midland Publishing |isbn=1-85780-188-1}}
{{refend}}

{{Russian and Soviet Aircraft Ordnance}}
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|AAM}}
{{Russian and Soviet military designation sequences}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:R077 (Missile)}}
[[Category:Air-to-air missiles of Russia]]
[[Category:Air-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Cold War air-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Beyond-visual-range air-to-air missiles]]
[[Category:Vympel NPO products]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Fire-and-forget weapons]]