View source for R-36 (missile)

{{Short description|Type of intercontinental ballistic missile designed by the Soviet Union}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile         = yes
| name               = R-36
| image              = Dnepr rocket lift-off 1.jpg
| image_size         = 340
| caption            = Liftoff of a [[Dnepr (rocket)|Dnepr]] rocket, a launch vehicle derived<br /> from the R-36 ICBM
| origin             = [[Soviet Union]]
| type               = [[Intercontinental ballistic missile]]
| used_by            = Russian [[Strategic Rocket Forces]]
| manufacturer       = Factory: [[Yuzhmash|Yuzhny Machine-Building Plant]]<br />
Developer: [[Yuzhnoye Design Office]]
| design_date        = From 1962
| unit_cost          = $7,000,000
| propellant         = [[Dinitrogen tetroxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]]/[[Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]]
| production_date    = 
| service            = 1966–1979 (original variant)<br />1988–present (R-36M2 Voevoda variant)
| engine             = Two or often three [[Liquid-propellant rocket|liquid fueled rocket]] [[Multistage rocket|stages]]<br /><br />
'''First Stage:'''{{unbulleted list|1x [[RD-250|RD-251]] (R-36)|1x [[RD-250|RD-251P]] (R-36P)|1x [[RD-250|RD-251M]] (R-36-O)<ref name="krebs1" /><ref name=npoem-el>{{cite web |url=http://www.npoenergomash.ru/netcat_files/File/Table_of_Engines.docx |title=NPO Energomash list of engines |publisher=[[NPO Energomash]]
|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107202512/http://www.npoenergomash.ru/netcat_files/File/Table_of_Engines.docx |archive-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>|1x [[RD-263|RD-264]] (R-36M)|1x [[RD-263|RD-264]] (R-36MUTTKh)|1x [[RD-263|RD-264]] (R-36M2)<ref name="krebs2" />}}<br />
'''Second Stage:'''{{unbulleted list|1x [[RD-250|RD-252]] (R-36)|1x [[RD-250|RD-252]] (R-36P)<ref name="krebs1">{{cite web |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/r-36.htm
|author=Krebs, Gunter D. |title=R-36 (SS-9, Scarp) ICBM |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>|1x [[RD-0255|RD-0228]] (R-36M)|1x [[RD-0255]] (R-36MUTTKh)|1x [[RD-0255]] (R-36M2)<ref name="krebs2" />}}<br />
'''Third Stage:'''{{unbulleted list|1x [[RD-864]] (R-36MUTTKh)|1x [[RD-864|RD-869]] (R-36M2)<ref name="krebs2">{{cite web |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/r-36m.htm
|author=Krebs, Gunter D. |title=R-36M Voivode (SS-18, Satan) ICBM |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>}}
| engine_power       = 
| weight             = {{convert|209600|kg|abbr=on}}
| length             = {{unbulleted list|{{convert|18900|mm|abbr=on}} - (R-36-O)|{{convert|32200|mm|abbr=on}}}}
| height             = 
| diameter           = {{convert|3050|mm|abbr=on}}
| wingspan           = 
| speed              = 
| vehicle_range      = 10,200–16,000&nbsp;km
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 
| filling            = Depending on variant (see variants). Newest (R-36M2), 10 × 550–750 [[kiloton]] [[MIRV]] warheads with a large amount of [[decoy]]s and other [[penetration aid]]s. Originally (R-36), 1 × 8–20 [[TNT equivalent|megaton]] warhead.
| guidance           = Inertial, autonomous
| detonation         = 
| launch_platform    = [[Missile launch facility|Silo]]
| accuracy           = 220–1,300&nbsp;m [[Circular error probable|CEP]]
}}

The '''R-36''' ({{langx|ru|Р-36}}) is a family of [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s (ICBMs) and [[space launch vehicle]]s ([[Tsyklon]]) designed by the [[Soviet Union]] during the [[Cold War]]. The original R-36 was deployed under the [[GRAU index]] '''8K67''' and was given the [[NATO reporting name]] '''SS-9 Scarp'''.  It was able to carry three warheads and was the first Soviet MIRV ([[multiple re-entry vehicle|multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicle]]) missile.<ref name="Helms">{{cite book
 | last1 = Helms
 | first1 = Richard
 | last2 = Hood
 | first2 =  William
 | title = A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency
 | date = 2004
 | page = 385
 | publisher = Random House Publishing
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DEA5nNAXQroC&q=%22first+soviet+mirv&pg=PA385
 | isbn = 0-8129-7108-6
 }}</ref>  The later version, the '''R-36M,''' also known as '''RS20,''' was produced under the [[GRAU]] designations '''15A14''' and '''15A18''' and was given the NATO reporting name '''SS-18 Satan'''. This missile was viewed by certain United States analysts as giving the Soviet Union [[Pre-emptive nuclear strike|first strike]] advantage over the U.S., particularly because of its rapid silo-reload ability, very heavy [[throw weight]] and extremely large number of [[atmospheric re-entry|re-entry vehicles]]. Some versions of the R-36M were deployed with 10 warheads and up to 40 [[penetration aid]]s and the missile's high throw-weight made it theoretically capable of carrying more warheads or penetration aids. Contemporary U.S. missiles, such as the [[Minuteman III]], carried up to three warheads at most.

The R-36 became the base for the [[Tsyklon]] launch vehicles family. As of early 2021, [[Cyclone-4M]], the last Tsyklon variant in development, is planned for launch in 2023 from [[Canso, Nova Scotia]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Willick |first=Frances |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/canso-spaceport-secures-funding-aims-for-first-launch-2022-1.6023222 |title=Canso spaceport secures $10.5M, aims for first launch next year |work=[[CBC News]] |date=12 May 2021 |access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref>

Some R-36 missiles have been converted into [[Dnepr (rocket)|Dnepr]] [[medium-lift launch vehicle]]s, capable of putting up to 4,500&nbsp;kg into orbit.

== History ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}
[[File:SS-9 Scarp R36.jpg|thumb|left|Rocket nozzles of an R-36]]
Development of the R-36 was begun by [[Yuzhnoye Design Bureau|OKB-586]] (Yuzhnoye) in [[Dnepropetrovsk]], [[Ukraine]] (at the time part of the [[Soviet Union]]) in 1962, and built upon the work of the [[R-16 (missile)|R-16]] program. The Chief Designer was [[Mikhail Yangel]]. Initial development was of light, heavy, and orbital versions, with flight testing from 1962 through 1966, at which time initial operational capability was achieved. News of the development of the orbital version caused alarm in the West with the possibility that the Soviets would be able to launch a large number of nuclear weapons into orbit where there was no capability to intercept them. Weapons could potentially be left orbiting for an [[Fractional Orbital Bombardment System|indefinite period]]. The prospect of orbital nuclear weapons led both sides to agree to a [[Outer Space Treaty|treaty]] banning the basing of weapons of mass destruction in space.

In 1970, development of a fourth version, capable of delivering multiple warheads, was begun, which was test flown the next year.

Further improvement of the R-36 led to the design of the R-36M, which provided a theoretical [[first-strike capability]]—the ability to destroy the United States' [[LGM-30 Minuteman]] ICBM silos and launch control centers before they could retaliate. However, neither the Soviet Union nor the Russian Federation have ever publicly delineated the missile's particular role in their arsenal. The initial design of the R-36M called for a single massive 12&nbsp;Mt warhead to be delivered over a range of 10,600&nbsp;km. The missile was first tested in 1973 but this test ended in failure. After several delays the R-36M was deployed in December 1975. This design was delivered with a single 18–20&nbsp;Mt warhead and a range of just over 11,000&nbsp;km. This new version was given a new codename by NATO: SS-18 Satan.

The R-36M has gone through six separate variants, with the first being phased out by 1984. The final variant designated R-36M-2 "[[Voevoda]]" (NATO codename SS-18 mod 6) was deployed in August 1988. This missile could deliver the same 18–20&nbsp;Mt warhead 16,000&nbsp;km. Prior variants mainly introduced [[MIRV]] (Multiple independent reentry vehicles) warheads. These missiles surpassed their western counterpart, the US [[LGM-118 Peacekeeper]] in terms of megatons delivered, range, and survivability, but were inferior in terms of accuracy ([[Circular error probable|CEP]]).

The control system for this rocket was designed at [[Khartron|NPO "Electropribor"]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/slava/space/essays/essay-krivonosov.htm|title=Krivonosov, Khartron: Computers for rocket guidance systems|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref> ([[Kharkiv]], [[Ukraine]]).

=== Deployment ===
[[File:Dnepr inside silo.jpg|thumb|Dnepr inside silo]]

At full deployment, before the [[fall of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, 308 R-36M launch silos were operational. After the breakup of the USSR, 204 of these were located on the territory of the [[Russian Federation]] and 104 on the territory of newly independent [[Kazakhstan]]. In the next few years Russia reduced the number of R-36M launch silos to 154 to conform with the [[START I]] treaty. Part of the missiles in Kazakhstan (54 of them) were under the 57th Rocket Division at [[Zhangiz-Tobe]] (Solnechnyy), Semipalatinsk Oblast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/rvsn/57md.htm|title=57th Missile Division|publisher=Ww2.dk|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> The other R-36 establishment in Kazakhstan was the 38th Rocket Division at Derzhavinsk, Turgay Oblast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/rvsn/38md.htm|title=38th Missile Division|publisher=Ww2.dk|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> The dismantling of 104 launchers located in Kazakhstan was completed in September 1996. 

The [[START II]] treaty was to eliminate all R-36M missiles but it did not enter into force and the missiles remained on duty. Russia has steadily decreased the number of operational R-36Ms and as of March 2013, only 55 (all of the 10 MIRV R-36M2 version) remain.

[[US Air Force]] [[National Air and Space Intelligence Center]] estimates that as of June 2017 about 50 R-36M2 launchers were operationally deployed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat |url=https://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19 |year=2017 |publisher=Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee}}</ref>

About 40 missiles will have their service lives extended so that they remain in service until about 2020. With the retirement of the 20 megaton R-36M2 warheads, the highest yield weapon in service with any nation is the estimated 5&nbsp;Mt Chinese [[DF-5|Dong Feng 5 (DF-5)]] ICBM (CSS-4) warhead and the Russian [[UR-100N]] 5&nbsp;Mt rocket.

=== Elimination / Retirement ===
[[File:Ss18.jpg|thumb|[[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Richard Lugar]] inspects an R-36M ICBM being readied for decommission under the [[Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction|Nunn-Lugar Program]]]]

In the last decade{{Dubious|date=January 2023|reason=This was written in 2004.}} Russian armed forces have been steadily reducing the number of R-36M missiles in service, withdrawing those that age past their designed operational lifetime. As of January 2020, the [[Strategic Missile Troops]] had 46 R-36M2s (or RS-20Vs) in active service.<ref name="RussianMissiles">{{cite web |url=http://russianforces.org/missiles/ |title = Strategic Rocket Forces – Russian strategic nuclear forces|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>

In March 2006 Russia made an agreement with [[Ukraine]] that will regulate cooperation between the two countries on maintaining the R-36M2 missiles. It was reported that the cooperation with Ukraine will allow Russia to extend the service life of the R-36M2 missiles by at least ten to 28 years.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://russianforces.org/blog/2008/01/russia_and_ukraine_will_mainta.shtml|title=Russia and Ukraine will maintain R-36M2 missiles – Blog – Russian strategic nuclear forces|journal=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces|date=24 January 2008|access-date=20 November 2015|last1=Podvig|first1=Pavel}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=October 2022}}

According to [[Interfax]] report, two R-36M2 missiles are planned to be dismantled by November 30, 2020. The process is to be carried out in accordance with the [[New START]] procedures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/690117|script-title=ru:Россия утилизирует в 2020 году две межконтинентальные ракеты "Воевода"|trans-title=Russia to dispose of two "Voevoda" intercontinental missiles in 2020|work=[[Interfax]]|date=3 January 2020|access-date=3 January 2020|language=ru}}</ref>{{update after|2021}}

{{As of|2018}} Russia unveiled the intended replacement for the R-36M series, a new [[heavy ICBM]] the [[RS-28 Sarmat]],<ref name="redstaroboima">{{cite web |url=http://www.redstar.ru/index.php/component/k2/item/36438-v-obojme-sarmat-kinzhal-avangard |script-title=ru:В обойме – «Сармат», «Кинжал», «Авангард»... |trans-title=In the (weapon) magazine - "Sarmat", "Kinzhal", "Avangard"... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312045910/http://redstar.ru/index.php/component/k2/item/36438-v-obojme-sarmat-kinzhal-avangard |archive-date=12 March 2018 |date=12 March 2018 |website=redstar.ru}}</ref> which became operational in September 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia puts advanced Sarmat nuclear missile system on 'combat duty'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/2/russia-puts-advanced-sarmat-nuclear-missile-system-on-combat-duty|website=Aljazeera|date=September 2023}}</ref>

== Design ==
=== Multiple warheads ===
[[File:R-36M SS18 'Satan'.jpg|thumb|Decommissioned R36M missile at the [[Strategic missile forces museum in Ukraine|Strategic Missile Forces Museum]]]]
[[File:Loading an ICBM container into a missile silo 2.jpg|thumb|R36M missile]]
Missiles of the R-36M family have never been deployed with more than ten warheads, but given their large throw-weight (8.8 tonnes as specified in [[START I|START]]), they have the capacity to carry considerably more detonation power. Among the projects that the Soviet Union considered in the mid-1970s was that of a 15A17 missile—a follow-on to the R-36MUTTKh (15A18).<ref name="russianforces.org">[http://russianforces.org/blog/2006/08/multiple_as_in_up_to_38_warhea.shtml Multiple (as in "up to 38") warheads – Blog – Russian strategic nuclear forces<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The missile would have had an even greater throw-weight—9.5 tonnes—and would be able to carry a very large number of warheads. Five different versions of the missile were considered. Three of these versions would carry regular warheads — {{nowrap|38 × 250 kt}} yield, {{nowrap|24 × 500 kt}} yield, or {{nowrap|15–17 × 1 Mt}} yield. Two modifications were supposed to carry guided warheads ("upravlyaemaya golovnaya chast") — {{nowrap|28 × 250 kt}} or {{nowrap|19 × 500 kt}}.<ref name="russianforces.org" /> However, none of these upgraded models were ever developed. The [[SALT II]] Treaty, signed in 1979, prohibited increasing the number of warheads ICBMs could carry. Equally, from a strategic point of view, concentrating so many warheads on silo-based missiles was not seen as desirable, since it would have made a large proportion of the USSR's warheads vulnerable to a [[counterforce]] strike.

The operational deployment of the R-36M consisted of the R-36MUTTKh, which carried ten 500 kt warheads, and its follow-on, the R-36M2 (15A18M), which carried ten 800&nbsp;kt warheads (single-warhead versions with either 8.3&nbsp;Mt or 20&nbsp;Mt warhead also existed at some point). To partially circumvent the treaty, the missile was equipped with 40 [[decoy]]s to utilize the capacity left unused due to the 10-warhead limitation.<ref name="Decoys">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/russia/article/0,2763,777379,00.html|title=Moscow extends life of 144 cold war ballistic missiles|access-date=24 October 2006|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|date=20 August 2002}}</ref> These decoys would appear as warheads to any defensive system, making each missile as hard to intercept as 50 single warheads, rendering potential [[anti-ballistic missile|anti-ballistic defense]] ineffective.

=== Silo hardness ===
A US military estimate circa 1994 said "SS-18 silos have since been assessed to be much harder than {{cvt|7000|psi|MPa}}".<ref>{{cite report |date=January 1994 |title=Joint DOD/DOE Trident Mk4/Mk5 Reentry Body Alternate Warhead Phase 2 Feasibility Study Report (U) |url= |publisher=United States Department of Defense and Department of Energy |section=9.3.1.2.1 (S) SSPK Against 52L7 |docket= |access-date= |quote="When the W88/Mk5 was developed, this was the assessed VNTK of the hardest Soviet silos. Although those SS-18 silos have since been assessed to be much harder than 7000 psi, the SPETWG considers 52L7 to be a significant figure of effectiveness for this system because of the history of its use."}}</ref>

== Variants ==
=== R-36 (SS-9) ===
==== R-36 ====
The R-36 is a two-stage rocket powered by a liquid [[bipropellant]], with [[UDMH]] as fuel and [[nitrogen tetroxide]] as an oxidizer. It carries one of two types of [[re-entry vehicle]]s (RVs) developed especially for this missile:{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
* Single nuclear [[warhead]] of 20 megatons [[TNT equivalent|TNT]] (NATO codename SS-9 Mod 1).<ref name="icbmhist" />
* Single nuclear warhead of 8.3 megatons TNT (NATO codename SS-9 Mod 2).<ref name="icbmhist" />

The first launch of an R-36 took place on September 28, 1963, and ended ignominiously when the missile lost thrust one second after liftoff and fell back onto the pad, causing a fire.<ref>{{cite book |author=Konyukhov, Stanislav Nikolaevich |script-title=ru:Призваны временем - От противостояния к международному сотрудничеству. ЧАСТЬ I, Глава 3: В условиях конкурентной борьбы (1965–1971) |trans-title=Called by time – From confrontation to international cooperation. Part I, Chapter 3: A competitive environment (1965–1971) |url=https://epizodyspace.ru/bibl/kb-ujn/03.html#02 |page=400 |isbn=966-7985-82-2 |publisher=АРТ-Пресс (ART-Press) |language=ru}}</ref>
This debacle led to program director V.P. Petrov being fired and replaced by V.N. Soloviev.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} LC-67/1 was repaired and the next test took place successfully on December 3. Subsequent testing went better, however, LC-80/1 had to be rebuilt following another launch accident on January 13, 1965. Two months later, an R-36 caught fire during propellant loading on LC-67/1 and exploded, putting the pad out of commission for nine months.<ref name="astronautix" /> During test launch #17 (October 10, 1964), the warhead was retrieved with a parachute. Flight tests of the rocket were completed by May 20, 1968, and on November 19 of the same year it entered service.<ref name="astronautix">{{cite web |title=R-36 |url=http://www.astronautix.com/r/r-36.html |website=astronautix.com |access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref> The first (and only) regiment with 18 launchers was deployed on August 25, 1969.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} A total of 139 8K67s flew between 1963 and 1975 with 16 failures.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The  [[Tsyklon]] series of civilian space launchers from [[Ukraine]] is based on the R-36orb (8К69) or R-36-O (capital O for Orbital) design.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yuzhnoye.com/en/company/history/cyclone-2.html |title=CYCLONE-2 |website=yuzhnoye.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104161442/https://www.yuzhnoye.com/en/company/history/cyclone-2.html |archive-date=4 November 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The R-36-O launched many orbital satellites (like [[List of Kosmos satellites (1–250) | Kosmos 160]], SATCAT 2806, on 17 May 1967) in the 1960s and 1970s as part of the [[FOBS]] weapons program.

==== R-36M (SS-18 Mod 1) ====
Variant of the R-36M carrying a single large reentry vehicle, with a warhead yield of 18-25&nbsp;Mt, a distance of about {{convert|6000|nmi|km|order=flip}}. In January 1971, cold-launch tests began during which the mortar launch was perfected. The actual flight tests for the missile began on 21 February 1973, though some sources suggest that testing began in October 1972. The testing phase of the R-36M with various different types of warheads was finished in October 1975 and on 30 December 1975 deployment began (though some Western sources suggest that an initial operational capability was reached in early 1975). A total of 56 were deployed by 1977, though all were replaced by R-36MUTTKh missiles by 1984. These high-yield weapons were assessed in the West as possibly developed to attack American Minuteman ICBM launch control centers.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

==== R-36M (SS-18 Mod 2) ====
Variant of the R-36M with a post-boost vehicle and up to eight reentry vehicles, each with a warhead yield estimated at between 0.5 and 1.5&nbsp;Mt, with a range capability of about {{convert|5,500|nmi|km|order=flip}}. The MIRVs were placed in pairs, and a post boost vehicle with a command structure and a propulsion system were contained in the nose cone of the R-36M. The flight tests of this variant began in September 1973 (though some Western sources suggest that the initial flight test occurred in August 1973), with IOC in 1975. Approximately 132 were deployed by 1978, but the post-boost vehicle design was seriously flawed, and all missiles were replaced by R-36MUTTKh by 1983.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

==== R-36MUTTKh (SS-18 Mod 3) ====
Variant of the R-36MUTTKh with a single large reentry vehicle that was an improved version of the R-36M. On 16 August 1976, a few months after the R-36M entered service, the development of an improved modification of the R-36M (15A14) was approved. This missile subsequently received the designation R-36MUTTKh (15A18) and was developed by KB Yuzhnoye (OKB-586) through December 1976. The R-36MUTTKh was capable of carrying two different nose cones. On 29 November 1979, deployment of the improved R-36M with a single reentry vehicle carrying an 18–25&nbsp;Mt warhead began. This variant is no longer in service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r36m_family.html|title=R-36M family|work=RussianSpaceWeb.com|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref>

==== R-36MUTTKh (SS-18 Mod 4) ====
Variant of the R-36MUTTKh with multiple warheads. It was probably designed to attack and destroy ICBMs and other hardened targets in the US. Its increasing accuracy made it possible to reduce the yield of the warheads and allowed an increase in the number of warheads from 8 to 10. According to some Western estimates, evidence suggested that it may be capable of carrying as many as 14 RVs (this may reflect observation of the deployment of countermeasures intended to overcome a ballistic missile defense, or to confuse American attack characterization systems). The flight-design tests of the R-36MUTTKh began on 31 October 1977 and in November 1979 the flight tests of the MIRVed missile were completed. The first three regiments were put on alert on 18 September 1979. During 1980 a total of 120 missiles were deployed, replacing the last remaining R-36 missiles. In 1982–1983 the remaining R-36M missiles were also replaced with the new R-36MUTTKh and the total number of deployed missiles reached the maximum 308 ceiling established in the SALT-1 treaty. The R-36MUTTKh force had the estimated capability to destroy 65 to 80 percent of US ICBM silos using two nuclear warheads against each. Even after this type of attack, it was estimated that more than 1000 R-36MUTTKh warheads would be available for further strikes against targets in the US. After 2009, the R-36MUTTKh were all eliminated in favor of the newer R-36M2.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

==== R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5) ====
This newer, more accurate version placed in converted silos allowed the R-36M family to remain the bulwark of the SRF's hard-target-kill capability. The R-36M2 carries 10 MIRVs, each having a nearly twice the yield of the R-36MUTTKh warheads according to Western estimates (approximately 750&nbsp;kt to 1&nbsp;Mt), though Russian sources suggest a yield of 550–750&nbsp;kt each. The increase in the R-36M2's warhead yield, along with improved accuracy, would, under the START treaty, help allow the Russians to maintain their hard-target-kill wartime requirements even with the 50 percent cut in heavy ICBMs the START agreement required. The technical proposals to build a modernized heavy ICBM were made in June 1979. The missile subsequently received the designation R-36M2 Voevoda and the industrial index number 15A18M. The design of the R-36M2 was completed in June 1982. The R-36M2 had a series of new engineering features. The engine of the second stage is completely built into the fuel tank (earlier this was only used on SLBMs) and the design of the transport-launching canister was altered. Unlike the R-36M, the 10 warheads on the post-boost vehicle are located on a special frame in two circles. The flight tests of the R-36M2 equipped with 10 MIRVs began in March 1986 and were completed in March 1988. The first regiment with these missiles was put on alert on 30 July 1988 and was deployed on 11 August 1988. This is the only variant still operational.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian nuclear weapons, 2024 |url=https://thebulletin.org/premium/2024-03/russian-nuclear-weapons-2024/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |language=en-US}}</ref>

One of the missile's most important features is its storage/basing in a container, inserted in the silo. The container doubles as a mortar barrel – it has a "piston" at its bottom, beneath the missile. The drum-like "piston" is filled with a slow-burning, gas pressure-generating charge that pushes, mortar-like, the missile from the container. Only when several meters above the silo with the now empty container the "piston" is pushed sideways by a small rocket motor to avoid being accelerated towards the silo by the ignition of the missile's main engine. Thus the silo is a) spared the burning-out by the main engine flames, and so b) the empty container could be quickly removed and a new container with missile could be inserted by a ready transporter/erector into the intact silo, allowing for a second salvo before the adversary's warheads arrive. This feature was a deep concern for the US side during the SALT/START negotiations, as it gave Soviet Union the possibility to strike US targets again after the first missile exchange was concluded.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

==== R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 6) ====
The flight tests of the R-36M2 missile carrying a single warhead with a yield of 20&nbsp;Mt were completed in September 1989 and deployment began in August 1991. Ten missiles were deployed. One intended use of these large warheads was high altitude detonation to incapacitate electronics and communications through a very large [[electromagnetic pulse]], however, the most likely use would be against missile launch control centers as the stated purpose for which the R-36MUTTKh warheads were designed. These missiles were all decommissioned by late 2009.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

=== Derivatives ===
A proposal has been advanced to modify Voyevoda R-36M2 Satan heavy ICBMs to destroy incoming asteroids of up to 100&nbsp;m, similar to the [[Chelyabinsk asteroid]].<ref>SpaceDaily, [http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Russian_scientist_Soviet-era_missiles_can_destroy_asteroids_999.html "Russian scientist: Soviet-era missiles can destroy asteroids"], 23 June 2013</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+Deployed variants of the R-36M missile<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/icbm/r-36m.htm|title=R-36M / SS-18 SATAN|work=FAS|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="window">{{cite web|url=http://russianforces.org/podvig/2008/06/the_window_of_vulnerability_that_wasnt.shtml|title=Pavel Podvig: ''The Window of Vulnerability That Wasn't: Soviet Military Buildup in the 1970s--A Research Note.'' International Security, Summer 2008, Vol. 33, No. 1: 118–138|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="icbmhist">{{cite web|url=http://bos.sagepub.com/content/65/1/62.full.pdf+html|title=Nuclear Notebook: U.S. and Soviet/Russian intercontinental ballistic missiles, 1959–2008|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
!System:
!R-36M
!R-36M
!R-36MUTTKh
!R-36MUTTKh
!R-36M2
!R-36M2
|-
|Treaty-designation:
|RS-20A
|RS-20A1
|RS-20A2
|RS-20B
|RS-20B
|RS-20V
|-
|GRAU-designation:
|15A14
|15A14
|15A14
|15A18
|15A18
|15A18M
|-
|NATO-designation:
|SS-18 Satan Mod 1
|SS-18 Satan Mod 2
|SS-18 Satan Mod 3
|SS-18 Satan Mod 4
|SS-18 Satan Mod 5
|SS-18 Satan Mod 6
|-
|Deployment:
|1974–1983
|1976–1980
|1976–1986
|1979–2005
|1988–Present
|1991–2009
|-
|Maximum deployed number:
|148
|10
|30
|278
|104
|58
|-
|Length:
|32600&nbsp;mm
|32600&nbsp;mm
|32600&nbsp;mm
|36300&nbsp;mm
|36300&nbsp;mm
|34300&nbsp;mm
|-
|Diameter:
|3000&nbsp;mm
|3000&nbsp;mm
|3000&nbsp;mm
|3000&nbsp;mm
|3000&nbsp;mm
|3000&nbsp;mm
|-
|Launch weight:
|209,600&nbsp;kg
|209,600&nbsp;kg
|210,000&nbsp;kg
|211,100&nbsp;kg
|211,100&nbsp;kg
|211,100&nbsp;kg
|-
|Number of warheads:
|1
|8
|1
|10
|10
|1
|-
|Warhead yield:
|20 Mt
|0.5-1.3 Mt
|25 Mt
|0.55 Mt
|1 Mt
|20 Mt
|-
|Range:
|11,200&nbsp;km
|10,200&nbsp;km
|16,000&nbsp;km
|16,000&nbsp;km
|11,000&nbsp;km
|16,000&nbsp;km
|-
|[[Circular Error Probable|CEP]]:
|1000 m
|1000 m
|1000 m
|920 m
|500 m
|500 m
|}

== Operators ==
; {{RUS}}:
The [[Strategic Missile Troops]] are the only operator of the R-36. As of January 2020, 46 silo-based missiles are deployed at:<ref name="RussianMissiles" />
* [[13th Red Banner Rocket Division]] at [[Yasny, Orenburg Oblast|Yasny]], [[Orenburg Oblast]]
* [[62nd Rocket Division]] at [[Uzhur]], [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]

=== Former operators ===
; {{USSR}}

== See also ==
* [[RS-24 Yars]]
* [[RS-26 Rubezh]]
* [[RS-28 Sarmat]]
* [[UR-100N]]
* [[RT-2PM Topol]]
* [[RT-2PM2 Topol-M]]
* [[LGM-30 Minuteman]]
* [[LGM-25C Titan II]]
* [[Agni-V]]
* [[DF-5]]
* [[DF-41]]
* [[Hwasong-14]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* Podvig, Pavel (January 30, 2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=CPRVbYDc-7kC ''Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces''.] Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|R-36}}
* [http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/ss-18/ CSIS Missile Threat – SS-18 (Satan)]
* [http://www.russianforces.org/eng/missiles/ Strategic Missile Troops]
* [https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/icbm/r-36m.htm R-36 missile]
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35168532 Tour to the museum that houses Ukraine's nuclear past]

{{Russian and Soviet military designation sequences}}
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SSM}}

[[Category:Intercontinental ballistic missiles of the Soviet Union|R-036]]
[[Category:Cold War intercontinental ballistic missiles of the Soviet Union|R-036]]
[[Category:Intercontinental ballistic missiles of Ukraine]]
[[Category:MIRV capable missiles]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s]]