View source for R

{{Short description|18th letter of the latin alphabet}}
{{For2|the programming language|R (programming language)|other uses}}
{{Technical reasons|R#J|the film|R and J{{!}}''R and J''}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox grapheme
|name = R
|letter = R r
|script=[[latin script]]
|type=[[Alphabet]]
|typedesc=ic
|language=[[Latin language]]
|phonemes={{ubl|{{hlist|{{IPA blink|r}}|{{IPA blink|ɾ}}|{{IPA blink|ɹ}}|{{IPA blink|ɻ}}|{{IPA blink|ɺ}}|{{IPA blink|ʀ}}|{{IPA blink|ʁ}}|{{IPA blink|ɽ}}}}|''([[#Other languages|table]])''|''([[Pronunciation of English /r/|English variations]])''|{{IPAc-en|ɑr}}}}
|unicode=U+0052, U+0072
|alphanumber=18
|number=
|fam1=<hiero>D1</hiero>
|fam2=[[Image:Proto-semiticR-01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Resh]]
|fam3=[[Image:phoenician res.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Res]]
|fam4=[[Rho|Ρ ρ]]
|fam5=[[𐌓]] [[File:Greek Rho 06.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Early Greek Rho]]
|fam6=[[File:Greek Rho 01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px]]
|fam7=[[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px]]
|fam8= [[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px]] [[File:Half r.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Cursive R-rotunda]]
|usageperiod= {{circa}} 50 CE to present
|children={{hlist|[[℟]]|{{not a typo|[[℞]]}}|[[®]]|[[Ɍ]]|[[ᚱ]]|[[𐍂]]|[[Ꭱ]]}}
|sisters= {{hlist|[[Р]]|[[Resh|ר]]|[[Resh|ر]]|[[Resh|ܪ]]|[[ࠓ]]|[[𐎗]]|[[𐡓]]|[[ረ]]|[[wikt:Ռ|Ռ]]|[[wikt:ռ|ռ]]|[[wikt:Ր|Ր]]|[[wikt:ր|ր]]|[[ર]]|[[र]]}}
|equivalents=
|associates={{hlist|[[List of Latin-script digraphs#R|r(x)]]|[[Rh (digraph)|rh]]}}
|direction=Left-to-right
|image=File:Latin_letter_R.svg
|imageclass=skin-invert-image
}}
{{Latin letter info|r}}

'''R''', or '''r''', is the eighteenth [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] of the [[Latin alphabet]], used in the [[English alphabet|modern English alphabet]], the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names|''ar'']] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|ɑr|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-R.wav}}), plural ''ars''.<ref>"R", ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' 2nd edition (1989); "ar", ''op. cit''</ref>

The letter {{angbr|r}} is the eighth most common letter in English and the fourth-most common consonant, after {{angbr|t}}, {{angbr|n}}, and {{angbr|s}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html|title=Frequency Table|website=Math.cornell.edu|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102005534/https://math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html|archive-date=2 November 2017}}</ref>

== Name ==
The name of the letter in Latin was {{lang|la|er}} ({{IPA|/ɛr/}}), following the pattern of other letters representing [[continuant]]s, such as {{angbr|F}}, {{angbr|L}}, {{angbr|M}}, {{angbr|N}}, and {{angbr|S}}.  This name is preserved in [[French language|French]] and many other languages. In [[Middle English]], the name of the letter changed from {{IPA|/ɛr/}} to {{IPA|/ar/}}, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as ''farm'' (compare French {{lang|fr|ferme}}) and ''star'' (compare German {{lang|de|Stern}}).

In [[Hiberno-English]], the letter is called {{IPA|/ɒr/|}} or {{IPA|/ɔːr/|}}, somewhat similar to ''oar'', ''ore'', ''orr''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|title=Analysis of selected contemporary Irish dialects|website=Digilib.k.utb.cz|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204156/http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|title=Losing My Voice - This Happened to Me|first=Steve|last=Hogarty|date=November 11, 2013|website=Medium|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114609/https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|title=Mind your 'P's and 'Q's – ore you'll get into trouble!|newspaper=Irish with Ian |date=December 19, 2018|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114607/https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{anchor|Dog's letter}}
The letter ⟨R⟩ is sometimes referred to as the {{lang|la|littera canīna}} 'canine letter', often rendered in English as the '''dog's letter'''. This Latin term referred to the Latin {{angbr|R}} that was [[Trill consonant|trilled]] to sound like a growling dog, a spoken style referred to as {{lang|la|vōx canīna}} 'dog voice' (e.g. in Spanish {{lang|es|perro}} 'dog').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html |title=A Word A Day: Dog's letter |website=Wordsmith.org |access-date=2012-01-17 |archive-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314054240/http://www.wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Egyptian
! Proto-Sinaitic
! Phoenician<br />[[Resh]]
! Western Greek<br />[[Rho (letter)|Rho]]
! Etruscan<br />R
! Latin<br />R
|--- align=center
|<hiero>D1</hiero>
|[[File:Proto-semiticR-01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|x40px]]
| [[File:PhoenicianR-01.png|class=skin-invert-image|x30px]]
| [[File:Greek Rho pointed.svg|class=skin-invert-image|x40px]]
| [[File:EtruscanR-03.svg|class=skin-invert-image|x30px]]
| [[File:Capitalis monumentalis R.SVG|class=skin-invert-image|x30px]]
|}

===Antiquity===
[[File:Prognatus.png|thumb|The word {{lang|la|prognatus}} as written on the [[Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus]] (280 BC) reveals the full development of the Latin {{angbr|R}} by that time; the letter {{angbr|P}} at the same time still retains its archaic shape distinguishing it from Greek or Old Italic ''rho''.]]
The letter {{angbr|R}} is believed to derive ultimately from an image of a head, used in [[Semitic alphabets]] for the sound {{IPA|/r/}} because the word for 'head' was ''[[rêš]]'' or similar in most [[Semitic languages]].  The word became the name of the letter, as an example of [[acrophony]].

It developed into Greek {{angbr|[[Rho (letter)|Ρ]]}} {{lang|grc|ῥῶ}} ({{transliteration|grc|rhô}}) and Latin {{angbr|R}}. The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some [[Western Greek alphabets]] (writing ''rho'' as ⟨[[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px| ]]⟩), but it was not adopted in most [[Old Italic alphabet]]s; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their ''rho'' between a {{angbr|P}} and a {{angbr|D}} shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke.
Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the [[Duenos Inscription|Duenos]] and the [[Forum inscription]], still write {{angbr|r}} using the {{angbr|P}}<!--𐌓Ρ--> shape of the letter.
The [[Lapis Satricanus]] inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing ⟨Π⟩ shape of the {{angbr|p}} <!--𐌐--> and the {{angbr|Ρ}} shape of the {{angbr|r}} have become difficult to distinguish.
The descending stroke of the Latin letter {{angbr|R}} has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the [[Tomb of the Scipios]] sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From {{circa|50 AD}}, the letter {{angbr|P}} would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by {{angbr|R}}.

===Cursive===
[[File:Caslon-specimen-1763-double-pica-black.jpg|thumb|18th-century example of use of ''r rotunda'' in English blackletter typography]]
[[File:Luca Pacioli, De divina proportione, Letter R.jpg|thumb|Letter {{angbr|R}} from the alphabet by [[Luca Pacioli]], in ''[[De divina proportione]]'' (1509)]]

The minuscule form {{angbr|r}} developed through several variations on the capital form.
Along with Latin minuscule writing in general, it developed ultimately from [[Roman cursive]] via the [[uncial]] script of Late Antiquity into the [[Carolingian minuscule]] of the 9th century.

In handwriting, it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today.

A calligraphic minuscule {{angbr|r}}, known as ''[[r rotunda]]'' {{angbr|ꝛ}}, was used in the sequence {{angbr|or}}, bending the shape of the {{angbr|r}} to accommodate the bulge of the {{angbr|o}} as in {{angbr|oꝛ}}, as opposed to {{angbr|or}}. Later, the same variant was also used where {{angbr|r}} followed other lower case letters with a rounded loop towards the right, such as with {{angbr|b}}, {{angbr|h}}, {{angbr|p}}, as well as to write the geminate {{angbr|rr}} as {{angbr|ꝛꝛ}}. Use of ''r rotunda'' was mostly tied to [[blackletter]] typefaces, and the glyph fell out of use along with blackletter fonts in English language contexts mostly by the 18th century.

[[Insular script]] used a minuscule which retained two downward strokes, but which did not close the loop, known as the ''Insular r'' {{angbr|ꞃ}}; this variant survives in the [[Gaelic type]] popular in Ireland until the mid-20th century, but has become largely limited to a decorative function.

==Use in writing systems==
{{See also|Rhotic consonant|R-colored vowel|Guttural R}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Pronunciation of {{angbr|r}} by language
! Orthography
! Phonemes
|-
! [[Albanian orthography|Albanian]]
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|-
! [[Romanization of Arabic|Arabic romanization]]
| {{IPAslink|r}} or {{IPAslink|ʀ}} or {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|-
! [[Aragonese orthography|Aragonese]]
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|r}}
|-
! [[Asturian orthography|Asturian]]
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|r}}
|-
! [[Basque orthography|Basque]]
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|r}}
|-
! [[Catalan orthography|Catalan]]
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|r}}
|-
! {{nwr|[[Standard Chinese]]}} ([[Pinyin]])
| {{IPAslink|ɻ}}
|-
! [[Danish orthography|Danish]]
| {{IPAslink|ʁ}}, ''silent''
|-
! [[Dutch orthography|Dutch]]
| {{IPAslink|r}}
|-
! [[English orthography|English]]
| {{IPAslink|ɹ}}
|-
! [[Esperanto orthography|Esperanto]]
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|-
! [[Faroese orthography|Faroese]]
| {{IPAslink|ɹ}}
|-
! [[French orthography|French]]
| {{IPAslink|ʁ}}, {{IPAslink|ʀ}}
|-
! [[Galician alphabet|Galician]]
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|-
! [[German orthography|German]]
| {{IPAslink|ʀ}}, {{IPAslink|ɐ̯}}, {{IPAslink|r}}
|-
! [[Gutnish]]
| {{IPAslink|ɻ}}
|-
! [[Haitian Creole|Haitian]]
| {{IPAslink|ɣ}}
|-
! [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] romanization
| {{IPAslink|ʁ}}
|-
! [[Hopi language|Hopi]]
| {{IPAslink|ʐ}}
|-
! [[Indonesian orthography|Indonesian]]
| {{IPAslink|r}}
|-
! [[Irish orthography|Irish]]
| /[[Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|ɾ]]/
|-
! [[Italian orthography|Italian]]
| {{IPAslink|r}}
|-
! [[Japanese language|Japanese]] ([[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]])
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|-
! [[Leonese dialect|Leonese]]
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|-
! [[Malay orthography|Malay]]
| {{IPAslink|r}}
|-
! [[Manx orthography|Manx]]
| {{IPAslink|r}}
|-
! [[Māori orthography|Māori]]
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|-
! [[Norwegian orthography|Norwegian]]
| {{IPAslink|r}} or {{IPAslink|ʁ}} or {{IPAslink|ʐ}}
|-
! [[Portuguese orthography|Portuguese]]
| /[[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]]/, /[[Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|ɾ]]/ or /[[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/
|-
! [[Scottish Gaelic orthography|Scottish Gaelic]]
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|ɾʲ}}
|-
! [[Sicilian orthography|Sicilian]]
| {{IPAslink|ɹ}}
|-
! [[Spanish orthography|Spanish]]
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|r}}
|-
! [[Swedish orthography|Swedish]]
|  {{IPAslink|r}} or {{IPAslink|ɾ}} or {{IPAslink|ɹ}} or {{IPAslink|ʐ}} or {{IPAslink|ʁ}} or {{IPAslink|ʀ}}
|-
! [[Turkish alphabet|Turkish]]
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|-
! [[Venetian orthography|Venetian]]
| {{IPAslink|r}}
|-
! [[Vietnamese orthography|Vietnamese]]
| {{IPAslink|z}} or {{IPAslink|r}}
|}

===English===
{{See also|Rhoticity in English}}
{{angbr|R}} represents a [[rhotic consonant]] in English, such as the [[alveolar approximant]] (most varieties), [[alveolar trill]] (some British varieties), or the [[retroflex approximant]] (some varieties in the [[American English|United States]], [[West Country dialects|South West England]] and [[Hiberno-English|Dublin]]).

In [[Rhoticity in English|non-rhotic]] accents, it is not pronounced in certain positions, but can affect the pronunciation of the vowel that precedes it.

R is the [[letter frequency|ninth most frequently used letter]] in the English language.

===Other languages===
{{angbr|R}} represents a [[rhotic consonant]] in many languages, as shown in the table below.
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD LANGUAGES THAT DO NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET
-->
{| class="wikitable" style="width:85%;margin:auto"
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar trill]] {{IPA|[r]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[File:Alveolar trill.ogg]]
| style="width:55%" | Standard [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[German language|German]] in some dialects, [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], [[Latvian language|Latvian]], [[Latin language|Latin]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] mostly in the northwest, [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (traditional form), [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Scots language|Scots]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]] more frequent in northern and western dialects, as well as in [[Finland Swedish]]; [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]]; also [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Albanian language|Albanian]] {{angbr|rr}}
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar approximant]] {{IPA|[ɹ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[File:Alveolar approximant.ogg]]
| style="width:55%" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] in some Netherlandic dialects (in specific positions of words), [[Faroese language|Faroese]], [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]], especially when in weakly articulated positions, such as [[Final-obstruent devoicing|word-final]]
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar flap]] / [[Alveolar tap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}}
|  style="text-align:center" | [[File:Alveolar tap.ogg]]
| style="width:55%" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Albanian language|Albanian]] {{angbr|r}}; [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Venetian language|Venetian]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Leonese language|Leonese]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[Māori language|Māori]]<!-- DO NOT ADD JAPANESE:  IT DOES NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET-->
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Voiced retroflex fricative]] {{IPA|[ʐ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[File:Voiced retroflex sibilant.ogg]]
| style="width:55%" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] around [[Tromsø]]; [[Spanish language|Spanish]] used as an allophone of /r/ in some South American accents; [[Swedish language|Swedish]] especially in Central Swedish dialects, such as the dialect in/around [[Stockholm]]; [[Hopi language|Hopi]] used before vowels, as in ''raana'', "toad", from Spanish rana
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Retroflex approximant]] {{IPA|[ɻ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[File:Retroflex approximant.ogg]]
| style="width:55%" | [[Gutnish]]; [[Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]] transliteration of [[Standard Chinese]]
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Retroflex flap]] {{IPA|[ɽ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[File:Retroflex flap.ogg]]
| style="width:55%" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] when followed by ⟨d⟩; [[Scottish English]] on occasion; [[Swedish language|Swedish]] when followed by ⟨d⟩
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Uvular trill]] {{IPA|[ʀ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[File:Uvular trill.ogg]]
| style="width:55%" | [[German language|German]] stage standard; some [[Dutch language|Dutch]] dialects (in [[Brabantian dialect|Brabant]] and [[Limburgish|Limburg]], and some city dialects in the Netherlands); [[Swedish language|Swedish]] in southern Sweden; [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] in western and southern parts; [[Venetian language|Venetian]] only in the [[Venice]] area.
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Voiced uvular fricative]] {{IPA|[ʁ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[File:Voiced uvular fricative.ogg]]
| style="width:55%" | [[North Mesopotamian Arabic]], [[Judeo-Iraqi Arabic]], [[German language|German]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[French language|French]], standard European [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] {{angbr|rr}}, standard Brazilian [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] {{angbr|rr}}, Puerto Rican Spanish {{angbr|rr}} and 'r-' in western parts; [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] in western and southern parts; [[Swedish language|Swedish]] in southern dialects
|}

Other languages may use the letter {{angbr|r}} in their alphabets (or Latin transliteration schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In [[Haitian Creole]], it represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with {{angbr|w}}, e.g. 'Kweyol' for 'Kreyol'.

The doubled {{angbr|rr}} represents a trilled {{IPA|/r/}} in [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], [[Asturian language|Asturian]], [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].

Brazilian [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] has a great number of allophones of {{IPAslink|ʁ}}, such as {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}}, {{IPAblink|x}}, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}, {{IPAblink|ɹ}} and {{IPAblink|r}}. The latter three ones can be used only in certain contexts ({{IPAblink|ɣ}} and {{IPAblink|r}} as {{angbr|rr}}; {{IPAblink|ɹ}} in the syllable coda, as an allophone of {{IPAslink|ɾ}} according to the European Portuguese norm and {{IPAslink|ʁ}} according to the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Usually at least two of them are present in a single dialect, such as [[Rio de Janeiro]]'s {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}} and, for a few speakers, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}.

===Other systems===
The [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; {{angbr IPA|r}} represents the [[alveolar trill]].

==Other uses==
{{main article|R (disambiguation)}}
* An [[Motion Picture Association film rating system|R rating]] of the [[Motion Picture Association film rating system]] denotes media, such as movies, that are intended for a restricted audience.

==Related characters==
<!-- Please only list symbols that are actually related to the letter that is the topic of this article. -->

===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet===
* R with [[diacritic]]s: [[Ŕ|Ŕ ŕ]] [[R with stroke|Ɍ ɍ]] [[Ř|Ř ř]] [[Cedilla|Ŗ ŗ]] [[Dot (diacritic)|Ṙ ṙ]] [[Double grave accent|Ȑ ȑ]] [[Ȓ|Ȓ ȓ]] [[Ṛ|Ṛ ṛ]] [[Ṝ|Ṝ ṝ]] [[Ṟ|Ṟ ṟ]] [[Ꞧ|Ꞧ ꞧ]] [[R with tail|Ɽ ɽ]] [[R̃|R̃ r̃]] [[ᵲ]]<ref name="L203174">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf|title=L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS|date=2003-09-30|first=Peter|last=Constable|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2017-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011013938/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ꭨ]]<ref name="l219075">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19075r-n5036-scots-phonetics.pdf|title=L2/19-075R: Proposal to add six phonetic characters for Scots to the UCS|date=2019-05-05|first=Michael|last=Everson|access-date=2020-03-17|archive-date=2019-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613190054/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19075r-n5036-scots-phonetics.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ᵳ]]<ref name="L203174"/> [[ᶉ]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf|title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19|first=Peter|last=Constable|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2017-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014355/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]-specific symbols related to R: {{nounderlines|[[voiced retroflex lateral flap|𝼈]]}}<ref name="L220125">{{Cite web|title=L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20125r-ipa-retroflex.pdf|date=2020-07-11|first=Kirk|last=Miller}}</ref><ref name="L221021">{{Cite web|title=L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21021-consolidated-ipa.pdf|date=2020-12-07|first=Deborah|last=Anderson}}</ref> {{IPA link|ɹ}} {{IPA link|ɺ}} {{IPA link|ɾ}} {{IPA link|ɻ}} {{IPA link|ɽ}} {{IPA link|ʀ}} {{IPA link|ʁ}} [[ʶ]] [[R-colored vowel|˞ ʴ]]
* [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Superscript IPA|IPA superscript letters]]:<ref name="L220252">{{Cite web|title=L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf|date=2020-11-08|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Michael|last2=Ashby}}</ref> 𐞦 𐞧 𐞨 𐞩 𐞪
* [[Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet]]: ɼ ɿ
* [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]]-specific symbols related to R:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf|title=L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS|date=2002-03-20|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|author-link1=Michael Everson|display-authors=etal|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2018-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219081033/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
** {{Unichar|1D19|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL REVERSED R}}
** {{Unichar|1D1A|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED R}}
** {{Unichar|1D3F|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL R}}
** {{Unichar|1D63|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER R}}
* [[Teuthonista]] phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to R:<ref name="Teuthonista">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf|title=L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS|date=2011-06-02|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Alois|last2=Dicklberger|first3=Karl|last3=Pentzlin|first4=Eveline|last4=Wandl-Vogt|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2017-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011012426/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
** {{Unichar|AB45|LATIN SMALL LETTER STIRRUP R}}
** {{Unichar|AB46|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R WITH RIGHT LEG}}
* ''[[Anthropos phonetic alphabet|Anthropos]]'' phonetic transcription:<ref name="Teuthonista"/>
** {{Unichar|AB48|LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R}}
** {{Unichar|AB49|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CROSSED-TAIL}}
** {{Unichar|AB4A|LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R WITH CROSSED-TAIL}}
* Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription:<ref name="Teuthonista"/>
** {{Unichar|AB47|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITHOUT HANDLE}}
** {{Unichar|AB4B|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R}}
** {{Unichar|AB4C|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING}}
* 𝼨 – {{angbr|R}} with mid-height left hook was used by the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]] in the early 20th century for [[romanization]] of the [[Malayalam]] language.<ref name="L221156">{{Cite web|title=L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf|date=2021-07-16|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Neil|last2=Rees}}</ref>
* ⱹ – A turned {{angbr|r}} with a tail is used in the [[Swedish Dialect Alphabet]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf|title=L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS|date=2006-01-26|first1=Therese|last1=Lemonen|first2=Klaas|last2=Ruppel|first3=Erkki I.|last3=Kolehmainen|first4=Caroline|last4=Sandström|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2017-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706090306/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: 𝼕<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> 𝼖<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> {{not a typo|[[ʳ]] [[ʵ]]}}

===Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet===
* Ꝛ ꝛ – ''[[R rotunda]]''
* Ꞃ ꞃ – ''Insular r'' ([[Gaelic type]])
* ᫍ  – Combining ''Insular r'', as used in the ''[[Ormulum]]''<ref name="L220268">{{Cite web|title=L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf|date=2020-10-05|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Andrew|last2=West}}</ref>

===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets===
* 𐤓  – [[Phoenician alphabet|Semitic]] letter [[Resh]], from which the following letters derive:
** Ρ ρ – [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[Rho (letter)|Rho]], from which the following letters derive:
*** 𐌓 – [[Old Italic script|Old Italic]] letter R, the ancestor of modern Latin {{angbr|R}}
**** ᚱ – [[Runes|Runic]] letter [[Raido]]
*** Р р – [[Cyrillic]] letter [[Er (Cyrillic)|Er]]
*** 𐍂 – [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] letter [[Reda (letter)|Reda]]

=== Abbreviations, signs and symbols ===
* ℟ – symbol for [[Response (liturgy)|response]] in liturgy
* {{not a typo|℞}} – [[Medical prescription]]
* ® – [[Registered trademark symbol]]
* ₹ – [[Indian rupee sign]]

==Other representations==
===Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span>===
* {{unichar| 0052 }}
* {{unichar| 0072 }}
* {{unichar| FF32 |nlink=Half-width and full-width forms}}
* {{unichar| FF52}}

There are many [[precomposed character]] forms of the letter with various [[diacritic]]s.

===Other===
{{Letter other reps
|NATO=Romeo
|Morse=·–·
|Character=R
|Braille=⠗
|fingerspelling=R
}}
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Guttural R]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons-inline|R}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|R}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|r}}

{{LetterR}}
{{Latin alphabet|R|}}

[[Category:ISO basic Latin letters]]