View source for Quercus fusiformis

{{Short description|Species of oak tree}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Escarpment live oak
| image = Matrimonial Oak San Saba County Texas.jpg
| image_caption = Matrimonial oak near San Saba, Texas
| genus = Quercus
| parent = Quercus sect. Virentes
| display_parents = 3
| species = fusiformis
| authority = [[John Kunkel Small|Small]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{ThePlantList |id=kew-172837 |taxon=Quercus fusiformis |authority=Small}}</ref>
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
  |''Quercus oleoides'' var. ''quaterna'' <small>C.H.Mull.</small>
  |''Quercus virginiana'' var. ''fusiformis'' <small>(Small) Sarg.</small>
  |''Quercus virginiana'' subsp. ''fusiformis'' <small>(Small) A.E.Murray</small> 
  |''Quercus virginiana'' var. ''macrophylla'' <small>Sarg.</small>
  |''Quercus virginiana'' f. ''macrophylla'' <small>(Sarg.) Trel.</small>
  }}
}}

'''''Quercus fusiformis''''' (also often referred to as ''Q.&nbsp;virginiana'' var. ''fusiformis''), commonly known as '''escarpment live oak''', '''plateau live oak''', '''plateau oak''', or '''Texas live oak,''' is an evergreen or nearly evergreen [[tree]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://texasforestinfo.tamu.edu/BigTreeRegistry/Lists|title = Texas Big Tree Registry}}</ref> Its native range includes the [[Quartz Mountains]] and [[Wichita Mountains]] in [[southwestern Oklahoma]],<ref name="Oklahoma">{{cite web |url=http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/shrub/qufu.htm |title=Quercus fusiformis |author=Bruce Hoagland |work=Oklahoma Biological Survey |access-date=October 10, 2012}}</ref> through Texas, to the Mexican states of [[Coahuila]], [[Tamaulipas]], and [[Nuevo León]].<ref>{{BONAP |genus=Quercus |species=fusiformis |date=2014}}</ref><ref name=v>{{eFloras|1|233501031|Quercus fusiformis |first=Kevin C. |last=Nixon |volume=3}}</ref>

''Quercus fusiformis'' is an evergreen tree in the southern live oaks section of the genus ''[[Oak|Quercus]]'' ([[Quercus sect. Virentes|section ''Virentes'']]).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Denk |first1=Thomas |last2=Grimm |first2=Guido W. |last3=Manos |first3=Paul S. |last4=Deng |first4=Min |last5=Hipp |first5=Andrew L. |date=2017 |title=Appendix 2.1: An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks |website=figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.5547622.v1 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Appendix_2_1_________An_updated_infrageneric_classification_of_the_oaks/5547622/1 |access-date=2023-02-18 |format=xls |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> It is distinguished from ''[[Quercus virginiana]]'' (southern live oak) most easily by the [[acorn]]s, which are slightly larger and with a more pointed apex. It is also a smaller tree, not exceeding {{convert|40|in|m|abbr=off|order=flip|sigfig=1}} in trunk diameter{{Snd}}compared to 2.5 m (75 in) in diameter in southern live oak{{Snd}}with more erect branching and a less wide crown.<ref name=v/> Like ''Q.&nbsp;virginiana'', its magnificent, stately form and unparalleled longevity has endeared it to generations of residents throughout its native range. Its low hanging branches are a favorite for local children to climb and play in.

Escarpment live oak is typically found on dry sites, unlike southern live oak, which prefers moister conditions. The tree, especially the [[Quartz Mountains]] variety, is generally accepted to be the hardiest evergreen oak, able to withstand very cold winters with minimal leaf burn in areas as cold as [[Hardiness zone|USDA zone 6a]]. For this reason the tree has become popular within the landscape industry for its beauty, ability to endure urban conditions, and general hardiness. It is prevalently used for these purposes in Texas and southern Oklahoma but use is becoming more widespread in the Western''&nbsp;''US.

The largest recorded individual tree of ''Q.&nbsp;fusiformis'' in the state of Texas is found in [[Bosque County]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Texas Big Tree Registry|url=http://texasforestinfo.tamu.edu/BigTreeRegistry/Lists|access-date=2021-04-26|website=texasforestinfo.tamu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-17|title=Texas live Oak (Quercus fusiformis)|url=https://www.americanforests.org/big-trees/texas-live-oak-quercus-fusiformis/|access-date=2021-04-26|website=American Forests|language=en-US}}</ref> (not to be confused with the "Election Oak" or Bosque County Oak). It has a circumference of {{convert|342|in|cm|order=flip}}, which is actually larger than the largest recorded ''Q.&nbsp;virginiana'' in the state, listed at {{convert|338|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons-inline}}
*[http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/ornamentals/natives/quercusfusiformis.htm Texas Native Plants Database, Texas A&M University: ''Quercus fusiformis''] — ''horticultural/ornamental tree description''.
*{{NPIN|QUFU |link=1}}
*[http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100022029 photo of herbarium specimen collected in Nuevo León in 2003]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3009781}}

[[Category:Quercus|fusiformis]]
[[Category:Flora of the Great Plains (North America)]]
[[Category:Trees of Northern America]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1901]]
[[Category:Flora of the Sierra Madre Oriental]]


{{Quercus-stub}}