View source for Qualla Boundary

{{short description|Land held in trust for the Cherokee of North Carolina}}
{{Use American English|date = September 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = September 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name                    = Qualla Boundary
|native_name             = 
|native_name_lang        = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
|settlement_type         = [[Indian reservation|Indian reserve]]
|named_for               = Old woman
|image_skyline           = File:Cherokee Indian Reservation sign, NC.jpg
|imagesize               = 
|image_alt               = "Welcome Cherokee Indian Reservation" sign
|image_caption           = "Welcome Cherokee Indian Reservation" sign
|image_map               = 0990R Eastern Cherokee Reservation Locator Map.svg
|map_alt                 = Map of the Qualla Boundary
|map_caption             = 
|pushpin_map             = 
|pushpin_map_alt         = 
|pushpin_map_caption     = 
|pushpin_label_position  = 
|coordinates             = <!-- {{coord|latitude|longitude|type:city|display=inline,title}} -->
|coor_pinpoint           = 
|coordinates_footnotes   = 
|subdivision_type        = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name        = {{flag|United States}}
|subdivision_type1       = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1       = {{flag|North Carolina}}
|subdivision_type2       = [[County (United States)|Counties]]
|subdivision_name2       = [[Cherokee County, North Carolina|Cherokee]], [[Graham County, North Carolina|Graham]], [[Haywood County, North Carolina|Haywood]], [[Jackson County, North Carolina|Jackson]], [[Swain County, North Carolina|Swain]]
|established_title       = Established
|established_date        = 1876<ref name=Qualla>{{cite web |last=Hill |first=Michael |date=2006 |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/qualla-boundary |title= Qualla Boundary |publisher=[[State Library of North Carolina]] |access-date=August 1, 2021|quote=Map of the Qualla Indian Reserve (Boundary) N.C.}}</ref>
|established_title1      = Added to Trust
|established_date1       = 1924<ref name=Trust>{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=William L. |last2=Wetmore |first2=Ruth Y. |date=2006 |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/cherokee/rights |title= Cherokee Indians - Part 6: Federal recognition and the fight for Cherokee Rights |publisher=State Library of North Carolina |access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref>
|founder                 = 
|seat_type               = Government<!-- Using to link another article that details the governing body. -->
|seat                    = [[Eastern Band of Cherokee&nbsp;Indians]]
<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->
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|timezone1               = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset1             = −5
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|utc_offset1_DST         = −4
|postal_code_type        = 
|postal_code             = 
|area_code_type          = 
|area_code               = [[Area code 828|828]]
|area_codes              = <!-- for multiple area codes -->
|iso_code                = 
|blank_name               = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank_info               = 1018039<ref>{{gnis|1018039|Eastern Cherokee Reserve}}</ref>
|website                 = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
|footnotes               = 
}}
The '''Qualla Boundary''' or '''The Qualla''' is territory held as a [[land trust]] by the United States government for the federally recognized [[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians]] (EBCI), who reside in [[Western North Carolina]]. The area is part of the large historic Cherokee territory in the Southeast, which extended into eastern Tennessee, western South Carolina, northern Georgia, and Alabama. Currently, the largest contiguous portion of the Qualla lies in [[Haywood County, North Carolina|Haywood]], [[Swain County, North Carolina|Swain]], and [[Jackson County, North Carolina|Jackson]] counties and is centered on the community of [[Cherokee, North Carolina|Cherokee]], which serves as the tribal capital of the EBCI. Smaller, non-contiguous parcels also lie in [[Graham County, North Carolina|Graham]] and [[Cherokee County, North Carolina|Cherokee]] counties, near the communities of [[Snowbird Mountain Lodge|Snowbird]] and [[Murphy, North Carolina|Murphy]], respectively.

The tribe purchased this land in the 1870s, and it was subsequently placed under federal protective trust; it is not a reservation created by the government.<ref name=qualla1>{{cite web|title=History & Culture|url=http://nc-cherokee.com/historyculture/|website=Eastern Band of Cherokee|access-date=April 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415191656/http://nc-cherokee.com/historyculture/|archive-date=April 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Qualla/> Individuals can buy, own, and sell the land, provided they are enrolled members of EBCI tribe.

==Etymology==
Qualla comes from the Cherokee word {{lang|chr-Latn|kwalli}} ('old woman'). It refers to Polly, an elder Cherokee woman who  lived in the area.<ref name=Qualla/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ncpedia.org/gazetteer/search/qualla/0 |title=North Carolina Gazetteer - Qualla |publisher=State Library of North Carolina |access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sherpaguides.com/north_carolina/mountains/nantahala_mountains/qualla_boundary.html |title=Qualla Boundary of the Eastern Band of the Cherokee |publisher=Sherpa Guides |access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref>

==Location==
The Qualla Boundary is located at {{coord|35|30|N|83|16|W|region:US-NC_dim:30000|display=inline,title}}. The main part of the Qualla Boundary lies in eastern [[Swain County, North Carolina|Swain]] and northern [[Jackson County, North Carolina|Jackson]] counties (just south of [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]]). A small portion of the main trust lands extends eastward into [[Haywood County, North Carolina|Haywood County]]. The trust lands include many smaller non-contiguous sections to the southwest in Marble, Hiwassee, and Hanging Dog areas of [[Cherokee County, North Carolina|Cherokee County]], and the Snowbird community in [[Graham County, North Carolina|Graham County]]. The total land area of these regions is 213.934&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (82.6 sq mi), with a [[2000 United States census|2000 census]] resident population of 8,092 people.

==History==
[[Image:Qualla Indian Reservation (NC).jpg|thumb|right|upright|"Qualla Indian Reservation" sign in North Carolina; text of 1975 sign included in article]]
The [[Cherokee]] and their ancestors have long occupied the area, having migrated there centuries before Europeans arrived. During their colonial expansion west, European settlers sometimes came into conflict with the Cherokee, whose territory extended into present-day Tennessee and northern Georgia. After the late 18th century and warfare with American settlers during and after the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], many of the Cherokee moved farther south along the [[Tennessee River]], into Georgia and westward into Alabama, establishing at least eleven new towns {{Citation needed |date=May 2021}}.

[[File:Map of the Qualla Indian Reserve Boundary NC.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Map of the Qualla Indian Reserve (circa 1890)]]
[[Image:Qualla Arts and Crafts, Cherokee, NC IMG 4892.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Qualla Arts and Crafts Center in [[Cherokee, North Carolina]]]]
The Cherokee were forcibly removed in the late 1830s from much of this area, especially the [[Black Belt in the American South|Black Belt]] in Georgia and Alabama, under federal authority as authorized by Congress in the 1830 [[Indian Removal Act]]. They were relocated to [[Indian Territory]] west of the Mississippi River, in what is the present-day state of Oklahoma.

During the winter of 1838 and early the spring of 1839, the U.S. Federal Government relocated approximately 11,000 Cherokee from their homeland in North Carolina, in what is known as the [[Trail of Tears]]. Some of the Cherokee were able to evade the initial removal and hide in the [[Great Smoky Mountains]], some were free to stay on their lands because of earlier treaties, but the majority of the Cherokee people were removed from the land. This was when the main struggle for land at what became the Qualla Boundary began.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NCGenWeb Project {{!}} North Carolina Genealogy Resources|url=https://www.ncgenweb.us/|language=en-US|access-date=May 1, 2020 }}</ref>

The Qualla Boundary was first surveyed in 1876 by M. S. Temple under the auspices of the United States Land Office. These pieces were embodied in a map published as the ''Map of the Qualla Indian reserve''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=cdm/ref/collection/ncmaps&CISOPTR=/id/1055 |title=Map of the Qualla Indian Reserve (Boundary) N.C. :: North Carolina Maps|website=dc.lib.unc.edu}}</ref> The Qualla Boundary is a [[land trust]] supervised by the United States [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]]. The land is a fragment of the extensive historical homeland of the Cherokee in the region and was considered part of the [[Cherokee Nation (19th century)|Cherokee Nation]] during the 19th century, prior to certain treaties and Indian Removal in the 1830s. [[William Holland Thomas]] had lived and worked among the Cherokee people for a good portion of his life. He had a knowledge of their traditions and language and was close friends with some members of the tribe. The Cherokee valued and respected Thomas; he had studied law and was adopted into the tribe and named as successor by its hereditary chief. He is the only European American to have served as chief in their history.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Anne|date=1997|title=Culture, History, and Development on the Qualla Boundary|journal=Appalachian Journal and Appalachian State University|volume=24}}</ref>

Thomas purchased lands around the [[Oconaluftee River]] for the tribe, the total area adding up to around 50,000 acres; the purchased lands are a large part of what makes up the Boundary today. The Cherokee organized and formed a corporation in 1870 to be able to purchase and hold additional lands.<ref name="qualla1" /> The Cherokee who gained the ability to live in North Carolina were considered to be an independent band from the Cherokee Nation living in Oklahoma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Criminal Jurisdiction on the Qualla Boundary|url=https://nccriminallaw.sog.unc.edu/|last=Denning|first=Shea|date=July 10, 2019|website=NC Criminal Law Blog {{!}} UNC Chapel Hill School of Government|language=en-US|access-date=March 31, 2020 }}</ref>

In the 1930s, the federal government requested the tribe to cede land for the construction of a new motorway, called the [[Blue Ridge Parkway]], that would cut through the Qualla Boundary to end at the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.<ref name="Mitchell">{{cite journal |last1 = Mitchell |first1 = Anne V. |title = Culture, History, and Development on the Qualla Boundary |journal = Appalachian Journal |date = Winter 1997 |volume = 24 |issue = 2 |pages = 144–191 |jstor = 40933835 }}</ref> The tribe resisted the federal government, which initially wanted the land for free. In 1939, the tribe and the federal government reached an agreement and signed a pact for right-of-way acquisition; in return the federal government would make a $40,000 payment for the tribe's land, require the state to build a regular highway through the Soco Valley ([[U.S. Route 19 in North Carolina|US&nbsp;19]]), and transfer two other parcels to the tribe, known as the Boundary Tree tract (north of [[U.S. Route 441 in North Carolina|US&nbsp;441]], near the national park entrance) and [[Ravensford Site|Ravensford tract]] (east of the Oconaluftee River and Raven Fork confluence).<ref name="Mitchell" /><ref>{{cite book |last1= French |first1= Laurence |last2= Hornbuckle |first2= Jim |date= 1981 |title= The Cherokee Perspective: Written by Eastern Cherokees |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED211242.pdf |location= Boone, NC |publisher= Appalachian Coinsortium Press |page= 29 }}</ref><ref name="Ravensford">{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |url=https://smokymountainnews.com/archives/item/1555-parkway-right-of-way-battle-hard-fought-through-cherokee |title=Parkway right-of-way battle hard-fought through Cherokee |date=November 18, 2009 |newspaper=Smoky Mountain News |location=Waynesville, NC |access-date=November 23, 2023 }}</ref> Two years later, the U.S. Congress decided not to give the tribe the Ravensford tract as stated in the pact. In 2003, the tribe negotiated a land swap with the federal government; this involved the tribe buying {{convert|218|acres}} near [[Waterrock Knob]] then trading it for the Ravensford tract. In 2009, [[Cherokee Central Schools]] opened a $140 million school campus on the Ravensford tract.<ref name="Ravensford" />

==Government and law==
{{further|Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians|}}
The tribal community functions like most municipalities, operating schools, law enforcement, and rescue services, in addition to their own hospital and gaming casino, known as [[Harrah's Cherokee]]. They have opened a second location of the casino on their land in [[Murphy, North Carolina]]. The tribe has operated a court system since 1987.

[[Indian tribal police|Tribal police]] have exclusive police jurisdiction on Indian lands. The [[FBI]] and other federal agencies have jurisdiction to handle certain major federal criminal offenses. [[North Carolina State Highway Patrol|N.C. State Highway Patrol]], motor vehicle inspectors, wildlife officers, state alcohol agents, [[State bureau of investigation|SBI]] agents, and other state peace officers assigned to counties that overlap with the Qualla Boundary can be called to assist tribal law enforcement officers, and can be commissioned as "special officers" of the [[United States Department of the Interior|Department of the Interior]] to assist in federal investigations. Non-tribal members charged with a crime in Qualla Boundary are referred to county courts.

=== Administrative divisions ===
The Qualla Boundary is divided into seven communities, which are similar to [[Township (United States)|townships]].<ref name=Eastern_Cherokee>{{cite map |author=US Census Bureau, Geography Division |date=June 14, 2021 |title=Eastern Cherokee Reservation (0990) |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/TribalTract/r0990_eastern_cherokee/DC20TT_FR0990.pdf |format=PDF |edition=2020 Census |location=Suitland, MD |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Map of Qualla Boundary with subdivisions.jpg|thumb|right|US Census map of Qualla Boundary with subdivisions]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Community
!Overlapping [[North Carolina]] [[List of counties in North Carolina|counties]]
|-
! Big Cove<ref>{{cite map |author=US Census Bureau, Geography Division |date=April 20, 2021 |title=Big Cove Community (050) |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st99_aiannh/tribalsub/ts0990050_big_cove/DC20BLK_TS0990050.pdf |format=PDF |edition=2020 Census |location=Suitland, MD |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref>
| [[Swain County, North Carolina|Swain County]]
|-
! Birdtown<ref>{{cite map |author=US Census Bureau, Geography Division |date=April 20, 2021 |title=Birdtown Community (065) |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st99_aiannh/tribalsub/ts0990065_birdtown/DC20BLK_TS0990065.pdf |format=PDF |edition=2020 Census |location=Suitland, MD |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref>
| [[Jackson County, North Carolina|Jackson County]], Swain County
|-
! Cherokee County<ref>{{cite map |author=US Census Bureau, Geography Division |date=April 20, 2021 |title=Cherokee County Community (120) |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st99_aiannh/tribalsub/ts0990120_cherokee_county/DC20BLK_TS0990120.pdf |format=PDF |edition=2020 Census |location=Suitland, MD |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref>
| [[Cherokee County, North Carolina|Cherokee County]]
|-
! Painttown<ref>{{cite map |author=US Census Bureau, Geography Division |date=April 20, 2021 |title=Painttown Community (600) |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st99_aiannh/tribalsub/ts0990600_painttown/DC20BLK_TS0990600.pdf |format=PDF |edition=2020 Census |location=Suitland, MD |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref>
| Jackson County
|-
! Snowbird<ref>{{cite map |author=US Census Bureau, Geography Division |date=April 20, 2021 |title=Snowbird Community (750) |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st99_aiannh/tribalsub/ts0990750_snowbird/DC20BLK_TS0990750.pdf |format=PDF |edition=2020 Census |location=Suitland, MD |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref>
| [[Graham County, North Carolina|Graham County]]
|-
! Wolftown<ref>{{cite map |author=US Census Bureau, Geography Division |date=April 20, 2021 |title=Wolftown Community (850) |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st99_aiannh/tribalsub/ts0990850_wolftown/DC20BLK_TS0990850.pdf |format=PDF |edition=2020 Census |location=Suitland, MD |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref>
| [[Haywood County, North Carolina|Haywood County]], Jackson County, Swain County
|-
! Yellowhill<ref>{{cite map |author=US Census Bureau, Geography Division |date=April 20, 2021 |title=Yellowhill Community (880) |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st99_aiannh/tribalsub/ts0990880_yellowhill/DC20BLK_TS0990880.pdf |format=PDF |edition=2020 Census |location=Suitland, MD |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref>
| Swain County
|}

There are no municipalities, instead each community elects two representatives to the tribal council; except for Cherokee County and Snowbird, which share two representatives to the tribal council.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://visitcherokeenc.com/eastern-band-of-the-cherokee/ |title=The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians - Cherokee, NC |publisher=[[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians]] |access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref> Cherokee, a [[census-designated place]], overlaps most of Painttown and Yellowhill, with a small portion also in Wolftown.<ref name=Eastern_Cherokee/>

==Education==
{{also|Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians Educational Policies}}
From 1890 to 1954, the U.S. Indian Service (later renamed the Bureau of Indian Affairs) operated the Cherokee Boarding Schools in Cherokee. It replaced these with elementary day schools, located closer to students' homes in Big Cove, Soco, Birdtown, and Snowbird. In 1962 all elementary day schools were consolidated into Central Elementary School in Cherokee. 

In 1975, [[Cherokee High School (North Carolina)|Cherokee High School]] was opened with grades seven through twelve. In 1990 Cherokee Central Schools became a tribally operated school district, under a grant from the Bureau of Indian Affairs, with students assigned from Big Cove, Birdtown, Painttown, Wolftown, and Yellowhill communities.<ref name=History_CCS>{{cite web |url=https://www.ccs-nc.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=373900&type=d&pREC_ID=851868 |title=History of Cherokee Central Schools |publisher=Cherokee Central Schools |access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref><ref name=SwainSDmap>{{cite map |author=US Census Bureau, Geography Division |date=January 8, 2021 |title=2020 Census - School District Reference Map: Swain County, NC |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st37_nc/schooldistrict_maps/c37173_swain/DC20SD_C37173.pdf |format=PDF |edition=2020 Census |location=Suitland, MD |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=July 18, 2021}}</ref><ref name=JacksonSDmap>{{cite map |author=US Census Bureau, Geography Division |date=January 8, 2021 |title=2020 Census - School District Reference Map: Jackson County, NC |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st37_nc/schooldistrict_maps/c37099_jackson/DC20SD_C37099.pdf |format=PDF |edition=2020 Census |location=Suitland, MD |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=July 18, 2021}}</ref> In 1996, the school district established the Kituwah curriculum for kindergarten through sixth grade, which incorporates the [[Cherokee language]].<ref name="History_CCS" /> Prior to this, the schools operated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs allowed only English to be used.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parris|first=John|title=Boys Club provides independence|newspaper=[[Asheville Citizen-Times]]|location=[[Asheville, North Carolina]]|date=1996-10-30|page=B1}} - [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/81782820/for-cherokee-central-schools/ Clipping] from [[Newspapers.com]].</ref> In 2004, the EBCI established the [[New Kituwah Academy]], a [[private school|private]] bilingual Cherokee-English language [[immersion school]] for Cherokee students in kindergarten through sixth grade, located in the Yellowhill community.<ref>{{cite web |title=KPEP and Kituwah |url=https://ebci.com/services/departments/department-of-education/kpep-and-kituwah/ |website=Eastern Band of Cherokee |access-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref>

In 1975 [[Western Carolina University]] opened its Cherokee Center in cooperation with the EBCI, which is the headquarters for outreach and involvement between residents in the Qualla Boundary and outside surrounding communities. It provides services including application process, transcript request, scholarships, internships placement, high school recruitment, as well as college level courses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wcu.edu/engage/cherokee-center/index.aspx |title=Cherokee Center |publisher=[[Western Carolina University]] |access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref> The Cherokee Center is supported by an advisory board composed of representatives from the EBCI and Western Carolina University.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wcu.edu/engage/cherokee-center/advisory-board.aspx |title=Cherokee Center Advisory Board |publisher=Western Carolina University |access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref>

==Representation in media==
In the mid-1950s, much of [[Disney]]'s five-part television series, ''[[Davy Crockett (TV miniseries)|Davy Crockett]]'' (starring [[Fess Parker]]), was filmed here.

==See also==
* [[Cherokee Preservation Foundation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070301090130/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-context=dt&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-CHECK_SEARCH_RESULTS=N&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_P001&-tree_id=4001&-transpose=N&-redoLog=true&-all_geo_types=N&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=25000US0990&-geo_id=NBSP&-search_results=25000US0990&-format=&-_lang=en&-show_geoid=Y "Eastern Cherokee Reservation, North Carolina"], United States Census Bureau
*"Indians, Eastern Band of Cherokees of North Carolina," by Thomas Donaldson, 1892, 11th Census of the United States, Robert P. Porter, Superintendent, US Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Published online at [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/northcarolina/cherokee/eastern_band_cherokees_north_carolina.htm Eastern Band of Cherokees of North Carolina], Access Genealogy. Retrieved on 2009-01-08

==External links==
{{Commons category|Qualla Boundary}}
*[http://www.visitcherokeenc.com/#home Visit Cherokee, NC]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120119115031/http://nc-cherokee.com/ Eastern Band of Cherokee]

{{Cherokee}}
{{Cherokee County, North Carolina}}
{{Graham County, North Carolina}}
{{Haywood County, North Carolina}}
{{Jackson County, North Carolina}}
{{Swain County, North Carolina}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qualla Boundary}}
[[Category:Geography of North Carolina]]
[[Category:Blue Ridge National Heritage Area]]
[[Category:American Indian reservations in North Carolina]]
[[Category:Qualla Boundary| ]]
[[Category:Surveying of the United States]]