View source for Qingyuan Circuit

{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = 清源軍<br>平海軍
|conventional_long_name = Qingyuan Circuit<br>Pinghai Circuit
|common_name = 
|era = [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]]
|event_pre = Quan Prefecture gained ''de facto'' independence from [[Southern Tang]]
|date_pre = 947
|year_start = 949
|date_start = 
|event_start = [[Liu Congxiao]] controlled all of [[Minnan region|South Fujian]]
|date_event1 = December 949 or January 950
|event1 = Southern Tang established Qingyuan Circuit
|date_event2 = 9 March 964
|event2 = [[Northern Song]] established Pinghai Circuit
|date_event3 = 
|event3 = 
|date_event4 = 
|event4 = 
|event_end = [[Chen Hongjin]] surrendered to Northern Song
|year_end = 978
|date_end =  3 June
|event_post = 
|date_post = 
|population_estimate = 800,000<ref>《福建历代人口论考》，陈景盛，福建人民出版社，1991年8月</ref>
|population_estimate_year = 978
|area_km2 = 36,000
|p1 = Southern Tang
|flag_p1 = 
|s1 = Northern Song
|flag_s1 = 
|s2 = 
|flag_s2 = 
|image_map = File:Map of Fujian, 957 Eng.png
|image_map_caption = Situation of [[Fujian]] in 957
|national_motto = 
|national_anthem =
|capital = [[Quanzhou|Quan Prefecture]] (Quanzhou)
|common_languages = [[Middle Chinese]]<br>[[Min Chinese|Medieval Min]]
|religion = 
|stat_pop1 = 
|status = ''[[De facto]]'' independent entity<br><small> ''[[De jure]]'' [[Fanzhen]] of [[Southern Tang]] (949 - 975)</small><br><small>''De jure'' Fanzhen of [[Northern Song]] (960 - 978)</small>
|government_type = 
|title_leader = [[Jiedushi]]
|leader1 = [[Liu Congxiao]] (Prince of Jinjiang)
|year_leader1 = 949 - 962
|leader2 = [[Liu Shaozi]] ({{ill|Liuhou|zh|留后}}, namely acting Jiedushi)
|year_leader2 = 962
|leader3 = [[Zhang Hansi]] (Liuhou)
|year_leader3 = 962 - 963
|leader4 = [[Chen Hongjin]]
|year_leader4 = 963 - 978
|title_deputy = 
|deputy1 = 
|year_deputy1 = 
|deputy2 = 
|year_deputy2 = 
|legislature = 
|currency = [[Tangguo Tongbao]]<br>[[Kaiyuan Tongbao]]<br>[[Zhouyuan Tongbao]]
|today = {{flag|PRC}}<br />
{{flag|ROC}}
}}
{{Short description|Administrative division in 10th-century China}}
'''Qingyuan Circuit''' ({{zh|t=清源軍}}) was a ''[[de facto]]'' independent entity and [[Circuit (administrative division)|circuit]] late in China's [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period]], renamed to '''Pinghai Circuit''' ({{lang|zh|平海軍}}) in 964. It was an office created in 949 by [[Southern Tang]]'s second emperor [[Li Jing (Southern Tang)|Li Jing]] for the warlord [[Liu Congxiao]], who nominally submitted to him but virtually controlled Quan Prefecture (泉州, comprising modern [[Quanzhou]], [[Xiamen]] and [[Putian]]) and Zhang Prefecture (漳州, comprising modern [[Zhangzhou]], [[Xinluo District|Xinluo]] and [[Zhangping]]). [[Prefectures of China|Prefectures]] in ''de facto'' independence from the Southern Tang state.<ref name="ZZTJ288">''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷288|vol. 288]].</ref>  (Zhang Prefecture was, at times during the circuit's existence, also known as Nan Prefecture ({{lang|zh|南州)}}.<ref name="HS483">''[[History of Song (Yuan dynasty)|History of Song]]'', [[:zh:s:宋史/卷483|vol. 483]].</ref>  Starting in 960, in addition to being nominally submissive to Southern Tang, the Qingyuan Circuit was also nominally submissive to the [[Song dynasty|Song]], which had itself become Southern Tang's nominal suzerain.<ref name="XZZTJ1">''[[Xu Zizhi Tongjian]]'', [[:zh:s:續資治通鑑/卷001|vol. 1]].</ref>

After demise of Congxiao, the circuit was briefly ruled by his biological nephew/adoptive son [[Liu Shaozi]], who was then overthrown by the officers [[Zhang Hansi]] and [[Chen Hongjin]].  Zhang then ruled the circuit briefly, before Chen deposed him and took over.<ref name=HS483/>  In 978, with Song's determination to unify China proper without the pre-ceded [[Sixteen Prefectures|sixteen prefectures]] in full order, Chen decided that he could not stay ''de facto'' independent, and offered the control of the circuit to Song's [[Emperor Taizong of Song|Emperor Taizong]], ending the circuit as a ''de facto'' independent entity.<ref name=XZZTJ9>''Xu Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:續資治通鑑/卷009|vol. 9]].</ref>[[File:Later Zhou.png|thumb|320px|Map showing the location of Qingyuan Circuit in the late Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period|left]][[File:Conquest of Song Dynasty.png|thumb|left|Map showing the location of Qingyuan Circuit in the early Northern Song Dynasty]]

{{Clear|left}}

== Rulers ==
* [[Liu Congxiao]] 949–962 (in control of Quan Prefecture since 946, in ''de facto'' independence since 947)
* [[Liu Shaozi]] 962
* [[Zhang Hansi]] 962–963
* [[Chen Hongjin]] 963–978

== See also ==
* [[Min (Ten Kingdoms)]]
* [[Fujian Circuit]]

== Notes and references ==
<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Tang/shiguo.html A universal guide for China studies from ''Chinaknowledge'']

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Qingyuan, Jiedushi}}
[[Category:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]]
[[Category:Qingyuan jiedushi|*]]


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