View source for Qingdao

{{Short description|City in Shandong, China}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!--See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields that may be available-->
<!-- Basic info  ------->| name               = Qingdao
| official_name      = <!-- Official name in English if different from 'name' -->
| native_name        = 青岛市
| native_name_lang   = zh-Hans
| other_name         = Tsingtao
| settlement_type    = [[Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level]] and [[Sub-provincial city]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border           = infobox
| total_width      = 270
| image_style      =
| perrow           = 1/2/2
| image1           = 青岛浮山湾日景春.jpg
| caption1 = Skyline of Qingdao
| image2           = 51367-Qingdao_(xiquinhosilva)_-_Flickr.jpg
| caption2         = [[May Fourth Square]]
| image3           = 青岛八大关花石楼.jpg
| caption3         = [[Badaguan]]
| image4           = St_Michaels_Cathedral_West_Front.png
| caption4         = [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao|St. Michael's Cathedral]]
| image5           = Tsingdao_Brewery.jpg
| caption5         = [[Tsingtao Beer]] Museum
}}
| image_caption      = 
| image_blank_emblem = <!-- images and maps  ----------->
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=6|frame-lat=36.34|frame-long=120.36}}
| image_map1         = ChinaShandongQingdao.png
| mapsize1           = 
| map_caption1       = Location of Qingdao City jurisdiction in Shandong
| pushpin_map        = China#China Shandong Qingdao#China Shandong
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_mapsize    = 250
<!-- Location ------------------>| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the municipal government
| coor_pinpoint      = Qingdao municipal government
| coordinates        = {{Coord|36.0669|N|120.3827|E|format=dms|type:adm2nd_region:CN-SD-02_source:Gaode|display=it}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[China]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Province of China|Province]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Shandong]]
| established_title  = 
| established_date   = 
| established_title1 = [[Kiautschou Bay concession|Lease to Germany]]
| established_date1  = 6 March 1898
| established_title2 = [[World War I|Japanese occupation]]
| established_date2  = 7 November 1914
| established_title3 = [[Washington Naval Conference|Return to China]]
| established_date3  = 10 December 1922
| established_title4 = [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Japanese Occupation]]
| established_date4  = 10 January 1938
| established_title5 = [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|Return to China]]
| established_date5  = 15 August 1945
<!-- Area    --------------------->| seat_type          = Municipal seat
| seat               = 11, Xianggang Middle Rd, [[Shinan District]]
| parts_type         = 
| parts_style        = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format)
                               Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5-->
| parts              = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list -->
| government_type    = [[Sub-provincial division|Sub-provincial city]]
| governing_body     = [[Qingdao Municipal People's Congress]]
| leader_title       = [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Secretary]]
| leader_name        = Lu Zhiyuan
| leader_title1      = [[Qingdao Municipal People's Congress|Congress]] Chairman
| leader_name1       = Wang Luming
| leader_title2      = Mayor
| leader_name2       = Zhao Haozhi
| leader_title3      = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3       = Yang Jun
| total_type         = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->
| unit_pref          = <!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric-->
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_magnitude     = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink -->
| area_total_km2     = 11228.4 <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
| area_land_km2      = 11228.4 <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on unit conversion-->
| area_metro_km2     = 5171.4
<!-- Elevation -------------------------->| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
<!--
|elevation_m             =
|elevation_max_m         =
|elevation_min_m         = 0
-->| population_total   = 10,071,722
| population_as_of   = 2020 census
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/shandong/admin/|title=China: Shāndōng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto<!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto -->
| area_urban_km2     = 5171.4
| area_urban_footnotes = 
| population_urban   = 7172451
| population_urban_footnotes = 
| population_metro   = 7172451
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_note    = 
| demographics_type2 = GDP<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shandong Statistical Yearbook-2016|url=http://www.stats-sd.gov.cn/tjnj/nj2016/indexch.htm|website=www.stats-sd.gov.cn}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level]] and [[Sub-provincial city]]
| demographics2_info1 = [[Renminbi|CN¥]] 1.200&nbsp;trillion<br />[[US$]] 181.4&nbsp;billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 128,459<br />US$ 19,412
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| postal_code        = 266000
| area_code          = 0532
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-SD-02]]
| website            = {{URL|http://english.qingdao.gov.cn|qingdao.gov.cn}}
| footnotes          = 
| p2                 = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed-->
<!-- Politics ----------------->| timezone           = [[China standard time|China Standard]]
| utc_offset         = +8
| blank2_name        = [[License plates of the People's Republic of China|License Plate]] Prefix
| blank2_info        = {{lang|zh-cn|鲁B}} & {{lang|zh-cn|鲁U}}
| blank3_name        = [[Coastline]]
| blank3_info        = {{plainlist|
*  {{convert|862.64|km|abbr=on}}
* <small>(inclusive of offshore islands)</small>
* {{convert|730.64|km|abbr=on}}
* <small>(exclusive of islands)</small> }}
| blank4_name        = Major [[Nationalities of China|Nationalities]]
| blank4_info        = [[Han Chinese|Han]]: 99.86%
| blank5_name        = [[County-level division]]s
| blank5_info        = 10
| blank6_name        = 
| blank6_info        = 
| blank_emblem_type  = Official Logo of Qingdao
| blank7_name        = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank7_info        = [[Humid continental climate|Dwa]]/[[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]
| module             = {{Infobox place symbols| embedded=yes
 | tree = [[Cedrus]]
 | flower = [[Rosa chinensis|China rose]]<br>[[Camellia japonica|Camellia]]
 | bird =
 | flowering_tree =
 | butterfly =
 | fish =
 | other_symbols =
}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| order = st
| pic = Qingdao_(Chinese_characters).svg
| piccap = "Qingdao" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.45
| s = 青岛
| t = 青島
| p = Qīngdǎo
| bpmf = ㄑㄧㄥ ㄉㄠˇ
| gr = Chingdao
| w = Ch{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|ing1-tao3}}
| tp = Cingdǎo
| myr = Chīngdǎu
| mps = Chīngdǎu
| psp = Tsingtao
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|zh-Qingdao.ogg|q|ing|1|.|d|ao|3}}
| j = Cing¹ Dou²
| y = Chīng Dóu
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|c|ing|1|.|d|ou|2}}
| poj = Chheng-tó
| tl = Tsheng-tó
| l = "[[Qing (color)]] Island"
| lang1 = de
| lang1_content = Tsingtau
| c = 
| altname = 
}}

'''Qingdao'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|tʃ|ɪ|ŋ|ˈ|d|aʊ}} {{respell|ching|DOW}}, [[Comparison of Chinese transcription systems|traditionally romanized]] as '''Tsingtao'''; {{lang-zh|c=青岛|p=Qīngdǎo}}, <small>[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]:</small> {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|zh-Qingdao.ogg|q|ing|1|d|ao|3}}, (Qingdao Mandarin: t͡ɕʰiŋ˧˩ tɒ˥)}} is a [[prefecture]]-level city in the eastern [[Shandong]] [[Provinces of China|Province]] of [[China]]. Located on China's [[Yellow Sea]] coast, Qingdao was long an important fortress.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Elleman |first=Bruce |title=Wilson and China |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0765610515 |edition=1st}}</ref> In 1897, the city was ceded to Germany. For the Germans Qingdao (Tsingtau) was a strategic trade center, port and base for its [[East Asia Squadron]], allowing the German navy to project dominance in the Pacific.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stephenson |first=Charles |title=The Siege of Tsingdao |date=2017 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military}}</ref> In 1914, following the outbreak of [[World War I]], Japan occupied the city and the surrounding province during the [[Siege of Tsingtao]]. In 1915, China agreed to recognize Japan's special position in the territory through what became known as the [[Twenty-One Demands]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shandong question {{!}} Chinese Imperialism, Nationalism & Revolution {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Shandong-question |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> In 1918, the Chinese government, under the control of the warlord [[Duan Qirui]], secretly agreed to Japanese terms in exchange for a loan. Following the First World War, during the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]], Japan secured agreements with the Allied powers to recognize its claim to the areas in Shandong, which included Qingdao, previously occupied by Germany. In 1922, Shandong reverted to Chinese control following the United States' mediation during the [[Washington Naval Conference]].<ref name=":1" /> Today, Qingdao is a major nodal city of the [[Belt and Road Initiative]] (BRI) that connects Continental and East Asia with Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.qingdaochina.org/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=7&id=91 |script-title=zh:2017中国青岛青岛概况 - 中文 - 青岛之窗 - 让青岛走向世界，让世界了解青岛|website=www.qingdaochina.org|access-date=2019-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043353/http://www.qingdaochina.org/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=7&id=91|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It has the highest GDP of any city in the province.

Administered at the [[sub-provincial city|sub-provincial level]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |script-title=zh:中央机构编制委员会印发《关于副省级市若干问题的意见》的通知. 中编发[1995]5号 |publisher=豆丁网 |date=1995-02-19 |access-date=2014-05-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084536/http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |archive-date=29 May 2014 }}</ref> Qingdao has jurisdiction over seven districts and three county-level cities ([[Jiaozhou City|Jiaozhou]], [[Pingdu]], [[Laixi]]). As of the 2020 census, Qingdao built-up (or metro) area made of the seven urban districts ([[Shinan District|Shinan]], [[Shibei District|Shibei]], [[Huangdao District|Huangdao]], [[Laoshan District|Laoshan]], [[Licang District|Licang]], [[Chengyang District|Chengyang]] and [[Jimo District|Jimo]]) was home to 7,172,451 inhabitants, making it the 15th largest city in China by population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China: population of major cities 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/992683/china-population-in-first-and-second-tier-cities-by-city/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> Lying across the [[Shandong Peninsula]] and looking out to the [[Yellow Sea]], it borders the [[prefecture-level cities]] of [[Yantai]] to the northeast, Weifang<ref>{{Cite book |title=Wei fang wen hua zhi |date=1997 |publisher=Qi Lu shu dian |isbn=978-7-5333-0653-3 |edition=Di 1 ban |location=Ji nan}}</ref> to the west and [[Rizhao]] to the southwest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=山东省 |trans-title=Shandong Province |url=https://www.nmdis.org.cn/hykp/yhdf/sds/ |website=China Oceanic Information Network |agency=National Ocean Information Center}}</ref>

Qingdao is a major [[seaport]] and [[naval base]], as well as a commercial and [[financial center]]. It is home to electronics multinationals such as [[Haier]] and [[Hisense]]. The [[Jiaozhou Bay Bridge]], links the main urban area of Qingdao with [[Huangdao]] district, straddling the [[Jiaozhou Bay]] sea areas. Its historic German-style architecture and [[Tsingtao Brewery]], the second largest brewery in China,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=China+Beer+Market_Beijing+ATO_China+-+Peoples+Republic+of_7-23-2010.pdf|title=China Beer|access-date=2013-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001602/http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/China%20Beer%20Market_Beijing%20ATO_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_7-23-2010.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> are legacies of the [[#German and Japanese occupations|German occupation (1898–1914)]]. Qingdao is classified as a Large-Port Metropolis.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785 | title=The Southampton system: A new universal standard approach for port-city classification | year=2021 | last1=Roberts | first1=Toby | last2=Williams | first2=Ian | last3=Preston | first3=John | journal=Maritime Policy & Management | volume=48 | issue=4 | pages=530–542 | s2cid=225502755 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 2007, Qingdao was named as one of China's top ten cities by the Chinese Cities Brand Value Report.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Top 10 Most Livable Cities|url=http://eng.hnloudi.gov.cn/engld%5Caboutloudi/Loudicity/Loudihonor/2011/1_327/default.shtml|website=hnloudi.gov.cn|publisher=Hunan Loudi Official Government|date=2012-03-28|access-date=2014-06-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410050946/http://eng.hnloudi.gov.cn/engld%5Caboutloudi/Loudicity/Loudihonor/2011/1_327/default.shtml|archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> In 2009, Qingdao was named China's most livable city by the Chinese Institute of City Competitiveness.<ref>
{{cite news|url=http://english.cri.cn/6566/2009/07/09/2263s500163.htm|title=List of 10 Most Livable Cities in China Issued|date=2009-07-09|access-date=2010-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426184431/http://english.cri.cn/6566/2009/07/09/2263s500163.htm|archive-date=26 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Lin Liyao ({{lang|zh-hans|蔺丽瑶}})|url=http://www.china.org.cn/top10/2011-07/27/content_23081561.htm|title=Top 10 livable cities in China 2011|publisher=China.org.cn|date=2011-07-27|access-date=2012-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923212328/http://www.china.org.cn/top10/2011-07/27/content_23081561.htm|archive-date=23 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Qingdao held the [[2018 Qingdao SCO summit|Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/04/c_137229516.htm|title=China Focus: What to expect from SCO summit in Qingdao|publisher=Xinhua|access-date=2018-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211212/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/04/c_137229516.htm |archive-date=29 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 2024 [[Global Financial Centres Index|Global Financial Centers Index]], Qingdao ranked 31st.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GFCI 36 Rank - Long Finance |url=https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-36-explore-the-data/gfci-36-rank/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.longfinance.net}}</ref> In 2024, Qingdao was rated as a Beta- level [[global city]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cities 2024 |url=https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=GaWC |language=en-US}}</ref>

Qingdao is also one of the world's top 50 cities for global scientific research as tracked by the [[Nature Index]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} Nature Index 2023 Science Cities {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.nature.com |language=en}}</ref> The city was also ranked 20th globally in the "Global Top 100 Science & Technology Cluster Cities" as of 2024.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |title=Science and Technology Cluster Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/en/web/global-innovation-index/2024/science-technology-clusters#top100 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=global-innovation-index |language=en-US}}</ref> It is home to [[List of universities and colleges in Shandong|several notable universities]], including the [[Ocean University of China]], [[China University of Petroleum]], [[Shandong University of Science and Technology]], [[Qingdao University]], [[Qingdao University of Science and Technology]], [[Qingdao University of Technology]], and [[Qingdao Agricultural University]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-26|title=US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Qingdao|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=qingdao|access-date=2021-10-31|website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref>

==History==
===Antiquity===
Human settlement in the area dates back 6,000 years. The [[Dongyi]] lived here and created the [[Dawenkou]], [[Longshan culture|Longshan]] and Dongyeshi cultures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Study in Qingdao |url=https://www.sicas.com.cn/City/43/Study-in-Qingdao/Article-65 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=www.sicas.com.cn}}</ref> In the [[Eastern Zhou]] dynasty (770–256 BC), the town of [[Jimo, Shandong|Jimo]] was established, which was then the second-largest one in the Shandong region. The area in which Qingdao is located today was named Jiao'ao ({{lang|zh-hans|胶澳}}) when it was administered by the Qing Dynasty on 14 June 1891.<ref>{{Cite web |title=青岛 |trans-title=Qingdao |url=http://www.cctv.com/geography/mfms/20010905/30.html |website=CCTV国家地理 |agency=National Ocean Information Center}}</ref>

===German and Japanese occupations===
{{further|Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory}}
[[File:qingdao-map-1906.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch map of Qingdao, circa 1906]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 116-125-01, Tsingtau, Haupttor des Artillerielagers.jpg|thumb|right|Main gate of former Chinese munitions depot, taken over by the [[German Empire|Imperial German Navy]], Kiautschou Bay, Shandong peninsula, 1898]]

In 1891, the Qing Empire decided to make coastal Qingdao (then known as "Jiao'ao") a defense base against naval attacks and began to improve its fortifications. [[German Empire|Imperial German]] naval officials observed and reported on this activity during a formal survey of [[Jiaozhou Bay]] in May 1897. In November of that year, the [[Juye Incident]] would take place, in which three German missionaries were attacked, and two were killed. Subsequently, German troops seized and occupied the fortification.<ref>{{cite book |title=By Order of the Kaiser, Otto von Diederichs and the Rise of the Imperial German Navy 1865–1902 |last=Gottschall |first=Terrell |year=2003 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis |isbn=978-1-55750-309-1 |page=146 }}</ref>

The preindustrial, waning Qing Empire was forced to concede the area to Germany the following year, and the [[Kiautschou Bay concession]], as it became known, existed from 1898 to 1914 (Li 2005, p.&nbsp;81).

With an area of {{convert|552|km2|acre sqmi|abbr=on}}, it was located in the imperial province of [[Shandong]] ([[Romanization of Chinese|alternately romanized]] as [[Wade-Giles|Shantung or Shan-tung]]) on the southern coast of the [[Shandong]] Peninsula in northern China. Jiaozhou was alternatively romanized as Kiaochow, Kiauchau, or Kiao-Chau in English, and Kiautschou in German; Qingdao was its administrative center. "The so-called ''Marktstrasse'' (Market Street) was nothing more than the old main street of the Chinese village of Qingdao, and the buildings lining it were the former homes of fishermen and farmers. Having sold their property, they resettled their homes and fields in the villages further east."<ref name="Matzat1">{{cite web |url=http://www.tsingtau.org/landmann-gottfried-1860-1926-uhrmacher-optiker-bierbrauer/ |title=Landmann Gottfried 1860–1926 Uhrmacher, Optiker, Bierbrauer |language=de |trans-title=Gottfried Landmann, 1860–1926: Watchmaker, Optician, Beer Brewer |last1=Matzat |first1=Wilhelm |date=May 2003 |work=tsingtau.org |publisher=Wilhelm Matzat |access-date=2010-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728131654/http://www.tsingtau.org/landmann-gottfried-1860-1926-uhrmacher-optiker-bierbrauer/ |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Upon gaining control of the area, the Germans outfitted the impoverished fishing village of Qingdao with wide streets, solid housing areas, government buildings, electrification throughout, a sewer system and a safe drinking water supply, a rarity in large parts of [[Asia]] at that time and later.<ref name="Flagge">{{cite book |last=Schultz-Naumann |first=Joachim |title=Unter Kaisers Flagge: Deutschlands Schutzgebiete im Pazifik und in China einst und heute |trans-title=Under the Kaiser's Flag: Germany's protected areas in the Pacific and in China then and now |year=1985  |publisher=Universitas |language = de |isbn = 978-3-8004-1094-1 |page=183 }}</ref>

The area had the highest school density and the highest ''per capita'' student enrollment in all of China, with primary, secondary and vocational schools funded by the [[German Empire|Imperial German]] treasury and [[Protestantism|Protestant]] and [[Roman Catholic]] missions.<ref name="Flagge" /> Commercial interests established the Germania Brewery in 1903, which later became the world-famous [[Tsingtao Brewery]].<ref name="Matzat2">{{cite web |url = http://www.tsingtau.org/germania-brauerei-und-ihre-angestellten-1903-1914 |title = Germania Brauerei und ihre Angestellten 1903–1914 |language = de |trans-title=Germania Brewery and its Employees |last = Matzat |first = Wilhelm |date=May 2003 |website = tsingtau.org |publisher=Wilhelm Matzat |access-date=9 June 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140812025732/http://www.tsingtau.org/germania-brauerei-und-ihre-angestellten-1903-1914/ |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> German cultural and commercial influences extended to other areas of Shandong Province, including the establishment of diverse commercial enterprises.

Identified by the German authorities as a strategically important port, Qingdao was administered by the [[Reichsmarineamt|Imperial Department of the Navy]] (''Reichsmarineamt'') rather than the [[Imperial Colonial Office]] (''Reichskolonialamt''). The growing Imperial German Navy based their [[East Asia Squadron]] there, allowing the warships to conduct operations throughout the western [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. Beginning in January 1898, the marines of ''[[Seebataillon|III. Seebataillon]]'' were based at Qingdao. Construction of the [[Jiaoji Railway]] began on 23 September 1899, and was completed in 1904.<ref>{{cite web |first =Si (斯) |last= Li (李) |script-title=zh:1904年06月01日 胶济铁路通车 |url = http://www.todayonhistory.com/6/1/jiaojitielutongche.html |website=www.todayonhistory.com |access-date=1 September 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903061227/http://www.todayonhistory.com/6/1/jiaojitielutongche.html |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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|Description = {{center|Japanese military currency
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* 10 sen (1914)}} }}

Before the outbreak of [[World War I]] (1914–1918), ships of the German naval forces under [[Maximilian von Spee|Admiral Count von Spee]] were located at central Pacific colonies on routine missions. The fleet then rendezvoused in the [[Marianas Islands]] to plan a transit back to Germany rather than be trapped in the Pacific by more powerful and numerous Allied fleets (British and Japanese).{{NoteTag|See [[East Asia Squadron]], [[Battle of Coronel]] and [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]] for fleet engagements.}}

After a minor British naval attack on the German concession in Shandong in 1914, [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] troops occupied the city and the surrounding province during the [[Siege of Tsingtao]] (Qingdao) after Japan's declaration of war on Germany in accordance with the [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]].<ref name="Source Records of the Great War, Vol. III, ed. Charles F. Horne, National Alumni 1923">{{cite web |last=Duffy|first=Michael |title = Primary Documents – Count Okuma on the Japanese Capture of Tsingtao, 15 August 1914 |url= http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/tsingtau_okuma.htm |website=firstworldwar.com |access-date=28 July 2014 |date=22 August 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140807091020/http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/tsingtau_okuma.htm |archive-date=7 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> China protested against Japan's violation of her neutrality but was not able to interfere in the military operations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Germans lose possessions in China |url = https://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/225/mode/1up |newspaper=The Independent |date=16 November 1914 |access-date=24 July 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121230183553/http://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/225/mode/1up |archive-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The decision of the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] and the [[Versailles Treaty]] negotiations not to restore Chinese rule over the previous foreign concessions in Qingdao after the Great War triggered the [[May Fourth Movement]] (4 May 1919) of anti-imperialism, nationalism and cultural identity in China.<ref>A. Whitney Griswold, ''The Far Eastern Policy of the United States'' (1938) pp.&nbsp;239–68.</ref>

[[File:Image-Qingdao city map 1912 in german.png|thumb|right|Map of Qingdao in 1912]]

The city came under Chinese rule in December 1922, under control of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (ROC) established in 1912 after the [[Chinese Revolution (1911)|Chinese Revolution]] the year before. However, Japan maintained its economic dominance of the railway and the province as a whole.<ref>Griswold, ''The Far Eastern Policy of the United States'' (1938) pp.&nbsp;326–28.</ref> The city became a [[direct-controlled municipality]] of the ROC Government in July 1929.

Japan re-occupied Qingdao in 1938, a year after it expanded the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (1937–1945), (a precursor to [[World War II]], 1939–1945) with its plans of territorial expansion into China's coast. [[Kuomintang|Nationalist (Kuomintang)]] ROC forces returned after the [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrender]] in September 1945. On 2 June 1949, during the [[Chinese Civil War]] and shortly before the founding of the communist [[People's Republic of China]] on 1 October 1949 the city was taken by Chairman [[Mao Zedong]] and his troops.

===Qingdao city planning and development===

====1898–1914====
The development of the Qingdao urban space during the German occupation (1898–1914) originated from the port. Mass urban construction began in 1898 with the relocation of Chinese dwellers along the coast.<ref>{{cite news |title=What is Kiaochou worth? |author=Toyokichi Iyenaga |url=https://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/128/mode/1up |newspaper=The Independent |date=26 October 1914 |access-date=24 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230183553/http://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/128/mode/1up |archive-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> With the completion of such series of mass construction projects such as wharves, the Tsingtao-Jinan Railway Line, Tsingtao Railway Station and locomotive works, a city was starting to take shape.<ref>Schultz-Naumann, p. 182</ref> The area had the highest school density and highest per capita student enrollment in all of China, with primary, secondary and vocational schools funded by the Berlin treasury as well as Protestant and Roman Catholic missions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schultz-Naumann |first1=Joachim |title=Unter Kaisers Flagge: Deutschlands Schutzgebiete im Pazifik und in China einst und heute |year=1985 |publisher=Universitas |language=de |isbn=978-3-8004-1094-1 |page=183}}</ref>

In 1910, the Germans drew up for the second time the city planning of Tsingtao (Warner 2001, p.&nbsp;33). The former urban area was extended four times highlighted by the emphasis on the development of commerce and trade. [[Sun Yat-sen]] (1866–1925), leader of the [[Chinese Revolution (1911)|Chinese Revolution of 1911]] and subsequently first president of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], visited the Tsingtao area and stated in 1912, "I am impressed. The city is a true model for China's future".<ref>Schultz-Naumann, p. 184</ref>

====1914–1922====
The development of Tsingtao urban space continued during the first Japan-occupation period (1914–1922). In 1914, Tsingtao was taken over by the Japanese and served as a base for the exploitation of natural resources of Shandong and northern China. With the development of industry and commerce, a "New City District" was established to furnish the Japanese colonists with commercial sections and living quarters, which suggested a striking contrast to the shabby houses in the local Chinese zones (Li 2007, p.&nbsp;133). In the meantime, several schools, hospitals, and public buildings were constructed, followed by urban streets and intercity highways as well. The urban spatial layout continued to expand northward along the east bay area.

====1922–1938====
The development of Tsingtao urban space during the ROC-ruled period (1922–1938). This period saw the substantial progress of the urban development of Tsingtao. The government engaged itself in mass construction that gave birth to villa districts at the beach and bank groups in CBD. Plenty of public buildings and facilities for entertainment and sports were completed. By the year 1937, the urban population numbered 385,000(Lu 2001, p.&nbsp;327). Tsingtao consequently distinguished itself as a prominent holiday resort and summer retreat.

====1938–1945====
The development of Tsingtao urban space during the second Japan-occupied period (1938–1945). Japanese armed forces returned to Tsingtao in 1938 and started to strive for the construction of the Greater Tsingtao in the following June. Accordingly, they worked out the city planning of the Greater Tsingtao and the City Planning of the Mother Town (Tsingtao City Proper), even though they had not had the opportunity to actualize either, respectively. The period in question did not witness much urban progress except for the logical construction of No. 6 Wharf, some Japanese residences, and a small number of roads and streets (Lu 2001, p.&nbsp;339).

===Postwar===
After World War II, the [[Kuomintang|KMT]] allowed Qingdao to serve as the headquarters of the [[United States Seventh Fleet|Western Pacific Fleet]] of the [[US Navy]] in 1945; however, its headquarters were transferred to the [[Philippines]] sometime in late 1948. On 2 June 1949, the [[Communist Party of China|CPC]]-led [[Chinese Red Army|Red Army]] entered Qingdao and the city and province have been under [[People's Republic of China|PRC]] control since that time.

Since the 1984 inauguration of China's open-door policy to foreign trade and investment, Qingdao has rapidly developed into an ultramodern port city. It is now the headquarters of the [[North Sea Fleet|Chinese navy's northern fleet]]. An early example of the open-door policy occurred on 5 November 1984, when three United States Naval vessels visited Qingdao. This was the first US port call to China in more than 37 years. {{USS|Rentz|FFG-46|6}}, {{USS|Reeves|DLG-24|6}}, and {{USS|Oldendorf|DD-972|6}} and their crews were officially hosted by the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] (PLAN).

Northern Qingdao, particularly [[Shibei District|Shibei]], [[Licang District|Licang]], and [[Chengyang District|Chengyang]] districts, are now major manufacturing centers. The city has recently experienced a strong growth period, with a new central business district created to the east of the older business district. Outside of the center of the city, there is a large industrial zone, which includes chemical processing, rubber, and heavy manufacturing, in addition to a growing high-tech area. Numerous local and national service companies, rather than manufacturers, are based in the city's southern district.
[[File:Tsingdao scene.jpg|thumb|Image of Qingdao in the early 1900s]]

==Administrative divisions==
[[File:City Hall of Qingdao.jpg|thumb|City Hall of Qingdao]]
The sub-provincial city of Qingdao has seven districts (区; qū) and three county-level cities (市; shì):Qingdao City, located in Shandong Province, China, is a prefecture-level city with several aliases, including "Island City" and "Jiaozhou Bay". Qingdao is a vice-provincial-level city, a separately listed city, and recognized as a major city.

According to the approval of the State Council, Qingdao is designated as an important coastal center city and a coastal resort tourism city in China, as well as an international port city. Qingdao City administers 7 districts and 3 county-level cities. These districts include Shinan District, Shibei District, Huangdao District, Laoshan District, Licang District, Chengyang District, and Jimo District, while the county-level cities consist of Jiaozhou City, Pingdu City, and Laixi City.

{{Administrative divisions of Qingdao}}
Geographically, there are three districts (Shinan, Shibei, Licang) constituting a peninsula on the east coast of the [[Jiaozhou Bay]] as the core urban area, one (Chengyang) on the north coast and one (Xihai'an) on the west coast of the [[Yellow Sea]].
* Defunct - [[Jiaonan]] city ({{lang-zh|c=胶南市|p=Jiāonán Shì}}) - merged into [[Huangdao District]] (December 2012)

==Geography==
[[File:Txu-oclc-10552568-nj51-13.jpg|left|thumb|Qingdao (labeled CH'ING-TAO (TSINGTAO) {{lang|zh-hant|青島}}) (1954)]]
[[File:Txu-oclc-10552568-nj51-13-back.jpg|thumb|left|Map including Qingdao (labeled as CH'ING-TAO (TSINGTAO))]]Qingdao is located on the south-facing coast of the [[Shandong Peninsula]] ({{langx|de|Schantung-Halbinsel}}). It borders three prefecture-level cities, namely [[Yantai]] to the northeast, [[Weifang]] to the west, and [[Rizhao]] to the southwest. The city occupies an area totaling {{convert|10654|km²|0|abbr=on}}, and stretches in latitude from 35° 35' to 37° 09' N and in longitude from 119° 30' to 121° 00' E. The populated sections of the city are relatively flat while mountains spur up within city limits and nearby. The highest elevation in the city is located {{convert|1133|m|sp=us}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. Of the total area of Qingdao, 15.5% is highland, while the foothill, plain, and lowland areas constitute 25.1%, 37.8%, and 21.7%, respectively. The city has a {{convert|730.64|km|adj=on|sp=us}}-long coastline. Five significant rivers exceeding {{convert|50|km|sp=us}} in length can be found in the region.

===Climate===
Qingdao has a temperate, four-season, [[monsoon]]-influenced<ref name="SDIO">
{{cite web
  |url=http://www.qdsn.gov.cn/n16/n1114/n1145/n1160/index.html
  |script-title=zh:自然地理
  |publisher=Shinan District Information Office
  |location=Qingdao
  |language=zh-hans
  |trans-title=Geography
  |access-date=29 June 2010
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602191810/http://www.qdsn.gov.cn/n16/n1114/n1145/n1160/index.html
  |archive-date=2 June 2010
  |url-status=live  }}
</ref> climate that lies in the transition between the [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cwa'') and [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] (Köppen: ''Dwa'') regimes. Due to the direct regulation of the marine environment, the city is influenced by the southeast monsoon and the currents and water masses from the ocean, so it also has significant maritime climate characteristics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=青岛地理气候特点-中国气象局政府门户网站 |url=https://www.cma.gov.cn/2011xzt/2014zt/20140417/2014041705/201404/t20140417_243735.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cma.gov.cn |language=zh-CN}}</ref> Winters range from cool to cold and windy, but are generally dry, with a January average of {{convert|0.2|°C|1}}. Summer is generally hot and humid, but very hot days are rare, with an August average of {{convert|25.6|°C|1}}. Due to its proximity to the coast and location on a peninsula, compared to most inland areas of China, its spring is delayed by one month,<ref name="SDIO"/> and the annual [[diurnal temperature variation]] is only {{convert|6.3|C-change}}; conversely, its fall is milder than inland areas in Shandong. The water temperature peaks at about {{convert|25|°C}} in late August. Thus, swimming is possible for two months on either side. The annual mean temperature is {{convert|13.3|°C|1}}. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|−15.9|°C|0}} on 7 and 8 January 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2021 |title=54857: Qingdao (China) |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ord=REV&ndays=30&ano=2021&mes=01&day=30&hora=12&ind=54857 |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=es |publisher=OGIMET}}</ref> to {{convert|38.9|°C|0}} on 15 July 2002;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag%3DdataLogger |title=无标题文档 |access-date=18 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318113757/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |archive-date=18 March 2013 }}</ref> unofficial readings have reached a record low of {{convert|-16.9|°C|1}} or for the official weather station there, {{convert|-16.4|°C|1}} on 10 January 1931.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=13 September 2024 |title=Geographical resources of Qingdao (in Chinese) |url=http://www.qingdao.gov.cn/yfqd/qdgk/dlzy/202009/t20200903_65.shtml |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=青岛政务网}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=中国各地城市的历史最低气温 |url=https://weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309404203050792315805 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=weibo.com}}</ref> With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 38 percent in July to 59 percent in October, the city receives 2,261 hours of bright sunshine annually.<ref name="cma new">{{cite web
|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps
|script-title = zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)
|publisher =  [[China Meteorological Administration]]
 | language = zh | access-date = 2023-04-11
|title = Experience Template
}}</ref>

During the summer months, the beaches of Qingdao are afflicted by massive [[algal bloom]]s. The decomposing algae release large amounts of [[hydrogen sulfide]] gas, which produces an offensive "rotten egg" odor. [[Sea lettuce]] blooms, which are partially caused by [[seaweed farming]] in Jiangsu Province, led local officials to declare a "large-scale algae disaster" in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jacobs|first=Andrew|title=Huge Algae Bloom Afflicts Coastal Chinese City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/06/world/asia/huge-algae-bloom-afflicts-qingdao-china.html?_r=0|newspaper=The New York Times|date=5 July 2013|access-date=5 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709000150/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/06/world/asia/huge-algae-bloom-afflicts-qingdao-china.html?_r=0|archive-date=9 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Qingdao, elevation {{convert|76|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| collapsed = 
| Jan record high C = 13.5
| Feb record high C = 19.6
| Mar record high C = 24.4
| Apr record high C = 27.9
| May record high C = 34.2
| Jun record high C = 34.4
| Jul record high C = 38.9
| Aug record high C = 35.8
| Sep record high C = 36.8
| Oct record high C = 30.0
| Nov record high C = 22.9
| Dec record high C = 16.4
| Jan high C = 3.4
| Feb high C = 5.6
| Mar high C = 10.0
| Apr high C = 15.7
| May high C = 21.1
| Jun high C = 24.3
| Jul high C = 27.6
| Aug high C = 28.7
| Sep high C = 25.8
| Oct high C = 20.2
| Nov high C = 12.8
| Dec high C = 5.9
| Jan mean C = 0.2
| Feb mean C = 2.1
| Mar mean C = 6.2
| Apr mean C = 11.6
| May mean C = 17.1
| Jun mean C = 20.8
| Jul mean C = 24.7
| Aug mean C = 25.6
| Sep mean C = 22.3
| Oct mean C = 16.6
| Nov mean C = 9.5
| Dec mean C = 2.7
| Jan low C = −2.4
| Feb low C = −0.6
| Mar low C = 3.4
| Apr low C = 8.7
| May low C = 14.1
| Jun low C = 18.5
| Jul low C = 22.7
| Aug low C = 23.4
| Sep low C = 19.5
| Oct low C = 13.7
| Nov low C = 6.7
| Dec low C = 0.1
| Jan record low C = −15.9
| Feb record low C = −12.1
| Mar record low C = −6.2
| Apr record low C = −1.9
| May record low C = 5.7
| Jun record low C = 11.2
| Jul record low C = 13.6
| Aug record low C = 14.9
| Sep record low C = 10.1
| Oct record low C = 1.9
| Nov record low C = −8.1
| Dec record low C = −13.0
| precipitation color = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 10.3
| Feb precipitation mm = 15.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 18.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 34.0
| May precipitation mm = 64.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 70.7
| Jul precipitation mm = 159.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 159.6
| Sep precipitation mm = 69.4
| Oct precipitation mm = 35.5
| Nov precipitation mm = 35.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 14.8
| unit precipitation days = 0.1&nbsp;mm
| Jan precipitation days = 2.8
| Feb precipitation days = 4.0
| Mar precipitation days = 4.6
| Apr precipitation days = 6.5
| May precipitation days = 7.7
| Jun precipitation days = 8.7
| Jul precipitation days = 11.6
| Aug precipitation days = 10.9
| Sep precipitation days = 7.2
| Oct precipitation days = 5.3
| Nov precipitation days = 5.2
| Dec precipitation days = 3.6
| Jan humidity = 63
| Feb humidity = 65
| Mar humidity = 65
| Apr humidity = 67
| May humidity = 71
| Jun humidity = 82
| Jul humidity = 86
| Aug humidity = 82
| Sep humidity = 71
| Oct humidity = 64
| Nov humidity = 64
| Dec humidity = 63
| Jan sun = 160.4
| Jan percentsun = 52
| Feb sun = 164.9
| Feb percentsun = 53
| Mar sun = 208.6
| Mar percentsun = 56
| Apr sun = 219.1
| Apr percentsun = 56
| May sun = 234.3
| May percentsun = 54
| Jun sun = 186.0
| Jun percentsun = 43
| Jul sun = 168.3
| Jul percentsun = 38
| Aug sun = 194.5
| Aug percentsun = 47
| Sep sun = 201.1
| Sep percentsun = 55
| Oct sun = 202.1
| Oct percentsun = 59
| Nov sun = 163.4
| Nov percentsun = 54
| Dec sun = 158.5
| Dec percentsun = 53
| Jan snow days = 3.8
| Feb snow days = 3.3
| Mar snow days = 1.6
| Apr snow days = 0.2
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.7
| Dec snow days = 2.7
| year snow days = 
| Jan uv = 2
| Feb uv = 3
| Mar uv = 5
| Apr uv = 7
| May uv = 9
| Jun uv = 9
| Jul uv = 10
| Aug uv = 9
| Sep uv = 7
| Oct uv = 5
| Nov uv = 3
| Dec uv = 1
| source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =12 August 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref>
| source 2 = Weather China<ref name = Clim>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101120201.shtml?l
| script-title=zh:青岛 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 
| publisher = Weather China
| language = zh
| access-date = 2011-06-01}}</ref> Weather Atlas (UV index)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/china/qingdao-climate|title=Qingdao, China - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher=Yu Media Group|website= Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=2019-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709185259/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/china/qingdao-climate|archive-date=9 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>[[NOAA]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/5.5/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/China/CSV/QINGDAO_54857.csv
|title = Qingdao Climate Normals 1991-2020
|publisher = [[NOAA]]
|language = en-us}}
</ref>
| date = August 2010
| source = 
}}
<div style="width: 80%;"></div>
{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table=Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Qingdao.tab
| title=Qingdao temperature
}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations

|type=China
|1913<ref>Annette S. Biener: Das deutsche Pachtgebiet Tsingtau in der Provinz Schantung, 1897–1914. Institutioneller Wandel durch Kolonialisierung (Studien und Quellen zur Geschichte Schantungs und Tsingtaus. Bd. 6). Matzat, Bonn 2001, {{ISBN|3-924603-05-7}}.</ref>|58000
|1953|916846

|1964|1383433

|1982|4227594

|1990|6663989

|2000|7494194

|2010|8715100

|2020|9499800

|footnote = Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

|}}

Of the 10 million residents of Qingdao, 6.2 million reside in the Qingdao urban area. Another estimated 5 million live in other cities under Qingdao's jurisdiction.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf}}</ref> The annual birth rate is calculated around 76,507, with a [[birth rate]] of 10.15 per year per thousand, and a [[death rate]] of 6.32, both calculated on an annual basis. Living standards are among the highest of leading Chinese cities due to the strong export economy and relatively high family wages.

There is a large Korean community in Qingdao. By 2009, there were approximately 100,000 Koreans working, studying and living in Qingdao, which makes Qingdao the second in terms of Korean population in China, following Beijing which has about 200,000 Koreans.<ref>
{{cite news
  |url= http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/news/2009/10-08/1899449.shtml
  |script-title= zh:韩国旅客位居北京入境外国人之首
  |date= 2009-10-08
  |access-date= 2009-12-01
  |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091126170335/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/news/2009/10-08/1899449.shtml
  |archive-date= 26 November 2009
  |url-status= live  }}
</ref>

According to the 2021 Qingdao Statistical Yearbook, the permanent resident population of Qingdao in 2020 was 10.1057 million, an increase of 182700 people compared to the previous year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-28 |title=Latest data: The permanent population of Qingdao is 10.1057 million, with a net increase of 182700 last year |url=https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/438777312 |work=乐喧青岛}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-26 |title=What is the population of Qingdao in 2020/Population ranking of various districts and counties in Qingdao/Population of Qingdao at the end of 2020 |url=https://www.maigoo.com/news/506054.html |website=Maigoo Brand List}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Tsingtao beer a 2015-04-07 16-56-17.JPG|left|thumb|170px|Qingdao-based [[Tsingtao beer]], China's second-largest domestic brand and its largest export brand.]]
[[File:Views of Qingdao tower.jpg|thumb|upright|Qingdao TV Tower]]
In recent years, an important region in Eastern China, Shandong Province has seen substantial change in its economic landscape. Much of this development has been concentrated in Qingdao.<ref name="KPMG">{{Citation |year =2007 |title =Qingdao Shinan District Investment Environment Study 2007 |periodical =Report |publisher =KPMG Huazhen |url =http://www.kpmg.com.cn/redirect.asp?id=8584 |access-date =2010-06-10 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Qingdao has seen rapid development. With an annual growth rate of 18.9 percent in 2006, the city's GDP reached 42.3 billion, ranking first in Shandong Province and tenth out of China's top 20 cities.<ref name="KPMG"/> [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] per capita comprised [[Renminbi|CN¥]]52,895 (US$7,616) in 2008. The GDP has grown steadily at an average pace of 16% annually.

In 2006, Qingdao was ranked one of six "golden cities" by the World Bank, out of 120 Chinese cities assessed on factors including investment climate and government effectiveness.<ref name="KPMG"/> In 2018, Qingdao's GDP reached CN¥1200.15 billion, though it shrank a little in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/4007720.html|script-title=zh:2019年青岛GDP发布，含金量到底多少？{{!}}界面新闻|website=www.jiemian.com|language=zh|access-date=2020-02-23}}</ref>

Internationally, Qingdao is perhaps best known for its [[Tsingtao Brewery]], founded by a German-British joint venture in 1903 that produces [[Tsingtao beer]], the best-known Chinese export beer. It is also home to [[Haier]], a large [[white goods]] manufacturer, and [[Hisense]], a major electronics company. In 2002 guitar manufacturers [[Epiphone]] opened a factory in Qingdao.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gibson Qingdao Factory – All Epiphone... All The Time!|url=http://www.epiphone.com/News/Features/News/2007/Gibson-Qingdao-Factory-All-Epiphone-All-The-Time.aspx|publisher=Epiphone.com|access-date=24 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309223924/http://www.epiphone.com/News/Features/News/2007/Gibson-Qingdao-Factory-All-Epiphone-All-The-Time.aspx|archive-date=9 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1984 the Chinese government named a district of Qingdao a [[Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China|Special Economic and Technology Development Zone]] (SETDZ). Along with this district, the entire city had gone through fast-tracked development of [[Secondary Industry|secondary]] and [[Tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary industries]]. Qingdao has been the recipient of large foreign investment and its port is a hub for local and international trade. [[South Korea]] and [[Japan]] in particular made extensive investments in the city. 
In terms of [[primary sector]] [[industry (economics)|industries]], Qingdao has an estimated {{convert|50000|acre|km2}} of [[arable land]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} Qingdao has a zigzagging pattern coastline, and thus possesses an invaluable stock of fish, [[shrimp]], and other sea resources.

Qingdao's [[wind power]] electricity generation performs at among the highest levels in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/high-wind-in-china|title=High Wind in China|last=Gardiner|first=Ginger|website=www.compositesworld.com|date=July 2007 |access-date=2017-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525091629/http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/high-wind-in-china|archive-date=25 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Industrial zones===
* Qingdao West Coast New District
* Qingdao Special Economic and Technological Development Area
* Qingdao Free Trade Zone
* Qingdao High-tech Industrial Zone
* Qingdao University Industrial Zone

==Transport==

=== Road ===
There are a total of {{convert|1145|km|abbr=on}} of roads in the Qingdao area, with nearly {{convert|500|km|abbr=on}} of expressways. These [[Expressways of China|National Trunk Highway System (NTHS)]] Expressways begin or pass through in Qingdao.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:中国公路信息服务网－公路地图|url=http://glcx.moc.gov.cn/roadMap.jsp|publisher=中国公路信息服务网|access-date=12 January 2013| language = zh-hans|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116200024/http://glcx.moc.gov.cn/roadMap.jsp|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Expressways that begin in Qingdao are in '''Bold''':
* G15 [[Shenhai Expressway]] ([[Shenyang]], [[Liaoning]]-[[Haikou]], [[Hainan]])
* G18 [[Rongwu Expressway]] ([[Rongcheng, Shandong|Rongcheng]], Shandong-[[Wuhai]], [[Inner Mongolia]])
* G20 [[Qingyin Expressway]] (Qingdao-[[Yinchuan]], [[Ningxia]])
Spur Route: G2011 [[Qingxin Expressway]] (Qingdao-[[Xinhe, Shandong|Xinhe]], [[Pingdu]], Shandong)
* G22 [[Qinglan Expressway]] (Qingdao-[[Lanzhou]], [[Gansu]])

These provincial expressways begin in or pass through Qingdao. Expressways that begin in Qingdao are in '''Bold''':
* S16 [[Rongwei Expressway]] ([[Rongcheng, Shandong|Rongcheng]]-[[Weifang]])
* S19 [[Longqing Expressway]] ([[Longkou]]-Qingdao)
* S21 [[Xinwei Expressway]] ([[Xinhe, Shandong|Xinhe]]-[[Weifang]])
* S24 [[Weiqing Expressway]] ([[Weihai]]-Qingdao)

Other than Expressways, there are also [[China National Highways|National Highways]] that pass through or begin in Qingdao. National Highways that begin in Qingdao are in '''bold''':
* [[China National Highway 204|G204]] ([[Yantai]]-[[Shanghai]])
* [[China National Highway 206|G206]] ([[Yantai]]-[[Shantou]])
* [[China National Highway 308|G308]] (Qingdao-[[Shijiazhuang]])
* [[China National Highway 309|G309]] ([[Rongcheng, Shandong|Rongcheng]]-[[Lanzhou]])

==== Haiwan Bridge ====
On 30 June 2011, the longest bridge over water opened in Qingdao. The bridge, [[Jiaozhou Bay Bridge|Haiwan Bridge]], is {{convert|26.4|mi|1|abbr=out}} long and connects Qingdao to [[Huangdao]] and Hongdao. The bridge is almost three miles ({{convert|3|mi|abbr=out|disp=output only}}) longer than the previous [[List of longest bridges|record-holder]], the [[Lake Pontchartrain Causeway]] in the [[United States|American]] state of [[Louisiana]]. Haiwan Bridge is supported by more than 5,000 pillars and costs about 10 billion yuan which is about 1.5 billion dollars. The bridge was designed by the [[Shandong Gaosu Group|Shandong Gausu Group]] and the construction lasted for four years. Haiwan Bridge cut the commute between the city of Qingdao and the sprawling suburb of Huangdao by 30 minutes. At least 10,000 workers toiled in two teams around the clock to build the bridge, which was constructed from opposite ends.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eimer|first=David|title=China builds world's longest bridge|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8248197/China-builds-worlds-longest-bridge.html|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2013-03-23|location=London|date=8 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506043910/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8248197/China-builds-worlds-longest-bridge.html|archive-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the same day, the [[Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay tunnel|Jiaozhou Bay Tunnel]] opened. The tunnel brought much convenience to people by supporting public buses and making transport between the two areas more convenient.

=== Marine ===
{{see also|Port of Qingdao}}

Qingdao (official name: Qingdao port international co. ltd.) hosts one of the world's busiest [[Port of Qingdao|seaport]]s. Cooperative relations have been established with 450 ports in 130 countries worldwide. The port of Qingdao is part of the [[21st Century Maritime Silk Road]].<ref>[https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/new-qingdao-model-of-bri-cooperation/ New Qingdao model of BRI cooperation]</ref><ref>[http://www.nbrtlog.com/news_read_en.php?temp_content_id=22 Qingdao Port became the first port in the country whose sea-rail combined transport exceeded one mil]</ref> In 2003, the annual cargo handling capacity exceeded 100 million [[ton]]s for the first time. The number of containers reached {{TEU|3.41 million|first=yes}} of cargoes.<ref>[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200309/21/eng20030921_124638.shtml Qingdao port sees upsurge in cargo handling capacity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310090903/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200309/21/eng20030921_124638.shtml |date=10 March 2005 }}.  People's Daily. Retrieved on 2012-11-12.</ref>

By 2011, the port had become the world's sixth-busiest by Total Cargo Volume, having handled {{convert|372,000,000|t|sp=us}} of cargo in that year. As of 2016, it was the 8th in the world in terms of TEUs (Twenty Foot Equivalent Units).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=900#Statistics|title=Ports & World Trade|website=www.aapa-ports.org|access-date=3 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504233752/http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=900#Statistics|archive-date=4 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''Orient Ferry'' connects Qingdao with [[Shimonoseki]], Japan. There are two ferry lines connecting Qingdao with [[Republic of Korea|South Korea]]. The ''New Golden Bridge II'' operates between Qingdao and [[Incheon]], and the ''Blue Sea Ferry'' operates between Qingdao and [[Gunsan]].<ref>[http://www.seat61.com/SouthKorea.htm#Ferries%20from%20China Ferries Korea-China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819161509/http://www.seat61.com/SouthKorea.htm#Ferries%20from%20China |date=19 August 2010 }}. Seat61.com. Retrieved on 2012-11-12.</ref>

Qingdao port also includes a number of large adjacent ports including Dongjiakou.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Dongjiakou port|url=http://www.qingdao-port.com/en/gywm_1_2.jsp|website=www.qingdao-port.com/|publisher=Qingdao Port International Co. Ltd.|access-date=31 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055344/http://www.qingdao-port.com/en/gywm_1_2.jsp|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Aviation ===
[[Qingdao Jiaodong International Airport]], located {{convert|39|km|0|abbr=on|sp=us}} away from the [[city center]], is served by 13 domestic and international [[airline]]s that operate 94 routes, 12 of which are international and regional. The airport opened on August 12, 2021, as a replacement for [[Qingdao Liuting International Airport]].<ref name=sd>{{cite web|url=https://cn.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202108/12/WS611497cfa3101e7ce975e5d4.html|date=2021-08-12|title=青岛胶东国际机场正式转场运营}}</ref>

=== Intercity rail ===
[[File:Qingdao Railway Station 01.jpg|thumb|right|Qingdao railway station]]
Qingdao's railway development picked up during the late 1990s. It is at the start of the [[Jinan–Qingdao high-speed railway]], the [[Qingdao–Jinan passenger railway]] and the original [[Qingdao–Jinan railway]]. Qingdao's city proper has some major railway stations, including [[Qingdao railway station]], Cangkou railway station, [[:zh:大港站|Dagang railway station]] and [[Qingdao North railway station]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qingdao North Railway Station: Location, Trains, Transportation|url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/china-trains/qingdao-north-station.htm|access-date=2020-06-15|website=www.travelchinaguide.com}}</ref> [[Sifang railway station]] is now closed to passengers.<ref>For several years before August 2008, travelers not from Qingdao were often confused because railway tickets to Qingdao showed the destination as "Sifang". Those trains were headed to Qingdao's Sifang station as a temporary measure. Once renovations to the larger Qingdao Railway Station were complete, the name of the destination reverted to "Qingdao".</ref>

D and G series high-speed trains travel on the Jinan–Qingdao high-speed railway and reach speeds of {{convert|300|km/h|abbr=on}} on the Jinan-Qingdao Section.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=zh:济青高铁建设近年无望 济青1小时生活圈得等等|newspaper=[[Qilu Evening News]] |date=2012-10-17<!-- 08:44-->|author=杨传忠| language = zh-cn |quote={{lang|zh-hans|济南铁路局胶济客专公司一位负责人说,胶济客专的客运正线长362.5公里,设计速度最高250公里/小时,现在行车时速为200公里.}}}}</ref> Services go to [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], [[Hefei]], [[Jinan]] and [[Tianjin]].<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:列车时刻 |url=http://www.qdhcz.net/listmain.asp?dip=menu01 |publisher=Qingdao railway station |access-date=12 January 2013 | language = zh-hans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108071141/http://www.qdhcz.net/listmain.asp?dip=menu01 |archive-date=8 January 2013}}</ref> The fastest train between Qingdao and Beijing is G206 / G205, which takes 2 hours and 58 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.3box.cc/yunzhuifang/138.html|script-title=zh:民生追访：4月10日起青岛至北京一站直达 高铁票_555彩票_555彩票娱乐网_555彩票官方认证平台-首页|website=www.3box.cc|access-date=2020-02-23}}</ref>

Domestic rail lines connect Qingdao with many cities in China, including [[Beijing]], [[Lanzhou]], [[Chengdu]], [[Xi'an]], [[Zhengzhou]], [[Jinan]] and [[Jining, Shandong|Jining]].

===Public transport===
[[File:Qingdao Development Zone Bus K1 - Sunwin - SWB6121EV6 (Wheelchair Accessible Low-entrance) - ChangJiang Road (Middle) (16668263526).jpg|thumb|A Qingdao bus]]
Qingdao's public traffic owns 5283 large and medium-sized buses, [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] buses {{As of|2012|lc=y}}. There are also 136 [[trolleybus]]es {{As of|2012|lc=y}}. All of the buses and trolleybuses can be accessed using the Qingdao Public Traffic [[IC Card]] ({{linktext|lang=zh-hans|青岛|卡}}), which uses radio frequencies so the card does not have to physically touch the scanner. After that, all public transportation companies use Qingdaotong Card, the last company that started to use this card is the Zhenqing bus company located in The West Coast New Area of Qingdao (original Huangdao Distinct) in 2019.

Non air-conditioned buses cost 1 yuan (excluding the tunnel bus), The volume of road passenger transport approaches 737 million per year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://qd.ifeng.com/a/20190527/7446762_0.shtml|script-title=zh:青岛发布2018年社会责任报告 全年客运总量7.37亿人|website=qd.ifeng.com|access-date=2020-02-23}}</ref> The Public Transport Brand of 'Ri-Xin Bus ({{linktext|lang=zh|日|新|巴士}})' is also known in China.

There are several taxi companies in Qingdao including Yiqing Company, Zhongqing Company, Jiaoyun Company, and, Huaqing Company.

====Metro====
{{Main|Qingdao Metro}}
[[File:青岛站3号线站台.jpg|thumb|left|Platform of Qingdao Metro]]
Source:<ref name="QINGDAO METRO">{{Cite web |title=QINGDAO METRO |url=http://www.qd-metro.com/ |website=QINGDAO METRO}}</ref>

After getting the approval from the State Council, the government announced on 18 August 2009 that Qingdao is ready to spend more than 29 billion yuan ($4.2 billion) before 2016 on its subway construction. Construction of {{convert|54.7|km|abbr=on}} of subway line 3 was completed before 2016 with a total investment of 29.2 billion yuan ($4.3 billion). Metro Line 3 is the first line in function and opened on 16 December 2015. In the long term, the city plans to build eight subway lines in downtown and some suburban districts, which account for {{convert|231.5|km|1|abbr=on}} in future.<ref>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-08/19/content_8588389.htm
| title=$4.3 billion budget to boost Qingdao subway construction
| date=2008-08-19
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822160023/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-08/19/content_8588389.htm
| archive-date=22 August 2009
| url-status=live}}
</ref> The system has an operating length of {{convert|243|km|abbr=on}}, lines in operation including [[Line 1 (Qingdao Metro)|Line 1]], [[Line 2 (Qingdao Metro)|Line 2]], [[Line 3 (Qingdao Metro)|Line 3]], [[Line 4 (Qingdao Metro)|Line 4]], [[Line 6 (Qingdao Metro)|Line 6]], [[Line 8 (Qingdao Metro)|Line 8]], [[Line 11 (Qingdao Metro)|Line 11]], and [[Line 13 (Qingdao Metro)|Line 13]].<ref name="QINGDAO METRO"/>

As of February 24, 2023, according to the approved network plan of Qingdao City, there are 19 long-term plans for Qingdao Metro, with a total length of 872 kilometers; The third phase construction plan has been approved, with a total of 13 lines and a total length of 503 kilometers, ranking ninth in the national approved mileage level; Seven lines have been opened and operated, including Lines 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, and 13, with an operating mileage of 315 kilometers. As of March 2023, there are 146 operating stations, ranking tenth in China and second in northern cities; There are 10 lines under construction (including extension lines), including the West Extension and Phase II of Line 2, Line 5, Phase I and Phase II of Line 6, Phase II of Line 7, South Section and Branch of Line 8, Phase I of Line 9, and Phase I of Line 15. The total length under construction is 188 kilometers, and it is expected to be fully completed by 2028.

====Tramway====
{{Main|Qingdao Tram}}
[[File:Qingdao Tram, Line Chengyang.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Qingdao Tram]] system is operating in Chengyang District]]

The Qingdao Tram (official name: Modern tram demonstration line) of Chengyang District, Qingdao, is a tram system operating in Chengyang District, Qingdao, China. It opened in 2016. The Qingdao Public Transport Group Rail Bus Co., Ltd. is responsible for operation and management. The system is only composed of 1 tram line.

==Culture==

===Architecture===
[[File:Qingdao Zhanqiao.jpg|thumb|right|Qingdao retains many buildings with a German architectural style]]
There are a large number of German-style buildings in Qingdao's [[city center]], a remarkable fact considering the German leased-territory period only lasted 16 years (1898–1914). The unique combination of German and Chinese architecture therein, combined with German demographic roots and a large Korean expatriate population, gives Qingdao a rather distinct atmosphere. An old saying described Qingdao as a city of "red tiles green trees, blue sky, and blue sea." This saying indeed gives a picture of a bird view of Qingdao. A larger number of areas in former foreign styles are well preserved. Although the new city area is under large-scale reconstruction, the old city area (especially the western part of [[Shinan District]]) still retains many traditional buildings.
[[File:St_Michaels_Cathedral_West_Front.png|thumb|upright|[[St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao|St. Michael's Cathedral]]]]
[[File:Qingdao skyscrapers.jpg|thumb|upright|Skyscrapers in Qingdao]]

===Notable people===
* [[Long Ding]], American football kicker
* [[James R. Lilley]], U.S. diplomat
* [[Ma Jian (writer)|Ma Jian]] ({{lang|zh-hans|马建}})
* [[Ma Jun (environmentalist)|Ma Jun]] ({{lang|zh-hans|马军}})
* [[Xiao Hong]] ({{lang|zh-hans|萧红}})
* [[Xiao Jun]] ({{lang|zh-hans|萧军}})
* [[Duanmu Hongliang]] ({{lang|zh|端木蕻良}})
* [[Chen-Lu Tsou|Zou Chenglu]] ({{lang|zh|邹承鲁}}) was born in Qingdao
* [[Erin Pizzey]], (was born in Qingdao)
* [[Li Zhaoxing]] ({{lang|zh|李肇星}})
* [[Zhang Ruimin]] ({{lang|zh-hans|张瑞敏}})
* [[Victoria Song]] ({{lang|zh-hans|宋茜}}, f(x))
* [[Huang Zitao]] ({{lang|zh-hans|黄子韬}}, musician, actor)
* [[Huang Bo]] ({{lang|zh-hans|黄渤}})
* [[Zhang Jike]] ({{lang|zh-hans|张继科}})
* [[Gao Fenghan]] ({{lang|zh-hans|高凤翰}})
* [[Toshiro Mifune]] (was born in Qingdao)
* [[Li Cunxin (dancer)|Li Cunxin]] ({{lang|zh|李存信}})
* [[Huang Xiaoming]] ({{lang|zh-hans|黄晓明}})
* [[Chen Hao (actress)|Chen Hao]] ({{lang|zh-hans|陈好}})
* [[Xia Yu (actor)|Xia Yu]] ({{lang|zh|夏雨}})
* [[Fan Bingbing]] ({{lang|zh|范冰冰}}, born in Qingdao)
* [[Bai Baihe]] ({{lang|zh|白百合}})
* [[Hao Haidong]] ({{lang|zh-hans|郝海东}})
* [[Wang Dong (footballer, born 1981)|Wang Dong]] ({{lang|zh-hans|王栋}}, [[midfielder]] for [[Qingdao Huanghai F.C.|Qingdao Huanghai]])
* [[Bu Xiangzhi]] ({{lang|zh-hans|卜祥志}}, chess grandmaster)
* [[Zhang Juanjuan]] ({{lang|zh-hans|张娟娟}}, archer)
* [[Malcolm H. Wiener]], (was born in Qingdao)
* [[Ni Ping]] ({{lang|zh-hans|倪萍}})
* [[Tang Guoqiang]] ({{lang|zh-hans|唐国强}})
* [[Ren Jialun]] ({{lang|zh-hans|任嘉伦}})
* [[Chen Meng]] ({{lang|zh-hans|陈梦}})

===Movies shot in Qingdao===
* ''[[A Little Red Flower]]'' ({{lang|zh|送你一朵小红花 2020}}) 2020
* ''[[A Better Tomorrow 2018]]'' ({{lang|zh|英雄本色2018}}) 2016
* ''[[The Great Wall (film)|The Great Wall]]'' ({{lang|zh-hans|长城}}) 2016
* ''Underdog Fight'' ({{lang|zh-hans|硬汉}}) 2008
* ''Underdog Fight II'' ({{lang|zh-hans|硬汉 II}}) 2013
* ''[[Ocean Heaven]]'' ({{lang|zh|海洋天堂}}) 2010
* ''Beauty Remains'' ({{lang|zh-hans|美人依旧}}) 2005

===Language===
During the city's leased-territory days, [[German language|German]], the official language, was rigorously taught and promoted. Since the demise of Germany's colonial empire after World War I, the German language is all but gone, leaving little impact on the local languages. A local accent known as [[Qingdao dialect]] ({{lang-zh|c=青岛话|p=Qīngdǎo huà}}) distinguishes the residents of the city from those of the surrounding [[Shandong]] province. Due to the efforts by the city government to promote standard [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], most educated people can speak standard Mandarin in addition to their native dialect. With reform policies and English teaching, some young citizens have been taught English and many can converse with English-speaking foreigners. Business and traffic signs in English are becoming more and more common.

===Festivals===
Notable festivals include:
* [[Qingdao International Horticultural Exposition 2014]] is the biggest international fair that has been held in the history of the city.
* [[Qingdao International Beer Festival]] in August/September, held annually since 1991.

==Media==
Qingdao previously had a large German community and a German garrison, so three German newspapers operated in Qingdao.<ref name=Walravens90>Walravens, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0F6U82kZXjsC&dq=%22Its+contents+covered+politics+and+economy+but+there+were%22&pg=PA90 90] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102035918/https://books.google.com/books?id=0F6U82kZXjsC&pg=PA90&dq=%22Its+contents+covered+politics+and+economy+but+there+were%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VYSQUN7PKIji8gSkhYGQAQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Its%20contents%20covered%20politics%20and%20economy%20but%20there%20were%22&f=false |date=2 January 2016 }}.</ref> German papers included ''[[Deutsch-Asiatische Warte]]'' ({{lang-zh|first=t|t=泰東古今鑑|s=泰东古今鉴|p=Tàidōng Gǔjīn Jiàn}};<ref name=Walravens91>Walravens, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0F6U82kZXjsC&dq=%22Hankou+also+had+a+German+paper%22&pg=PA91 91] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102035918/https://books.google.com/books?id=0F6U82kZXjsC&pg=PA91&dq=%22Hankou+also+had+a+German+paper%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9rCQUKP8EpHa8wTm-YCYBA&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Hankou%20also%20had%20a%20German%20paper%22&f=false |date=2 January 2016 }}.</ref> weekly newspaper published until 1906, included ''Die Welt des Ostens, Altes und Neues aus Asiens drei Kaiserreichen'', a cultural supplement),<ref name=Walravens90/> the ''[[Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten]]'' and the ''[[Kiautschou Post]]'' (a daily paper published from 1908 to 1912, referring to the [[Kiautschou Bay concession|Kiautschou (Jiaozhou) Bay concession]]). German publishing in Qingdao ended after [[World War I]] and the beginning of the Japanese administration.<ref name=Walravens91/>

A 1912 publication of the [[United States Department of Commerce]], [[Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce]] said that the ''[[Tageblatt für Nordchina]]'' of [[Tianjin]] was read in Qingdao and that major newspapers from [[Shanghai]] were also read in Qingdao.<ref>[[United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=nsANAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Tsingtauer+Neueste+Nachrichten%22&pg=PA188 p. 188] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102035918/https://books.google.com/books?id=nsANAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA188&dq=%22Tsingtauer+Neueste+Nachrichten%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=i16UUMScH4uC8ASKooGQDQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Tsingtauer%20Neueste%20Nachrichten%22&f=false |date=2 January 2016 }}. "Tageblatt für Nord China, a German paper published in Tientsin, and the leading papers published in Shanghai are also largely read in Tsingtau."</ref>

[[Bandao Broadcasting Media Corporation]], a news and broadcasting agency was founded in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bandao.cn/about/about_us7.shtml |title=青岛门户网站 半岛网(山东半岛最有影响力的网站) |publisher=Bandao.cn |access-date=2022-05-03}}</ref>

==Tourism==
Qingdao attracts many tourists due to its seaside setting and temperate weather. Parks, beaches, sculptures, and unique German and modern architecture line the shore. Its centrally located tourist information center, the "Qingdao Information Center for International Visitors for International Visitors," is located on Middle Hong Kong Road ({{lang|zh|香港中路}}).

Qingdao's major attractions include:

===Western Shinan district===
* [[Zhan Qiao]] (Pier, {{lang|zh-Hans|栈桥}})
* Little Qingdao Isle ({{lang|zh-Hans|小青岛}})
* Tian Hou Temple ({{lang|zh-Hans|天后宫}}), Qingdao Folk Museum
* [[Badaguan]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|l=Eight Great Passes |s=八大关}}), the older area of town with some surviving German architecture.
* [[Lu Xun Park (Qingdao)|Lu Xun Park]], named after [[Lu Xun]], modern Chinese writer and critic, who lived and taught in the 1930s.
* Zhongshan Park, named after the style name 'Zhongshan' of [[Sun Yat-sen]], a famous modern Chinese politician.
* [[Xiao Yu Shan]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|l=Little Fish Hill |s=小鱼山}})
* The twin-spired [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao|St. Michael's Cathedral]] ({{lang|de|Kathedrale St. Michael}}; {{lang|zh|天主教堂}}), a notable example of Qingdao's famous [[Neo-romanesque]] architecture, designed by German architect Alfred Fräbel, completed in 1934.
* [[Qingdao Aquarium]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|青岛水族馆}})
* [[Kiautschou Governor's Hall]] ({{lang|de|Gouverneurspalast}}; {{lang|zh|提督府}}), the office building of former German governors and former municipal government
* [[Xinhao Hill]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|信号山}})

{{Gallery
|title=Photographs of Historic Eurasian Area
|width=200
|height=200
|align=center
|File:青岛八大观花石楼.jpg|Hua Shi Lou in the Eight Great Passes
|File:旧青岛总督府.jpg|Former site of [[Kiautschou Governor's Hall|the headquarters of the German Administration]]
|File:Christian church in Qingdao.jpg|[[Christ's Church, Qingdao|The Protestant Church]] ({{lang|de|Evangelische Kirche}}; {{lang|zh|基督教堂}})
|File:Qingdao Pier.jpg|The pier on the seafront
|File:City View Of Qingdao 1.JPG|A view of Qingdao
}}

===Eastern Shinan district===
* [[May Fourth Square]] (''Platz des vierten Mai''), coastal plaza with the Wind of May sculpture
* [[Tsingtao Brewery]] (''Tsingtao-Brauerei''), founded by Germany and the most exported beer from China.
* [[Zhanshan Temple]] (''Dschanschan-Tempel''), Qingdao's oldest [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temple.
* [[Qingdao International Sailing Centre]] (''青岛奥林匹克帆船中心''), hosted the Olympic and Paralympic Sailing competitions in 2008.

===Laoshan district===
* [[Mount Lao|Lao Shan]] (Mount Lao, Lauschan, {{lang|zh-hans|崂山}}), {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} east of Qingdao, the most famous [[Taoism|Taoist]] mountain with Taoist retreat – Great Purity Palace ({{lang|zh-hans|太清宫}})
* National Shilaoren Tourist Resort ({{lang|zh-Hans|石老人国家旅游度假区}}), the famous bathing beach symbolized by a characteristic natural sea rock with a shape like an old man
* Xiaomaidao Park ({{lang|zh-Hans|小麦岛公园}}), the park with hills, a beach, and a nice view of the coastal line

==Education==
Qingdao is also one of the world's top 50 cities for global scientific research as tracked by the [[Nature Index]].<ref name=":3" /> 

===Higher education===
[[File:QUST Sifang Campus Main Building.JPG|thumb|Old Main Building of Qingdao University of Science and Technology]]
Qingdao is home to a large number of [[higher education]] institutions. The [[Ocean University of China]], formerly called the Ocean University of Qingdao, is the most important university of maritime sciences in China. In addition, the [[Qingdao University]], the [[Qingdao University of Science and Technology]] as well as the [[Qingdao Technological University]] have also been integral parts of higher education in Qingdao for decades. Shandong University Qingdao (SDUQ) was established in 2016, belonging to [[Shandong University]] System. Other institutions include:
* [[China University of Petroleum (Huadong)|China University of Petroleum]], completed its relocation from [[Dongying]] to Qingdao in 2012
* [[Shandong University of Science and Technology]], the main campus is based in Qingdao since 2003
* [[Qingdao Agricultural University]], the main campus is based in Qingdao since 2007
* [[Qingdao Technical College]]
* [[Qingdao Binhai University]], located at Huangdao.

[[Shandong University]] was located in Qingdao from 1909 to 1936. A new branch campus of the university is under construction in Aoshanwei Town, [[Jimo]].

===International schools===
* Korean International School of Qingdao
* [[Malvern College Qingdao]]
* Pegasus California School, Qingdao
* [[International School of Qingdao]]
*  Qingdao Amerasia International School
*  Qingdao No.1 International School
*  Qingdao Oxford International College
*  Yew Chung International School of Qingdao
*  Belt & Road Collaborative Innovation College (BRCIC)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brcic.cn/ |title=Belt and Road Collaborative Innovation College |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104171544/http://www.brcic.cn/ |archive-date=4 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Secondary schools===
* [[Qingdao No. 2 High School]]
* [[Qingdao No. 58 School]]
* [[Qingdao No. 1 High School]]
* [[Qingdao No. 9 High School]]
* [[Qingdao No. 15 High School]]
* [[Qingdao No. 19 High School]]

==Sports==
===Stadiums===
[[File:Guoxin Stadium PANO.jpg|thumb|[[Conson Stadium|Qingdao Conson Stadium]]]]
* [[Guoxin Gymnasium]] (Qingdao city sports center)
* [[Yizhong Sports Center]]
* [[Qingdao Tiantai Stadium]]
* [[Hongcheng Stadium]]
* [[Qingdao Youth Football Stadium]]

===2008 Olympic Summer Games===
During the [[2008 Summer Olympics]], Qingdao and Beijing cohosted the Olympic Sailing competitions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2008 Beijing Olympic Sailing Competition|url=https://www.sailing.org/2008-olympic-games.php|access-date=2021-06-24|website=sailing.org|language=en}}</ref> In Qingdao, the events took place along the shoreline by the city. These events were hosted at the [[Qingdao International Sailing Centre|Qingdao International Sailing Center]] at [[Fushan Bay]], near the city's central business district. An international broadcasting center and purpose-built hotel were constructed for the Games.

===Motorsport===
The [[IndyCar Series]] signed a contract with the Qingdao city council to hold an [[IndyCar]] race in Qingdao in 2012. The subsequently canceled race was supposed to take place on a {{convert|3.87|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} street circuit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auto-racing.speedtv.com/article/indycar-series-confirms-china-race|title=INDYCAR: Series Confirms China Race|last=IndyCar|date=10 November 2011|work=SPEED Channel|publisher=Fox Sports|access-date=2011-11-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113000145/http://auto-racing.speedtv.com/article/indycar-series-confirms-china-race/|archive-date=13 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/indycar-scheduled-august-race-in-china-has-been-canceled/2012/06/13/gJQAE8bZaV_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123731/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/indycar-scheduled-august-race-in-china-has-been-canceled/2012/06/13/gJQAE8bZaV_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2018|title=IndyCar scheduled August race in China has been canceled|publisher=Washington Posts|access-date=2012-06-16}}</ref>

==Sister cities==
Qingdao has 36 [[Sister city|sister cities]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/travel/qingdao/node_7098052.htm|title=Qingdao sister cities|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! City !! Country !! Year of Agreement
|-
| [[Acapulco]] || {{flag|Mexico}} || 1985
|-
| [[Adelaide]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/about-adelaide/general-information/sister-cities/qingdao-china/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719050810/https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/about-adelaide/general-information/sister-cities/qingdao-china/|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2019|title=Qingdao - Sister city of Adelaide|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref> || {{flag|Australia}} || 2014
|-
| [[Bilbao]] || {{flag|Spain}} || 2004
|-
| [[Daegu]] || {{flag|South Korea}} || 1993
|-
| [[Faisalabad]] || {{flag|Pakistan}} || 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Faisalabad, Qingdao sign Letter of Intent to develop sister city ties |url=https://www.app.com.pk/global/faisalabad-qingdao-sign-letter-of-intent-to-develop-sister-city-ties/ |access-date=28 April 2021 |agency=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=27 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Galway]] || {{flag|Ireland}} || 1999
|-
| [[Iloilo City]] || {{flag|Philippines}} || 2003
|-
| [[Klaipėda]] || {{flag|Lithuania}} || 2004
|-
| [[Long Beach]] || {{flag|United States}} || 1985
|-
| [[Makassar]] || {{flag|Indonesia}} || N/A
|-
| [[Mannheim]] || {{flag|Germany}} || 2016
|-
| [[Miami]] || {{flag|United States}} || 2005
|-
| [[Montevideo]] || {{flag|Uruguay}} || 2004
|-
| [[Nantes]] || {{flag|France}} || 2005
|-
| [[Nes Ziyyona]] || {{flag|Israel}} || 1997
|-
| [[North Shore City]] || {{flag|New Zealand}} || 2008
|-
| [[Odesa]] || {{flag|Ukraine}} || 1993
|-
| [[Paderborn]] || {{flag|Germany}} || 2003
|-
| [[Perm, Russia|Perm]] || {{flag|Russia}} || 2003
|-
| [[Puerto Montt]] || {{flag|Chile}} || 1999
|-
| [[Regensburg]] || {{flag|Germany}} || 2009
|-
| [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]] || {{flag|Canada}} || 2008
|-
| [[Saint Petersburg]] || {{flag|Russia}} || 2006
|-
| [[Shimonoseki]] || {{flag|Japan}} || 1979
|-
| [[Southampton]] || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || 1998
|-
| [[Velsen]] || {{flag|Netherlands}} || 1998
|-
| [[Vila Velha]] || {{flag|Brazil}} || 2009
|-
| [[Wilhelmshaven]] || {{flag|Germany}} || 1992
|-
| [[Yerevan]] || {{flag|Armenia}} || 2023
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|China}}
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in China]]
* [[Shandong]]
* [[Oriental Movie Metropolis|Qingdao Oriental Movie Metropolis]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Gottschall, Terrell D. ''By Order of the Kaiser: Otto von Diederichs and the Rise of the Imperial German Navy 1865–1902''. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2003. {{ISBN|1-55750-309-5}}
* Schultz-Naumann, Joachim. ''Unter Kaisers Flagge: Deutschlands Schutzgebiete im Pazifik und in China einst und heute'' [Under the Kaiser's Flag, Germany's Protectorates in the Pacific and in China then and today]. Munich: Universitas Verlag. 1985.
* ''Miscellaneous series, Issues 7–11''. [[United States Department of Commerce]], [[Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce]], 1912.
* Walravens, Hartmut. "German Influence on the Press in China". In: ''Newspapers in International Librarianship: Papers Presented by the Newspaper Section at IFLA General Conferences''. [[Walter de Gruyter]], 1 January 2003. {{ISBN|3110962799}}, {{ISBN|9783110962796}}.
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20030617073505/http://ifla.queenslibrary.org/IV/ifla62/62-walh.htm Also available at] the website of the [[Queens Library]] – This version does not include the footnotes visible in the Walter de Gruyter version.
** Also available in Walravens, Hartmut, and Edmund King. ''Newspapers in international librarianship: papers presented by the section of the newspaper at IFLA General Conferences''. [[K.G. Saur]], 2003. {{ISBN|3598218370}}, {{ISBN|9783598218378}}.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Qingdao}}
{{Wiktionary|Qingdao|Tsingtao|Ch'ing-tao}}
{{Wikivoyage|Qingdao}}
* [http://www.qingdao.gov.cn Qingdao Government website] {{in lang|zh}}
* [https://www.qdiap.com Qingdao International Academician Port website] {{in lang|zh}}
* [https://www.sicas.cn/ Study in China Admission System（中国高等院校国际招生管理服务系统） website] {{in lang|EN}}

{{Shandong}}
{{Shandong topics}}
{{Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{SEZ}}
{{Former German colonies}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Qingdao| ]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in China]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in China]]
[[Category:Populated places with period of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Shandong]]
[[Category:National Civilized City]]
[[Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City]]