View source for Qi (state)

{{Short description|Zhou dynasty Chinese state (1046–221 BCE)}}
{{About|the major state of Q'''í''' (''齊'')|the minor state of Q'''ǐ''' (''杞'')|Qi (Henan)|other uses|Qi (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Qi Kingdom|the Han dynasty kingdom|Qi Kingdom (Han dynasty)}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name = {{lang|zh|齊}}<br / >{{small|[[Old Chinese phonology|*]]Dzəj}}
|conventional_long_name = Qi
|common_name = Qi
|era         = 
|status      = {{unbulleted list|Regional State (1046–323&nbsp;BCE)|Kingdom (323–221&nbsp;BCE)}}
|government_type = [[Monarchy]]
|year_start  = 1046 BCE 
|year_end    = 221 BCE 
|p1          = Pugu (state){{!}}Pugu
|s1          = Qin dynasty
|event_start = Enfeoffment of [[Jiang Ziya|Duke Tai]]
|event_end   = Conquered by Qin
|event1      = 
|date_event1 = 
|event2      = 
|date_event2 = 
|event3      = 
|date_event3 = 
|event4      = 
|date_event4 = 
|event5      = 
|date_event5 = 
|image_map   = EN-QI260BCE.jpg
|image_map_caption = Qi in 260 BCE 
|capital           = Yingqiu (11 c.–866 BCE)<br />[[Pugu (state)|Bogu]] (866–859 BCE)<br />[[Ancient Linzi|Linzi]] (859–221 BCE)
|common_languages  = 
|religion    = {{unbulleted list|[[ancestor worship]]|[[Chinese folk religion]]}}
|currency    = [[Knife money]]
|leader1     = [[Duke Huan of Qi]]
|leader2     = [[Duke Jing of Qi]]
|year_leader1 = 685–643 BCE 
|year_leader2 = 547–490 BCE 
|deputy2 = [[Yan Ying]]
|year_deputy2 = 556–500 BCE 
|title_leader = [[Gong (title)|Lord]] of Qi
|deputy1      = [[Guan Zhong]]
|year_deputy1 = 685–645 BCE 
|title_deputy = [[Chancellor of China|Chancellor]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|pic=Qi (Chinese characters).svg
|piccap="Qi" in [[seal script]] (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
|picsize=65px
|t={{linktext|齊}}
|s={{linktext|齐}}
|p=Qí
|w=Ch'i<sup>2</sup>
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|q|i|2}}
|gr=Chyi
|j=Cai<sup>4</sup>
|y=Chàih
|ci={{IPAc-yue|c|ai|4}}
|buc=Cà̤
|suz=Zí
|poj=Chê
|tl=Tsê
|oc-bs=&ast;{{IPA|[dz]ˤəj}}
}}
[[File:Great wall of qi 2008 07 14.jpg|thumb|right|275px|The [[Great Wall of Qi]] on Dafeng Mountain]]
'''Qi'''<!--Chinese in infobox-->, or '''Ch'i'''<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Qi – ancient state, China [771–221 BCE] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Qi-ancient-state-China-771-221-BC |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica | date= 2008}}</ref> in [[Wade–Giles]] romanization,  was a [[ancient Chinese state|regional state]] of the [[Zhou dynasty]] in [[History of China#Ancient China|ancient China]], whose rulers held [[Zhou dynasty nobility|titles]] of ''Hou'' ({{lang|zh|侯}}), then ''[[Gong (title)|Gong]]'' ({{lang|zh|公}}), before declaring themselves independent Kings (王). Its capital was [[Ancient Linzi|Linzi]], located in present-day [[Shandong]]. Qi was founded shortly after the Zhou [[Battle of Muye|conquest]] of [[Shang dynasty|Shang]], {{circa|1046 BCE }}. Its first monarch was [[Jiang Ziya]] (Lord Tai; {{reign}}1046–1015 BCE), [[chancellor (China)|minister]] of [[King Wen of Zhou|King Wen]] and a [[Chinese legend|legendary]] figure in Chinese culture. His [[Chinese surname#Xing|family]] ruled Qi for several centuries before it was [[Usurpation of Qi by Tian|replaced by the Tian family]] in 386{{nbsp}}BCE.<ref>{{ cite book | isbn =9780231521314 | publisher= Columbia University Press | editor= Burton Watson | date= 2003 | page =1 | title= Xunzi: Basic Writings | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0SE2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 | orig-date= c. 230s BCE | author = Xunzi | author-link= Xun Kuang }}</ref> Qi was the final surviving state to be annexed by [[state of Qin|Qin]] during its [[Qin's wars of unification|unification of China]].

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2010}}
[[File:Bronze knife-shaped coins of State of Qi.jpg|thumb|left|Bronze knife-shaped coins of State of Qi, collected in Shandong Museum]]

===Foundation===
{{Main|Western Zhou}}
During the [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]] [[Battle of Muye|conquest]] of [[Shang dynasty|Shang]], [[Jiang Ziya]], a native of [[Ju County]] served as the [[chancellor (China)|chief minister]] to [[King Wu of Zhou|King Wu]], the same position he had held in service to King Wu's father. Following the Zhou victory, the lands comprising much of the Shandong peninsula and some nearby surrounds were established as the state of Qi, with Jiang [[fengjian|charged with]] ruling and defending them. After King Wu's death, Ziya remained loyal to the [[Duke of Zhou]]'s regency during the [[Three Guards]]' [[Rebellion of the Three Guards|failed rebellion]]. The Shang prince [[Wu Geng]] had joined the revolt along with the [[Dongyi]] polities of {{ill|Yan (Dongyi)|lt=Yan|zh|燕国}}, [[Xu (Dongyi)|Xu]], and [[Pugu (Dongyi)|Pugu]], located within the boundaries of Qi. These were suppressed by 1039{{nbsp}}BCE, but the ''[[Bamboo Annals]]'' suggest that the native people of Pugu continued to revolt for about another decade before being destroyed a second time {{circa|lk=no|1026}}.

Transmitted documents from the [[Western Zhou]] period are scant, but it is known that [[King Yi of Zhou (Xie)|King Yi]] of Zhou ({{reign}}865–858 BCE) attacked Qi and [[Death by boiling|boil]]ed [[Duke Ai of Qi|Duke Ai]] to death. During the time of [[King Xuan of Zhou]] ({{reign}} 827–782), there was a local succession struggle. Throughout this period, many of the native [[Dongyi]] peoples [[sinification|were absorbed]] into the Zhou cultural sphere.

===Spring and Autumn period===
{{Main|Spring and Autumn period}}
[[File:Sacrificial horsepit linzi 2010 06 06.jpg|thumb|left|Sacrificial horses discovered in the tomb of [[Duke Jing of Qi]]]]

The succession crisis following the violent death of [[King You of Zhou]] led to a dramatic and unrecoverable loss of political and military authority in the Zhou royal court. Under this new geopolitical situation, Qi rose to prominence under [[Duke Huan of Qi]] ({{reign}} 685–643{{nbsp}}BCE ). He and his minister [[Guan Zhong]] strengthened the state by consolidating power in the hands of the central government at the expense of the landed aristocracy, establishing a system of counties ({{zh|labels=no|c=縣|p=xiàn}}) ruled directly by ministers of the state court.<ref>Cho-Yun Hsu, "The Springs and Autumns Period", in {{harvnb|''Cambridge History of Ancient China''|1999|pp=553–554}}.</ref> Qi annexed 35 neighboring polities – including [[Tan (state)|Tan]] – and brought others into submission. Guan Zhong's administrative reforms also included state monopolies on salt and iron, and in general were characteristic of the later political philosophy of [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Legalism]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kiser |first1=Edgar | last2 = Cai |first2 = Young |year= 2003 | title = War and bureaucratization in Qin China: Exploring an anomalous case |journal = American Sociological Review |volume=68 | issue =4 |pages=511–39 |doi = 10.2307/1519737|jstor=1519737 }}</ref>{{rp|526}}

In 667{{nbsp}}BCE, the lords of Qi, [[Lu (state)|Lu]], [[Song (state)|Song]], [[Chen (state)|Chen]], and [[Zheng (state)|Zheng]] assembled in one of the first great interstate conferences, and Duke Huan was elected as their leader. Subsequently, [[King Hui of Zhou]] pronounced him ''Bà'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=霸|l=big brother<ref>{{ cite journal
| last= Goldin | first= Paul R.
| journal= T'oung Pao | volume= 107
| publisher= Brill | pages= 475–480
| place= Leiden | date= 2021
| doi = 10.1163/15685322-10703005
| title= Etymological Notes on Early Chinese Aristocratic Titles
| issue= 3–4
| s2cid= 239636418
}}</ref>}}), the "hegemon-protector" sworn to protect the royal house of Zhou and uphold the authority of the [[Son of Heaven]] (the Zhou king). The first of [[Five Hegemons|five]] such hegemons,<ref>Cho-Yun Hsu, "The Springs and Autumns Period", in {{harvnb|''Cambridge History of Ancient China''|1999|p=555}}.</ref> he earned a tribute from the other states, and had the honour of paying the royal court a larger tribute than anyone else. His calls to arms were as binding as the king's own. Using this authority, during the first eleven years of his hegemony, Duke Huan intervened in a power struggle in Lu; protected [[Yan (state)|Yan]] from encroaching [[Xirong (people)|Western Rong]] nomads; drove off [[Beidi|Northern Di]] nomads after their invasions of [[Wey (state)|Wey]] and [[Xing (state)|Xing]], providing the people with provisions and protective garrison units; and led an alliance of eight states to conquer [[Cai (state)|Cai]] and thereby block the northward expansion of [[Chu (state)|Chu]].<ref>Cho-Yun Hsu, "The Springs and Autumns Period", in {{harvnb|''Cambridge History of Ancient China''|1999|pp=555–556}}.</ref>

After Duke Huan's death, a [[War of Qi's succession|war of succession]] between rival claimants greatly weakened Qi and ending its reign of hegemony. In 632{{nbsp}}BCE, Qi helped [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin]] defeat Chu at the [[Battle of Chengpu]], only to be defeated by Jin itself at the [[Battle of An]] in 589. In 579, the four great powers of [[Qin (state)|Qin]], Jin, Chu, and Qi met to declare a truce and limit their military strength.

===Warring States period – Tian Qi===
{{Further|Usurpation of Qi by Tian}}
Early in the period, Qi annexed a number of smaller states. Qi was one of the first states to patronize scholars. In 532{{nbsp}}BCE, the [[Tian (surname)|Tian]] clan destroyed several rival families and came to dominate the state. In 485, the Tian clan killed the heir to the house of Jiang and fought several rival clans. Four years later, the Tian chief killed a puppet ruler, most of his family, and a number of rival chiefs. He took control of most of the state and left the monarch with only the capital of [[Ancient Linzi|Linzi]] and the area around [[Mount Tai]]. In 386, the house of Tian fully replaced the house of Jiang as rulers of Qi. The [[Warring States period]] ended with the [[Qin (state)|Qin]] conquest of Qi, which was the last to fall, in 222. So ended Qi, and the era of [[Imperial China]] began.

==Culture of Qi==
Before Qin unified China, each state's customs, culture, dialects, and orthography had pronounced differences. According to the ''[[Yu Gong]]'' or ''Tribute of Yu'', composed in the fourth or fifth century BCE and included in the ''[[Book of Documents|Classic of Documents]]'', there were nine distinct cultural regions of China, which are described in detail. The work focuses on the travels of the titular sage, [[Yu the Great]], throughout each of the regions.

Other texts also discussed these cultural variations. One of these texts was ''The Book of Master Wu'', written in response to a query by Marquis Wu of [[Wei (state)|Wei]] on how to cope with the other states. [[Wu Qi]], the author of the work, declared that the government and nature of the people were reflective of the terrain of the environment in which they inhabited. Of Qi, he said:

{{Blockquote|Although Qi's troops are numerous, their organization is unstable... The people of Qi are by nature unyielding and their country prosperous, but the ruler and officials are arrogant and care nothing for the people. The state's policies are not uniform and not strictly enforced. Salaries and wages are unfair and unevenly distributed, causing disharmony and disunity. Qi's army is arrayed with their heaviest hitters at the front while the rest follow behind, so that even when their forces appear mighty, they are in reality fragile. To defeat them, we should divide our army into three columns and have two attack the left and right flanks of Qi's army. Once their battle formations are thrown into disarray, the central column should be in position to attack and victory will follow.|[[Wu Qi]], ''[[Wuzi]]''}}

While visiting Qi, [[Confucius]] was deeply impressed with perfection of performance of [[Shao music]] ({{lang|zh|韶}}) therein.<ref>{{ cite book | chapter=[[:zh:s:論語/述而第七|17 ("Shu er"):14]] | title= Analects | title-link= Analects | script-title=zh:論語 | author= [[Confucius]] (attributed) }}</ref>

During the Warring States period, Qi was famous for Linzi's [[Jixia Academy]], where renowned scholars of the era from all over China would visit. Modern scholarship understands the Jixia Academy not to be a physical institution, but an informal collaboration of sponsored scholars engaged in intellectual work. One impressive surviving achievement of the Jixia school of thought is the ''[[Yanzi Chunqiu]]''.<ref>{{ cite journal
| title=Debates around Jixia: Argument and Intertextuality in Warring States Writings Associated with Qi
| first= Oliver | last= Weingarten
| journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society  | volume= 135 | number= 2 | date= 2015 | pages= 283–307 [283–285]
 | doi= 10.7817/jameroriesoci.135.2.283 | jstor= 10.7817/jameroriesoci.135.2.283 }}</ref>

==Qi architecture==
[[File:Linzi_sewer_2010_06_06.jpg|thumb|right|Remains of [[Ancient Linzi]] city sewer passing underneath the former city wall of the Qi kingdom.]]
The state of Qi was known for having well organized cities that were nearly rectangular in shape, with roads that were neatly knit into a grid-like pattern. The palace was strategically positioned facing the south. To the left (eastwardly direction) of the palace resided the [[ancestral temple]], to its right (westward) the temple of the gods, both one hundred paces away. This ensured that balance was achieved. In front of the palace was the court also one hundred paces away and to the back of the palace was the city. This type of layout influenced greatly the way cities were designed in subsequent generations.

Smaller estates known as ''chengyi'' ({{lang|zh|城邑}}) <!-- um, "cheng" and "yi" were two different kinds of settlement in the early period. this needs more detail and chronological contextualisation --> were abundant throughout Qi. They typically stretched 450 meters from south to north and 395 meters from east to west. The perimeter was usually surrounded by a wall with the living headquarters situated within and a nearly perfect square-shaped courtyard occupying the center.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

The [[Great Wall of Qi]] ({{lang|zh|齊長城}}) is the oldest existing [[Great Wall of China|Great Wall]] in [[China]].<ref name=fodor>{{cite book|title=Fodor's Exploring China|author=Christopher Knowles|publisher=[[Fodor's]], original from the [[University of Virginia]]|year=2001|isbn=0-676-90161-1|page=56}}{{pb}}{{cite book|title=Atlas of World Heritage: China|publisher=Long River Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59265-060-6|page=74}}</ref> Construction of the wall started in 441 BCE  to defend against attacks from the states of [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin]] and [[Yue (state)|Yue]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pines|first=Yuri|author-link=Yuri Pines|date=2018|title=The Earliest 'Great Wall'? Long Wall of Qi Revisited |url=http://yuri-pines-sinology.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Great-Wall-of-Qi-final.pdf |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages=743–762 |doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.4.0743}}</ref> Construction ended during the [[Warring States period]], with the wall enhancing Qi's defense against enemies states like [[Ju (state)|Ju]], [[Lu (state)|Lu]], and [[Chu (state)|Chu]].<ref name=cultural-china>{{ cite web | url = http://news.cultural-china.com/20090202165049.html | date= 2 February 2009 | title= Ancient sites from Zhou Dynasty discovered in the Qi Great Wall in Shandong | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326114335/http://news.cultural-china.com/20090202165049.html?sky0TMVMukzATL9MjkzBTLpMtEw= |archive-date=26 March 2012 | work= Cultural China | url-status= dead }}</ref>  The wall stretches from Guangli village of today's Changqing District, [[Jinan]], running across the mountain ridges of central Shandong Province to the Yellow Sea in the present-day city of [[Qingdao]].<ref name=cultural-china/> Its total length has been estimated at {{cvt|600|km|miles}}.<ref name=sdinfobase>{{Cite web |url=http://sd.infobase.gov.cn/sdgd/sd2/4.htm |title=List of heritage sites in Shandong|language=zh|access-date=2009-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031104623/http://sd.infobase.gov.cn/sdgd/sd2/4.htm |archive-date=2007-10-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most of the wall is still visible.

==Qi in astronomy==
{{Main|Chinese constellations}}
Qi is represented by the star '''[[Chi Capricorni]]''' in the "Twelve States" asterism in the "[[Girl (Chinese constellation)|Girl]]" [[Twenty-Eight Mansions|lunar mansion]] in the "[[Black Tortoise|Black Turtle]]" [[Four Symbols|symbol]].  Qi is also represented by the star '''[[112 Herculis]]''' in the "Left Wall" asterism in the [[Heavenly Market enclosure|"Heavenly Market" enclosure]].<ref>{{cite web | work= Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy | url= http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0606/ap060624.html | script-work= zh:天文教育資訊網 | date= 24 Jun 2006 | language= zh | editor= Chen Huihua (陳輝樺) | script-title= zh:中國古代的星象系統 (54)： 天市左垣、市樓 | access-date= 8 August 2023 | archive-date= 4 April 2019 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190404010915/http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0606/ap060624.html | url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Rulers==

===House of Jiang===
{{See also|Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period)#House of Jiang|label 1=House of Jiang family tree}}
{| class="wikitable" <!--border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"-->
|-
!width=7%|Title
!width=5%|Name
!width=7%|Reign (BC)
!width=15%|Relationship
!width=20%|Notes
|-
| [[Duke Tai of Qi|Duke Tai]]<br />齊太公 || Shang<br />尚 || 11th century || || Enfeoffed by [[King Wu of Zhou]], with capital at [[Yingqiu]]
|-
| [[Duke Ding of Qi|Duke Ding]]<br>齊丁公 || Ji<br>伋 || 10th century || 5th-generation descendant of Duke Tai || Traditionally believed to be son of Duke Tai
|-
| [[Duke Yǐ of Qi|Duke Yǐ]]<br>齊乙公 || De<br>得 || 10th century || Son of Duke Ding ||
|-
| [[Duke Gui of Qi|Duke Gui]]<br>齊癸公 || Cimu<br>慈母 || c. 10th century || Son of Duke Yǐ ||
|-
| [[Duke Ai of Qi|Duke Ai]]<br>齊哀公 ||Buchen<br>不辰 || 9th century || Son of Duke Gui || Boiled to death by [[King Yi of Zhou (Xie)|King Yi of Zhou]]
|-
| [[Duke Hu of Qi|Duke Hu]]<br>齊胡公 || Jing<br>靜 || 9th century || Son of Duke Gui || Moved capital to Bogu, killed by Duke Xian
|-
| [[Duke Xian of Qi|Duke Xian]]<br />齊獻公 || Shan<br />山 || 859?–851 || Son of Duke Gui || Moved capital back to [[Ancient Linzi|Linzi]]
|-
| [[Duke Wu of Qi|Duke Wu]]<br />齊武公 || Shou<br />壽 || 850–825 || Son of Duke Xian ||
|-
| [[Duke Li of Qi|Duke Li]]<br />齊厲公 || Wuji<br />無忌 || 824–816 || Son of Duke Wu || Killed by supporters of Duke Hu's son.
|-
| [[Duke Wen of Qi|Duke Wen]]<br />齊文公 || Chi<br />赤 || 815–804 || Son of Duke Li ||
|-
| [[Duke Cheng of Qi|Duke Cheng]]<br />齊成公 || Yue<br />說 || 803–795 || Son of Duke Wen ||
|-
| [[Duke Zhuang I of Qi|Duke Zhuang I]]<br />齊前莊公 || Gou<br />購 || 794–731 || Son of Duke Cheng || Reigned for 64 years
|-
| [[Duke Xi of Qi|Duke Xi]]<br />齊僖公 || Lufu<br />祿甫 || 730–698 || Son of Duke Zhuang I ||
|-
| [[Duke Xiang of Qi|Duke Xiang]]<br />齊襄公 || Zhu'er<br />諸兒 || 697–686 || Son of Duke Xi || Committed incest with sister [[Wen Jiang]], murdered her husband [[Duke Huan of Lu]], conquered the state of Ji, murdered by cousin Wuzhi
|-
| ''none'' || [[Wuzhi (Qi)|Wuzhi]]<br />無知 || 686 || Cousin of Duke Xiang, grandson of Duke Zhuang I || Killed by Yong Lin.
|-
| [[Duke Huan of Qi|Duke Huan]]<br />齊桓公 || Xiaobai<br />小白 || 685–643 || Younger brother of Duke Xiang || First of the [[Five Hegemons]], when Qi reached zenith of its power. Starved to death by ministers
|-
| ''none'' || [[Wukui]] or Wugui<br />無虧 or 無詭  || 643 || Son of Duke Huan || Killed by supporters of Duke Xiao
|-
| [[Duke Xiao of Qi|Duke Xiao]]<br />齊孝公 || Zhao<br />昭 || 642–633 || Son of Duke Huan || Crown prince of Qi
|-
| [[Duke Zhao of Qi|Duke Zhao]]<br />齊昭公 || Pan<br />潘 || 632–613 || Son of Duke Huan || His supporters murdered the son of Duke Xiao
|-
| ''none'' || [[She (Qi)|She]]<br />舍 || 613 || Son of Duke Zhao || Murdered by uncle Shangren
|-
| [[Duke Yì of Qi|Duke Yì]]<br />齊懿公 || Shangren<br />商人 || 612–609 || Uncle of She, son of Duke Huan || Killed by two ministers
|-
| [[Duke Hui of Qi|Duke Hui]]<br />齊惠公 || Yuan<br />元 || 608–599 || Son of Duke Huan || Defeated [[Long Di]] invaders
|-
| [[Duke Qing of Qi|Duke Qing]]<br />齊頃公 || Wuye<br />無野 || 598–582 || Son of Duke Hui || Defeated by [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin]] at the [[Battle of An]]
|-
| [[Duke Ling of Qi|Duke Ling]]<br />齊靈公 || Huan<br />環 || 581–554 || Son of Duke Qing || Annexed the [[State of Lai]]; defeated by [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin]] at the Battle of Pingyin, capital [[Ancient Linzi|Linzi]] burned
|-
| [[Duke Zhuang II of Qi|Duke Zhuang II]]<br />齊後莊公 || Guang<br />光 || 553–548 || Son of Duke Ling || Ascended throne by killing Prince Ya with the help of [[Cui Zhu]]; committed adultery with Cui's wife, killed by Cui
|-
| [[Duke Jing of Qi|Duke Jing]]<br />齊景公 ||Chujiu<br />杵臼 || 547–490 || Half brother of Duke Zhuang II || Killed Cui Zhu. Had famous statesman [[Yan Ying]] as prime minister
|-
| [[An Ruzi]]<br />安孺子 || Tu<br />荼 || 489 || Youngest son of Duke Jing || Deposed by [[Usurpation of Qi by Tian|Tian Qi]] and killed by Duke Dao. Also called Yan Ruzi
|-
| [[Duke Dao of Qi|Duke Dao]]<br />齊悼公 || Yangsheng<br />陽生 || 488–485 || Son of Duke Jing || Killed by a minister, possibly [[Tian Heng]]
|-
| [[Duke Jian of Qi|Duke Jian]]<br />齊簡公 || Ren<br />壬 || 484–481 || Son of Duke Dao || Killed by Tian Heng
|-
| [[Duke Ping of Qi|Duke Ping]]<br />齊平公 || Ao<br />驁 ||480–456 || Brother of Duke Jian ||
|-
| [[Duke Xuan of Qi|Duke Xuan]]<br />齊宣公 || Ji<br />積 || 455–405 || Son of Duke Ping ||
|-
| [[Duke Kang of Qi|Duke Kang]]<br />齊康公 ||Dai<br />貸 || 404–386 || Son of Duke Xuan || Deposed by [[Duke Tai of Tian Qi]], died in 379
|}

===House of Tian===
{{See also|Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period)#House of Tian|label 1=House of Tian family tree}}
{| class="wikitable" <!--border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"-->
|-
!width=3%|Title
!width=3%|Name
!width=2%|Reign (BC)
!width=7%|Relationship
!width=5%|Notes
|-
| [[Duke Tai of Tian Qi|Duke Tai]]<br />齊太公 || Tian He<br />田和 || 404–384 || Son of Tian Bai || Officially recognized as Qi ruler in 386{{nbsp}}BC
|-
| ''none'' || [[Yan, Marquis of Tian|Tian Yan]]<br />田剡 || 383–375 || Son of Duke Tai || Killed by Duke Huan.
|-
| [[Duke Huan of Tian Qi|Duke Huan]]<br />齊桓公 || Tian Wu<br />田午 || 374–357 || Brother of Tian Yan ||
|-
| [[King Wei of Qi|King Wei]]<br />齊威王 || Tian Yinqi<br />田因齊 || 356–320 || Son of Duke Huan || Most powerful Qi ruler of the Warring States.
|-
| [[King Xuan of Qi|King Xuan]]<br />齊宣王 || Tian Bijiang<br />田辟彊 || 319–300 || Son of King Wei ||
|-
| [[King Min of Qi|King Min]]<br />齊愍王 || Tian Di<br />田地 || 300–283 || Son of King Xuan || Temporarily declared himself "Emperor of the East".
|-
| [[King Xiang of Qi|King Xiang]]<br />齊襄王 || Tian Fazhang<br />田法章 || 283–265 || Son of King Min ||
|-
| ''none, known as Houzhu of Qi'' || [[Jian of Qi|Tian Jian]]<br />田建 || 264–221 || Son of King Xiang || Qi conquered by Qin
|}

==Famous people==
All dates are BCE 
*[[Guan Zhong]] (720–645), prime minister to [[Duke Huan of Qi]] and known for making the state of Qi one of the most power Hegemons at the time.
*[[Yan Ying]] (578–500), [[chancellor (China)|prime minister]] to [[Duke Jing of Qi|Duke Jing]], known from ''[[Yanzi Chunqiu]]'', to which he is sometimes attributed authorship.
*[[Sun Tzu]] (544–496) Chinese strategist and writer, famously attributed authorship of ''[[The Art of War]]''. May not have existed.<ref>{{ cite journal| title=What's in a Name? On the Sources concerning Sun Wu
| author=Jens Østergård Petersen
| journal= Asia Major | series = Third Series | volume= 5 | number=1 | date=1992 | pages= 1–31 | jstor = 41645475 | publisher= Academica Sinica }}</ref>
*[[Sun Bin]] (?–316), military strategist known for ''[[Sun Bin's Art of War]]''.
*[[Chunyu Kun]] (386–310), official and master scholar at the [[Jixia Academy]].
*[[Mencius]] (372–289), official and one of the most renowned [[Confucian]] philosophers.
*[[Xun Kuang]] (313–238), philosopher who joined the Jixia Academy when he was 50 years old, known for the ''[[Xunzi (book)|Xunzi]]''.

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC |editor1=Michael Loewe | editor1-link = Michael Loewe | editor2=Edward L. Shaughnessy| editor2-link= Edward Shaughnessy |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 | orig-date= 1999 |isbn=978-0-521-47030-8 | ref = {{sfnref|''Cambridge History of Ancient China''|1999}} }}

===Further reading===
{{Wiktionary|Qi|Ch'i|Chi}}

*{{cite book |title=The birth of China: a study of the formative period of Chinese civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/birthofchinastu00cree |url-access=registration |first=Herrlee |last=Glessner Creel |location=New York |publisher=Ungar Publ. |year=1979 |isbn=0-8044-6093-0}}
*[https://www.academia.edu/39237261/SAMPLE_The_Thread_of_Dao_Unraveling_Early_Daoist_Oral_Traditions_in_Guan_Zis_Purifying_the_Heart-Mind_Bai_Xin_Art_of_the_Heart-Mind_Xin_Shu_and_Internal_Cultivation_Nei_Ye_ Unraveling Early Daoist Oral Traditions in Guan Zi's "Purifying the Heart-Mind (Bai Xin)," "Art of the Heart-Mind (Xin Shu)," and "Internal Cultivation (Nei Ye)]", Dan G. Reid
{{Pre-Qin states in Shandong}}
{{Zhou Dynasty topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|36.865|N|118.340|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Qi (state)| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Chinese states]]
[[Category:States of the Spring and Autumn period]]
[[Category:States of the Warring States period]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 11th century BC]]
[[Category:11th-century BC establishments in China]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century BC]]
[[Category:221 BC]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of East Asia]]