View source for Pyramid Texts

{{short description|Oldest known ancient Egyptian funerary texts}}
[[File:Hieroglyph Text from Teti I pyramid.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Pyramid Text inscribed on the wall of a subterranean room in [[Teti]]'s pyramid, at [[Saqqara]]|alt=A photograph taken inside the substructure of Teti I's pyramid, showing long lines of hieroglyphic text that cover the entire wall and gable of the room.]]
The '''Pyramid Texts''' are the oldest [[ancient Egyptian funerary texts]], dating to the late [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Old Kingdom]]. They are the earliest known corpus of [[ancient Egypt]]ian [[religious text]]s.{{sfn|Malek|2003|p=102}}{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=1}} Written in [[Old Egyptian]], the pyramid texts were carved onto the subterranean walls and [[sarcophagus|sarcophagi]] of [[pyramid]]s at [[Saqqara]] from the end of the [[Fifth Dynasty of Egypt|Fifth Dynasty]], and throughout the [[Sixth Dynasty of Egypt|Sixth Dynasty]] of the Old Kingdom, and into the [[Eighth Dynasty of Egypt|Eighth Dynasty]] of the [[First Intermediate Period]].{{sfn|Verner|2001a|p=92}}{{sfn|Allen|2001|p=95}} The oldest of the texts have been dated to {{circa|2400}}–2300 BCE.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=}} 

Unlike the later [[Coffin Texts]] and ''[[Book of the Dead]]'', the Pyramid Texts were reserved only for the pharaoh and were not illustrated.{{sfn|Lichtheim|1975|p=}} The use and occurrence of Pyramid Texts changed between the Old, [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle]], and [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New]] Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt. During the Old Kingdom (2686 BCE – 2181 BCE), Pyramid Texts could be found in the pyramids of kings as well as three queens, named [[Udjebten|Wedjebten]], [[Neith (wife of Pepi II)|Neith]], and [[Iput]]. During the Middle Kingdom (2055 BCE – 1650 BCE), Pyramid Texts were not written in the pyramids of the pharaohs, but the traditions of the pyramid spells continued to be practiced. In the New Kingdom (1550 BCE – 1070 BCE), Pyramid Texts were found on tombs of officials.{{sfn|Hornung|1997|p=1}}

== Discovery ==
[[File:Pyramid of Merenre, Saqqara, 1990ies.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Pyramid of [[Merenre Nemtyemsaf I|Merenre&nbsp;I]], one of the earliest pyramids in which Maspero discovered the Pyramid Texts.|alt=A photograph of the mound of sand that comprises the destroyed remains of the pyramid, called 'Merenre's beauty shines', which belonged to Merenre Nemtyemsaf&nbsp;I.]]
French archaeologist and Egyptologist [[Gaston Maspero]], director of the [[Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale|French Institute for Oriental Archaeology]] in [[Cairo]], arrived in Egypt in 1880. He chose a site in South Saqqara, a hill that had been mapped by the [[Prussia|Prussian]] Egyptologist [[Karl Richard Lepsius]] in 1842, for his first archaeological dig. There, Maspero found the ruins of a large structure, which he concluded must be the [[pyramid of Pepi I]] of the [[Sixth Dynasty of Egypt|Sixth Dynasty]]. During the excavations he was able to gain access to the subterranean rooms, and discovered that the walls of the structure were covered in hieroglyphic text.{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=39}} Maspero contacted the 'director of the excavations' in Egypt, [[Auguste Mariette]], to inform him of the discovery. Mariette concluded that the structure must be a [[mastaba]], as no writing had previously been discovered in a pyramid.{{sfn|Verner|2001b|pp=39–40}}

Maspero continued his excavations at a second structure, around {{convert|1|km|spell=in}} south-west of the first, in search of more evidence. This second structure was determined to be the [[pyramid of Merenre|pyramid of Merenre I]], [[Pepi I]]'s successor.{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=40}} In it, Maspero discovered the same hieroglyphic text on the walls he had found in Pepi&nbsp;I's pyramid,{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=41}} and the mummy of a man in the sarcophagus of the burial chamber.{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=160}}{{sfn|Allen et al.|1999|p=11}}{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=361}} This time, he visited Mariette personally, who again rejected the findings, saying on his deathbed that "[i]n thirty years of Egyptian excavations I have never seen a pyramid whose underground rooms had hieroglyphs written on their walls."{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=40}} Throughout 1881, Maspero continued to direct investigations of other sites in Saqqara, and more texts were found in each of the pyramids of [[Pyramid of Unas|Unas]], [[Pyramid of Teti|Teti]], and [[Pyramid of Pepi II|Pepi&nbsp;II]].{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=40}} Maspero began publishing his findings in the ''Recueil des Travaux'' from 1882 and continued to be involved until 1886 in the excavations of the pyramid in which the texts had been found.{{sfn|Allen et al.|1999|p=135}}

Maspero published the first corpora of the text in 1894 in French under the title ''Les inscriptions des pyramides de Saqqarah''.{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=41}}{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=2}} Translations were made by German Egyptologist [[Kurt Heinrich Sethe]] to German in 1908–1910 in ''Die altägyptischen Pyramidentexte''.{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=41}} The concordance that Sethe published is considered to be the standard version of the texts.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=2}} Samuel A. B. Mercer published a translation into English of Sethe's work in 1952.{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=2}} British Egyptologist [[Raymond O. Faulkner]] presented the texts in English in 1969 in ''The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts''.{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=41}}
[[File:Cartouches of Pepi I and Pyramid Texts. Limestone block fragment from the debris of the north wall of the antechamber within the pyramid of Pepi I at Saqqara. Petrie Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Cartouche|Cartouches]] of Pepi I and Pyramid Texts. Limestone block fragment from the debris of the north wall of the antechamber within the [[pyramid of Pepi I]] at Saqqara. [[Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology]]|upright]]
Between 1926 and 1932, Gustave Jéquier conducted the first systematic investigations of Pepi&nbsp;II and his wives' pyramids – [[Neith]], [[Iput II]], and [[Udjebten|Wedjebetni]].{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=1}}{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=362}}{{sfn|Allen et al.|1999|p=135}} Jéquier also conducted the excavations of [[Qakare Ibi#Pyramid complex|Qakare Ibi]]'s pyramid.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=2}} He later published the complete corpus of texts found in these five pyramids.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=2}} Since 1958, expeditions under the directions of [[Jean-Philippe Lauer]], [[Jean Sainte-Fare Garnot]], and [[Jean Leclant]] have undertaken a major restoration project of the pyramids belonging to Teti, Pepi&nbsp;I, and Merenre&nbsp;I, as well as the pyramid of Unas.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=2}}{{sfn|Chauvet|2001|p=177}} By 1999, the pyramid of Pepi had been opened to the public. Debris was cleared away from the pyramid, while research continued under the direction of {{interlanguage link|Audran Labrousse|fr}}.{{sfn|Allen et al.|1999|p=135}} The corpus of pyramid texts in Pepi&nbsp;I's pyramid were published in 2001.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=2}} In 2010, more such texts were discovered in [[Behenu]]'s tomb.{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=2}} 

To date, Pyramid Texts have been discovered in the pyramids of these pharaohs and queens:

{| style="text-align:left;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|[[Unas]]|| [[Dynasty V]]|| pharaoh {{Circa|2353}}–2323 BCE
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|[[Teti]]|| [[Sixth Dynasty of Egypt|Dynasty VI]]|| pharaoh {{Circa|2323}}–2291 BCE
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|[[Pepi I Meryre|Pepi I]]|| Dynasty VI   || pharaoh {{Circa|2289}}–2255 BCE
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Ankhesenpepi II|Akhesenpepi II]] &nbsp; || Dynasty VI || wife of Pepi I 
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Merenre Nemtyemsaf I|Merenre I]]|| Dynasty VI     || pharaoh {{Circa|2255}}–2246 BCE
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Pepi II Neferkare|Pepi II]]|| Dynasty VI     || pharaoh {{Circa|2246}}–2152 BCE
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Neith (wife of Pepi II)|Neith]]|| Dynasty VI || wife of Pepi II 
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Iput II]]|| Dynasty VI || wife of Pepi II
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Udjebten|Wedjebetni]]|| Dynasty VI || wife of Pepi II{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=1}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Behenu]]|| Dynasty VI  || probable wife of Pepi II{{sfn|Dodson|2016|p=34}}{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=1}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Qakare Ibi]]|| [[Dynasty VIII]]  &nbsp; || pharaoh {{Circa|2109}}–2107 BCE{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=1}}
|}

== Purpose ==
[[File:Relief fragment with the spells 354 and 255 with the Pyramid Texts. From Saqqara, Egypt. Neues Museum, Berlin.jpg|thumb|Painted relief fragment with the spells 354 and 255 of Pyramid Texts. From the [[pyramid of Pepi II]] at Saqqara. [[Neues Museum]]]]
The spells, or utterances, of the Pyramid Texts were primarily concerned with enabling the transformation of the deceased into an [[akh]] (where those judged worthy could mix with the gods).{{sfn|Allen|2005|pp=1, 7 & 13 n.4}} The spells of the Pyramid Texts are divided into two broad categories: Sacerdotal texts and Personal texts.{{sfn|Hays|2012|p=266}}

The sacerdotal texts are ritual in nature, and were conducted by the lector priest addressing the deceased in the second person.{{sfn|Allen|2005|pp=5–6}} They consist of offering spells,{{sfn|Hays|2012|p=268}} short spells recited in the presentation of an offering,{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=6}} and recitations which are predominantly instructional.{{sfn|Hays|2012|p=270}} These texts appear in the Offering and Insignia Rituals, the Resurrection Ritual, and in the four pyramids containing the Morning Ritual.{{sfn|Allen|2005|pp=5–6}}{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=31}} The writing in these texts (Dramatic Texts) suggests the formulation of these texts may have occurred around the time of the Second and Third dynasties.{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=31}}

The remaining texts are personal, and are broadly concerned with guiding the spirit out of the tomb, and into new life.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=6}} They consist of provisioning, transition, and [[Apotropaic magic|apotropaic]] {{endash}} or protective{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=31}} {{endash}} texts.{{sfn|Hays|2012|pp=266, 275, 282 & 289}} The provisioning texts deal with the deceased taking command of his own food-supply, and demanding nourishment from the gods.{{sfn|Hays|2012|p=289}} One example of these texts is the king's response in Unas' pyramid.{{sfn|Hays|2012|p=289}}{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=33}} The transition texts {{endash}} otherwise known as the ''Sakhu'' or Glorifications{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=31}} {{endash}} are predominantly about the transformation of the deceased into an Akh,{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=31}} and their ascent, mirroring the motion of the gods, into the sky.{{sfn|Hays|2012|p=282}} These texts form the largest part of the corpus, and are dominated by the youngest texts composed in the Fifth and possibly Sixth dynasties.{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=31}} Apotropaic texts consist of short protective spells for warding off threats to the body and tomb.{{sfn|Hays|2012|p=275}}{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=7}}{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=31}} Due to the archaic style of writing, these texts are considered to be the oldest,{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=31}} and are the most difficult to interpret.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=7}}

These utterances were meant to be chanted by those who were reciting them.{{Clarify|date=November 2018}} They contained many verbs such as "fly" and "leap", depicting the actions taken by the pharaohs to get to the afterlife.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/148/the-pyramid-texts-guide-to-the-afterlife/|title=The Pyramid Texts: Guide to the Afterlife|work=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=2018-03-28}}</ref> The spells delineate all of the ways the pharaoh could travel, including the use of ramps, stairs, ladders and, most importantly, flying. The spells could also be used to call the gods to help, even threatening them if they did not comply.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=}} It was common for the pyramid texts to be written in the first person, but not uncommon for texts to be later changed to the third person. Often this depended on who was reciting the texts and who they were recited for.{{sfn|Mercer|1956|p=6}} Many of the texts include accomplishments of the pharaoh as well as the things they did for the Egyptian people during the time of their rule. These texts were used to both guide the pharaohs to the afterlife, but also to inform and assure the living that the soul made it to its final destination.<ref name=":0" />

== Appearance in pyramids ==

=== Pyramid of Unas ===
[[File:Pyramid Texts in Unas’ Pyramid 2017.jpg|thumb|right|The Pyramid Texts inscribed in [[Unas]]' pyramid|alt=A large chamber of stone, its walls entirely covered with thousands of hieroglyphs.]]
The texts first appeared in the [[Pyramid of Unas|pyramid of the last pharaoh]] of the Fifth Dynasty, that belonging to [[Unas]].{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=332}}{{sfn|Malek|2003|p=102}} A total of 283 spells{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=153}}{{efn|Exact numbers vary among sources: 236,{{sfn|Allen|2001|p=95}} 228,{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=63}} 226.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=61}}}} appear on the subterranean walls of Unas' pyramid.{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=332}} These spells are the smallest and best-preserved corpus of the texts in the Old Kingdom.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=17}} Copies of all but a single spell, PT 200, inscribed in the pyramid appeared throughout the Middle Kingdom and later, including a near-complete replica of the texts inscribed in the tomb of the 12th-Dynasty High Priest [[Senewosret-Ankh|Senwosretankh]] at [[El-Lisht]].{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=15}}{{sfn|Hays|2012|pp=5–6}}

[[Pyramid of Unas|Unas' pyramid]], situated between the pyramids of [[Djoser]] and [[Sekhemkhet]] in North Saqqara,{{sfn|Lehner|2008|pp=10, 83 & 154}} was the smallest of those built in the Old Kingdom.{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=332}} It had a core built six steps high from roughly dressed [[limestone]], encased in a layer of carefully cut fine white limestone.{{sfn|Verner|2001b|pp=333–334}} It had a base length of {{convert|57.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} with an incline of 56° which gave the pyramid a height of {{convert|43|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=155}} The substructure was accessed through an entrance in the pavement of a chapel on the north face of the pyramid.{{sfn|Lehner|2008|pp=154–155}}{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=334}} The entry led into a downward sloping corridor, followed by a 'corridor-chamber' with three [[granite]] [[Portcullis|portcullises]] that guarded the entrance into the horizontal passage. The horizontal passage ends at the [[antechamber]] of the substructure and is guarded by a fourth granite portcullis. The antechamber connects to two further rooms, a room with three recesses for holding statues {{endash}} called the ''[[serdab]]''{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=125}} {{endash}} to the east, and the burial chamber with the ruler's sarcophagus to the west.{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=154}} The roofs of both the antechamber and burial chamber were [[Gable|gabled]].{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=334}}

With the exception of the walls immediately surrounding the sarcophagus, which were lined with [[alabaster]] and painted to resemble reed mats with a wood-frame enclosure, the remaining walls of the antechamber, burial chamber, and a section of the horizontal passage were covered with vertical columns of hieroglyphs that make up the Pyramid Texts.{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=154}} Unas' sarcophagus was left without inscription. The king's royal titulary did not appear on the walls surrounding it, as it does in later pyramids.{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=17}}
[[File:Ounas-chambre.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Gaston Maspero|Maspero]] in the burial chamber of Unas' pyramid, which has lines of [[Apotropaic magic|protective spells]] on the west gable, which are the only inscriptions on the walls surrounding the sarcophagus]]
The west gable of the burial chamber is inscribed with protective spells;{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=17}} in later pyramids the gable was used for texts commending the king to [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]],{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=17 & 69}} and, from Pepi I onwards, also for Sakhu,{{sfn|Hays|2012|p=101}} or 'glorifications', for the transformation into an Akh.{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=31}}{{sfn|Smith|2017|p=129}} The other walls of the burial chamber are primarily dedicated to ritual texts.{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=11}} The north wall, along with the northern part of the east wall and passage, is dedicated to the Offering Ritual.{{sfn|Hays|2012|pp=81–82}}{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=18}}{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=31}} Spatial considerations required that part of the ritual be inscribed on other walls, and likely explains the omission of the Insignia Ritual altogether from the pyramid.{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=18}} The Offering Ritual, from the 'initial libation' to the 'dedication of offerings', occupies the north wall; it is arrayed into three horizontal registers.{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=18}}{{sfn|Hays|2012|p=82}}

The set up and layout of the Unas pyramid were replicated and expanded on for future pyramids. The causeway ran 750 meters long and is still in good condition, unlike many causeways found in similar ancient Egyptian pyramids.<ref name=":3" /> In the pyramid of Unas, the ritual texts could be found in the underlying supporting structure. The antechamber and corridor contained texts and spells personalized to the Pharaoh himself.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=}} 

[[Kurt Heinrich Sethe|Kurt Sethe's]] first edition of the pyramid texts contained 714 distinct spells. Later additional spells were discovered, for a total of 759. No single edition includes all recorded spells. The following example of a spell comes from the pyramid of Unas. It was to be recited in the South Side Burial Chamber and Passage, and it was the Invocation to New Life. Utterance 213:
<blockquote>
''Ho, [[Unas|Unis]]! You have not gone away dead: you have gone away alive. <br>Sit on [[Osiris]]'s chair, with your baton in your arm, and govern the living; <br>with your water lily scepter in your arm, and govern those <br>of the inaccessible places. <br>Your lower arms are of [[Atum]], your upper arms of Atum, your belly of <br>Atum, your back of Atum, your rear of Atum, your legs of Atum, your <br>face of [[Anubis]]. <br>[[Horus]]'s mounds shall serve you; [[Seth (egyptian religion)|Seth]]'s mounds shall serve you.''{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=31}}
</blockquote>

== Offerings and rituals ==
The various pyramid texts often contained writings of rituals and [[Ancient Egyptian offering formula|offerings]] to the gods. Examples of these rituals are the [[opening of the mouth ceremony]], offering rituals, and insignia ritual. Both monetary and prayer-based offerings were made in the pyramids and were written in the pyramid texts in hopes of getting the pharaoh to a desirable afterlife.{{sfn|Mercer|1956|p=76}} Rituals such as the opening of the mouth and eye ceremony were very important for the Pharaoh in the afterlife. This ceremony involved the [[Kherheb|Kher-Heb]] (the chief lector priest), along with assistants, opening the eyes and mouth of the dead while reciting prayers and spells. Mourners were encouraged to cry out as special instruments were used to cut holes in the mouth. After the ceremony was complete, it was believed that the dead could eat, speak, breathe, and see in the afterlife.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.experience-ancient-egypt.com/egyptian-religion-mythology/egyptian-afterlife/opening-of-the-mouth-ceremony|title=The Opening of the Mouth Ceremony|work=Experience Ancient Egypt|access-date=2018-03-28|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329081238/http://www.experience-ancient-egypt.com/egyptian-religion-mythology/egyptian-afterlife/opening-of-the-mouth-ceremony|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Egyptian pyramids are made up of various corridors, tunnels, and rooms, each of which have differing significance and use during the burial and ritual processes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sofiatopia.org/maat/wenis.htm|title=ANCIENT EGYPT : The Pyramid Texts in the tomb of Pharaoh Wenis, Unis or Unas|website=www.sofiatopia.org|access-date=2018-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054220/http://www.sofiatopia.org/maat/wenis.htm|archive-date=2018-03-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> Texts were written and recited by priests in a very particular order, often starting in the Valley Temple and finishing in the Coffin or Pyramid Room. The variety of offerings and rituals were also most likely recited in a particular order. The Valley Temple often contained an offering shrine, where rituals would be recited.{{sfn|Mercer|1956|p=15}}

== Queens with pyramid texts ==
Pyramid texts were found not only in the tombs of kings, but those of queens as well. Queen Neith, who was the wife of Pepi II, is one of three queens of the 6th dynasty whose tomb contains pyramid texts.{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=301}} The pyramids of the other two queens (both also thought to be wives of Pepi II), Iput II and Wedjebetni, also contained tombs inscribed with texts. Those of Neith have been kept in much better condition.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=}} Compared to the tombs of the kings, the layout and structure of those that belonged to these queens were much simpler. But the layout of the texts corresponded to similar walls and locations as those of the kings. For example, the Resurrection Ritual is found on the east end of the south wall. Due to the fact that the pyramid of Neith did not contain an antechamber, many of the spells normally written there were also written on the south wall.{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=301}}

The texts of Queen Neith were similar and different from those of the kings in a few additional ways. Like those of the kings, the use of both the first and third person is present in these pyramid texts. Neith's name is used throughout the texts to make them more personal. Many of the pronouns used throughout her pyramid texts are male, indicative of the parallels between the texts of the kings and queens, but a few female pronouns can be found. The texts also contain spells and utterances that are meant to be read by both the spirit herself as well as others addressing her.{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=302}}

== Examples ==
[[File:Piramide di teti, interno 01.jpg|thumb|Pyramid Text inscribed on the wall of a subterranean room in [[Pyramid of Teti|Teti's pyramid]]|upright]]
After death, the king must first rise from his tomb. Utterance 373 describes:{{sfn|Lichtheim|1975|p=}}
<blockquote>
''Oho! Oho! Rise up, O [[Teti]]!''
<br>''Take your head, collect your bones,''
<br>''Gather your limbs, shake the earth from your flesh!''
<br>''Take your bread that rots not, your beer that sours not,''
<br>''Stand at the gates that bar the common people!''
<br>''The gatekeeper comes out to you, he grasps your hand,''
<br>''Takes you into heaven, to your father [[Geb]].''
<br>''He rejoices at your coming, gives you his hands,''
<br>''Kisses you, caresses you,''
<br>''Sets you before the spirits, the imperishable stars...''
<br>''The hidden ones worship you,''
<br>''The great ones surround you,''
<br>''The watchers wait on you,''
<br>''[[Barley]] is threshed for you,''
<br>''[[Emmer]] is reaped for you,''
<br>''Your monthly feasts are made with it,''
<br>''Your half-month feasts are made with it,''
<br>''As ordered done for you by Geb, your father,''
<br>''Rise up, O Teti, you shall not die!''
</blockquote>
[[File:Pyramid text utterance 302 to 312.jpg|thumb|Pyramid text utterances 302 to 312 on Unas' burial chamber wall]]
The texts then describe several ways for the pharaoh to reach the heavens, one of which is by climbing a ladder. In utterance 304 the king says:{{sfn|Lichtheim|1975|p=}}
<blockquote>
''Hail, daughter of [[Anubis]], above the hatches of heaven,''
<br>''Comrade of [[Thoth]], above the ladder's rails,''
<br>''Open [[Unas]]'s path, let Unas pass!''
</blockquote>
Another way is by ferry. If the boatman refuses to take him, the king has other plans:
<blockquote>
''If you fail to ferry Unas,''
<br>''He will leap and sit on the wing of Thoth,''
<br>''Then'' he '' will ferry Unas to that side!''
</blockquote>

=== Cannibal Hymn ===
Utterances 273 and 274 are sometimes known as the "Cannibal Hymn", because it seems to be describing the king hunting and eating parts of the gods:{{sfn|Lichtheim|1975|p=}} however, as Renouf pointed out when it was first published:
::Those who see in all mythology a survival of ideas and practices of savages, and think it a clever thing to explain by the habits of cannibals the myth of the god who swallows all his children, without troubling themselves with that portion of the myth which gives the key to all the rest, how the children come to life again<ref>Transactions of the Biblical Archaeology Society, Vol 9, p. 304~</ref>

As has been observed, the spell is echoing how the Goddess Nut (as the Sky) causing the stars to disappear at dawn is likened to a sow eating her offspring<ref>Te Velde, The Theme of Separation of Heaven and Earth, p. 163.</ref> so also is the King as the dawn sun.<ref>D'un monde à l'autre: Textes des pyramides, textes des sarcophages by Susanne Bickel, Bernard Mathieu, Review by: Barbara Russo, Journal of the American Oriental Society
Vol. 126, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 2006), pp. 450-452</ref> Utterance 217 describes the King in stellar form as being "swallowed up" at dawn with the other stars.<ref>Pyramid Texts, R.O. Faulkner, pp. 43-44, fn. 3</ref> 

The Cannibal Hymn represents a discrete episode (Utterances 273–274) in the anthology of ritual texts that make up the Pyramid Texts of the [[Old Kingdom]] period. Appearing first in the [[Pyramid of Unas]] at the end of the [[Fifth Dynasty]], the Cannibal Hymn preserves an early royal butchery ritual in which the deceased king – assisted by the god [[Shezmu]] – slaughters, cooks and eats the gods as sacrificial bulls, thereby incorporating in himself their divine powers in order that he might negotiate his passage into the Afterlife and guarantee his transformation as a celestial divinity ruling in the heavens. The style and format of the Cannibal Hymn are characteristic of the oral-recitational poetry of pharaonic Egypt, marked by allusive metaphor and the exploitation of wordplay and [[Homophony (linguistics)|homophony]] in its verbal recreation of a butchery ritual.[[File:Pyramid text utterance 276 to 273.png|thumb|Pyramid text utterances 273 to 276 on Unas' burial chamber wall]]
Apart from the burial of [[Unas]], only the [[Pyramid of Teti]] displays the Cannibal Hymn.
<blockquote>
''A god who lives on his fathers,''
<br>''who feeds on his mothers...''
<br>''[[Unas]] is the bull of heaven''
<br>''Who rages in his heart,''
<br>''Who lives on the being of every god,''
<br>''Who eats their entrails''
<br>''When they come, their bodies full of magic''
<br>''From the Isle of Flame...''
</blockquote>
But as the same spell also declares: 
<blockquote>
''May I be with you, you gods;''
<br>''May you be with me, you gods.''
<br>''May I live with you, you gods;''
<br>''May you live with me, you gods.''
<br>''I love you, you gods;''
<br>''May you love me, you gods.'' 
</blockquote>
The Cannibal Hymn later reappeared in the [[Coffin Texts]] as Spell 573.{{sfn|Faulkner|2004|pp=176–178}} It was dropped by the time the [[Book of the Dead]] was being copied.

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Allen|first=James P.|date=2000|title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=0-521-77483-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Allen|first=James|chapter=Pyramid Texts|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|editor-link=Donald B. Redford|year=2001|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510234-5|pages=95–98}}
*{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=James|editor-last=Der Manuelian|editor-first=Peter|year=2005|title=The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|location=Atlanta|series=Writings from the Ancient World, Number 23|isbn=978-1-58983-182-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VBJeCoDdTUC&q=2353+-+2323+%22pyramid+texts%22&pg=PA1}}
*{{cite book|last=Allen|first=James P.|year=2015|title=The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|location=Atlanta, Georgia|isbn=978-1-62837-114-7}}
*{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=James|title=Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/Egyptian_Art_in_the_Age_of_the_Pyramids|first2=Susan|last2=Allen|first3=Julie|last3=Anderson|first4=Arnold|last4=Arnold|first5=Dorothea|last5=Arnold|first6=Nadine|last6=Cherpion|first7=Élisabeth|last7=David|first8=Nicolas|last8=Grimal|first9=Krzysztof|last9=Grzymski|first10=Zahi|last10=Hawass|first11=Marsha|last11=Hill|first12=Peter|last12=Jánosi|first13=Sophie|last13=Labée-Toutée|first14=Audran|last14=Labrousse|first15=Jean-Phillippe|last15=Lauer|first16=Jean|last16=Leclant|first17=Peter|last17=Der Manuelian|first18=N. B.|last18=Millet|first19=Adela|last19=Oppenheim|first20=Diana|last20=Craig Patch|first21=Elena|last21=Pischikova|first22=Patricia|last22=Rigault|first23=Catharine H.|last23=Roehrig|last24=Wildung|first24=Dietrich|first25=Christiane|last25=Ziegler|display-authors= 3|year=1999|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|oclc=41431623|isbn=978-0-8109-6543-0|ref={{harvid|Allen et al.|1999}}}}
*{{cite book|last=Chauvet|first=Violaine|chapter=Saqqara|pages=176–179|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|editor-link=Donald B. Redford|year=2001|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510234-5}}
*{{cite book|last1=Clayton|first1=Peter A.|title=Chronicle of the Pharaohs|year=1994|location=London|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=0-500-05074-0|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay}}
*{{cite book|translator-last1=Faulkner|translator-first1=Raymond O.|translator-link=Raymond O. Faulkner|translator-last2=Goelet|translator-first2=Ogden|editor-last=Dassow|editor-first=Eva Von|others=Supervised by Renouf P. Le Page and Budge E.A. Wallis; Foreword by [[James Wasserman]]; Scholarship survey by Gunther J. Daniel; Preface by Carol Andrews|year=2015|title=The Egyptian book of the dead : the book of going forth by day : being the papyrus of Ani (royal scribe of the divine offerings) : including the balance of chapters of the books of the dead known as the Theban Recension compiled from ancient texts, dating back to the roots of Egyptian civilization / written and illustrated circa 1250 B.C.E., by scribes and artists unknown|edition=20th Anniversary|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452144382}}
*{{cite book|last=Dodson|first=Aidan|year=2016|title=The Royal Tombs of Ancient Egypt|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire|publisher=Pen & Sword Archaeology|isbn=978-1-47382-159-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Faulkner|first=Raymond O.|author-link=Raymond O. Faulkner|date=2004|title=The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts |publisher=Oxbow Books|location=Oxford|isbn=9780856687549}}
*{{cite book|last1=Grimal|first1=Nicolas|author-link=Nicolas Grimal|title=A History of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Blackwell publishing|others=Translated by Ian Shaw|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-631-19396-8|year=1992}}
*{{cite book|last=Hays|first=Harold M|year=2012|title=The Organization of the Pyramid Texts : Typology and Disposition (Volume 1)|volume=Band 31|series=Probleme de Ägyptologie|location=Leiden, Boston|publisher=Brill|issn=0169-9601|isbn=978-90-04-22749-1}}
*{{cite book|title=The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Afterlife|last=Hornung|first=Erik|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1997|location=Ithaca and London}}
*{{cite book|last1=Lehner|first1=Mark|year=2008|title=The Complete Pyramids|location=New York|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-28547-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Lichtheim|first=Miriam|author-link=Miriam Lichtheim |date=1975|title=Ancient Egyptian Literature|volume=1|publisher=University of California Press |location=London, England|isbn=0-520-02899-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Malek|first=Jaromir|chapter=The Old Kingdom (c.2160-2055 BC)|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw/page/83 83–107]|editor-last=Shaw|editor-first=Ian|title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-815034-3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw/page/83}}
*{{cite book|last=Mercer|first=Samuel A. B.|title=Literary Criticism of the Pyramid Texts|publisher=Luzac & Compant LTD.|year=1956|location=London|oclc=36229800}}
*{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Mark|year=2017|title=Following Osiris: Perspectives on the Osirian Afterlife from Four Millennia|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-958222-8}}
*{{cite book|last1=Verner|first1=Miroslav|chapter=Pyramid|pages=87–95|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|year=2001a|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510234-5}}
*{{cite book|last1=Verner|first1=Miroslav|title=The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments|date=2001b|publisher=Grove Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8021-1703-8|url=https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last=Allen |first=James P. |author-link=James Peter Allen |date=2013 |title=A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts |publisher=Brown University}}
*{{cite book |last1=Forman |first1=Werner |last2=Quirke |first2=Stephen |author-link2=Stephen Quirke |date=1996 |title=Hieroglyphs and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-2751-1}}
* Timofey T. Shmakov, "Critical Analysis of J. P. Allen's 'The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts'," 2012. [https://www.egyptologyforum.org/bbs/Shmakov_Critical_analysis_PTs_vs1.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801112010/http://www.egyptologyforum.org/bbs/Shmakov_Critical_analysis_PTs_vs1.pdf |date=2019-08-01 }}
*Wolfgang Kosack "Die altägyptischen Pyramidentexte." In neuer deutscher Uebersetzung; vollständig bearbeitet und herausgegeben von Wolfgang Kosack Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-9524018-1-1}}.
*[[Kurt Sethe]] Die Altaegyptischen Pyramidentexte. 4 Bde. (1908-1922)

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pyramid texts}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/eos/eos_title.pl?callnum=PJ1553.A1_1908_cop3 Kurt Sethe's original hieroglyphic transcription (1908) PT 1 - 468 online]
* [https://www.sacred-texts.com/egy/pyt/index.htm Samuel A. B. Mercer translation of the Pyramid Texts]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054220/http://www.sofiatopia.org/maat/wenis.htm The Complete Pyramid Texts of King Unas, Unis or Wenis]
* [https://www.sofiatopia.org/maat/cannibal.htm The Cannibal Hymn]

{{Egyptian pyramids}}
{{Ancient Egyptian religion footer}}
{{Ancient Egypt topics}}

[[Category:Funerary texts in ancient Egyptian]]
[[Category:Archaeological corpora]]
[[Category:Works of unknown authorship]]
[[Category:Egyptology]]
[[Category:Religious texts]]
[[Category:Book of the Dead]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian pyramids]]