View source for Pyralinae

{{Short description|Subfamily of moths}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Pyralis.farinalis.jpg
| image_caption = [[Meal moth]] (''Pyralis farinalis'') [[imago]] ([[Pyralini]])
| taxon = Pyralinae
| authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1809
| type_species = [[Pyralis farinalis|''Phalaena'' (''Pyralis'') ''farinalis'']]
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Lepidoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision = 
[[Endotrichini]]<br/>
[[Hypotiini]]<br/>
[[Pyralini]]<br/>
and see text
}}

The '''Pyralinae''' are the typical [[subfamily]] of [[snout moth]]s ([[family (biology)|family]] Pyralidae) and occur essentially worldwide, in some cases aided by involuntary introduction by humans. They are rather rare in the [[Americas]] however, and their diversity in the [[Australia]]n region is also limited. Altogether, this subfamily includes about 900 described [[species]], but new ones continue to be discovered. Like many of their relatives in the [[superfamily (zoology)|superfamily]] [[Pyraloidea]], the [[caterpillar]] [[larva]]e of Pyralinae &ndash; and in some cases even the adults &ndash; have [[Evolution|evolved]] the ability to use unusual foods for nutrition; a few of these can become harmful to humans as [[pest (organism)|pest]]s of stored goods.<ref name = solis2007>Solis (2007)</ref>

==Description and ecology==
[[File:Endotricha flammealis 20050724 081 part.jpg|thumb|left|Adult ''[[Endotricha flammealis]]'' of the [[Endotrichini]] in typical resting pose]]
This subfamily unites mid-sized to smallish moths with a more or less [[crypsis|cryptic]] coloration including most often various hues of brownish colors. Adult females of Pyralinae (except ''[[Cardamyla]]'' and ''[[Embryoglossa]]'') are characterized by the short [[genital]] ductus bursae, their corpus bursae barely extending forward beyond [[Abdomen#Invertebrates|abdominal]] segment 7. Otherwise they are undistinguished mid-sized moths (large by [[Pyralidae]] standards) which at least sometimes can be differentiated from their relatives by possessing forewing [[Insect wing#Venation|vein]] 7 and having hindwing veins 7 and 8 unjoined as adults.<ref>Clarke (1986), Solis (2007)</ref>

The [[meal moth]] (''Pyralis farinalis'') and the [[grease moth]] (''Aglossa pinguinalis'')<!-- yes this is correct, the species article's synonymization with cuprina is probably as wrong as anything can be in taxonomy (see description dates!) --> are [[pest (organism)|pest]]s of stored food products, in the case of the grease moth including [[fat]]s (which are also eaten by the adult moths), and have been inadvertently spread almost worldwide by transport of such goods. Most other [[species]]' [[caterpillar]]s are leaf feeders; the extremely [[polyphagous]] larvae of ''[[Pyralis manihotalis]]'' have been reared from [[bat guano]].<ref name = solis2007 />

==Systematics==
The [[systematics]] and [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of this subfamily is somewhat provisional. No [[quantitative research|quantitative]] [[phylogenetic]] analysis had been done as of 2007, but in the mid-late 1990s, Michael Shaffer of the London [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] and [[Maria Alma Solis]] of the [[NMNH]] prepared the groundwork for further studies by their comprehensive qualitative reviews of Pyralinae [[morphology (biology)|morphology]]. Some [[cladistic]] studies of the [[Pyraloidea]] do exist however, and these place the Pyralinae among the advanced snout moths, a lineage which otherwise includes the even more [[autapomorph]]ic subfamilies [[Epipaschiinae]] and [[Phycitinae]].<ref name = solis2007 />

Even though the Pyralinae contain a high number of [[genera]] and [[species]], there are a mere three [[tribe (biology)|tribe]]s generally accepted nowadays. Others that were proposed earlier (in some cases even as independent subfamilies within [[Pyralidae]]) are presently treated as [[junior synonym]]s of the [[Pyralini]]. A large number of genera are considered not to be reliably assignable to one of the three tribes. It is not certain that the presently-used subdivisions of the Pyralinae are the last word on the issue.<ref name = solis2007 />

The tribes &ndash; with some significant genera and species also noted &ndash; and the genera of unclear affiliation in this subfamily are:<ref>See references in Savela (2011)</ref>
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<div float="left">
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'''[[Endotrichini]]''' <small>Ragonot, 1890</small> (= Endotrichinae)
* ''[[Endotricha]]'' <small>Zeller, 1847</small>
** ''[[Endotricha flammealis]]''
** ''[[Endotricha ignealis]]''
** ''[[Endotricha pyrosalis]]''
* ''Persicoptera'' <small>Meyrick, 1884</small>
** ''[[Persicoptera compsopa]]''
{{col-2-of-3}}
'''[[Hypotiini]]''' <small>Chapman, 1902</small> (= Hypotiinae)
* ''[[Hypotia]]'' <small>Zeller, 1847</small>
{{col-3-of-3}}
'''[[Pyralini]]'''
* Almost 40 genera
{{col-end}}
</div>

'''Genera ''[[incertae sedis]]'''''
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* ''[[Acteniopsis]]'' <small>Amsel, 1959</small>
* ''[[Adulis (moth)|Adulis]]'' <small>Ragonot, 1891</small>
* ''[[Aglossodes]]'' <small>Ragonot, 1891</small>
* ''[[Antisindris]]'' <small>Marion, 1955</small>
* ''[[Arctioblepsis]]'' <small>C. & R.Felder, 1862</small>
* ''[[Benderia]]'' <small>Amsel, 1949</small>
* ''[[Betsimisaraka (moth)|Betsimisaraka]]'' <small>Marion, 1955</small>
* ''[[Burgeonidea]]'' <small>Ghesquière, 1942</small>
* ''[[Celetostola]]'' <small>Meyrick, 1936</small>
* ''[[Comaria]]'' <small>Ragonot, 1892</small>
* ''[[Cosmethella]]'' <small>Munroe & Shaffer, 1980</small>
* ''[[Delopterus]]'' <small>Janse, 1922</small>
* ''[[Diboma]]'' <small>Walker, 1863</small>
* ''[[Diloxia]]'' <small>Hampson, 1896</small>
* ''[[Discordia (moth)|Discordia]]'' <small>Swinhoe, 1885</small>
* ''[[Elaealis]]'' <small>Hampson, 1906</small>
* ''[[Embryoglossa]]'' <small>Warren, 1896</small>
* ''[[Epacternis]]'' <small>Meyrick, 1933</small>
* ''[[Ethelontides]]'' <small>Meyrick, 1934</small>
* ''[[Euryzonella]]'' <small>Ghesquière, 1942</small>
* ''[[Eutrichodes]]'' <small>Warren, 1891</small>
* ''[[Grammiphlebia]]'' <small>Hampson, 1906</small>
* ''[[Gvelilia]]'' <small>Strand, 1920</small>
* ''[[Haplosindris]]'' <small>Viette, 1953</small>
* ''[[Heterocrasa]]'' <small>Warren, 1896</small>
* ''[[Hirayamaia]]'' <small>Marumo, 1917</small>
* ''[[Hyboloma]]'' <small>Ragonot, 1891</small>
* ''[[Hypanchyla]]'' <small>Warren, 1891</small>
* ''[[Hypsidia]]'' <small>Rothschild, 1896</small>
* ''[[Imerina (moth)|Imerina]]'' <small>Ragonot, 1891</small>
* ''[[Lamacha]]'' <small>Walker, 1863</small>
* ''[[Larice]]'' <small>Ragonot, 1892</small>
* ''[[Latagognoma]]'' <small>Tams, 1935</small>
* ''[[Lophocera]]'' <small>Kenrick, 1917</small>
* ''[[Lorymav]]'' <small>Walker, 1859</small> (Pyralini?)
* ''[[Lorymana]]'' <small>Strand, 1915</small>
* ''[[Lorymodes]]'' <small>Hampson, 1917</small>
* ''[[Macropyralis]]'' <small>Amsel, 1953</small>
* ''[[Marionana]]'' <small>Viette, 1953</small>
* ''[[Maschalandra]]'' <small>Meyrick, 1937</small>
* ''[[Meca (moth)|Meca]]'' <small>Karsch, 1900</small>
* ''[[Megalomia]]'' <small>Ragonot, 1891</small>
* ''[[Melanalis]]'' <small>Hampson, 1906</small>
* ''[[Mesosindris]]'' <small>Viette, 1967</small>
* ''[[Methora]]'' <small>Walker, 1866</small>
* ''[[Micromystix]]'' <small>de Joannis, 1929</small>
* ''[[Mimicia]]'' <small>Caradja, 1925</small>
* ''[[Minooa]]'' <small>Yamanaka, 1996</small>
* ''[[Mittonia]]'' <small>Whalley, 1964</small>
* ''[[Namibina]]'' <small>Leraut, 2007</small>
* ''[[Namibiodes]]'' <small>Leraut, 2007</small>
* ''[[Neobostra]]'' <small>Hampson, 1906</small>
* ''[[Nhoabe]]'' <small>Viette, 1953</small>
* ''[[Nussia]]'' <small>Leraut, 2009</small>
* ''[[Ocydina]]'' <small>Meyrick, 1936</small>
* ''[[Omphalobasella]]'' <small>Strand, 1915</small>
* ''[[Omphalomia]]'' <small>Swinhoe, 1894</small>
* ''[[Orybina]]'' <small>Snellen, 1895</small>
* ''[[Parachmidia]]'' <small>Hampson, 1896</small>
* ''[[Paraglossa]]'' <small>Hampson, 1906</small>
* ''[[Paraphycita]]'' <small>Hampson, 1901</small>
* ''[[Perforadix]]'' <small>Sein, 1930</small>
* ''[[Perula (moth)|Perula]]'' <small>Mabille, 1900</small>
* ''[[Peucela (moth)|Peucela]]'' <small>Ragonot, 1891</small>
* ''[[Phasga (moth)|Phasga]]'' <small>Walker, 1863</small>
* ''[[Pithyllis]]'' <small>Grünberg, 1910</small>
* ''[[Poliostola]]'' <small>Janse, 1922</small>
* ''[[Polycampsis]]'' <small>Warren, 1896</small>
* ''[[Propachys]]'' <small>Walker, 1863</small>
* ''[[Proropera]]'' <small>Warren, 1896</small>
* ''[[Prosaris]]'' <small>Meyrick, 1894</small>
* ''[[Proteinia]]'' <small>Hampson, 1896</small>
* ''[[Pseudozitha]]'' <small>Leraut, 2007</small>
* ''[[Pyralosis]]'' <small>Amsel, 1957</small>
* ''[[Rhynchetera]]'' <small>Hampson, 1896</small>
* ''[[Rhynchopygia]]'' <small>Hampson, 1896</small>
* ''[[Rostripalpus]]'' <small>Hampson, 1896</small>
* ''[[Rungsina]]'' <small>Leraut, 2004</small>
* ''[[Sacada (moth)|Sacada]]'' <small>Walker, 1862</small>
* ''[[Setomigma]]'' <small>Ghesquière, 1942</small>
* ''[[Scotomera]]'' <small>Butler, 1881</small> (Pyralini?)
* ''[[Sindris]]'' <small>Boisduval, 1833</small>
* ''[[Sphalerosticha]]'' <small>Warren, 1897</small>
* ''[[Sybrida]]'' <small>Walker, 1865</small>
* ''[[Tegulifera]]'' <small>Saalmüller, 1880</small> (Pyralini?)
* ''[[Toccolosida]]'' <small>Walker, 1863</small>
* ''[[Trihauchenia]]'' <small>Warren, 1892</small>
* ''[[Triphassa]]'' <small>Hübner, 1818</small>
* ''[[Tyndis (moth)|Tyndis]]'' <small>Ragonot, 1891</small>
* ''[[Vitessidia]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1905</small>
* ''[[Xenomilia]]'' <small>Warren, 1896</small>
* ''[[Zitha]]'' <small>Walker, [1866]</small> (including ''Tamraca''; Pyralini?)
{{div col end}}

The genus ''[[Micronix]]'', formerly placed here, seems to belong to the [[Crambidae]], but its exact placement is obscure. For a similar case, see ''[[Tanaobela]]''.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Pyralinae}}
<!--{{Wikispecies}}
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* {{aut|Clarke, John Frederick Gates}} (1986): Pyralidae and Microlepidoptera of the Marquesas Archipelago. ''Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology'' '''416''': 1–485. [http://si-pddr.si.edu/jspui/bitstream/10088/5293/1/SCtZ-0416-Hi_res.pdf PDF fulltext] (214 MB!)
* {{aut|Savela, Markku}} (2011): [http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/pyraloidea/pyralidae/pyralinae/index.html Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms: Pyralinae]. Version of 2011-MAR-03. Retrieved 2011-MAY-29.
* {{aut|[[Maria Alma Solis|Solis, M. Alma]]}} (2007): Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera). ''Revista Colombiana de Entomología'' '''33'''(1): 1-8 [English with Spanish abstract]. [http://www.scielo.unal.edu.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-04882007000100001&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en HTML fulltext]

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[[Category:Pyralinae| ]]
[[Category:Moth subfamilies]]
[[Category:Pyralidae|*]]