View source for Prussian G 12

{{Infobox locomotive
| name             = Prussia, Alsace-Lorraine, Baden, Württemberg G 12<br/>Saxon XIII H (1919 version)<br/>DRG Class 58.2–5/10–21<br/>ÖBB Class 658<br />PKP Class Ty1<br/>SNCF 150 C <br/> JŽ class 36 <br/>État-Belge Type 92
| bgcolor          = 000000
| color            = FFFFFF
| image            = 58 1261-5 1.jpg
| caption          = DR 58 261 in Potsdam (1993)
| builder          = {{ubl|[[Henschel & Sohn]] (433)|[[Borsig (company)|Borsig]] (226)|[[Linke-Hofmann-Busch|Linke-Hofmann]] (230)|[[Hanomag]] (164)|[[Schichau-Werke]] (85)|[[AEG (German company)|AEG]] (10)|[[Krupp]] (58)|[[Rheinmetall]] (30)|[[SACM]] (50)|[[Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe|MBG Karlsruhe]] (76)|[[Maschinenfabrik Esslingen]] (43)|[[Sächsische Maschinenfabrik]] (62)|[[Brown, Boveri & Cie]] (12)}}
| builddate        = 1917–1924
| totalproduction  = 1,479
| whytetype        = [[2-10-0]]
| DRGtype          = G 56.17
| gauge            = {{track gauge|sg}}
| leadingdiameter  = {{convert|1000|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| driverdiameter   = {{convert|1400|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| over bufferbeams = {{convert|18495|mm|ftin|frac=4|abbr=on}}
| axleload         = {{convert|16.7|t|abbr=on}}
| serviceweight    = {{convert|95.7|t|abbr=on}}
| weightondrivers  = {{convert|82.5|t|abbr=on}}
| fuelcap          = 
| watercap         = {{convert|20.0|or|21.0|or|31.5|m3|impgal usgal|abbr=on}}
| boilerpressure   = {{convert|14|kgf/cm2|MPa lbf/in2|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
| fireboxarea      = {{convert|3.88|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
| evaporativearea  = {{convert|192.43|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
| superheaterarea  = {{convert|68.42|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
| cylindersize     = {{convert|570|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}}
| pistonstroke     = {{convert|660|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}}
| maxspeed         = {{convert|65|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}
| indicatedpower   = {{convert|1540|PS|kW hp|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
| fleetnumbers     = DRG 58 201–225, 231–272, 281–303, 311–318, 401–462, 501–543, 1002–2148
| retiredate       = by 1976
}}
The '''Prussian G 12''' is a 1'E [[2-10-0]] [[goods train]] locomotive built for the [[Prussian state railways]] (''Preußische Staatseisenbahnen''). 

It had been shown during the [[First World War]] that, from a servicing and maintenance point of view, it was a great disadvantage for each state railway to have its own locomotive [[class (locomotive)|classes]] with no standardization. Even spare parts for locos of the same class often did not fit their sister locos. In addition, the military railways needed a fast, powerful, goods locomotive that did not have a high [[axle load]].
 
== ''Einheitslokomotive'' G 12 ==

In the advertisements placed by locomotive factories, G 12 engines were described as ''Einheitslokomotiven'' (standard locomotives). That caused a lot of confusion, because the term ''Einheitslokomotive'' had become synonymous with the ''Einheitslokomotive 1925'', designed in that year by the DRG ([[Richard Paul Wagner|„Kunibald“ Wagner]]). The [[Deutsche Bundesbahn]] (DB) also called its steam locomotives ''Einheitslokomotive 1950'' according to DV 939a "steam locomotives and tenders (standard gauge)" from 1953, and its [[alternating current|AC]] electric locomotives E10, E40, E41 and E50 were designated as ''Einheits(elektro)lokomotiven''.

The standardisation of locomotives began in Prussia in the 19th century with 'norms' (''Normalien''). Those designed by [[Robert Garbe]] used many common parts, as the P8, G10 (common boiler) and T18 (also same boiler apart from [[Smokebox]]). The [[Prussian G 8.3]] is a shortened G 12, the [[Prussian G 8.2]] eliminated the inner cylinder.

The G 12 was the first locomotive commonly in service with multiple German state railways and thus rightly carries the name ''Einheitslokomotive'', apart from "Kunibald" Wagner continuing the tradition of Garbe, and, later, handing the torch over to [[Friedrich Witte]] of the DB and [[Max Baumberg]] of the [[Deutsche Reichsbahn]] (DB). However, it is a distinct machine from the ''Einheitslokomotive 1925'' of the DRG.

In the 1920s, continuing well-constructed types (like the [[Bavarian S 3/6]], [[Saxon XX HV]], [[Prussian P 8]] and others, including G 8<sup>2</sup> and G 12), came under serious consideration. Wagner prevailed by stating that none of those machines offered the crucial standardisation of parts needed for economic operation. The G 12/G 8<sup>2</sup> was also not used as template or first classes of the ''Einheitslokomotive 1925''. Instead, the ''Einheitslok-1925'' was a complete redesign, its genesis being described in detail by [[Alfred Gottwaldt]], Geschichte der deutschen Einheits-Lokomotiven Franckh, Stuttgart 1978, {{ISBN|3-440-07941-4}}.

==Design==
The G 12 was based on the [[Prussian G 12.1]] and a 2-10-0 locomotive built for the [[Chemins de fer Ottomans d'Anatolie]] (CFOA) of the [[Ottoman Empire]] by [[Henschel & Son|Henschel]] (see [[Prussian G 12 (CFOA type)]].

After Robert Garbe retired, the locomotives deviated in several ways from earlier principles for Prussian locomotive design. For example, they had a continuous [[bar frame]] and a wide, outer, [[Belpaire firebox]], located above the frame with a large grate area. The same principles were applied to other, later,  designs such as the [[Prussian T 20]] or [[Prussian P 10]].

==Construction==
Between August 1917 and 1921, a total of 1,168 G 12s were procured by [[Prussia]]. The [[Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine]] ordered 118, the [[Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway]] 88, the [[Royal Saxon State Railways]] 42 and the [[Royal Württemberg State Railways]] 42. In addition, Baden bought 10 locomotives from the [[Prussian state railways]]. Even the Deutsche Reichsbahn received a batch of 20 locomotives in 1924 that, following the Saxon XIII H, were given the numbers 58 443-462.

The Saxon locomotives were, like their predecessors, designated as Class XIII H; Baden and Württemberg took on the Prussian designation of G 12. Only the [[Bavarian State Railways]], the railways of [[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway|Mecklenburg]] and [[Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways|Oldenburg]] did not buy any G 12s. As a result, the G 12 can be viewed as the precursor to the standard locomotives or ''[[Einheitsdampflokomotive|Einheitslok]]s'' of Germany.

==Deutsche Reichsbahn==
The majority of locomotives of this class were taken over by the [[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]. There they were given the following operating numbers:
*Baden G 12:  58 201–225, 231–272, 281–303, 311–318
*Saxon XIII H: 58 401–462
*Württemberg G 12: 58 501–543
*Prussian G 12: 58 1002–2148. 
Number 58 1001 was not a G 12, rather an engine for the CFOA left in Germany.

==Coal dust firing==
Around 1930, six engines were converted to [[pulverized coal-fired boiler|coal dust firing]] and, after 1945, a number of other engines were similarly modified, of which 43 remained in service for a long time (up to 1968).

==World War II and beyond==
[[Image:Prussian G12 in Jugoslavia 1971.jpg|left|thumb|A G12 of [[Yugoslav Railways]] (JŽ) Class 36 on a southbound freight at Bled Jezero station in Slovenia, 1971]]
In [[World War II]], 58 2144 from [[Poland]] and 58 2145-2148 from [[Luxembourg]] were incorporated.

The [[Deutsche Bundesbahn]] retired their units in 1953. The [[Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)|East German Deutsche Reichsbahn]] still had 300 machines in service in 1968. On the introduction of [[EDP numbers]] in 1970, a '1' was usually prefixed to three-digit operating numbers. The last locomotives were retired in 1976. 56 locomotives were converted by the [[Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)|Deutsche Reichsbahn]] to [[DR Class 58.30|Class 58.30]] ''[[Rekolok]]s'' between 1958 and 1962. 

After World War II, locomotives 58&nbsp;1669, 1746, 1767, 1904, 1917, 2122 and 2132 remained in Austrian national territory. Number 58&nbsp;1669 was given back to the [[Deutsche Bundesbahn|DB]] in 1949, 58&nbsp;1904 was paid off in 1951 and 58&nbsp;1917 ended up in the [[Soviet Union]] in 1949. The remaining four engines formed the Austrian ÖBB&nbsp;Class&nbsp;658. All the engines had been retired by 1966. However, at least two examples (658.1746) and (658.2122) survived longer as heating locomotives at [[Linz]] depot. 658.1746 was seen dumped as 01033 in August 1972, along with 658.2122 as 01042. 01042 survived until at least February 1976.

The locomotives remaining in Poland after 1945 were given the [[Polish State Railways]] class Ty1. Those in [[Yugoslavia]] became class 36.

==Tenders==
[[Image:Ty 1-76 Wolsztyn 24.03.06.jpg|thumb|right|Ty 1-76 with tender 20C1-76]]
The G 12 was mainly equipped with Prussian class 3 T 20 or 2'2' T 31.5 [[tender locomotive|tender]]s. The Saxon XIII H, on the other hand, generally ran with the somewhat larger Saxon class 3 T 21 tenders, resulting in a greater overall length. Because the volume of the water tank was reduced when locomotives were converted to coal dust firing, only large Prussian 2'2' T 31.5 tenders or standard tenders were used after the war.

==Preservation==
As of the time of writing{{when|date=July 2016}}, two former Baden locomotives of the older type, 58 261 ([[Bw Chemnitz-Hilbersdorf]]) and 58 311 ([[Ettlingen]]), a Prussian original, 58 1616 (formerly used as a steam generator (''Dampfspender'') ([[Bw Hermeskeil]]) and an example obtained by Yugoslavia after WW2, 36-013, notably with the rear steam dome removed (Železniški Muzej Ljubljana), remain preserved.{{cn|date=August 2018}}

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Prussian G 12}}
* [[Prussian state railways]]
* [[List of Prussian locomotives and railcars]]

== References ==
* {{cite book |first1=Thomas |last1=Frister |first2=Hansjürgen |last2=Wenzel |title=Lokporträt Preußische G 12, Die Baureihen 58.2-3, 58.4, 58.5 und 58.10-21 (Eisenbahn-Bildarchiv Nr. 44)|publisher=EK-Verlag |location=Freiburg |date=2010 |isbn=978-3-88255-384-0 |language=German}}
* {{Hütter-54bis59|pages=467–469, 470–472, 473–474, 487–516}}
* {{Lohr-EFA2.6|pages=104–106, 163}}
* {{Vandenberghen-SNCB12.2|pages=285–290}}
* {{Wagner-EFA2.3.2|pages=189–194}}
* {{Weisbrod-EFA1.2|pages=177–185}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Prussian locomotives}}

[[Category:Locomotives of Prussia|G 12]]
[[Category:1′E h3 locomotives]]
[[Category:Freight locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1917]]
[[Category:2-10-0 locomotives]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge locomotives of Germany]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge locomotives of Austria]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge locomotives of Poland]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge locomotives of France]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge locomotives of Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Henschel locomotives]]
[[Category:Borsig locomotives]]
[[Category:Linke-Hofmann locomotives]]
[[Category:Hanomag locomotives]]
[[Category:AEG locomotives]]
[[Category:Krupp locomotives]]
[[Category:SACM locomotives]]
[[Category:Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe locomotives]]
[[Category:Esslingen locomotives]]
[[Category:Sächsische Maschinenfabrik locomotives]]
[[Category:Brown, Boveri & Cie locomotives]]
[[Category:Schichau-Werke locomotives]]