View source for Protestant Reformed Churches in America

{{Short description|Protestant denomination}}
{{Distinguish|Presbyterian Reformed Church (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| name               = Protestant Reformed Churches in America
| abbreviation       = PRC or PRCA
| image              = Protestant Reformed Churches in America.png
| imagewidth         = 150px
| caption            = 
| main_classification = Protestant
| orientation        = [[Calvinism|Reformed]]
| polity             = [[Presbyterian]]
| founded_date       = 1924&ndash;1925
| area               = USA and Canada
| founder            = [[Herman Hoeksema]]
| founded_place      = United States and Canada
| separated_from     = [[Christian Reformed Church in North America]]
| separations        = [[Orthodox Protestant Reformed Churches]] (1953)
[[Reformed Protestant Churches]] (2021)
| congregations      = 31
| members            = 8,716
| primary_schools    = 12
| secondary_schools  = 3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prcs.org/ |title=Federation of Protestant Reformed School Societies |publisher=Prcs.org |access-date=2014-03-07}}</ref>
}}
{{Portal|Reformed Christianity}}

The '''Protestant Reformed Churches in America''' ('''PRC''' or '''PRCA''') is a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[religious denomination|denomination]] of 33 churches and over 8,000 members.<ref name="Acts of Synod 2005">{{cite book | year= 2005 | title= Acts of Synod & Yearbook of the Protestant Reformed Churches in America }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://prca.org/current/Protestant_Reformed_Churches.htm |title=Listing of PRC Churches |publisher=Prca.org |access-date=2014-03-07}}</ref>

==History==
===Beginning and formation===
The PRC was founded in 1924 as a result of a controversy regarding [[common grace]] in the [[Christian Reformed Church in North America|Christian Reformed Church]]. At that time the Christian Reformed Church had adopted three doctrinal points on the subject of common grace. Reverends [[Herman Hoeksema]], George Ophoff, and Henry Danhof rejected these three points and maintained them to be contrary to the Reformed confessions of faith.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prca.org/current/HistArchivesofPRCA.html |title=Historical Archives of the PRC |publisher=Prca.org |access-date=2014-03-07}}</ref> Soon thereafter, when these men said they could not abide by these three points, they were disciplined through suspension, or deposition, from the ministry by their respective [[Classis (Ecclesiastical)|classes]]. The CRC maintained that the position of these three men was inconsistent with the Bible's teachings. The men objected to this deposition also from a church political point of view, arguing that only the [[Session (Presbyterianism)|consistory]] has the right to depose their minister, not a classis. The CRC disagreed, and these ministers, as well as their followers, were deposed by the CRC and organized into a new denomination, taking the name of Protesting Christian Reformed Churches. The denomination later renamed itself the Protestant Reformed Churches in America. Rev Hoeksema become the pastor of the [[First Protestant Reformed Church in Grand Rapids, Michigan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prca.org/prc.html#history |title=The Protestant Reformed Churches |publisher=Prca.org |access-date=2014-03-07}}</ref>

===Schisms===
The Protestant Reformed Churches grew rapidly in the following years, but in the 1950s the denomination struggled because of internal, doctrinal controversies in defense of the unconditionality of the [[Covenant of Grace]]. [[Hubert DeWolf]], who had become the pastor of the [[First Protestant Reformed Church in Grand Rapids]], was influenced by the theology of the [[Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated)]], this included conditional theology. DeWolf began to preach sermons which promoted conditional theology, because he saw the ever increasing number of immigrants that were part of the [[Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated)]] in the Netherlands, and he believed that this could be an opportunity to grow the church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstprchurch.org/history.aspx|title=First PRC Home Page|date=15 May 2008|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515070636/http://www.firstprchurch.org/history.aspx|archive-date=15 May 2008}}</ref> Hoeksema saw this as heresy and insisted that salvation is only for the elect, including the baptized children of believers, and that those who were not elect could not receive salvation. DeWolf and his supporters were suspended in 1953. That year 60% of the denomination membership, the so-called "DeWolf Group", formed the [[Orthodox Protestant Reformed Church]] (OPRC). Before the schism the denomination had 6,063 members (1953)&mdash;the PRC has passed this membership mark as of 1994. The remaining 40% continued as the Protestant Reformed Church with 2,353 members. DeWolf worked for the reunion of the [[CRCNA]]. The union took place in 1961 and as a result seven OPRC congregations were dissolved, with their members joining other Christian Reformed congregations, and four became part of the CRCNA denomination-Hope CRC in [[Hull, Iowa]], Alamo Ave CRC in [[Kalamazoo, MI]], Bethel CRC in [[Redlands, CA]] and Faith CRC in Grand Rapids, Michigan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prca.org/standard_bearer/volume79/2003may01.html|title=Standard Bearer: May 1, 2003|website=www.prca.org}}</ref><ref name="iclnet.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/reformed/archive94/nr94-044.txt|title=Protestant Reformed Reach Highest Membership in History}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reformiert-online.net/adressen/detail.php?id=12219&lg=eng |title=Address data base of Reformed churches and institutions |publisher=Reformiert-online.net |access-date=2014-03-07}}</ref>

In 2021–2022, a number of pastors and elders, along with hundreds of members of the PRC left to establish a new denomination named the "Reformed Protestant Church." The impacted congregations included Byron Center, Michigan, Dyer, Indiana, Hull, Iowa, and Edmonton, Canada. Sister churches of the PRC in the Philippines and Singapore were also effected, which led to a number of people leaving to form two distinct church works in those countries. One of the seceding pastors, Rev. Andrew Lanning stated that "the doctrinal issue itself is the ABC’s of the gospel and the 123’s of the covenant: Fellowship with God is by grace and is unconditional."<ref>Sword And Shield Magazine, January, 2021, Reformed Believers Publishing, 325 84th St SW, Suite 102, Byron Center, Michigan 49315</ref> A split also occurred in the PRC's unofficial publishing arm the "Reformed Free Publishing Association." Shortly before the schism, several members left and joined a rival publishing house called "Reformed Believers Publishing."

== Period of recent growth ==
The PRC has continued to grow since the schism of 1953. In 1994 the membership passed the 6,053 members it had at the time of the schism. The turmoil within the CRCNA resulted in a number of former CRC members joining local Protestant Reformed Churches. No CRC congregations affiliated with the PRC changed denomination, but one pastor, Rev. Audred Spriensma and a number of CRC families from [[Alamosa, Colorado]] joined the Protestant Reformed Church in 1993.<ref name="iclnet.org"/>

In 2004 a former Orthodox Christian Reformed congregation in [[Listowel, Ontario]] became part of the Protestant Reformed Churches and, as of 2004, is known as Wingham PRC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prca.org/standard_bearer/volume80/2004apr15.html#Feature+Article|title=The Standard Bearer: April 15, 2004|website=www.prca.org}}</ref>

==Statistics==
According to the Yearbook 2017 of the Protestant Reformed Churches the communicant (4,982) and non-communicant (3,645) members; numbers 8,627. The PRCA has 2,118 family units and 33 churches in Classis East and Classis West combined. The denomination has four missionaries and four professors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prca.org/Synod%20News/Info/Yearbook |title=Home |publisher=Prca.org |access-date=2014-03-07}}</ref>

==Distinctive doctrine==
The PRC believes that the [[Bible]] is the infallible and [[biblical inerrancy|inerrantly]] [[biblical inspiration|inspired]] word of God and that the message therein is well summarized in the [[Three Forms of Unity]]: the [[Heidelberg Catechism]], the [[Belgic Confession]], and the [[Canons of Dordt]]. While the PRC approves of most of the [[Westminster Confession of Faith]], it does not endorse it. This is partly due to a different understanding of marriage and divorce and the [[covenant of works]].<ref name="prca.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.prca.org/prc.html#beliefs |title=The Protestant Reformed Churches |publisher=Prca.org |access-date=2014-03-07}}</ref>

The PRC believes that marriage is a lifelong bond and that, although an individual may divorce his or her spouse for continued infidelity, the marriage bond is not dissolved apart from death. Hence, neither party is permitted to remarry while the other person is still living. Those who do divorce and remarry while their first spouse is still alive are considered adulterers, regardless of the circumstances of the divorce.<ref>{{cite book | first=Barry | last=Gritters | year= 1998 | title= The Family: Foundations are Shaking | publisher= Hudsonville MI Protestant Reformed Church}}</ref>

The PRC holds that God's covenant is only with his elect and that it is unconditional (meaning that there are no conditions that people must fulfill to enter into the covenant or to stay in the covenant) though good works are needed to enjoy the covenant and repentance is required in order to be forgiven according to the Acts of Synod 2018. The PRC rejects [[Antinomianism]], believing instead that God calls the people of the covenant to believe and obey and that he personally and entirely produces in them the required faith and works.

In public worship services, the PRC sing the [[Psalms]] with [[Organ (music)|organ]] accompaniment. In contrast to [[exclusive psalmody]], it does permit the singing of certain hymns, but not in worship services. The PRC believes that preaching is the most important part of a worship service. Article 69 of the [[church order]] adopted by the [[Synod of Dordt]] states that: "In the churches only the 150 Psalms of David, the Ten Commandments, the Lord's Prayer, the Twelve Articles of Faith, the Songs of Mary, Zacharias, and Simeon, the Morning and Evening Hymns, and the Hymn of Prayer before the sermon shall be sung." It is a common practice within PRC services to open with the singing of the "Praise God from Whom All Blessings Flow" [[doxology]] and some end the service with the singing of the "May the Grace of Christ the Savior" doxology. Outside of the official church service, members are free to sing hymns and carols. Also, the PRC uses the [[King James Version]] of the Bible, although they do not endorse the [[King James Only movement]] and members are free to use other Bible versions.<ref name="prca.org"/>

The PRC holds to the truth of six literal day creation. They take the first chapter of Genesis to be a factual account of the creation, taking the words "the morning and the evening of the first day" to show a normal, twenty-four-hour day. Although micro evolution is accepted, macro evolution is seen as contrary to biblical teachings. They believe that God created the world to be mature, so that the stars were created to be millions of light years away, and the light to be already hitting the earth. Since the flood, micro evolution has occurred bringing about differences between animals in a population.

===Church government===
The denomination holds to the presbyterian form of church government and is organized in two classes, Classis East and Classis West (the eastern border of [[Illinois]] is the boundary between the two), which meet two or three times a year and in an annual Synod.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prca.org/about/church-government/classis-east|title=Classis East|website=www.prca.org|date=25 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prca.org/about/church-government/classis-west|title=Classis West|website=www.prca.org|date=25 May 2023 }}</ref>

As reflected in the denominations use of the plural "Churches" in its name, the PRC maintains that a denomination is not a church but a federation of churches, and that each of these churches is self-governing by a body of elders chosen out of the congregation. The PRC holds that God has given the "keys of the kingdom of heaven" (Matt. 16:18, which is understood as granting authority for the preaching of the gospel, and the exercise of church discipline) to the instituted church, not the denomination. Thus in the PRC only an instituted church can place an individual or a church officer under discipline. The PRC denies that a meeting of Classis or Synod has the authority to do this, though they may advise a congregation to do so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prca.org/about/church-government/synod|title=Synod|website=www.prca.org|date=25 May 2023 }}</ref>

At the same time the PRC maintains the binding authority of the decisions of the broader assemblies. Individuals and congregations must submit to these decisions if they are going to remain in the denomination, and if an individual congregation refuses to do so, the broader assembly has the authority to declare that congregation to be outside the federation of churches.

Only male members who have made a public confession of faith and are in good standing may vote for church officers or be [[ordination|ordained]].

==Churches and missions==
The PRC has 33 member churches throughout the United States and in Canada. A majority of the churches in the United States are in western [[Michigan]] but there are also churches in the [[Midwestern United States|midwestern]] and [[Western United States|western]] United States. 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:70%;"
|-
! colspan="10"| List of Protestant Reformed churches
|-
| '''Classis<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crcna.org/welcome/christian-reformed-church-governance/classis |title=Classis &#124; Christian Reformed Church |publisher=Crcna.org |access-date=2014-03-07}}</ref>'''
| '''Congregation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prca.org/about/listings/churches |title=Listing of PRC Churches |publisher=Prca.org |access-date=2014-03-07}}</ref>'''
| '''Location'''
| '''Members 2011<ref>Yearbook PRC 2011</ref>'''
| '''Members 2012<ref>Yearbook PRC 2012</ref>'''
| '''Members 2013<ref>Yearbook PRC 2013</ref>'''
|-
| East
| Byron Center PRC
| [[Byron Center, Michigan]]
| 438
| 423
| 449
|-
| East
| Cornerstone PRC
| [[Dyer, Indiana]]
| 110
| 105
| 143
|-
| East
| Faith PRC
| [[Jenison, Michigan]]
| 550
| 567
| 579
|-
| East
| First PRC
| [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]]
| 239
| 236
| 239
|-
| East
| First PRC
| [[Holland, Michigan]]
| 241
| 250
| 237
|-
| East
| Georgetown PRC
| [[Hudsonville, Michigan]]
| 507
| 503
| 516
|-
| East
| Grace PRC
| [[Standale, Michigan]]
| 254
| 260
| 283
|-
| East
| Grandville PRC
| [[Grandville, Michigan]]
| 348
| 348
| 354
|-
| East
| Hope PRC
| [[Walker, Michigan]]
| 438
| 438
| 454
|-
| East
| Hudsonville PRC
| [[Hudsonville, Michigan]]
| 512
| 511
| 536
|-
| East
| Kalamazoo PRC
| [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]]
| 65
| 66
| 67
|-
| East
| Providence PRC
| [[Hudsonville, Michigan]]
| 144
| 154
| 166
|-
| East
| Southeast PRC
| [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]]
| 254
| 266
| 267
|-
| East
| Southwest PRC
| [[Wyoming, Michigan]]
| 366
| 367
| 358
|-
| East
| Trinity PRC
| [[Hudsonville, Michigan]]
| 382
| 408
| 425
|-
| East
| Wingham PRC
| [[Wingham, Ontario]]
| 61
| 63
| 70
|-
| West
| Bethel PRC
| [[Roselle, Illinois]]
| 58
| 62
| 60
|-
| West
| Calvary PRC
| [[Hull, Iowa]]
| 222
| 240
| 240
|-
| West
| Covenant of Grace PRC
| [[Spokane, Washington]]
| 33
| 36
| 45
|-
| West
| Crete PRC
| [[Crete, Illinois]]
| 496
| 494
| 462
|-
| West
| Doon PRC
| [[Doon, Iowa]]
| 174
| 160
| 155
|-
| West
| Edgerton PRC
| [[Edgerton, Minnesota]]
| 83
| 86
| 86
|-
| West
| First PRC
| [[Edmonton, Alberta]]
| 127
| 111
| 113
|-
| West
| Heritage PRC
| [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota]]
| 56
| 59
| 61
|-
| West
| Hope PRC
| [[Redlands, California]]
| 245
| 246
| 250
|-
| West
| Hull PRC
| [[Hull, Iowa]]
| 477
| 484
| 499
|-
| West
| Immanuel PRC
| [[Lacombe, Alberta]]
| 120
| 120
| 122
|-
| West
| Loveland PRC
| [[Loveland, Colorado]]
| 289
| 292
| 302
|-
| West
| Lynden PRC
| [[Lynden, Washington]]
| 99
| 97
| 106
|-
| West
| Peace PRC
| [[Lansing, Illinois]]
| 208
| 210
| 196
|-
| West
| Randolph PRC
| [[Randolph, Wisconsin]]
| 210
| 215
| 215
|-
| '''Total'''
|
| 
| '''7806'''
| '''7877'''
| '''8055'''
|}
The PRC has few formal relationships with most reformed denominations and organizations. The PRC contributed greatly to the development of two churches in [[Singapore]], the First Evangelical Reformed Church in Singapore (no longer in relationship with the PRC since 2007) and Covenant Evangelical Reformed Church. The PRC also has relationships with a small fellowship in [[New Zealand]]; the [[Evangelical Presbyterian Church (Australia)]]; a sister church in Northern Ireland, the Covenant Protestant Reformed Church in Ballymena, and Limerick Reformed Fellowship was founded with the help of the PRC and; the Protestant Reformed Churches in [[Myanmar]].

The PRC has also developed contacts in [[India]], [[Germany]], [[Myanmar]], [[Venezuela]] and in [[Singapore]]; there is a sister Reformed Church in Singapore. Currently, the PRC is engaged in missions in a few locations in the United States, and they have recently organized a church in the [[Philippines]] and several mission churches were started. The Berean Reformed Church was organised in 2006, and the All of Grace Protestant Reformed Fellowship in Gabaldon, the Philippines, recently a new work is underway, the Provident Christian Church in [[Manila]]. The Georgetown PRC is involved in mission in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prca.org/Missions/index.htm |title=Missions |publisher=Prca.org |access-date=2014-03-07}}</ref> In 2005, the Synod of the PRC closed the denomination's missionary field work in [[Ghana]], due to a lack of membership.<ref name="Acts of Synod 2005"/>

==Christian education==
The PRC holds that "it is necessary for them to maintain good, Christian schools in which their children are educated".<ref>{{cite book | first=Barry | last=Gritters | title= The AntiChrist | publisher= Hudsonville MI Protestant Reformed Church}}</ref> To this end, Protestant Reformed parents maintain twelve primary and three high schools for the education of approximately 1500 children.

Home schooling in the PRC is strongly discouraged when a Protestant Reformed school is available. The 2009 PRC Synod forbad office bearers from using home education for their children in most situations, stating that an office bearer is "expected to send his children to those (PRC) schools unless there are special circumstances judged by his consistory to be valid."<ref>{{cite book | year= 2009 | title= Acts of Synod & Yearbook of the Protestant Reformed Churches in America }}</ref> David Engelsma, Professor Emeritus of the Protestant Reformed Seminary writes that "Even though home-schooling of their children might be possible for a few, specially gifted parents whose circumstances provide the time that is needed, home-schooling is still not an option".<ref>{{cite book | first=David | last=Engelsma | year=2000 | title= Reformed Education | publisher= Reformed Free Publishing Association}}</ref>

The denomination supports the Protestant Reformed Theological School in [[Grandville, Michigan]].

==Organizations==
Also closely tied with the denomination, is the Reformed Free Publishing Association, a publisher of theological and other Christian books by PRC authors and of a semi-monthly magazine ''The Standard Bearer'', located in [[Jenison, Michigan]]. The denomination is also closely connected with ''The Reformed Witness Hour'', a radio broadcast.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | year= 2017 | title= Acts of Synod & Yearbook of the Protestant Reformed Churches in America }}
* {{cite book | year= 2000 | title= Our Goodly Heritage Preserved | isbn=0-916206-62-9 }}
* ''The Three Forms of Unity (Heidelberg Catechism, Belgic Confession, [and the] Canons of Dordrecht), and the Ecumenical Creeds (the Apostles' Creed, the Athanasian Creed, [and the] Creed of Chalcedon)''. Reprinted [ed.]. Mission Committee of the Protestant Reformed Churches in America, 1991. 58 pp. Without ISBN
* {{cite book | first=Herman | last=Hanko | year= 2000 | title= For Thy Truth's Sake | publisher= Reformed Free Publishing Association| isbn=0-916206-61-0 }}
* {{cite book | first=Barry | last=Gritters | year= 1998 | title= The Family: Foundations are Shaking | publisher= Hudsonville, Michigan Protestant Reformed Church}}
* {{cite book | first=Barry | last=Gritters | title= The AntiChrist | publisher= Hudsonville, Michigan Protestant Reformed Church}}
* {{cite book | first=David | last=Engelsma | year=2000 | title= Reformed Education | publisher= Reformed Free Publishing Association}}
* Haak, Rev. Carl. "Creation." Creation. PRCA, 13 Sept. 2015. Web. 5 Jan. 2016.

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.prca.org}}

{{Presbyterian and Reformed denominations in the United States}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Reformed denominations in the United States]]
[[Category:Reformed denominations in Canada]]
[[Category:Protestant Reformed Churches in America| ]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1924]]
[[Category:Calvinist denominations established in the 20th century]]