View source for Prostitution in Spain

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

[[File:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Pablo Picasso]]'s ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]''. An oil painting depicting five prostitutes from a brothel in [[Barcelona]].]]
'''Prostitution in Spain''' is not addressed by any specific law, but a number of activities related to it, such as [[pimping]], are illegal. In 2016, [[UNAIDS]] estimated there to be 70,268 prostitutes in the country,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sex workers: Population size estimate - Number, 2016 |url=http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/gam/stock/shared/dv/PivotData_2018_7_22_636678151733621264.htm |website=www.aidsinfoonline.org |publisher=UNAIDS |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604174922/http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/gam/stock/shared/dv/PivotData_2018_7_22_636678151733621264.htm |archive-date=4 June 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> although other estimates put the number higher. Most prostitutes in the country are immigrants.<ref name="Guardian 11 May 2019">{{cite web |last1=Kelly |first1=Annie |last2=Pablo |first2=Ofelia de |title='Prostitution is seen as a leisure activity here': tackling Spain's sex traffickers {{!}} Annie Kelly |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/may/11/prostitution-tackling-spain-sex-traffickers |website=The Guardian |access-date=24 March 2020 |date=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="brightthemag.com">{{cite web |last1=Benavides |first1=Lucia |title=Decriminalizing Sex Work In Spain Made It Safer For Women — And Traffickers |url=https://brightthemag.com/legalizing-sex-work-spain-prostitution-human-rights-trafficking-immigration-gender-78b96c05e6fa |website=Medium |access-date=24 March 2020 |language=en |date=9 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="www.dw.com">{{cite web |title=Calls in Spain to Legalize Prostitution  |url=https://www.dw.com/en/calls-in-spain-to-legalize-prostitution/a-1597641 |website=www.dw.com |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>{{Dubious|Numbers|date=October 2021}} The sex industry in [[Spain]] is estimated to be worth €3.7 billion.<ref name="EL PAÍS 7 December 2018">{{cite web |last1=Valdes |first1=Isabel |last2=Álvarez |first2=Pilar |title=Spain tries 'Swedish model' to address prostitution's legal limbo |url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2018/12/07/inenglish/1544171107_204329.html |website=EL PAÍS |access-date=24 March 2020 |language=en |date=7 December 2018}}</ref>{{clarify|reason=seems unlikely this is capitalization as implied, it's more likely annual revenue|date=March 2025}}

== Legal status ==
[[Prostitution]] was decriminalized in 1995. Prostitution itself is not directly addressed in the [[Criminal Code of Spain]], but exploitation such as [[pimping]] is illegal.<ref>{{cite news|title= Spain, the world capital of prostitution?|publisher= [[The Independent|Independent]]|date=5 December 2010|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spain-the-world-capital-of-prostitution-2151581.html|access-date=5 December 2010|location=London|first=Alasdair|last=Fotheringham}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Prostitution thrives on edge of legality in Spain|publisher= [[Taipei Times]]|url= http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2009/09/06/2003452868|access-date=5 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= 5 arrested in Spain for male prostitution ring|publisher= CNN|date= 31 August 2010|url= http://articles.cnn.com/2010-09-07/world/spain.male.prostitutes_1_spanish-police-brothel-prostitution?_s=PM:WORLD|access-date= 5 December 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101016091022/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-09-07/world/spain.male.prostitutes_1_spanish-police-brothel-prostitution?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-date= 16 October 2010|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Woman forced back into prostitution|publisher= BBC|date=8 September 2009|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8244474.stm|access-date=5 December 2010|first=Anelise|last=Infante}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Spain to ban sex adverts from national newspapers|publisher= [[The Guardian|Guardian]]|date=16 July 2010|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/16/spain-sex-adverts-newspapers|access-date=5 December 2010|location=London|first=Stephen|last=Burgen}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Union backs Spain's sex workers|publisher= BBC|date=18 May 2005|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4560143.stm|access-date=5 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Europe's brothel - in a corner of Spain|publisher= [[The Guardian|Guardian]]|date=24 June 2006|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/24/spain.gilestremlett|access-date=5 December 2010|location=London|first=Giles|last=Tremlett}}</ref>

The only article in the Code dealing specifically with adult prostitution is Artícle 188, which bans pimping:<ref>{{cite web|quote=1. ''Whosoever by using violence, intimidation or deception, or abuse of a position of superiority or of the vulnerability of the victim, causes an adult person to engage in prostitution or remain in it, is punished by a prison sentence of two to four years and a fine of 12 to 24 months (i.e. fine days set at rate depending on financial circumstances). The same penalty shall be incurred by one who profits from the prostitution of another person, '''even with the consent of that person'''.''|url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Penal/lo10-1995.l2t8.html#c2|website=Noticias Juridicas|title=Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Código Penal (Capítulo V. de los delitos relativos a la prostitución y la corrupción de menores – Artículo 188)}}</ref>

<blockquote>Whoever causes a person of legal age to engage in prostitution or to continue to do so, with the use of violence, intimidation or deception, or by abusing a position of power or the dependency or vulnerability of the victim, shall be punished with a prison sentence of two to four years and a fine from 12 to 24 months. Gaining profit from the prostitution of another shall incur the same penalty, even with the consent of that person.{{refn|group=note|''1. El que determine, empleando violencia, intimidación o engaño, o abusando de una situación de superioridad o de necesidad o vulnerabilidad de la víctima, a persona mayor de edad a ejercer la prostitución o a mantenerse en ella, será castigado con las penas de prisión de dos a cuatro años y multa de 12 a 24 meses. En la misma pena incurrirá el que se lucre explotando la prostitución de otra persona, '''aun con el consentimiento de la misma'''''''.}}</blockquote>

Owning an establishment where prostitution takes place is in itself legal, but the owner cannot derive financial gain from the prostitute or ''hire'' a person to sell sex because prostitution is not considered a job and thus has no legal recognition.

Prostitution in Spain is less regulated than in many European countries. However, the advertising of prostitution has been made illegal and in 2022 a bill was put forward in the [[Spanish Parliament]] proposing the criminalisation of brothel-owning and pimping regardless of whether exploitation or abuse is involved, as well as criminalising the customers of prostitutes. The maximum sentence proposed is four years. The bill is supported by the governing [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]]. Street protests against the bill took place in Madrid in September 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spanish sex club owners, workers protest prostitution bill|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Spanish-sex-club-owners-workers-protest-17435867.php|website=SF Gate|agency=The Associated Press|date=12 September 2022}}</ref>

=== Local government ===
Local governments differ in their approaches to both indoor and outdoor prostitution, usually in response to community pressure groups, and based on "public safety".<ref name=tampep09/>
Most places do not regulate prostitution, but the government of [[Catalonia]] offers licenses for persons "to gather people to practice prostitution".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/6-23-2006-100298.asp |title=Europe's Brothel - in a Corner of Spain |publisher=Buzzle.com |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012084435/http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/6-23-2006-100298.asp |archive-date=12 October 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> 
These licenses are used by brothel owners to open "clubs", where prostitution takes place (the women are theoretically only "gathered" to work on the premises not employed by the owner). Some places have implemented [[fine (penalty)|fines]] for street prostitution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_23597.shtml |title=Granada brings in hefty fines for street prostitution |publisher=Typicallyspanish.com |date=22 October 2009 |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315113402/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_23597.shtml |archive-date=15 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expatica.com/es/news/local_news/Seville-to-follow-Catalan-lead-with-bid-to-regulate-prostitution.html |title=Seville to follow Catalan lead with bid to regulate prostitution |publisher=Expatica.com |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925003706/http://www.expatica.com/es/news/local_news/Seville-to-follow-Catalan-lead-with-bid-to-regulate-prostitution.html |archive-date=25 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===COVID-19 pandemic===
As part of the [[State of alarm (Spain)|state of alarm]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Spain]], all brothels and other places of entertainment were ordered to close.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carranco |first1=Rebeca |title=How the coronavirus crisis has affected sex workers in one of Europe's biggest brothels |url=https://english.elpais.com/spanish_news/2020-04-03/how-the-coronavirus-crisis-has-affected-sex-workers-in-one-of-europes-biggest-brothels.html |website=EL PAÍS |access-date=15 April 2020 |language=en |date=3 April 2020}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2021|reason=The article mentions a particular case, not "all".}}

== Politics ==

=== History ===
Prostitution was tolerated in Spain throughout the mediaeval period, until the 17th century and the reign of [[Philip IV of Spain|Phillip IV]] (1621–65) whose 1623 decree closed the ''mancebías'' (brothels) forcing the women out into the street, a very unpopular decision, but one that remained in place till the 19th century. In the reign of [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabel II]] (1843–1868) regulation was introduced, firstly in cities, the ''Disposiciones de Zaragoza'' (1845) and  the ''Reglamento para la represión de los excesos de la prostitución en Madrid'' (1847), followed by the 1848 Penal Code.<ref>Guerena 2003, 2008</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=June 2024}}
  
In 1935 during the [[Second Spanish Republic|Second Republic]] (1931–36) prostitution was prohibited. Once the [[Francoist Spain|Dictatorship]] (1939–75) was established, this law was repealed (1941). Spain became officially ''abolitionist'' on 18 June 1962, when the [[Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others|1949 United Nations (UN) Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others]] was ratified by Spain, and the Decree 168 of 24 January 1963 modified the Penal Code (''Código Penal'') according to the convention. In theory, this policy, in accordance with the convention,  regarded sex workers (''trabajadores sexuales'') as victims of sexual exploitation and advocated punishment of their exploiters rather than the workers themselves, and refused to distinguish between voluntary and coerced sex work.<ref>Carracedo Bullido, Rosario (2001). Legislación penal española (Spanish penal law). In Dirección General de la Mujer de la Comunidad de Madrid (ed.) Simposio internacional sobre prostitución y tráfico de mujeres con fines de explotación sexual (International Conference on Prostitution and Traffic of Women with the Purpose of Their Sexual Exploitation). Madrid: Dirección General de la Mujer de la Comunidad de Madrid: pp.149-59.</ref>
However, there were inconsistencies, as the prostitutes were in fact treated more like criminals: under Act 16/1970 of 4 August on social menace and rehabilitation (''Ley de peligrosidad y rehabilitación social'') prostitutes were declared amongst those classes categorized as social evils, and could be confined to special centres or forbidden to live in specified areas. In practice however, prostitution was quietly ignored and tolerated.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spain-the-world-capital-of-prostitution-2151581.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Alasdair | last=Fotheringham | title=Spain, the world capital of prostitution? | date=5 December 2010}}</ref>

Although [[History of Spain (1975–present)|democracy was restored in 1975]], it was not till the Penal Code revisions of 1995<ref>Peter Pierson. The history of Spain. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 11</ref>
that this policy was revisited, and most laws regarding prostitution were repealed, with the exception of those governing minors and those with mental health problems. This included the Act 16/1970. Further revisions in 1999 addressed trafficking, as did the 2000 Immigration Act which followed other European precedents by offering asylum to trafficked victims if they collaborated.<ref>Valiente 2003</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=June 2024}}

=== Public opinion ===
Opinion remains deeply divided in Spain over prostitution, and law reform has been in a political impasse for a long time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/221703/Spain_divided_over_semi_legal_prostitution |title=Spain divided over semi-legal prostitution. Digital Journal Aug 29, 2007 |publisher=Digitaljournal.com |date= 29 August 2007|access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref>
Consequently, it remains in rather a grey zone of unregulated but tolerated semi-legality. The standard debates exist as to whether it is work like any other work, or exploitation of women as espoused by groups like ''Malostratos''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malostratos.org/ |title=Malostratos |publisher=Malostratos |access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref>
Meanwhile, it thrives, and has prompted headlines such as ''El nuevo burdel de Europa'' (The New Brothel of Europe).<ref>[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/nuevo/burdel/Europa/elpporesp/20050926elpepinac_1/Tes El nuevo burdel de Europa.] ''[[El País]]'' 26 Sep 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/108605/sex-trade-growing-spain-amid.html |title=Sex trade growing in Spain amid ambiguous prostitution laws. ''Deccan Herald'' Oct 29, 2010 |publisher=Deccanherald.com |date=29 October 2010 |access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref>

=== Public policy ===
The key instruments in order of importance are the Penal Code ([[:es:Código Penal de España|Código penal]]) (1822–)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Penal/lo10-1995.html |title=Official text of Penal Code |publisher=Noticias.juridicas.com |date=21 January 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref>
and the Immigration or Aliens Act ([[:es:Ley de Extranjería de España|Ley de Extranjería de España]]) 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/lo4-2000.html |title=Official text of Immigration Act |publisher=Noticias.juridicas.com |date=21 January 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref>

Plans:
*Plan Municipal de Intervención ante la Prostitución en el municipio 2011–2014, [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]]

== Migrant workers ==
In the 1980s, most of the sex workers in the country were Spanish,<ref name="brightthemag.com" /> but by 2006 70% of sex workers were migrants according to a [[TAMPEP]] study, with 70-80% of those migrants being from Latin America, (mainly from [[Ecuador]], [[Colombia]] and the [[Dominican Republic]]).<ref name="tampep09" /><ref>{{cite conference |last1=Trullen |first1=Gas J |last2=Rubiols |first2=Estruch C |last3=Polo |first3=Esteve A |last4=Fenosa |first4=Salillas A |last5=Altava |first5=Padilla C |title=Trends in female prostitution in Castellon (Spain) |conference=International Conference on AIDS |date=July 2004 }}</ref><ref>See also Laura Oso, 2003, 2010</ref> After [[Bulgaria]] and [[Romania]] became EU members in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|title=A decade of further expansion |publisher=Europa web portal |url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/2000_today/index_en.htm |access-date=25 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211143505/http://europa.eu/abc/history/2000_today/index_en.htm |archive-date=11 February 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a large number travelled to Spain and engaged in sex work. [[TAMPEP]] carried out a further study in 2009 and found 90% of sex workers were migrants. Of all countries studied, only Italy had proportion of migrant workers at comparable level.<ref name=tampep09>{{cite web |url=http://tampep.eu/documents/TAMPEP%202009%20European%20Mapping%20Report.pdf |title=Sex Work in Europe. A mapping of the prostitution scene in 25 European countries. TAMPEP 2009 |access-date=16 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714160224/http://tampep.eu/documents/TAMPEP%202009%20European%20Mapping%20Report.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2015  }}</ref><ref name="euobserver.com">{{cite web|last=Rettman |first=Andrew |url=http://euobserver.com/9/29340 |title=Romanian sex workers most prevalent in EU |website=EU Observer |date=26 January 2010  |access-date=16 September 2011 |url-access=registration }}</ref> The 2009 study found the migrant sex workers were 49% were from Latin America, 24% from Central Europe (mainly Bulgaria and Romania) and 18% from Africa.

There was an influx of prostitutes from [[China]] in the early 2010s.<ref>{{cite news |title=华人卖淫业规模上升至旅西班牙移民第二位 |url=http://hainan.sina.com.cn/news/s/2013-09-22/103825994.html |agency=SINA |publisher=环球时报 |date=22 September 2013}}</ref> From 2012 to September 2013, 544 prostitutes were identified in 138 inspections in brothels of Asian prostitutes in [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{cite news|language=es|url=http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2013/08/12/catalunya/1376299774_538748.html|title=156 detenidos en prostíbulos asiáticos de Barcelona desde 2012|trans-title=156 detained in Asian brothels in Barcelona since 2012|newspaper=El País|date=12 August 2013}}</ref> In the late 2010s a large number of Nigerian women have been trafficked into the country for prostitution.<ref name="state19" />

Some prostitution is present at small farms (cortijos) outside of [[Roquetas de Mar]]. The prostitutes work in the service of organised criminal organisations linked to [[human trafficking]]. This, as they have a debt to pay to compensate the cost of being brought there. Many prostitutes are of Russian, Nigerian and Moroccan descent.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2014/04/22/inenglish/1398173830_773180.html|title=No way out for Almería's prostitutes|first1=Lola|last1=Hierro|first2=Ángeles|last2=Lucas|date=22 April 2014|website=El País English}}</ref> Some women have taken up the job as prostitute after not being able to work in the [[Intensive farming in Almería|intensive farming industry]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/06/01/inenglish/1433157171_905311.html|title=The Spanish nuns helping prostitutes start a new life|first=Natalia|last=Junquera|date=4 June 2015|website=El País English}}</ref>

As in other countries in Western Europe, there are concern over the presence of migrant workers on the streets and claims that many of them were coerced. NGOs believe a large percentage of individuals in prostitution in Spain are trafficking victims. Various reports give figures of 80-90% of prostitutes in Spain being trafficked, but this is disputed.<ref name="Public Radio International" /> Other studies show 10% trafficked.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meneses-Falcón |first=Carmen |date=2023-05-01 |title=Sex worker or victim? Exploring the sex industry in Spain |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/13505068231164364 |journal=European Journal of Women's Studies |language=EN |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=248–265 |doi=10.1177/13505068231164364 |issn=1350-5068|doi-access=free }}</ref>  In 2008 the Spanish Government announced plans to aid women who had been trafficked.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aSFKnVv0hINA|title=Spain Targets Sex Traffickers With Aid to Prostitutes|website=Bloomburg|first=Sharon|last=Smyth|date=19 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104062342/https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aSFKnVv0hINA|archive-date=4 November 2012}}</ref>

There is also cross-border prostitution between Spain and Portugal, and between Spain and France.<ref name=tampep09/>

There are organisations working with migrant women, including Proyecto Esperanza<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.proyectoesperanza.org/ |title=Proyecto Esperanza |publisher=Proyecto Esperanza |access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref> and shelters such as IPSSE (Instituto para la Promoción de Servicios Especializados).

== Advocacy ==
Organisations working with sex workers in Spain include [[APRAMP]] (Associacion para la Prevención, Reinserción y Atención de la Mujer Prostituida)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apramp.org/index.asp |title=APRAMP |publisher=APRAMP |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913014332/http://www.apramp.org/index.asp |archive-date=13 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
while [[sex workers' rights]] organisations include Hetaira (Madrid),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colectivohetaira.org/ |title=Hetaira |publisher=Colectivohetaira.org |date=22 March 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref>
as well as regional organisations such as SICAR [[Asturias]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sicarasturias.org/ |title=SICAR |publisher=Sicarasturias.org |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924200935/http://www.sicarasturias.org/ |archive-date=24 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
AMTTTSE (Asociación de Mujeres, Transexuales y Travestis como Trabajadoras Sexuales en España, [[Málaga]]) and CATS (Comité de Apoyo a las Trabajadoras del Sexo, [[Murcia]]).

Spanish sex workers continue to be concerned about their lack of protection and in July 2011 petitioned the [[Ministry of Health (Spain)|Minister of Health]] ([[Leire Pajín]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://actuable.es/peticiones/pide-la-ministra-leire-pajin-escuche-las-trabajadoras-2|title=Pide a la ministra Leire Pajín que escuche a las trabajadoras del sexo|website=Actuable|lang=es|trans-title=A request for the minister Leire Pajín to listen to sex workers|date=July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925013005/http://actuable.es/peticiones/pide-la-ministra-leire-pajin-escuche-las-trabajadoras-2|archive-date=25 September 2011}}</ref>
A demonstration is planned for 6 November 2011 in Madrid, and a communique has been released setting out sex workers' complaints and demands.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.colectivohetaira.org/web/en-medios-de-comunicacion/16-comunicados-de-prensa/320-comunicado-aprobado-en-la-asamblea-de-trabajadoras-del-sexo-de-madrid-del-1171072011.html |title=Hetaira: Comunicado aprobado en la asamblea de trabajadoras del sexo de Madrid del 1171072011 |access-date=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810212208/http://www.colectivohetaira.org/web/en-medios-de-comunicacion/16-comunicados-de-prensa/320-comunicado-aprobado-en-la-asamblea-de-trabajadoras-del-sexo-de-madrid-del-1171072011.html |archive-date=10 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The ''Organización de Trabajadoras Sexuales'' (OTRAS) was formed in August 2018<ref name="Public Radio International" /> and registered with Spain's [[Ministry of Labour (Spain)|Labour Ministry]] as a [[trade union]]. Feminists and activist opposed the formation of the union and instigated a campaign on social media against them using the hashtag #SoyAbolicionista (“I’m an Abolitionist”).<ref name="www.thenation.com">{{cite web |last1=Beatley |first1=Meaghan |title=Who's Afraid of a Sex Workers' Union? |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/otras-sex-workers-union-spain-feminism-prostitution/ |website=www.thenation.com |access-date=24 March 2020 |date=13 December 2018}}</ref> Abolitionist groups brought a court action against OTRAS,<ref name="Public Radio International" /> which resulting on OTRAS's statutes being annulled on the grounds that there can be no employment contract for prostitutes and therefore they were not "workers" in terms of employment law, but the court did not dissolve the union.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aguilar |first1=Ana Requena |title=La Audiencia Nacional anula los estatutos del sindicato OTRAS porque entiende que la prostitución no es un trabajo |url=https://www.eldiario.es/economia/Audiencia-Nacional-estatutos-sindicato-prostitutas_0_838166337.html |website=eldiario.es |access-date=24 March 2020 |language=es |date=21 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kluwer |first1=Wolters |title=El Sindicato Organización de Trabajadoras Sexuales es ilegal |url=https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2018/11/21/legal/1542796720_944485.html |website=Cinco Días |access-date=24 March 2020 |language=es |date=21 November 2018}}</ref> However, in February 2019, the [[High Courts of Justice of Spain|Superior Court of Justice]] of [[Madrid]] ruled that a prostitute working in a club in Barcelona had a valid  employment relationship with the club owners.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McLaren |first1=Shirley |title=¡SENTENCIA HISTÓRICA A FAVOR DE LAS TRABAJADORAS SEXUALES! |url=http://www.sindicatootras.org/wp/index.php/2019/02/28/sentencia-historica-a-favor-de-las-trabajadoras-sexuales/ |access-date=24 March 2020 |language=es |date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

== Social history ==
Prostitution in Spain was highly sectored, with at one end the ''damas cortesanas'' of high society,<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Martínez Soto |first1=María Cristina |title=Cortesanas en el Madrid barroco |conference=Proceedings of the 2. Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas |year=2002 |url=http://www.proceedings.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=MSC0000000012002000200026 }}</ref>
and the mistresses of the bourgeoisie and ''[[:es:barragana|barraganas]]'', the concubines of the clergy.  (Harrison)

== Sex work in Spanish culture ==
[[File:Goya Maja naga2.jpg|thumb|right|La Maja Desnuda c. 1800, oil on canvas, 98 * 191 cm (38.58 * 75.2 in), [[Prado]], Madrid]]
[[Francisco Goya|Goya]] (1746–1828) frequently commented on the place of prostitution in Spanish high society and Catholic  church. In his print series ''Los Caprichos'', Goya specifically satirized the church and the clergy's corruption and greed. A print in the series named ''A Young Woman Pulling Up Her Stocking'' satirized the clergy profiting off of (participating  in) the sins which they punished the congregations for committing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://art-history.concordia.ca/cujah/essay4.html |first=Andrea|last=Burnham|title=Religious Satire in 18th Century Spain: Francisco Goya's ''Los Caprichos''|website=Concordia Undergraduate Journal of Art History |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614113651/http://art-history.concordia.ca/cujah/essay4.html |archive-date=14 June 2011 }}</ref> Other examples are [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo|Murillo]]'s ''Four Figures on a Step'' and [[Picasso]]'s ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]'' (illustrated).

In literature, [[Miguel de Cervantes]] discusses prostitution in his early 17th century novel ''[[Don Quixote]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Carolyn A. |last1=Nadeau |year=1997 |title=Recovering the Hetairae: prostitution in ''Don Quijote'' I |journal=Cervantes |issn=0277-6995 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=4–24 |doi=10.3138/Cervantes.17.2.004 |url=http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/cervante/csa/articf97/nadeau.htm |access-date=16 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234115/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/cervante/csa/articf97/nadeau.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and the subject is found throughout 19th- and 20th-century Spanish literature.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Thomas R. |last1=Franz |date=December 2003 |title=Demythologizing the Presentation of Prostitution in Nineteenth-Century Spanish Narrative: A Virtual Impossibility |journal=Hispania |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=733–41 |doi=10.2307/20062921 |jstor=20062921}}</ref>

=== Sex work celebrities in Spain ===
[[La señora Rius]] (see photograph) is a Barcelona celebrity and Madam who told her story in Julián Peiró's ''La Sra. Rius, de moral distraída''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comanegra.com/Portades%20full/Sra_Rius_full.jpg |title=La Sra. Rius, de moral distraída |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708180041/http://www.comanegra.com/Portades%20full/Sra_Rius_full.jpg |archive-date=8 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Overseas autonomous communities==
===Canary Islands===
In 2006, 42 people were arrested following the discover of a prostitution ring operating out of nightclubs in [[Las Palmas]] and [[Telde]]. The prostitutes were from South American countries, mainly Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brazilian prostitution ring smashed in Las Palmas|url=http://www.islandconnections.eu/1000003/1000043/0/10128/daily-news-article.html|website=Island Connections|access-date=24 February 2018|date=26 January 2006}}</ref>  Five people were jailed as a result.<ref>{{cite web|title=La fiscal rebaja las penas por el caso del club Kimbanda a 18 años de prisión - La Provincia - Diario de Las Palmas|url=http://www.laprovincia.es/las-palmas/2012/03/16/fiscal-rebaja-penas-caso-club-kimbanda-18-anos-prision/446025.html|website=La Provincia|date=16 March 2012 |access-date=24 February 2018|language=es}}</ref>

In 2012, a councillor in [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] told the ''[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]'' newspaper about the city's draft plan for prostitution. He said that, in cases examined by [[NGO]]s, all the prostitutes were women of which 9% were [[transsexual]] women.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=ABC|url=http://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=1309494|title=Afirman que el Plan ante Prostitución en S/C está paralizado por desinterés|date=6 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123085536/http://agencias.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=1309494|archive-date=23 November 2015|trans-title=Plan for Prostitution in Santa Cruz said to be paralyzed by lack of interest|language=es|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref>

A study is 2016 estimated there were around 3,000 prostitutes working on the islands, mainly in the tourist areas and the cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Experts urge action to curb prostitution problems in Canaries|url=http://www.tenerifenews.com/2017/06/experts-urge-action-to-curb-prostitution-problems-in-canaries/|website=Tenerife News|access-date=24 February 2018|date=8 June 2017}}</ref>

===Ceuta===
Prostitution occurs in the Ceti (Temporary Reception Center) in [[Ceuta]]. The prostitutes are mainly Nigerian women.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hamdaoui|first1=Neijma|title=Ceuta, porte du paradis européen… – JeuneAfrique.com|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/123526/archives-thematique/ceuta-porte-du-paradis-europ-en/|website=Jeune Afrique|access-date=26 February 2018|language=fr-FR|date=6 February 2004}}</ref>

===Melilla===
Local [[NGO]] ''Melilla Acoge'', which provides medical and other assistance to prostitutes, report that there are about 1,000 Moroccan prostitutes in [[Melilla]]. Some cross over the border into Melilla in the mornings and leave at midday, other cross over the border in the afternoon and leave at night.<ref>{{cite web|last1=El Masaiti|first1=Amira|title=Spanish NGO: 1,000 Moroccans Work As Prostitutes in Melilla|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/09/228048/spanish-ngo-1000-moroccans-prostitutes-melilla/|website=Morocco World News|access-date=26 February 2018|date=7 September 2017}}</ref>

==Sex trafficking==
{{see also|Human trafficking in Spain}}
Sex traffickers exploit foreign victims in Spain and, to a lesser extent, Spanish victims abroad.  Women from Eastern Europe (particularly Romania and Bulgaria), South America (particularly [[Paraguay]], [[Brazil]], Colombia, and Ecuador), Central America (particularly Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua), [[China]], and [[Nigeria]] are exploited in [[sex trafficking]]. Authorities report Nigerian women now make up the largest demographic of sex trafficking victims. Sex traffickers exploit [[Venezuela]]n women fleeing the collapsing social and economic conditions at home.

Spanish law does not permit nor prohibit prostitution, and NGOs believe a large percentage of individuals in prostitution in Spain are trafficking victims. Various reports give figures of 80-90% of prostitutes in Spain being trafficked, but this is disputed.<ref name="Public Radio International">{{cite web |last1=Beatley |first1=Meaghan |title=Prostitution takes center stage as Spanish feminists rally to eliminate violence against women |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-11-26/prostitution-takes-center-stage-spanish-feminists-rally-eliminate-violence |website=Public Radio International |access-date=24 March 2020 |language=en |date=26 November 2018}}</ref>

Sex traffickers are increasingly using online apartment rental platforms to make their illicit operations difficult to track. An increasing number of victims arrived in southern Spain by sea via Morocco. Nigerian criminal networks recruit victims in migrant reception centers in Italy for forced prostitution in Spain. Unaccompanied migrant children continue to be vulnerable to sex trafficking. The increased numbers of newly arrived refugees and asylum-seekers are vulnerable to trafficking.<ref name="state19">{{cite web |title=Spain 2019 Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-trafficking-in-persons-report-2/spain/ |website=U.S. Department of State |access-date=30 July 2018}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

Law enforcement conducted targeted operations against 37 criminal organisations involved in sex trafficking in 2018. The judiciary initiated prosecutions of 63 defendants for sex trafficking. The government reported several cases in which convicted traffickers received significant penalties. In January 2019, an [[Oviedo]] court sentenced four Romanians to 20 to 55 years in prison for forcing 12 Romanian women into prostitution.<ref name="state19" />

The [[United States Department of State]] [[Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons]] ranks Spain as a '[[Trafficking in Persons Report#Ranking System|Tier 1]]' country.<ref name="state19" />

In February 2025 police arrested 48 people during raids in [[Alicante]] and [[Murcia]] in connection with sex trafficking. The gang are alleged to have trafficked 1,000 women mostly from [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]] during the previous year. The women were lured to Spain to work in the work in the cleaning and beauty sectors but were then forced into prostitution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shelton |first1=Jon |title=Spain busts South American sex-trafficking pipeline – DW – 02/23/2025 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/spain-busts-south-american-sex-trafficking-pipeline/a-71720892 |website=dw.com |access-date=24 February 2025 |language=en |date=23 February 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spain|Prostitution|Sex work}}
* [[Outline of Spain]]
* [[Prostitution in Francoist Spain]]
* [[Prostitution in the Spanish Civil War]]
* [[State feminism]]
* [[Empathy and Prostitution]]
* {{annotated link|Padre Putas}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Other sources ==
*{{cite report |last1=Barberet |first1=Rosemary |last2=Bartolomé Gutiérrez |first2=Raquel |title=Victimología y prostitución |date=1995 |hdl=10578/21319 }}
*[http://www.qub.ac.uk/cawp/research/spain.PDF Celia Valente: The politics of prostitution: The Women's Movement, State Feminism and Parliamentary Debates in Post-Authoritarian Spain. Queen's University Belfast 2003]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725230351/http://www.descweb.org/files/PlanteamientosFeministas.pdf Gemma Nicolás: Planteamientos feministas en torno al trabajo sexual (Jornades Drets Socials i Dones en la Globalització: per una nova ciutadania. Barcelona 2005)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110222104700/http://www.drugfarma.com/spa/sexologia/02numerosanteriores/numero4_2006/02estudios_originales/01.asp Rut González: Quality of life and interpersonal needs in prostitution. Sexologia Integral 2006]
*[https://www.questia.com/library/book/buying-and-selling-power-anthropological-reflections-on-prostitution-in-spain-by-angie-hart.jsp A Hart. Buying and Selling Power: Anthropological Reflections on Prostitution in Spain (1998) Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press]
*[http://www.ub.es/geocrit/b3w-508.htm GUEREÑA, Jean-Louis. La prostitución en la España contemporánea. Madrid: Marcial Pons, Ediciones de Historia. SA, 2003, reviewed by Rafael Alcaide González in REVISTA BIBLIOGRÁFICA DE GEOGRAFÍA Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES (Serie  documental de Geo Crítica)Vol. IX, nº 508, 5 de mayo de 2004]
*[http://plataformaeditorial.com/cont/novedades/novedades_sola_es.php?idField=207&table=novedades Neira, Montse. Una mala mujer: La prostitución al descubierto. Plataforma Editorial SL, Barcelona 2012 144pp.] {{ISBN|978-84-15-11571-7}}

=== History ===
*{{cite journal |last1=Lanz |first1=Eukene Lacarra |title=Legal and Clandestine Prostitution in Medieval Spain |journal=Bulletin of Hispanic Studies |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=265–85 |year=2002 |doi=10.3828/bhs.79.3.1}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=4mn-S5PlAVsC&pg=PA124 ME Perry. Magdalens and Jezebels in counter-reformation Spain, in Culture and control in counter-reformation Spain, Anne J. Cruz (ed.) U of Minnesota Press, 1992, p. 124ff]
*{{cite journal |last1=Guereña |first1=JL |title=Physicians and prostitution: a project to regulate prostitution in 1809: the 'Exposition' of Antonio Cibat (1771-1811) |journal=Medicina e Historia |issue=71 |pages=5–28 |year=1998 |pmid=11636945}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Guereña |first1=JL |title=The origins of the regulation of prostitution in contemporary Spain from Cabarrús's proposal (1792) to the Madrid Regulations (1847) |journal=Dynamis (Granada, Spain) |volume=15 |pages=401–41 |year=1995 |pmid=11624755}}
*{{cite journal |first1=Jean-Louis |last1=Guereña |title=Prostitution and the Origins of the Governmental Regulatory System in Nineteenth-Century Spain: The Plans of the Trienio Liberal, 1820&ndash;1823 |journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=216–34 |year=2008 |pmid=19260164 |doi=10.1353/sex.0.0000|s2cid=42440112 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Guereña |first1=JL |title=Prostitution, the state, and society in Spain. The regulation of prostitution under the monarchy of Isabel II (1854-1868) |journal=Asclepio |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=101–32 |year=1997 |pmid=11636886|doi=10.3989/asclepio.1997.v49.i2.368 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Canaleta Safont |first1=Eva |last2=Pujades Móra |first2=Joana Maria |title=Medical discourse and municipal policy on prostitution: Palma 1862-1900 |journal=Dynamis |date=2008 |volume=28 |pages=275–99 |doi=10.4321/s0211-95362008000100012 |pmid=19230342 |doi-access=free |hdl=10481/77579 |hdl-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Harrison |first1=Nikki |title=Nuns and Prostitutes in Enlightenment Spain |journal=Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies |volume=9 |pages=53–60 |year=2008 |doi=10.1111/j.1754-0208.1986.tb00121.x}}

=== Literature ===
*Carmen Y. Hsu. Courtesans in the Literature of Spanish Golden Age (Kassel: Reichenberger, 2002)

=== Migration ===
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gkq0mO6_PLYC&pg=PA207 L Oso. The new migratory space in Southern Europe: the case of Colombian sex workers in Spain, in Crossing Borders and Shifting Boundaries: Gender on the move, Umut Erel, Kyoko Shinozaki (eds.) VS Verlag, 2003, p. 207ff]
*{{cite journal |last1=Oso Casas |first1=Laura |title=Money, Sex, Love and the Family: Economic and Affective Strategies of Latin American Sex Workers in Spain |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |volume=36 |pages=47–65 |year=2010 |doi=10.1080/13691830903250899|s2cid=216139639 }}

== External links ==
*[http://ials.sas.ac.uk/library/guides/research/res_spain.htm Institute of Advanced legal Studies: Spain]
* [http://prostitucionrealidadessociales.blogspot.com/ Prostitución una visión (sub)objetiva compleja y global]
*{{cite book |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511489044.012 |chapter=State feminism and central state debates on prostitution in post-authoritarian Spain |title=The Politics of Prostitution |year=2004 |last1=Valiente |first1=Celia |pages=205–224 |hdl=10016/4645 |isbn=9780521833196 }}

{{Europe in topic|Prostitution in}}
{{Spain topics|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Prostitution in Spain| ]]