View source for Procyonidae

{{Short description|Family of mammals}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Procyonidae-01.jpg
| image_caption = From top left to bottom right: [[raccoon]] (''[[Procyon (genus)|Procyon]]''), [[ringtail]] (''[[Bassariscus]]''), [[South American coati]] (''[[Nasua]]''), [[northern olingo]] (''[[Bassaricyon]]''), [[kinkajou]] (''[[Potos]]'')
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|22.6|0}}[[Early Miocene]] to [[Holocene]]
| taxon = Procyonidae
| authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray, 1825]]
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| type_genus = ''[[Procyon (genus)|Procyon]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr|Storr]], 1780
| subdivision =
*Extant genera:
**''[[Bassariscus]]''
**''[[Procyon (genus)|Procyon]]''
**''[[Nasua]]''
**''[[Nasuella]]''
**''[[Bassaricyon]]''
**''[[Kinkajou|Potos]]''
*Extinct genera:
**†''[[Arctonasua]]''
**†''[[Bassaricyonoides]]''
**†''[[Broiliana]]''
**†''[[Chapalmalania]]''
**†''[[Cyonasua]]''
**†''[[Edaphocyon]]''
**†''[[Parahyaenodon]]''
**†''[[Parapotos]]''
**†''[[Paranasua]]''
**†''[[Probassariscus]]''
**†''[[Protoprocyon]]''
**†''[[Stromeriella]]''
**†''[[Tetraprothomo]]''
}}

'''Procyonidae''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|r|oʊ|s|iː|ˈ|ɒ|n|ɪ|d|iː}} {{respell|PROH|see|ON|i|dee}})<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/procyonidae |title= Procyonidae |author=<!--Not stated--> |website= dictionary.com |access-date=2024-08-18}}</ref> is a New World [[family (biology)|family]] of the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Carnivora]].<ref name = MSW3>{{MSW3 Carnivora | id = 14001595 | pages = 624–628}}</ref> It includes <!--listing all 7 types of procyonid would necessitate the use of the verb 'comprise'; 'include' would be appropriate only if listing fewer than the total number-->the [[Procyon (genus)|raccoons]], [[ringtail]]s, [[cacomistle]]s, [[coati]]s, [[kinkajou]]s, [[olingo]]s, and [[olinguito]]s. Procyonids inhabit a wide range of environments and are generally [[omnivorous]].

==Characteristics==
Procyonids are relatively small animals, with generally slender bodies and long tails, though the common raccoon tends to be bulky. <!--No need to make this a parenthetical statement-->

Because of their general build, the Procyonidae are often popularly viewed as smaller cousins of the [[bear]] family. This is apparent in their [[German language|German]] name, ''Kleinbären'' (small bears), including the names of the species: a raccoon is called a ''Waschbär'' (washing bear, as it "washes" its food before eating), a coati is a ''Nasenbär'' (nose-bear), while a [[kinkajou]] is a ''Honigbär'' (honey-bear). [[Dutch Language|Dutch]] follows suit, calling the animals ''wasbeer'', ''neusbeer'' and ''rolstaartbeer'' (curl-tail bear) respectively. However, it is now believed that procyonids are more closely related to [[Mustelidae|mustelids]] than to bears.<ref name="Flynn-2005">{{cite journal|last1=Flynn|first1=John|last2=Finarelli|first2=John|last3=Zehr|first3=Sarah|last4=Hsu|first4=Johnny|last5=Nedbal|first5=Michael|title=Molecular Phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the Impact of Increased Sampling on Resolving Enigmatic Relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|year=2005|pages=317–337 |doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Procyonids share common morphological characteristics including a shortened rostrum, absent alisphenoid canals, and a relatively flat mandibular fossa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gompper |first1=Matthew E. |last2=Rega-Brodsky |first2=Christine C. |date=2016-01-06 |title=The Textbook in the Modern Mammalogy Classroom |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=217–218 |doi=10.1007/s10914-015-9319-4 |s2cid=17883651 }}</ref> Kinkajous have unique morphological characteristics consistent with their arboreally adapted locomotion, including a prehensile tail and unique femoral structure.<ref>{{cite thesis |title=The functional anatomy of prehensile and nonprehensile tails of the Platyrrhini (Primates) and Procyonidae (Carnivora) |first=Jason Michael |last=Organ |year=2007 |oclc=233832204 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tarquini |first=Juliana |date=March 2021 |title=Femoral Shape in Procyonids (Carnivora, Procyonidae): Morphofunctional Implications, Size and Phylogenetic Signal |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=159–171 |doi=10.1007/s10914-019-09491-8 |s2cid=209332127 }}</ref>

Due to their omnivorous diet, procyonids have lost some of the adaptations for flesh-eating found in their carnivorous relatives. While they do have [[carnassial]] teeth, these are poorly developed in most species, especially the raccoons. Apart from the kinkajou, procyonids have the [[dentition|dental formula]]: {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.2|lower=3.1.4.2}} for a total of 40&nbsp;teeth. The [[kinkajou]] has one fewer [[premolar]] in each row: {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.3.2|lower=3.1.3.2}} for a total of 36&nbsp;teeth.

Most members of Procyonidae are solitary; however, some species form groups. Coati females will form bands of 4 to 24 individuals that forage together,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gompper |first1=Matthew E. |last2=Gittleman |first2=John L. |last3=Wayne |first3=Robert K. |date=1997-04-01 |title=Genetic relatedness, coalitions and social behaviour of white-nosed coatis, Nasua narica |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=781–797 |doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0344 |s2cid=53170578 }}</ref> while kinkajous have been found to form social groups of two males and one female.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kays |first1=Roland W. |last2=Gittleman |first2=John L. |date=April 2001 |title=The social organization of the kinkajou Potos flavus (Procyonidae) |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=253 |issue=4 |pages=491–504 |doi=10.1017/S0952836901000450 }}</ref> Certain procyonids give birth to one offspring like ringtails, olingos, and kinkajous while raccoons and coatis give birth to litters that range in size from 2 to 6 offspring.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jirik |first=Kate |title=LibGuides: North American Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus) Fact Sheet: Reproduction & Development |url=https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/ringtail/reproduction |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=ielc.libguides.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jirik |first=Kate |title=LibGuides: Kinkajou (Potos flavus) Fact Sheet: Summary |url=https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/kinkajou/summary-page |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=ielc.libguides.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coati {{!}} San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants |url=https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/coati |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=animals.sandiegozoo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-07 |title=Raccoon Nation ~ Raccoon Facts {{!}} Nature |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/raccoon-nation-raccoon-fact-sheet/7553/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Nature |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Evolution===

Procyonid fossils once thought to belong to the genus ''[[Bassariscus]]'', which includes the modern ringtail and cacomistle, have been identified from the [[Miocene]] epoch, around 20&nbsp;million years ([[Ma (unit)|Ma]]) ago. It has been suggested that early procyonids were an offshoot of the [[Canidae|canids]] that adapted to a more omnivorous diet.<ref name="EoM">{{cite book |last=Russell |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/98 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals |publisher=Facts on File |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-87196-871-5 |editor=Macdonald |editor-first=D. |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/98 98–99] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The recent evolution of procyonids has been centered on Central America (where their diversity is greatest);<ref name=ZooKeys/> they entered the formerly isolated South America as part of the [[Great American Interchange]],<ref name="Koepfli2007">{{cite journal |last1=Koepfli |first1=K.-P. |last2=Gompper |first2=M. E. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Ho |first4=C.-C. |last5=Linden |first5=L. |last6=Maldonado |first6=J. E. |last7=Wayne |first7=R. K. |year=2007 |title=Phylogeny of the Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carvnivora): Molecules, morphology and the Great American Interchange |url=https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/6026 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=1076–1095 |citeseerx=10.1.1.495.2618 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.003 |pmid=17174109|bibcode=2007MolPE..43.1076K |hdl=10088/6026 }}</ref> beginning about 7.3&nbsp;[[Ma (unit)|Ma]] ago in the late Miocene, with the appearance of ''[[Cyonasua]]''.<ref name="Woodburne2010">{{cite journal|last=Woodburne|first=M. O.|author-link=Michael Woodburne|title=The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens|journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution|volume= 17|issue=4|date= 2010-07-14|pages= 245–264|doi= 10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8|pmid=21125025|pmc=2987556}}</ref> Some fossil procyonids such as ''[[Stromeriella]]'' were also present in the Old World, before going extinct in the Pliocene.<ref>R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution</ref>

Genetic studies have shown that kinkajous are a [[sister group]] to all other extant procyonids; they split off about 22.6&nbsp;Ma ago.<ref name="EizirikMurphy2010">{{cite journal |last1=Eizirik |first1=E. |last2=Murphy |first2=W. J. |last3=Koepfli |first3=K.-P. |last4=Johnson |first4=W. E. |last5=Dragoo |first5=J. W. |last6=Wayne |first6=R. K. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |date=2010-02-04 |title=Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=49–63 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033 |pmc=7034395 |pmid=20138220|bibcode=2010MolPE..56...49E }}</ref> The clades leading to coatis and olingos on one branch, and to ringtails and raccoons on the other, separated about 17.7 Ma ago.<ref name=ZooKeys/> The divergence between olingos and coatis is estimated to have occurred about 10.2 Ma ago,<ref name=ZooKeys/> at about the same time that ringtails and raccoons parted ways.<ref name=ZooKeys/><ref name="Koepfli2007"/> The separation between coatis and mountain coatis is estimated to have occurred 7.7 Ma ago.<ref>{{cite thesis |id={{ProQuest|1999244770}} |last=Nunes Tsuchiya |first=Mirian Tieko |title=Evolutionary History of Procyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora): Integrating Genomics, Morphology and Biogeographic Modeling |year=2017 }}</ref>

==Classification==
{{see also|List of procyonids}}
There has been considerable historical uncertainty over the correct classification of several members. The [[red panda]] was previously classified in this family, but it is now classified in its own family, the [[Ailuridae]], based on molecular biology studies. The status of the various [[olingo]]s was disputed: some regarded them all as [[subspecies]] of ''[[Bassaricyon gabbii]]'' before DNA sequence data demonstrated otherwise.<ref name=ZooKeys>{{cite journal |title=Taxonomic revision of the olingos (''Bassaricyon''), with description of a new species, the Olinguito |last1=Helgen |first1=K. M. |last2=Pinto |first2=M. |last3=Kays |first3=R. |last4=Helgen |first4=L. |last5=Tsuchiya |first5=M. |last6=Quinn |first6=A. |last7=Wilson |first7=D. |last8=Maldonado |first8=J.|journal= ZooKeys|issue= 324|date= 2013-08-15|pages= 1–83|doi= 10.3897/zookeys.324.5827 |pmid=24003317 |pmc=3760134|doi-access=free |bibcode=2013ZooK..324....1H }}</ref>

The traditional classification scheme shown below on the left predates the recent revolution in our understanding of procyonid [[phylogeny]] based on genetic sequence analysis. This outdated classification groups kinkajous and olingos together on the basis of similarities in [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] that are now known to be an example of [[parallel evolution]]; similarly, coatis are shown as being most closely related to raccoons, when in fact they are closest to olingos. Below right is a cladogram showing the results of molecular studies {{as of|2013|lc=y}}.<ref name=ZooKeys/><ref name="Koepfli2007"/><ref name="EizirikMurphy2010"/> Genus ''Nasuella'' was not included in these studies, but in a separate study was found to nest within ''Nasua''.<ref name="split">{{cite journal |last1=Helgen |first1=K. M. |last2=Kays |first2=R. |last3=Helgen |first3=L. E. |last4=Tsuchiya-Jerep |first4=M. T. N. |last5=Pinto |first5=C. M. |last6=Koepfli |first6=K. P. |last7=Eizirik |first7=E. |last8=Maldonado |first8=J. E. |date=August 2009 |title=Taxonomic boundaries and geographic distributions revealed by an integrative systematic overview of the mountain coatis, ''Nasuella'' (Carnivora: Procyonidae) |url=https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/8168 |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=41 |pages=65–74 |hdl=10088/8168 |access-date=2013-08-20}}</ref>

{{cladogram|clades={{Clade|style=width:35em;
|label1=Procyonidae
|1={{Clade
 |1={{Clade
  |1={{Clade
   |1=''[[Bassaricyon]]'' (olingos and olinguito)
   |2=''[[Nasua]]'' and ''[[Nasuella]]'' (coatis)
   }}
  |2={{Clade
   |1=''[[Procyon (genus)|Procyon]]'' (raccoons)
   |2=''[[Bassariscus]]'' (ringtail and cacomistle)
   }}
  }}
 |2=''[[Potos]]'' (kinkajou)
}}}}}}

* '''FAMILY PROCYONIDAE'''
** '''Subfamily Procyoninae''' (nine species in four genera)
*** '''Tribe Procyonini'''
**** '''Subtribe Procyonina'''
***** [[Procyon (genus)|Raccoons]], ''Procyon''
****** [[Crab-eating raccoon]], ''Procyon cancrivorus''
****** [[Cozumel raccoon]], ''Procyon pygmaeus''
****** [[Common raccoon]], ''Procyon lotor''
**** '''Subtribe Nasuina'''
***** ''[[Nasua]]''
****** [[South American coati]] or ring-tailed coati, ''Nasua nasua''
****** [[White-nosed coati]], ''Nasua narica''
***** ''[[Nasuella]]''
****** [[Western mountain coati]], ''Nasuella olivacea''
****** [[Eastern mountain coati]], ''Nasuella meridensis''
*** '''Tribe Bassariscini'''
**** ''[[Bassariscus]]''
***** [[Ringtail]], ''Bassariscus astutus''
***** [[Cacomistle]], ''Bassariscus sumichrasti''
** '''Subfamily Potosinae''' (five species in two genera)
*** ''Potos''
**** [[Kinkajou]], ''Potos flavus''
*** ''[[Bassaricyon]]''
**** [[Northern olingo]] or Gabbi's olingo, ''Bassaricyon gabbii''
**** [[Eastern lowland olingo]], ''Bassaricyon alleni''
**** [[Western lowland olingo]], ''Bassaricyon medius''
**** [[Olinguito]], ''Bassaricyon neblina''

===Phylogeny===

Several recent molecular studies have resolved the phylogenetic relationships between the procyonids, as illustrated in the cladogram below.<ref name="Koepfli2007"/><ref name=ZooKeys/><ref name=split/><ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last1=Law|first1=Chris J.|last2=Slater|first2=Graham J.|last3=Mehta|first3=Rita S.|date=2018-01-01|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|language=en|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|issn=1063-5157|doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%
|label1=Procyonidae
|1={{clade
   |label1=''[[Potos]]''
   |1=''[[Kinkajou|Potos flavus]]'' (kinkajou)
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |label1=''[[Procyon (genus)|Procyon]]''
         |sublabel1=(raccoons)
         |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Procyon cancrivorus]]'' (crab eating raccoon)
            |2=''[[Procyon lotor]]'' (common raccoon) [[File:Wild animals of North America, intimate studies of big and little creatures of the mammal kingdom (Page 410) (white background).jpg|60 px]]
            |3=''[[Procyon pygmaeus]]'' (Cozumel raccoon)
            }}
         |label2=''[[Bassariscus]]''
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Bassariscus sumichrasti]]'' (cacomistle)
            |2=''[[Bassariscus astutus]]'' (ringtail)
            }}
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |label1=''[[Bassaricyon]]''
         |sublabel1=(olingos)
         |1={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1=''[[Bassaricyon medius]]'' (western lowland olingo) [[File:ZooKeys - Bassaricyon medius (white background).jpg|60 px]]
                  |2=''[[Bassaricyon alleni]]'' (eastern lowland olingo) [[File:ZooKeys - Bassaricyon alleni (white background).jpg|60 px]]
                  }}
               |2=''[[Bassaricyon gabbii]]'' (northern olingo) [[File:ZooKeys - Bassaricyon gabbii (white background).jpg|60 px]]
               }}
            |2=''[[Bassaricyon neblina]]'' (olinguito) [[File:ZooKeys - Bassaricyon neblina (white background).jpg|60 px]]
            }}
         |label2=[[Nasua|Nasuina]]
         |sublabel2=(coatis)
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=''[[Nasua nasua]]'' (ring-tailed coati)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Nasua narica]]'' (white-nosed coati)
                  |label2=''[[Nasuella]]''
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Nasuella olivacea]]'' (western mountain coati)
                     |2=''[[Nasuella meridensis]]'' (eastern mountain coati)
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

===Extinct taxa===
Below is a list of extinct taxa (many of which are fossil genera and species) compiled in alphabetical order under their respective subfamilies.
* '''Procyonidae''' <small>J.E. Gray, 1825</small>
** †[[Broiliana|Broilianinae]] <small>Dehm, 1950</small>
*** †''[[Broiliana]]'' <small>Dehm, 1950</small>
**** †''B. dehmi'' <small>Beaumont & Mein, 1973</small>
**** †''B. nobilis'' <small>Dehm, 1950</small>
*** †''[[Stromeriella]]'' <small>Dehm, 1950</small>
**** †''S. depressa'' <small>Morlo, 1996</small>
**** †''S. franconica'' <small>Dehm, 1950</small>
** '''Potosinae''' <small>Trouessart, 1904</small>
*** †''[[Parapotos]]'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 2003</small>
**** †''P. tedfordi'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 2003</small>
** '''Procyoninae''' <small>J.E. Gray, 1825</small>
*** †''[[Arctonasua]]'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''A. eurybates'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''A. fricki'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''A. floridana'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''A. gracilis'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''A. minima'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
*** †''[[Bassaricyonoides]]'' <small>J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003</small>
**** †''B. stewartae'' <small>J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003</small>
**** †''B. phyllismillerae'' <small>J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003</small>
*** ''Bassariscus'' <small>Coues, 1887</small>
**** †''B. antiquus'' <small>Matthew & Cook, 1909</small>
**** †''B. casei'' <small>Hibbard, 1952</small>
**** †''B. minimus'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 2004</small>
**** †''B. ogallalae'' <small>Hibbard, 1933</small>
**** †''B. parvus'' <small>Hall, 1927</small>
*** †''[[Chapalmalania]]'' <small>Ameghino, 1908</small>
**** †''C. altaefrontis'' <small>Kraglievich & Olazábal, 1959</small>
**** †''C. ortognatha'' <small>Ameghino, 1908</small>
*** †''[[Cyonasua]]'' <small>Ameghino, 1885</small> [=''Amphinasua'' <small>Moreno & Mercerat, 1891</small>; ''Brachynasua'' <small>Ameghino & Kraglievich 1925</small>; ''Pachynasua'' <small>Ameghino, 1904</small>]
**** †''C. argentina'' <small>Ameghino 1885</small>
**** †''C. argentinus'' <small>(Burmeister, 1891)</small>
**** †''C. brevirostris'' <small>(Moreno & Mercerat, 1891)</small> [=''Amphinasua brevirostris'' <small>Moreno & Mercerat, 1891</small>]
**** †''C. clausa'' <small>(Ameghino, 1904)</small> [=''Pachynasua clausa'' <small>Ameghino, 1904</small>]
**** †''C. groeberi'' <small>Kraglievich & Reig, 1954</small> [=''Amphinasua groeberi'' <small>Cabrera, 1936</small>]
**** †''C. longirostris'' <small>(Rovereto, 1914)</small>
**** †''C. lutaria'' <small>(Cabrera, 1936)</small> [=''Amphinasua lutaria'' <small>Cabrera, 1936</small>]
**** †''C. meranii'' <small>(Ameghino & Kraglievich 1925)</small> [=''Brachynasua meranii'' <small>Ameghino & Kraglievich 1925</small>]
**** †''C. pascuali'' <small>Linares, 1981</small> [=''Amphinasua pascuali'' <small>Linares, 1981</small>]
**** †''C. robusta'' <small>(Rovereto, 1914)</small>
*** †''[[Edaphocyon]]'' <small>Wilson, 1960</small>
**** †''E. lautus'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''E. palmeri'' <small>J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003</small>
**** †''E. pointblankensis'' <small>Wilson, 1960</small>
*** ''Nasua'' <small>Storr, 1780</small>
**** †''N. pronarica'' <small>Dalquest, 1978</small>
**** †''N. mastodonta'' <small>Emmert & Short, 2018</small>
**** †''N. nicaeensis'' <small>Holl, 1829</small>
*** †''[[Parahyaenodon]]'' <small>Ameghino, 1904</small>
**** †''P. argentinus'' <small>Ameghino, 1904</small>
*** †''[[Paranasua]]'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''P. biradica'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
*** †''[[Probassariscus]]'' <small>Merriam, 1911</small>
**** †''P. matthewi'' <small>Merriam, 1911</small>
*** ''Procyon'' <small>Storr, 1780</small>
**** †''P. gipsoni'' <small>Emmert & Short, 2018</small>
**** †''P. megalokolos'' <small>Emmert & Short, 2018</small>
**** †''P. rexroadensis'' <small>Hibbard, 1941</small>
*** †''[[Protoprocyon]]'' <small>Linares, 1981</small> [=''Lichnocyon'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>]
**** †''P. savagei'' <small>Linares, 1981</small> [=''Lichnocyon savagei'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>]
*** †''[[Tetraprothomo]]'' <small>Ameghino, 1908</small>
**** †''T. argentinus'' <small>Ameghino, 1908</small>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikispecies-inline}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Carnivora|C.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q147114}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Procyonidae| ]]
[[Category:Mammal families]]
[[Category:Extant Burdigalian first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]