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{{Short description|Former West Slavic polity}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name            = ''Nitrianske kniežatstvo'' <small>([[Slovak language|Slovak]])</small><br />''Nyitrai Fejedelemség'' <small>([[Hungarian language|Magyar]])</small>
| conventional_long_name = Principality of Nitra
| common_name            = Nitra
| era                    = [[Middle Ages]]
| status                 = [[Vassal]]
| empire                 = [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Kingdom of Hungary]]
| status_text            = Independent state <small>(825-833)</small><br />Vassal of the<br />[[Great Moravia]] <small>(833–906/907)</small><br />[[Principality of Hungary]] <small>(906/907–1000/1001)</small><br />[[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]] <small>(1001–1030)</small><br />[[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Kingdom of Hungary]] <small>(1030–1108)</small>
| year_start             = {{circa|825}}
| year_end               = {{circa|870}}
| event_end              = Incorporated into the [[Great Moravia]]
| p1                     = Samo's Empire
| s1                     = Great Moravia
| s2                     = Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301){{!}}Kingdom of Hungary
| s3                     = Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385){{!}}Kingdom of Poland
| today                  = [[Slovakia]]<br />[[Hungary]]
| image_map              = Nitra moravia 833.png
| image_map_caption      = A map presenting the theory of the co-existence of two principalities (Moravia and Nitra) before the 830s|
| capital                = [[Nitra]]
| common_languages       = [[History of Proto-Slavic#Common Slavic (c. 600–1000)|Late Common Slavic]]
| religion               = [[Christianization of the Slavs|Slavic Christianity]]<br />[[Catholicism|Latin Christianity]]<br />[[Slavic mythology|Slavic paganism]]|
| title_leader           = Prince
| leader1                = [[Pribina]] (first)
| year_leader1           = 825–833
| leader2                = [[Prince Álmos|Álmos]] (last)
| year_leader2           = 1095-1108
| footnotes              = <!-- Accepts wikilinks -->
}}

The '''Principality of Nitra'''{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=279}}{{sfn|Marsina|1997|p = 15}}{{sfn|Kirschbaum|1996|p=25}} ({{langx|sk|Nitrianske kniežatstvo, Nitriansko, Nitrava|lit=Duchy of Nitra, Nitravia, Nitrava}}; {{langx|hu|Nyitrai Fejedelemség}}), also known as the '''Duchy of Nitra''',{{sfn|Lukačka|2011|p=30}}{{sfn|Steinhübel|2011|p=15}} was a [[West Slavs|West Slavic]] polity encompassing a group of settlements that developed in the 9th century around [[Nitra]], in present-day [[Slovakia]]. Its history remains uncertain{{sfn|Alexander|2005|p=288}} because of a lack of contemporary sources. The territory's status is subject to scholarly debate: some modern historians describe it as an independent polity that was annexed either around 833 or 870{{undue-inline|reason=Minor and controversial theory suggesting late expansion of "Great Moravia" to present-day Slovakia from the south.|date=January 2016}} by the [[Principality of Moravia]], while others say that it was under the influence of the neighbouring West Slavs from Moravia from its inception.

==Background==
Modern-day Slovakia was dominated for centuries by [[Germanic peoples]], including the [[Quadi]] and the [[Lombards|Longobards]], who were there until the middle of the 6th century.{{sfn|Steinhübel|2011|pp=16–18}} A new [[material culture]] characterized by handmade pottery, cremation burials and small, square, sunken huts that typically featured a corner stone oven appeared in the plains along the [[Middle Danube]] around that time.{{sfn|Barford|2001|pp=38–39, 63–64}}{{sfn|Steinhübel|2011|p=15}} The new culture, with its "spartan and egalitarian" nature, sharply differed from the earlier [[archaeological culture]]s of Central Europe.{{sfn|Barford|2001|pp=44, 63–64}} According to Barford, a report by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] historian [[Procopius]] is the first certain reference to [[Early Slavs|Early Slav]] groups inhabiting parts of present-day Slovakia.{{sfn|Barford|2001|p=56}} Procopius wrote that an exiled Lombard prince named Hildigis mustered an army, "taking with him not only those of the Lombards who had followed him, but also many of the [[Sclaveni]]"<ref>''Procopius: History of the Wars'' (7.35.19.), pp.&nbsp;461–463.</ref> in the 540s.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=55}}{{sfn|Barford|2001|p=56}}

The nomadic [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], who arrived from the [[Eurasian steppes]], invaded the [[Carpathian Basin]] and subjugated the local inhabitants in the second half of the 6th century.{{sfn|Barford|2001|pp = 56–57}}{{sfn|Kirschbaum|1996|p = 18}} Thereafter, Slavic groups inhabiting areas around the core regions of the [[Avar Khaganate]] paid tribute to the Avars.{{sfn|Urbańczyk|2005|p = 144}} The khaganate experienced a series of internal conflicts in the 630s.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p = 76}} According to the ''[[Chronicle of Fredegar]]'', the "Slavs who are known as Wends" rebelled against the Avars and elected a [[Franks|Frankish]] trader named [[Samo]] as their king in the early 7th century.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p = 77}} Samo's realm, which emerged in the northern or northwestern regions of the Carpathian Basin, existed for more than three decades.{{sfn|Urbańczyk|2005|p = 144}}{{sfn|Kirschbaum|1996|p = 19}}{{sfn|Barford|2001|p = 79}} It disintegrated soon after its founder's death and Avar control of the region was restored.{{sfn|Kirschbaum|1996|p = 19}}

The Avar Khaganate collapsed around 803 as a result of several successful military campaigns launched by the [[Carolingian Empire|Franks]] against it.{{sfn|Urbańczyk|2005|p = 144}}{{sfn|Steinhübel|2011|p = 16}} The fall of the Khaganate contributed to the rise of new polities among the Slavs in the region.{{sfn|Steinhübel|2011|p = 16}}{{sfn|Urbańczyk|2005|p = 145}} The shift in political control was accompanied by changes in military strategy and equipment. According to Curta, swords and other items of the "[[Blatnica-Mikulčice horizon]]" show "a shift from the [[Cavalry tactics#Riding and fighting on horseback#Tactics of light and medium cavalry using bows|mounted combat tactics typical of nomadic warfare]] to heavy cavalry equipment",{{sfn|Curta|2006|p = 130}} and the development of a local elite in the regions to the north of the river [[Danube]] and the [[Great Hungarian Plain]] in the early 9th century.{{sfn|Urbańczyk|2005|p = 145}}

==Sources==
 [[File:Pribina, Nitra (2008).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|alt=Pribina's mondern sculpture|Modern sculpture of [[Pribina]] in [[Nitra]]]]
The remains of a 9th-century fortress covering {{convert|12|ha|acre}}, the age of which has not been determined, were unearthed in the centre of Nitra.{{sfn|Beeby|Buckton|Klanica|1982|p=18}}{{dubious|reason=Totally outdated information. Replace by recent research.|date=January 2016}} Beeby writes that the fortress belongs to the "Great Moravian period".{{sfn|Beeby|Buckton|Klanica|1982|p=18}} According to [[Ján Steinhübel|Steinhübel]], the fortress may have been named after the river [[Nitra (river)|Nitra]], which flows below the hill upon which it stood.{{sfn|Steinhübel|2011|p=17}} Archaeological research shows that a settlement inhabited by blacksmiths, goldsmiths and other artisans developed at the fortress.{{sfn|Beeby|Buckton|Klanica|1982|p=18}} An extensive network of settlements emerged around it in the 9th&nbsp;century.{{sfn|Szőke|1994|p=559}}

The main source of information about the polity now known as the Principality of Nitra is the ''[[Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum|Conversion of the Bavarians and Carantanians]]'', a document compiled around 870 to promote the interests of the [[Archdiocese of Salzburg]] in Pannonia.{{sfn|Angi|1997|p=360}}{{sfn|Kirschbaum|1996|p=319}}{{sfn|Betti|2013|pp=49, 142-143}} The manuscripts state that "one Pribina", who had been "driven across the Danube by [[Mojmir I|Mojmir]], duke of the Moravians",{{sfn|Wolfram|1979|p=50}} fled to [[Radbod (prefect)|Radbod]], [[March of Pannonia|Margrave of Pannonia]] (c. 833–856) in [[East Francia]] around 833.{{sfn|Kirschbaum|1996|p=25}}{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=19}} Radbod introduced him to King [[Louis the German]], who ordered that Pribina should be "instructed in the faith and baptized".{{sfn|Wolfram|1979|p=50}}{{sfn|Bowlus|2009|p=318}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=133}}{{sfn|Kirschbaum|1996|pp=25–26}} According to a sentence in three of the eleven extant manuscripts of the ''Conversion'', Archbishop [[Adalram|Adalram of Salzburg]] (r. 821–836) consecrated a church for Pribina "on his estate at a place over the Danube called Nitrava"{{sfn|Wolfram|1979|p=50}} at an unspecified date.{{sfn|Bowlus|2009|p=318}} Modern historians debate whether this sentence was part of the original text or was only a marginal note which was interpolated into the main text in the 12th century.{{sfn|Bowlus|2009|p=327}}{{sfn|Třeštík|2010|pp=113–114}}

==Scholarly debates: the status and location of Pribina's Nitrava==
{{See also2|[[Great Moravia#Further theories|Further theories about the location of the Great Moravia]]}}

According to a widely accepted interpretation of the ''Conversion'', Pribina was initially the ruler of an independent polity which was centered on Nitra.{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=279}}{{sfn|Kirschbaum|1996|p=25}}{{sfn|Steinhübel|2011|p=16}}{{sfn|Alexander|2005|p=288}}{{sfn|Lukačka|2011|pp=30–31}} For instance, Barford writes that Pribina "was apparently prince of Nitra".{{sfn|Barford|2001|p=298}} Pribina's assumed realm is described as the "first demonstrable Slavic state north of the middle Danube" by Lukačka.{{sfn|Lukačka|2011|p=30}} Lukačka also says that Pribina had a retinue and that most its members "certainly descended from the former tribal aristocracy" but some of them "could have come from the free strata of the mass of the people".{{sfn|Lukačka|2011|p=30}} [[Richard Marsina]] says that it "can hardly be unambiguously decided whether Pribina was a prince of a greater tribe or of two or three smaller joined tribes".{{sfn|Marsina|1997|p=18}} He adds that Pribina may have belonged to the second or third generation of the heads of this polity, which emerged in the valleys of the rivers [[Hron]], Nitra, and [[Váh]].{{sfn|Marsina|1997|p=19}}

Scholars who write that Pribina was an independent ruler also say that his principality was united with Moravia after he was exiled from his homeland.{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=279}}{{sfn|Kirschbaum|1996|p=25}}{{sfn|Szőke|1994|p=559}}{{sfn|Steinhübel|2011|p=16}}{{sfn|Lukačka|2011|p=31}}{{sfn|Barford|2001|p=218}} Kirschbaum{{sfn|Kirschbaum|1996|p=25}} and Steinhübel{{sfn|Steinhübel|2011|p=16}} add that the forced unification of the two principalities{{spaced ndash}}Mojmir's Moravia and Pribina's Nitra{{spaced ndash}}under Mojmir gave rise to the empire of Great Moravia. According to Marsina, the inhabitants of Pribina's principality who "definitely were aware of their difference from the Moravian Slavs" preserved their "specific consciousness" even within Great Moravia, which contributed to the development of the common consciousness of the ancestors of the Slovak people.{{sfn|Marsina|1997|p=19}}
 
Pribina was not an independent ruler, but Duke Mojmir of Moravia's lieutenant in Nitra, according to Vlasto.{{sfn|Vlasto|1970|p=24}}{{Better source|reason=46 years old publication, replace by modern scholars|date=January 2016}} He says that Pribina's attempts to achieve independence led to his exile.{{sfn|Vlasto|1970|p=24}} The identification of "Nitra" with "Nitrava" is not universally accepted by scholars.{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|pp=56-57}} Imre Boba and Charles Bowlus are among the scholars who challenged that identification. The Hungarian historian Imre Boba says, the Humanist historian [[Johannes Aventinus]] wrongly identified Nitrava (granted along with [[Brno]] and [[Olomouc]] by Louis the German, according to Aventinus) with Nitra, because Nitrava was in "Hunia or Avaria", to the south of Bavaria.{{sfn|Boba|1993|p=134}} He also says that the Latin term ''"locus Nitrava"'' could not refer to a city.{{sfn|Boba|1993|p=26}} According to his view, none of the modern names of Nitra (Slovak Nitra, Hungarian Nyitra and German Neutra) could develop from a "Nitrava" form.{{sfn|Boba|1993|p=26}} Boba's linguistic approach is not compliant with [[onomastics|onomastic]] research which suggests that Nitra was the primary form of the place name and "Nitrava" is only the secondary name; both forms were recorded already in the 9th century.{{sfn|Krajčovič|2005|p=20}}{{sfn|Závodný|2008|pp=49-51}}{{sfn|Hladký|2008|pp=76-79}} The Czech historian [[Dušan Třeštík]], who says that the association of Nitra with Nitrava cannot be challenged, writes that the latter form developed from the name of the [[Nitra (river)|Nitra River]], which fits well into the system of Indo-European toponyms; other rivers with similar names are not known.{{sfn|Třeštík|2010|p=123}} Charles Bowlus also rejects the identification of Nitrava with Nitra, because the latter town was only annexed by Moravia during the reign of Svatopluk, years after Pribina's expulsion, according to a letter that Archbishop [[Dietmar I, Archbishop of Salzburg|Theotmar of Salzburg]] and his suffragans wrote around 900.{{sfn|Bowlus|2009|p=194}} According to Třeštík, the content of the letter can be explained as a reasonable mistake of its compilators who knew that the territory was in the past a separate realm different from Moravia.{{sfn|Třeštík|2010|p=116}}

==Duchy of Nitra (Kingdom of Hungary)==

{{unreferenced section|date=June 2019}}

[[File:Nitriansky_hrad_1.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Nitra Castle]] - main gate]]

The Duchy or Ducatus is the denomination for territories occasionally governed separately by members (dukes) of the [[Árpád dynasty]] within the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th-12th centuries. The symbol of the ducal power was a sword, while the royal power was represented by the crown. Modern historians do not share a consensual view on the origins of the Duchy or territorial units administered by members of the royal family within the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. [[György Györffy]] writes that the Ducatus or "Duchy" developed from the command over the [[Kabars]] and other ethnic groups which joined the federation of the [[Hungarian tribes]].

According to his opinion, this command was initially, even before the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] around 895, bestowed upon the heir to the supreme head of the Hungarian tribal federation, in accordance with the customs of the [[Turkic peoples]] of the [[Eurasian steppes]]. Therefore, Györffy continues, the crown prince's command over these ethnic groups transformed, in the course of the 10th century, into his authority over the territories where they settled. On the other hand, Gyula Kristó, who rejected Györffy's theory, writes that the Duchy only came into being when King [[Andrew I of Hungary|Andrew I]] granted one-third of his kingdom to his younger brother, [[Béla I of Hungary|Béla]] around 1048. He cites the [[Illuminated Chronicle]] which clearly states that this was the "first division of the kingdom".

The practise of dynastical divisions of the kingdom's territories commenced in 1048 when King Andrew I of Hungary conceded one-third of the counties of his kingdom in [[appanage]] to his brother, Béla. The territories entrusted to the members of the ruling dynasty were organized around two or three centers and the duchy made up one-third of the kingdom's territory. Béla's autonomous duchy (ducatus) extended from the Morava river to the border of Transylvania. It was composed of two parts: Nitra and neighboring Bihar, extending from the upper Tisa in the north to the Körös river in the south, from the Transylvanian borders in the east to the Tisa river in the west. Béla was a sovereign lord of his demesne. This is testified by ducal half-denarii - they had the words BELA DVX engraved on them - as well as by the previously mentioned Hungarian Chronicle. Béla probably had the coins struck at his ducal seat in Nitra and new fortifications were added to the Nitra castle. At that time, Duke Béla was the [[heir presumptive]], but later King Andrew I fathered a son, Solomon. The birth of [[Solomon, King of Hungary|Solomon]] gave rise to conflicts between the two brothers that resulted in a civil war. The civil war stopped in 1060 when Béla defeated his brother and ascended the throne.<ref>Mikulás Teich, Dusan Kovac and Martin D. Brown: Slovakia in History, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 26 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jrC1HFgjJxsC&q=anderw&pg=PA26]</ref>

When Béla died in 1063, his sons [[Géza I of Hungary|Géza]], [[Ladislaus I of Hungary|Ladislaus]] and [[Lampert of Hungary|Lampert]] had to flee from the Kingdom of Hungary, because their cousin, Solomon (who had already been crowned in 1057) [[German invasion of Hungary (1063)|returned]] followed by the troops his brother-in-law, [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] provided him. Shortly afterwards, King [[Bolesław II of Poland]] provided military assistance to the three dukes thus they could return to the kingdom. However, the parties wanted to avoid the emerging civil war and therefore they made an agreement on 20 January 1064 in [[Győr]]. Under the agreement, the three brothers: Géza, Ladislaus and Lampert accepted the rule of their cousin, King Solomon who conceded them their father's former duchy (the Ducatus).<ref>Mikulás Teich, Dusan Kovac and Martin D. Brown: Slovakia in History, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 26-28 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jrC1HFgjJxsC&q=anderw&pg=PA26]</ref>

Following a nine-year-long period of cooperation, conflicts arose among the king and the dukes, and the latter could expand their power over the larger part of the kingdom and the king had to flee to the western borders. In 1074, the eldest duke, Géza was proclaimed king, while King Solomon could maintain his rule only in some western counties of the kingdom. Following his ascension to the throne, King Géza confirmed his brothers, Ladislaus and Lampert in the possession of the Duchy. When Géza died on 25 April 1077, his partisans proclaimed Ladislaus king who could enforce King Solomon to accept his rule in 1081. During Ladislaus' reign, the Duchy may have governed by his brother, Duke Lampert, but it has not been proven yet.<ref>Mikulás Teich, Dusan Kovac and Martin D. Brown: Slovakia in History, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 27-28 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jrC1HFgjJxsC&q=anderw&pg=PA26]</ref>

The Ducatus was revived in 1095–1096, when King [[Coloman of Hungary]] made an agreement with his brother, [[Prince Álmos]], who had been debating Coloman's right to the throne following the death of King Ladislaus I, and conceded the territories in appanage to him. In 1105, Duke Álmos rebelled against his brother and sought military assistance from the Holy Roman Empire and Poland, but his troops were defeated by the king shortly afterwards. In 1107, Duke Álmos made a pilgrimage to the [[Holy Land]], and taking advantage of his absence, King Coloman occupied the territories of the Duchy.

When Duke Álmos returned from the Holy Land and realised that his territories had been incorporated into the royal domains, he escaped to the court of [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor]]. Upon the duke's request, the Emperor laid siege to [[Bratislava]]. However, King Coloman sought the assistance of Duke [[Bolesław III Wrymouth|Boleslaw III of Poland]], who attacked Bohemia. In November, the emperor made a peace with Coloman, who let his brother come back to his court, but the Duchy and his ducal power was not to be restored. Shortly afterwards, Coloman set up the bishopric of Nitra in one of the seats of the Ducatus.

==See also==
 {{History of Slovakia}}
*[[Great Moravia]]
*[[Tercia pars regni]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Sources==

===Primary sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* ''Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians'' (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); ''Anonymus and Master Roger''; CEU Press; {{ISBN|978-963-9776-95-1}}.
* ''Herman of Reichenau: Chronicle''. In: ''Eleventh-century Germany: The Swabian Chronicles'' (selected sources translated and annotated with an introduction by I. S. Robinson) (2008); Manchester University Press; {{ISBN|978-0-7190-7734-0}}.
* ''Procopius: History of the Wars (Books VI.16–VII.35.)'' (With an English Translation by H. B. Dewing) (2006). Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0-674-99191-5}}.
* ''Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians'' (Edited and translated by László Veszprémy and Frank Schaer with a study by Jenő Szűcs) (1999). CEU Press. {{ISBN|963-9116-31-9}}.
* ''The Annals of Fulda (Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II)'' (Translated and annotated by Timothy Reuter) (1992). Manchester University Press. {{ISBN|0-7190-3458-2}}.
* ''The Deeds of the Princes of the Poles'' (Translated and annotated by Paul W. Knoll and Frank Schaer with a preface by Thomas N. Bisson) (2003). CEU Press. {{ISBN|963-9241-40-7}}.
* ''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle:'' Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8008-4015-1}}.
{{Refend}}

===Secondary sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Alexander |first=June Granatir |editor-last=Frucht |editor-first=Richard |title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands and Culture |publisher=ABC Clio |year=2005 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/283 283–328] |chapter=Slovakia |isbn=1-57607-800-0 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/283 }}
* {{cite book |last=Angi |first=János |editor1-last=Pósán |editor1-first=László |editor2-last=Papp |editor2-first=Imre |editor3-last=Bárány |editor3-first=Attila |editor4-last=Orosz |editor4-first=István |editor5-last=Angi |editor5-first=János | title=Európa a korai középkorban ''["Europe in the Early Middle Ages"]'' |publisher=Multiplex Media – Debrecen University Press |year=1997 |pages=358–365 |chapter=A nyugati szláv államok [Western Slavic states] |isbn=963-04-9196-6|language=hu}}
* {{cite book |last=Barford |first=P. M. |year=2001|title=The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe |publisher= Cornell University Press |isbn=0-8014-3977-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bartl |first1=Július |last2=Čičaj |first2=Viliam |last3=Kohútova |first3=Mária |last4=Letz |first4=Róbert |last5=Segeš |first5=Vladimír |last6=Škvarna |first6=Dušan |year=2002|title=Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon |publisher= Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Slovenské Pedegogické Nakladatel'stvo |isbn=0-86516-444-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beeby |first1=Susan |last2=Buckton |first2=David |last3=Klanica |first3=Zdeněk |year=1982|title=Great Moravia: The Archaeology of Ninth-Century Czechoslovakia |publisher= The Trustees of the British Museum |isbn=0-7141-0520-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Berend |first1=Nora |last2=Urbańczyk |first2=Przemysław |last3=Wiszewski |first3=Przemysław |year=2013 |title=Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c. 900-c. 1300 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-78156-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Betti |first=Maddalena |title=The Making of Christian Moravia (858-882): Papal Power and Political Reality |publisher=Brill |year=2013|pages=27–34|isbn=978-9-004-26008-5 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Boba |first=Imre |year=1993 |title=In Defence of Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZrjAAAAMAAJ&q=Die+Slawischen+Sprachen,+Volume+32 |journal=Die Slawischen Sprachen |publisher=Institut für Slawistik der Universität Salzburg |volume=32 |access-date=20 May 2015}}
* {{cite journal | last = Bowlus | first = Charles R. | title = Nitra: when did it become a part of the Moravian realm? Evidence in the Frankish sources| journal = Early Medieval Europe | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 311–328 | publisher = Blackwell Publishing Ltd | location = Oxford (UK) | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-0254.2009.00279.x}}
* {{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |year=2006 |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 |url=https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89452-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Eric J. |year=2006 |title=Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817–876 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-7529-0}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hladký |first=Juraj |title=Z historickej slovenskej hydronymie a ojkonymie – Nitrava či Nitra? |trans-title=From the historical slovak hydronymy and ojconymy - Nitrava or Nitra? |url=http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/39205/13-Hladky-NEW.pdf?sequence=3 |journal=Logos Onomastiky |publisher=Donetsk National University| issue=2 |year=2008 |language=sk |access-date=13 July 2015 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kirschbaum |first=Stanislav J. |year=1996 |title=A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=1-4039-6929-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofslovaki00kirs }}
* {{cite book |last=Kirschbaum |first=Stanislav J. |year=2007 |title=Historical Dictionary of Slovakia (Historical Dictionaries of Europe, No. 47) |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5535-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Krajčovič |first=Rudolf |title=Živé kroniky slovenských dejín skryté v názvoch obcí a miest |location=Bratislava |publisher=Literárne informačné centrum |year=2005 |language=sk|isbn=80-88878-99-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Lukačka |first=Ján |editor1-last=Teich |editor1-first=Mikuláš |editor-link1=Mikuláš Teich |editor2-last=Kováč |editor2-first=Dušan |editor3-last=Brown |editor3-first=Martin D. | title=Slovakia in History |url=https://archive.org/details/slovakiahistory00teic |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/slovakiahistory00teic/page/n50 30]–37 |chapter=The beginnings of the nobility in Slovakia |isbn=978-0-521-80253-6}}
* {{cite journal | last = Marsina | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Marsina | title = Ethnogenesis of Slovaks| journal = Human Affairs | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–23 | publisher = Slovak Academy of Sciences, Department of Social & Biological Communication | location = Bratislava, SLO | year = 1997 | doi = 10.1515/humaff-1997-070103 | url = http://www.aepress.sk/hum/full/hum197b.pdf | access-date = 2013-08-31 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Püspöki Nagy | first = Péter | title = Nagymorávia fekvéséről [On the location of Great Moravia] | journal = Valóság | volume = XXI | issue = 11 | pages = 60–82 | publisher = Tudományos Ismeretterjesztő Társulat | year = 1978 }}
* {{cite book |last=Steinhübel |first=Ján |editor1-last=Teich |editor1-first=Mikuláš |editor-link1=Mikuláš Teich |editor2-last=Kováč |editor2-first=Dušan |editor3-last=Brown |editor3-first=Martin D. | title=Slovakia in History |url=https://archive.org/details/slovakiahistory00teic |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/slovakiahistory00teic/page/n35 15]–29 |chapter=The Duchy of Nitra |isbn=978-0-521-80253-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Szőke |first=Béla Miklós |editor1-last=Kristó |editor1-first=Gyula |editor2-last=Engel |editor2-first=Pál |editor3-last=Makk |editor3-first=Ferenc | title=Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) ''[Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)]'' |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |page=559 |chapter=Pribina |isbn=963-05-6722-9|language=hu}}
* {{cite book |last=Třeštík |first=Dušan |year=2010 |title=Vznik Velké Moravy. Moravané, Čechové a štřední Evropa v letech 791–871 ''[The Formation of Great Moravia. Moravians, Czechs and Central Europe in the years 791-871]'' |publisher= Nakladatelství lidové noviny |isbn=978-80-7422-049-4 |language=cs}}
* {{cite book |last=Urbańczyk |first=Przemysław |editor-last=Curta |editor-first=Florin | title=East Central & Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/eastcentraleaste00curt_993 |url-access=limited |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |year=2005 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/eastcentraleaste00curt_993/page/n146 139]–151 |chapter=Early State Formation in East Central Europe |isbn=978-0-472-11498-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Vlasto |first=A. P. |year=1970 |title=The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-10758-7 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Závodný |first=Andrej |title=Distribúcia sufixu -ava v slovenskej hydronýmii |trans-title=Distribution of the suffix -ava in the Slovak hydronymy |url=http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/39201/09-Zavodny-NEW.pdf?sequence=3 |journal=Logos Onomastiky |publisher=Donetsk National University| issue=2 |year=2008 |language=sk|access-date=13 July 2015 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wolfram |first=Herwig |year=1979 |title=''Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum:'' Das Weissbuch der Salzburger Kirche über die erfolgreiche Mission in Karantanien und Pannonien ''['' Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum: ''The White Paper of the Church of Salzburg on the Successful Mission in Carinthia and Pannonia]'' |publisher= Böhlau Quellenbücher |isbn=978-3-205-08361-0 |language=de}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* Alimov, D. E., 2015. В поисках «Племени»: посавское и нитранское княжества в контексте этнополитической ситуации в славянском мире в IX В. Исторический формат, (4 (4)).
* Baláž, P., 2015. Pseudokresťanskí Moravania, nitrianski neofyti a najkresťanskejší Frankovia. Konštantínove listy, 8(8), pp. 14-24.
* {{cite book |last=Boba |first=Imre |year=1971 |title=Moravia's History Reconsidered: A Reinterpretation of Medieval Sources |publisher= Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-247-5041-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Bowlus |first=Charles R. |year=1995|title=Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: the struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907 |publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-3276-9}}
* Pieta, K. and Ruttkay, A., 2006. Bojná–mocenské a christianizačné centrum Nitrianskeho kniežatstva. Predbežná správa. Bojná. Hospodárske a politické centrum Nitrianskeho kniežatstva, Nitra, pp. 21-69.
* Ruttkay, M., 2012. Mocenské centrá Nitrianskeho kniežatstva. Bratia, ktorí zmenili svet: Konštantín a Metod. Príspevky z konferencie. Bratislava, pp. 115-144.
* Šalkovský, P., 2013. Sídelný vývoj v povodí hornej Nitry v starších fázach stredoveku. Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology), 1(61), pp. 143-175.
{{Refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Principality Of Nitra}}
[[Category:Great Moravia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 9th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1100s]]
[[Category:9th century in Hungary]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Slovakia]]
[[Category:9th-century establishments in Hungary]]
[[Category:820s establishments]]
[[Category:1108 disestablishments in Europe]]