View source for Prince Maximilian of Baden

{{Short description|Chancellor of Germany in 1918}}
{{Distinguish|text=his grandson [[Maximilian, Margrave of Baden|Maximilian]]}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image        = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R04103, Prinz Max von Baden(cropped).jpg
| caption      = Max von Baden in 1914
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|1867|7|10|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Baden-Baden]], [[Grand Duchy of Baden]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1929|11|6|1867|7|10|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Salem, Baden-Württemberg|Salem]], [[Weimar Republic]]
| succession   = [[House of Baden|Head of the House of Baden]]
| reign        = 9 August 1928 – 6 November 1929
| reign-type   = Tenure
| predecessor  = {{nowrap|[[Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden]]}}
| successor    = [[Berthold, Margrave of Baden]]
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Princess Marie Louise of Hanover]]|1900}}
| full name    = Maximilian Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm
| house        = [[House of Baden|Baden]]
| issue        = [[Princess Marie Alexandra of Baden]]<br>[[Berthold, Margrave of Baden]]
| father       = [[Prince William of Baden (1829–1897)|Prince Wilhelm of Baden]]
| mother       = [[Princess Maria Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg]]
| module       = {{Infobox officeholder
|party         =[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|embed         =yes
|order         =[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor of the German Empire]]
|term_start    =3 October 1918
|term_end      =9 November 1918
|monarch       =[[Wilhelm II]]
|predecessor   =[[Georg von Hertling]]
|successor     =[[Friedrich Ebert]]
|order1        =[[Minister President of Prussia]]
|term_start1   =3 October 1918
|term_end1     =9 November 1918
|monarch1      =Wilhelm II
|predecessor1  =Georg von Hertling
|successor1    =Friedrich Ebert
|order2        =[[List of foreign ministers of Prussia|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Prussia]]
|term_start2   =3 October 1918
|term_end2     =9 November 1918
|monarch2      =Wilhelm II
|predecessor2  =Georg von Hertling
|successor2    =''Office abolished''
}}
}}
'''Maximilian, Margrave of Baden''' (''Maximilian Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm''; 10 July 1867 – 6 November 1929),<ref name="gotha">[[Almanach de Gotha]]. ''Haus Baden (Maison de Bade)''. [[Justus Perthes (publishing company)|Justus Perthes]], Gotha, 1944, p. 18, (French).</ref> also known as '''Max von Baden''', was a [[German prince]], general, and politician. He was heir presumptive to the throne of the [[Grand Duchy of Baden]], and in October and November 1918 briefly served as the last [[chancellor of the German Empire]] and [[minister-president of Prussia]]. He sued for peace on Germany's behalf at the end of [[World War I]] based on U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s [[Fourteen Points]] and took steps towards transforming the government into a parliamentary system. As the [[German Revolution of 1918–1919]] spread, he handed over the office of chancellor to [[Social-Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] Chairman [[Friedrich Ebert]] and unilaterally proclaimed the abdication of [[Emperor Wilhelm II]]. Both events took place on 9 November 1918, marking the beginning of the [[Weimar Republic]].

==Early life==
[[File:Crown princess Victoria of Baden with Max von Baden and crown prince Gustav in the 1890s.jpg|thumb|right|Prince Maximilian (left) with his cousin [[Victoria of Baden|Victoria]] and her husband, the future King [[Gustaf V of Sweden]], at [[Tullgarn Palace]] about 1890]]

Born in [[Baden-Baden]] on 10 July 1867, Maximilian was a member of the [[House of Baden]], the son of Prince [[Prince Wilhelm of Baden (1829–1897)|Wilhelm Max]] (1829–1897), third son of Grand Duke [[Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden|Leopold]] (1790–1852) and [[Princess Maria Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg]] (1841–1914), a granddaughter of [[Eugène de Beauharnais]]. He was named after his maternal grandfather, [[Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg|Maximilian de Beauharnais]], and bore a resemblance to his cousin, Emperor [[Napoleon III]].

Max received a [[humanities|humanistic education]] at a ''[[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]]'' secondary school and studied [[law]] and [[cameralism]] at the [[Leipzig University]]. Upon the order of [[Queen Victoria]], Prince Max was brought to [[Darmstadt]] in the [[Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine]] as a suitor for Victoria's granddaughter, [[Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt]]. Alix was the daughter of Victoria's late daughter, [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom|Princess Alice]], and [[Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse]]. Alix quickly rejected Prince Max, as she was in love with [[Nicholas II]], the future Tsar of Russia.<ref name="Massie, R p.49">Massie, R, ''Nicholas and Alexandra'', p.49</ref> Max von Baden was homosexual and even listed on an according list of the Berlin criminal police as a young officer, however in 1900 he decided for dynastic reasons to marry [[Princess Marie Louise of Hanover and Cumberland]].<ref>Lothar Machtan: ''Prinz Max von Baden. Der letzte Kanzler des Kaisers.'' Berlin 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-518-42407-0}}, p. 243f and 253f.</ref> So did the future King [[Gustaf V of Sweden]] who married Max's cousin [[Victoria of Baden]].

==Early military and political career==
After finishing his studies, he trained as an officer of the [[Prussian Army]]. Following the death of his uncle Grand Duke [[Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden|Frederick I of Baden]] in 1907, he became heir to the grand-ducal throne of his cousin [[Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden|Frederick II]], whose marriage remained childless.<ref name="gotha"/> He also became president of the ''Erste Badische Kammer'' (the upper house of the parliament of Baden).<ref name=DHM>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BadenMax/index.html |title=Biografie Prinz Max von Baden (German) |publisher=Deutsches Historisches Museum |access-date=22 July 2013 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702013559/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BadenMax/index.html |archive-date=2 July 2014 }}</ref> In 1911, Max applied for a military discharge with the rank of a ''Generalmajor'' ([[Major general]]).<ref name="DHM"/>

==World War I==
Upon the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, he served as a [[German General Staff|general staff]] officer at the [[XIV Corps (German Empire)|XIV Corps]] of the [[German Army (German Empire)|German Army]] as the representative of the Grand Duke (XIV Corps included the troops from Baden).<ref name="DHM"/> Shortly afterwards, however, he retired from his position (''General der Kavallerie à la suite'') as he was dissatisfied with his role in the military and was suffering from ill health.<ref name="DHM"/><ref name="Watt">{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=Richard M. |title=The kings depart : the tragedy of Germany : Versailles and the German revolution |date=2003 |publisher=Phoenix |isbn=1-84212-658-X |location=London |oclc=59368284}}</ref>{{RP|147}}

In October 1914, he became honorary president of the Baden section of the [[German Red Cross]], thus beginning his work for [[prisoners-of-war]] inside and outside Germany in which he made use of his family connections to the Russian and Swedish courts as well as his connections to Switzerland.<ref name="DHM"/> In 1916, he became honorary president of the German-American support union for prisoners of war within the [[YMCA]] world alliance.<ref name="DHM"/>

Due to his [[Liberalism in Germany|liberal]] stance he came into conflict with the policies of the ''[[Oberste Heeresleitung]]'' (OHL – Supreme Army Command) supreme command under [[Paul von Hindenburg]] and [[Erich Ludendorff]]. He openly spoke against the resumption of the unrestricted [[U-boat Campaign (World War I)|submarine warfare]] in 1917, which provoked the [[declaration of war]] by the [[United States Congress]] on 6 April.

His activity in the interests of prisoners of war, as well as his tolerant, easy-going character gave him a reputation as an urbane personality who kept his distance from the extremes of nationalism and official war enthusiasm in evidence elsewhere at the time.<ref name=Bio>{{cite web|url=http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz59366.html|title=Biografie Prinz Max von Baden (German)|publisher=Bayerische Staatsbibliothek|access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> Since he was almost unknown to the public, it was mainly due to [[Kurt Hahn]], who served from spring 1917 in the military office of the Foreign Ministry, that he was later considered for the position of chancellor. Hahn maintained close links with Secretary of State [[Wilhelm Solf]] and several [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]] deputies like [[Eduard David]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]) and [[Conrad Haußmann]] ([[Progressive People's Party (Germany)|FVP]]). David pushed for Max to be appointed Chancellor in July 1917, after the fall of Chancellor [[Bethmann Hollweg]]. Max then put himself forward for the position in early September 1918, pointing out his links to the social democrats, but Emperor [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] turned him down.<ref name="Bio"/>

==Chancellor==
{{Main|Baden cabinet}}

===Appointment===
After the ''Oberste Heeresleitung'' (OHL) told the government in late September 1918 that the German front was about to collapse and asked for immediate negotiation of an armistice, the cabinet of Chancellor [[Georg von Hertling]] resigned on 30 September 1918. Hertling, after consulting Vice-Chancellor [[Friedrich von Payer]] (FVP), suggested Prince Max of Baden as his successor to the emperor. However, it took the additional support of Haußmann, ''[[Oberst]]'' {{Interlanguage link multi|Johannes "Hans" von Haeften|de|Hans von Haeften}} and Ludendorff himself to have Wilhelm II appoint Max as [[Chancellor of Germany|Imperial Chancellor of Germany]] and [[Minister President of Prussia]].<ref name="Bio"/>

Max was to head a new government, based on the majority parties of the Reichstag ([[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]], [[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]] and [[Progressive People's Party (Germany)|FVP]]). When Max arrived in Berlin on 1 October, he had no idea that he would be asked to approach the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] about an armistice. Horrified, Max fought against the plan. Moreover, he also admitted openly that he was no politician, and that he did not think additional steps towards "parliamentarisation" and democratisation feasible, as long as the war continued. Consequently, he did not favour a liberal reform of the constitution.<ref name="Bio"/> However, Emperor Wilhelm II convinced him to take the post, and appointed him on 3 October 1918. The message asking for an armistice went out only on 4 October, not as originally planned on 1 October, hopefully to be accepted by US President [[Woodrow Wilson]].<ref name="Haffner">{{cite book|last=Haffner|first=Sebastian|title=Die deutsche Revolution 1918/19 (German)|publisher=Kindler|year=2002|isbn=3-463-40423-0}}</ref>{{rp|44}}
 
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R04159, Berlin, Deutelmoser, Max v. Baden, v. Radowitz.jpg|thumb|left|Chancellor Max von Baden and Vice-chancellor [[Friedrich von Payer]] (2nd from left) leaving the Reichstag, October 1918]]

===In office===
Although Max had serious reservations about the conditions under which the OHL was willing to conduct negotiations and tried to interpret Wilson's [[Fourteen Points]] in a way most favourable to the German position,<ref name="Bio"/> he accepted the charge. He appointed a government that for the first time included representatives of the largest party in the Reichstag, the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]], as state secretaries (equivalent to ministers in other monarchies): [[Philipp Scheidemann]] and [[Gustav Bauer]]. This was following up on an idea of Ludendorff's and former Foreign Secretary [[Paul von Hintze]]'s (as the representative of the Hertling cabinet) who had agreed on 29 September that the request for an armistice must not come from the old regime, but from one based on the majority parties.<ref name="Haffner"/>{{rp|36–37}} The official reason for appointing a government based on a parliamentary majority was to make it harder for the American president to refuse a peace offer. The need to convince Wilson was also the driving factor behind the move towards "parliamentarisation" that was to make the Chancellor and his government answerable to the Reichstag, as they had not been under the Empire so far. Ludendorff, however, was more interested in shifting the blame for the lost war to the politicians and to the Reichstag parties.<ref name="Haffner"/>{{rp|33–34}}

The Allies were cautious, distrusting Max as a member of a ruling family of Germany. These doubts were intensified by the publication of a personal letter Max had written to Prince Alexander zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst in early 1918, in which he had expressed criticism of "parliamentarisation" and his opposition to the ''Friedensresolution'' of the Reichstag of July 1917, when a majority had demanded a negotiated peace rather than a peace by victory.<ref name="Bio"/> President Wilson reacted with reserve to the German initiative and took his time to agree to the request for an armistice, sending three diplomatic notes between 8 October and 23 October 1918. When Ludendorff changed his mind about the armistice and suddenly advocated continued fighting, Max opposed him in a cabinet meeting on 17 October 1918.<ref name="Haffner"/>{{rp|50}} On 24 October, Ludendorff issued an army order that called Wilson's third note "unacceptable" and called on the troops to fight on. On 25 October, Hindenburg and Ludendorff then ignored explicit instructions by the Chancellor and travelled to Berlin. Max asked for Ludendorff to be dismissed; Wilhelm II agreed. On 26 October, the emperor told Ludendorff that he had lost his trust. Ludendorff offered his resignation and Wilhelm II accepted.<ref name="Haffner"/>{{rp|51}}

While trying to move towards an armistice, Max, advised closely by Hahn (who also wrote his speeches), Haußmann and [[Walter Simons]], worked with the representatives of the majority parties in his cabinet (Scheidemann and Bauer for the SPD, [[Matthias Erzberger]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Karl Trimborn|de}} and [[Adolf Gröber]] for the Centre Party, Payer and, after 14 October, Haußmann for the FVP). Although some of the initiatives were a result of the notes sent by Wilson, they were also in line with the parties' manifestos: making the Chancellor, his government and the [[Prussian Minister of War]] answerable to parliament (''Reichstag'' and ''Preußischer Landtag''), introducing a more democratic voting system in the place of the ''[[Prussian three-class franchise|Dreiklassenwahlrecht]]'' (Three-class franchise) in Prussia, the replacement of the Governor of [[Alsace-Lorraine]] with the Mayor of [[Straßburg]], appointing a local deputy from the Centre Party as Secretary of State for Alsace-Lorraine and some other adjustments in government personnel.<ref name="Bio"/>

Pushed by the social democrats, the government passed a widespread amnesty, under which political prisoners like [[Karl Liebknecht]] were released. Under Max von Baden, the bureaucracy, military and political leadership of the old Empire began a cooperation with the leaders of the majority parties and with the individual states of the empire. This cooperation was to have a significant impact on later events during the revolution.<ref name="Bio"/>

In late October, the [[German constitutional reforms of October 1918|Imperial constitution was amended]] to transform the empire into a parliamentary monarchy. The chancellor was now responsible to the Reichstag rather than the emperor. However, Wilson's third note seemed to imply that negotiations for an armistice would be dependent on the abdication of Wilhelm II. Max and his government now feared that a military collapse and a socialist revolution at home were becoming likelier with every day that went by. In fact, the government's efforts to secure an armistice were interrupted by the [[Kiel mutiny]], which began with events at [[Wilhelmshaven]] on 30 October and the outbreak of [[German Revolution of 1918–19|revolution in Germany]] in early November. On 1 November, Max wrote to all the ruling Princes of Germany, asking them whether they would approve of an abdication by the Emperor.<ref name="Bio"/> On 6 November, the Chancellor sent Erzberger to conduct the negotiations with the Allies. Max, seriously ill with [[1918 flu pandemic|Spanish influenza]], urged Wilhelm II to abdicate. The Emperor, who had fled from revolutionary Berlin to the [[Spa, Belgium|Spa]] headquarters of the OHL in Belgium, despite similar advice by Hindenburg and Ludendorff's successor [[Wilhelm Groener]] of the OHL, was willing to consider abdication only as German Emperor, not as King of Prussia.<ref name="WilhelmII1922">{{cite book|author=Wilhelm II|translator=Thomas R. Ybarra|title=The Kaiser's Memoirs|url=https://archive.org/details/kaisersmemoirs001358mbp|year=1922|publisher=Harper & Brothers Publishers|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kaisersmemoirs001358mbp/page/n296 285]-91}}</ref> This was not possible under the imperial constitution as it stood. Article 11 defined the empire as a confederation of states under the permanent presidency of the king of Prussia. Thus, the imperial crown was tied to the Prussian crown, and Wilhelm could not renounce one crown without renouncing the other.<ref name="Watt" />{{RP|191}}

===Revolution and resignation===
On 7 November, Max met with [[Friedrich Ebert]], leader of the SPD, and discussed his plan to go to Spa and convince Wilhelm II to abdicate. He considered installing [[Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia|Prince Eitel Friedrich]], Wilhelm's second son, as regent;<ref name="Haffner"/>{{rp|76}} however, the outbreak of [[German Revolution of 1918–19|the revolution in Berlin]] prevented Max from implementing his plan. Ebert decided that to keep control of the socialist uprising the Emperor must abdicate quickly and a new government was required.<ref name="Haffner"/>{{rp|77}} As the masses gathered in Berlin, at noon on 9 November 1918, Maximilian went ahead and unilaterally announced Wilhelm's abdication of both the imperial and Prussian crowns, as well as the renunciation of  [[Wilhelm, German Crown Prince|Crown Prince Wilhelm]].<ref name="Haffner"/>{{rp|86}}

Shortly thereafter, Ebert appeared in the [[Reich Chancellery|Reichskanzlei]] and demanded that the government be handed over to him and the SPD, as that was the only way to keep up law and order. In an unconstitutional move, Max resigned and appointed Ebert as his successor.<ref name="Haffner"/>{{rp|87}} On the same day, Philipp Scheidemann spontaneously [[Proclamation of the republic in Germany|proclaimed Germany a republic]] in order to placate the masses and prevent a socialist revolution. When Maximilian later visited Ebert to say goodbye before leaving Berlin, Ebert – who urgently wanted to keep up the old order, improving it through parliamentary rule, and head a legitimate, not a revolutionary government – asked him to stay on as regent (''[[Reichsverweser]]''). Maximilian refused and, turning his back on politics for good, departed for Baden.<ref name="Haffner"/>{{rp|90}}

Although events had overtaken him during his tenure at the Reichskanzlei and he was not considered a strong Chancellor, Max is seen today as having played a vital role in enabling the transition from the old regime to a democratic government based on the majority parties and the Reichstag. This made the government of Ebert that emerged from the November revolution acceptable to some conservative forces in the bureaucracy and military, which was one of Ebert's strongest aims. They were thus willing to ally themselves with him against the more radical demands by the revolutionaries on the far-left.<ref name="Bio"/>
[[File:Maximilian von Baden.jpg|thumb|Maximilian and Marie Louise with their children, 1914]]

==Later life==
Maximilian spent the rest of his life in retirement. He rejected a mandate to the 1919 [[Weimar National Assembly]], offered to him by the [[German Democratic Party|German Democratic]] politician [[Max Weber]]. In 1920, together with Kurt Hahn, he established the [[Schule Schloss Salem]] boarding school, which was intended to help educate a new German intellectual elite.<ref name="DHM"/>

Max also published a number of books, assisted by Hahn: ''Völkerbund und Rechtsfriede'' (1919), ''Die moralische Offensive'' (1921) and ''Erinnerungen und Dokumente'' (1927).<ref name="Bio"/>

In 1928, following the death of [[Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden|Grand Duke Frederick II]], who had been deposed in November 1918 when the German monarchies were abolished, Maximilian became head of the [[House of Zähringen]], assuming the dynasty's historical title of ''Margrave of Baden''. He died at [[Salem (Baden)|Salem]] on 6 November the following year.<ref name="DHM"/>

== Children ==
Maximilian was married to [[Princess Marie Louise of Hanover and Cumberland]], eldest daughter of [[Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover]], and [[Thyra of Denmark|Princess Thyra of Denmark]], on 10 July 1900 in Gmunden, Austria-Hungary. The couple had two children:<ref name="gotha"/>

*[[Princess Marie Alexandra of Baden]] (1 August 1902 – 29 January 1944); married [[Prince Wolfgang of Hesse]], [[Landgrave]] of [[Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel|Hesse-Kassel]], son of [[Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse-Kassel]], designated [[Monarchy of Finland|King of Finland]], and [[Princess Margaret of Prussia]]; no issue. Marie Alexandra was killed in a bombing of [[Frankfurt]] by the [[Allies of World War II]].
*[[Berthold, Margrave of Baden|Prince Berthold of Baden]] (24 February 1906 – 27 October 1963); later Margrave of Baden; married [[Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark (1906–1969)|Princess Theodora]], daughter of [[Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark]] and [[Princess Alice of Battenberg]]. Theodora was the sister of [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]].

==Titles, styles and honours==
===Titles and styles===
* 10 July 1867 – 8 August 1928: ''His Grand Ducal Highness'' Prince Maximilian of Baden<ref name="gotha"/>
* 9 August 1928 – 6 November 1929: ''His Royal Highness'' The Margrave of Baden<ref name="gotha"/>

===Honours===
;Domestic<ref name="Rangliste1914">''Rangliste der Königlich Preußischen Armee und des XIII. (Königlich Württembergischen) Armeekorps für 1914.'' Hrsg.: [[Preußisches Kriegsministerium|Kriegsministerium]]. [[Ernst Siegfried Mittler|Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn]]. Berlin 1914. S. 355.</ref><ref name="Machtan">Lothar Machtan: ''Prinz Max von Baden: Der letzte Kanzler des Kaisers.'' Suhrkamp Verlag. Berlin 2013. {{ISBN|978-3-518-42407-0}}. p. 246.</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{flag|Baden}}:
** Knight of the [[House Order of Fidelity]]<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden'' (1896), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878735 p. 61]</ref>
** Knight of the [[Order of Berthold the First]]<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch ...'' (1896), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878750 p. 76]</ref>
** [[Order of the Zähringer Lion|Knight of the Zähringer Lion, 1st Class]]
** Commander of the [[Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order]], 1st Class, ''30 August 1914''
** Friedrich-Luise Medal
** Commemorative Medal for the Golden Jubilee of Grand Duke Friedrich I and Grand Duchess Luise
* {{flag|Anhalt}}: [[Order of Albert the Bear|Grand Cross of Albert the Bear]], ''1889''<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LR03AAAAYAAJ/page/n33 Hof- und Staats-Handbuch für des Herzogtum Anhalt]'' (1894), "Herzoglicher Haus-Orden Albrecht des Bären" p. 17</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bavaria}}: [[Order of Saint Hubert|Knight of St. Hubert]], ''1899''<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nTedipoxoGcC/page/n39  Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern]'' (1906), "Königliche Orden" p. 9</ref>
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hanover}} [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian Royal Family]]: [[Order of St. George (Hanover)|Knight of St. George]]
* {{flagicon|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Altenburg}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Meiningen}} [[Ernestine duchies]]: Grand Cross of the [[Saxe-Ernestine House Order]]
* {{flagicon|Grand Duchy of Hesse}} [[Hesse and by Rhine]]: Grand Cross of the [[Ludwig Order]], ''6 May 1892''<ref name="hesse">{{citation|title=Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste|chapter=Ludewigs-orden|page=5|lang=German|location=Darmstadt|year=1914|publisher=Staatsverlag|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg}} [[Mecklenburg]]: [[House Order of the Wendish Crown|Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown]], with Crown in Ore
* {{flag|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach}}: [[Order of the White Falcon|Grand Cross of the White Falcon]]
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Saxony}}: [[Order of the Rue Crown|Knight of the Rue Crown]]
* {{flag|Württemberg}}: [[Order of the Württemberg Crown|Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown]], ''1885''<ref name="HofUndStaat">''Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Württemberg 1907.'' p. 30.</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Prussia}}:
** [[Order of the Red Eagle|Grand Cross of the Red Eagle]], ''27 September 1898''<ref>{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025921423&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025921423&view=1up&seq=262&skin=2021 8]|lang=German|chapter=Rother Adler-orden|location=Berlin|year=1895|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
** [[Order of the Black Eagle|Knight of the Black Eagle]], with Collar, ''invested 18 January 1903''<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Germany |date=19 January 1903 |page=5 |issue=36981}}</ref>
** Grand Commander's Cross of the [[Royal House Order of Hohenzollern]]
** Iron Cross (1914), 2nd Class
* {{flagicon|Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen}} [[Hohenzollern]]: Cross of Honour of the [[Princely House Order of Hohenzollern]], 1st Class
}}

;Foreign<ref name="Rangliste1914"/><ref name="Machtan"/>
* {{flag|Austria-Hungary}}: [[Order of St. Stephen of Hungary|Grand Cross of St. Stephen]], ''1900''<ref>[http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm "A Szent István Rend tagjai"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|date=22 December 2010}}</ref>
* {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] (military), ''2 October 1906''<ref>{{citation|title=Almanach Royale Belgique|year=1907|chapter=Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold|language=French|page=86|location=Bruxelles|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}}: [[Order of St. Alexander|Grand Cross of St. Alexander]]
* {{flag|Denmark}}: [[Order of the Elephant|Knight of the Elephant]], ''10 July 1900''<ref>{{cite book|author=Jørgen Pedersen|title=Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Syddansk Universitetsforlag|language=da|isbn=978-87-7674-434-2|page=463}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Montenegro}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Prince Danilo I]]
* {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}}: [[Order of St. Andrew|Knight of St. Andrew]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden|1844}} {{flagicon|Norway|1844}} [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Sweden–Norway]]:
** [[Order of St. Olav|Grand Cross of St. Olav]], ''30 August 1887''<ref>{{cite book|pages=595–596 |title=Norges Statskalender |year=1890|url=https://runeberg.org/norkal/1890/0356.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=2018-01-06|language=no}}</ref>
** [[Order of the Seraphim|Knight of the Seraphim]], ''24 April 1902''<ref>{{cite book|page=813 |title=Sveriges Statskalender |year=1925|url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1925/0813.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=2018-01-06|language=sv}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''Memoirs'', 2 vols. (1928)

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Prince Maximilian of Baden'''
|2= 2. [[Prince William of Baden (1829–1897)|Prince Wilhelm of Baden]]
|3= 3. [[Princess Maria Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg]]
|4= 4. [[Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden]]
|5= 5. [[Princess Sophie of Sweden]]
|6= 6. [[Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg]]
|7= 7. [[Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (1819–1876)|Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia]]
|8= 8. [[Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden]]
|9= 9. [[Louise Caroline of Hochberg|Baroness Louise Caroline Geyer of Geyersberg]]
|10= 10. [[Gustav IV Adolf|Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden]]
|11= 11. [[Frederica of Baden|Princess Frederica of Baden]]
|12= 12. [[Eugène de Beauharnais|Eugène de Beauharnais, 1st Duke of Leuchtenberg]]
|13= 13. [[Princess Augusta of Bavaria]]
|14= 14. [[Nicholas I of Russia]]
|15= 15. [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)|Princess Charlotte of Prussia]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Epstein, Klaus. “Wrong Man in a Maelstrom: The Government of Max of Baden.” The Review of Politics 26, no. 2 (1964): 215–43. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1405750].

== External links ==
{{commons|Prinz Maximilian von Baden}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/019262}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Zähringen]]|10 July|1867|6 November|1929}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Georg von Hertling|Georg Graf von Hertling]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of the German Empire]] |years=3 October – 9 November 1918}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Friedrich Ebert]]}}
{{s-pre}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden|Frederick II]]}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Grand Duke of Baden]]|years=8 August 1928 – 6 November 1929|reason=[[German Revolution|Grand Duchy abolished in 1918]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Berthold, Margrave of Baden|Berthold]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Pretenders to the Baden throne since 1918}}
{{Princes of Baden}}
{{Chancellors of Germany}}
{{Minister-presidents of Prussia}}
{{Foreign ministers of Prussia}}
{{Cabinet Baden}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maximilian Of Baden, Prince}}
[[Category:1867 births]]
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[[Category:German Empire politicians]]
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[[Category:House of Zähringen]]
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[[Category:People from the Grand Duchy of Baden]]
[[Category:Princes of Baden]]
[[Category:Politicians from the Kingdom of Prussia]]
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<!--- Honors --->

[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary]]
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