View source for President of the Philippines

{{Short description|Head of state and government of the Philippines}}
{{About||the list|List of presidents of the Philippines}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = President of the Philippines
| body = 
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|fil|Pangulo ng Pilipinas}}}}
| flag = Flag of the President of the Philippines.svg
| flagsize = 150
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of the president of the Philippines|Presidential standard]]
| insignia = Seal of the President of the Philippines.svg
| insigniasize = 125
| insigniacaption = [[Seal of the president of the Philippines|Presidential seal]]
| image = Ferdinand_R._Marcos_Jr_(cropped).jpg<!--Please DO NOT change the official inaugural presidential cropped portrait of President Bongbong Marcos, until his presidential term expires in June 30, 2028.-->
| imagesize = 
| alt = 
| incumbent = [[Bongbong Marcos]]
| acting = 
| incumbentsince = June 30, 2022
| type = [[Head of state]] <br /> [[Head of government]]<!-- This abbreviation is never used IRL.--> <br /> [[Commander-in-chief]]
| status = 
| abbreviation = 
| department = [[Government of the Philippines]]<br />[[Office of the President of the Philippines|Office of the President]]
| style = {{plainlist|
*[[Mr. President (title)|Mr. President]]<br>(informal)
*[[The Honourable|The Honorable]]<br />(formal)
*[[Excellency#Philippines|His Excellency]]<br>(diplomatic)}}
| member_of = [[Cabinet of the Philippines|Cabinet]]<br />[[National Security Council (Philippines)|National Security Council]]
| reports_to = 
| residence = [[Malacañang Palace]]
| seat = [[San Miguel, Manila]], Philippines
| appointer = [[Direct elections|Direct popular vote]] or by succession from [[Vice President of the Philippines|vice presidency]]
| appointer_qualified = 
| termlength = Six years,
| termlength_qualified = non renewable
| constituting_instrument = [[1987 Constitution of the Philippines|Constitution of the Philippines]] (1987)
| precursor = [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governor-General]]<br />[[Prime Minister of the Philippines|Prime Minister]]{{efn|name=fn2}}
| formation = {{start date and age|1899|1|23}} <br />(Republic; [[official]])<ref name="Aguinaldo Presidency">{{cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/03/22/emilio-aguinaldo/|title=Emilio Aguinaldo|work=Official Gazette of the Philippine Government|date=March 22, 2011}}</ref>{{efn|name=fn3}}<br />{{start date and age|1935|11|15}}<br />(Commonwealth; [[official]])<ref>{{cite book
| editor-last             = Guevara
| editor-first            = Sulpico
| title                   = The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899.
|url                      = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;iel=1;view=toc;idno=aab1246.0001.001
| location                = Ann Arbor, Michigan
| publisher               = University of Michigan Library
| publication-date        = 1972
| year                    = 2005
| access-date             = January 10, 2011 }}</ref>{{efn
| name                    = fn4}}
| inaugural = [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]<br />([[official]]){{efn|name=fn3}}<br />[[Manuel L. Quezon]]<br />([[official]]){{efn|name=fn4}}
| last = 
| abolished = 
| succession = 
| first = [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]<!--There couldn't be more than one inaugural holders.-->
| unofficial_names = 
| salary = [[Philippine peso|₱]]411,382/US$ 7,409 per month{{efn|name=fn5}}<ref name="Const">{{cite web |title = 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines|publisher = Chan Robles Virtual Law Library|url=https://www.chanrobles.com/article7.htm|access-date = January 7, 2008}}</ref><ref name="Salary Grade">{{cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2007/03/14/executive-order-no-611-s-2007/|title=Salary Grade Table|date=January 1, 2020|work=COMELEC|publisher=Government of the Philippines}}</ref><ref name="dbm">[https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Manual-on-PCC-Chapter-5.pdf Salary Grades of Positions of Constitutional and Other Officials and Their Equivalents].</ref><ref name="Salary 2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Issuances/2022/National-Budget-Circular/NATIONAL-BUDGET-CIRCULAR-NO-588.pdf|title=NATIONAL-BUDGET-CIRCULAR-NO-588.pdf|date=January 3, 2022|work=Department of Budget Management |publisher=Government of the Philippines}}</ref>
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005920/http://president.gov.ph/ president.gov.ph] (former website)<br>{{URL|op-proper.gov.ph/}}<br>{{URL|pbbm.com.ph}}
}}

{{Politics of the Philippines}}

'''President of the Philippines''' ({{langx|fil|Pangulo ng Pilipinas}}, sometimes referred to as {{lang|fil|Presidente ng Pilipinas}}) is the title of the [[head of state]], [[head of government]] and chief executive of the [[Philippines]]. The president leads the executive branch of the [[Philippine government]] and is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]].

The president is [[Direct election|directly elected]] by the [[Filipinos|citizens of the Philippines]] and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being the [[vice president of the Philippines]]. However, four vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having been elected to the office, by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation.{{efn|name=fn6}}

Filipinos generally refer to their president as ''pangulo'' or ''presidente'' in their local language. The president is limited to a single six-year term. According to Article VII, Section 4 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the president "shall not be eligible for any reelection" and that, "no person who has succeeded as president and has served as such for more than four years shall be qualified for election to the same office at any time." This constitutional limitation, however, was not violated in the case of [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]], although she served as president for 9 years, 5 months, and 29 days,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gloria-Macapagal-Arroyo | title=Gloria Macapagal Arroyo &#124; Biography, Achievements, & Facts &#124; Britannica }}</ref> from 2001 to 2004 (three and a half years), after taking over the office of President [[Joseph Estrada]], who  was ousted after the Second EDSA Revolution,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/20/IHT-arroyo-foe-of-estrada-is-part-of-manila-elite.html | title=Arroyo, Foe of Estrada, is Part of Manila Elite | work=The New York Times | date=January 20, 2001 | last1=Fuller | first1=Thomas }}</ref> and from 2004 until 2010 when she served as the elected president in her own right.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/6/20/arroyo-wins-philippine-election | title=Arroyo wins Philippine election }}</ref>

The current president of the Philippines is [[Bongbong Marcos]], who was [[Inauguration of Bongbong Marcos|sworn in]] on June 30, 2022, at the [[National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)|National Museum of Fine Arts]] (formerly the Legislative Building).

== Title ==

The official title of the Philippine head of state and government is "President of the Philippines." The title in [[Filipino language|Filipino]] is ''Pangulo'' ([[cognate]] of [[Malay language|Malay]] ''penghulu'' "leader", "chieftain"). In the other major [[languages of the Philippines]] such as the [[Bisayan languages]], ''presidente'' is more common when Filipinos are not actually [[code-switching]] with the English word. The honorific for the president is "Your Excellency" or "His/Her Excellency." During his tenure, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] broke precedent by not using the honorific, opting to drop the title in all official communications, events or materials.<ref name="honorifics13">{{Cite news |last=Salaverria |first=Leila B. |date=July 22, 2016 |title=Don't call me 'Your Excellency' |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/798090/dont-call-me-your-excellency |access-date=August 24, 2021 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="honorifics23">{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2016 |title=Duterte order: Don't call me 'His Excellency' |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/duterte-order-no-more-his-excellency |access-date=August 24, 2021 |website=[[Rappler]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="honorifics33">{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2016 |title=Out na ang 'His Excellency' |url=https://balita.net.ph/2016/07/22/out-na-ang-his-excellency/ |access-date=August 24, 2021 |website=Balita - Tagalog Newspaper Tabloid |publisher=Balita |language=tl}}</ref>

===Historical titles===

The presidency of the Philippines, as a democratically elected office, was established with the title of "President of the Republic" in the 1899 Constitution, continuing until the suppression of the independent Philippine state by the United States.<ref name="ws1899con">{{cite wikisource|Constitution of the Philippines (1899)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Geradila |first1=Josef Alec |title=LA PRIMERA: The 1899 Philippine Constitution |date=January 22, 2024 |url=https://nhcp.gov.ph/articles/la-primera-the-1899-philippine-constitution/ |access-date=August 10, 2025}}</ref> The term "President of the Republic of the Philippines" used under [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines]] distinguished the government of then-president [[José P. Laurel]] from the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth]] [[government-in-exile]] under President [[Manuel L. Quezon]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/67-1943-constitution.html |title=The 1943 Constitution |access-date=April 1, 2009 |archive-date=February 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225181716/http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/67-1943-constitution.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The restoration of the Commonwealth in 1945 and the withdrawal of American sovereignty in 1946 restored the title of "President of the Philippines" enacted in the 1935 Constitution, this time applying the title to the president of a sovereign state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 1935 Constitution |url=http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/66-1935-constitution.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522092815/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/66-1935-constitution.html |archive-date=May 22, 2009 |access-date=April 1, 2009}}</ref> The 1973 Constitution, though generally referring to the president as "President of the Philippines", once reused the term "President of the Republic" in Article XVII, Section 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 1973 Constitution |url=http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/68-1973-constitution.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417201402/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/68-1973-constitution.html |archive-date=April 17, 2008 |access-date=April 1, 2009}}</ref> In the text of [[Proclamation No. 1081]] that placed the country under [[martial law]] in September 1972, President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] consistently referred to himself as "President of the Philippines."<ref>[http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc_1081_1972.html PROCLAMATION No. 1081 (September 21, 1972), PROCLAIMING A STATE OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804032402/http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc_1081_1972.html |date=August 4, 2012 }}, Lawphil.net.</ref>

== History ==

===Early republics===

====Bonifacio's Tagalog Republic====

Depending on the definition chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office. [[Andrés Bonifacio]] could be considered the president of the Tagalog provinces, while he was the third Supreme President (Spanish: {{lang|es|Presidente Supremo}}; [[Filipino language|Filipino]]: {{lang|fil|Kataas-taasang Pangulo}}) of the ''[[Katipunan]]'', a secret revolutionary society that started an open revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896, he transformed the society into a revolutionary government with himself as "President of the Sovereign Nation/People" (Filipino: {{lang|fil|Pangulo ng Haring Bayan}}).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pedrosa|first=Carmen N.|date=December 1, 2018|title=Was Andres Bonifacio the 1st Philippine president?|url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2018/12/01/1873117/was-andres-bonifacio-first-philippine-president|access-date=August 29, 2021|website=Philstar.com|publisher=The Philippine Star}}</ref> While the term ''Katipunan'' (and the title "Supreme President") remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the [[Tagalog Republic]] (Spanish: {{lang|es|República Tagala}}; Filipino: {{lang|fil|Republika ng Katagalugan}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=November 29, 2013|title=Recognition sought for Bonifacio as first Tagalog Republic president|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2013/11/29/news/top-stories/recognition-sought-for-bonifacio-as-1st-tagalog-republic-president/56790|access-date=August 30, 2021|website=The Manila Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=December 26, 2014|title=Bonifacio's claim: Tagalog Republic|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/659502/bonifacios-claim-tagalog-republic |access-date=August 30, 2021|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Po|first=Julie L.|date=May 12, 2013|title=Lessons from Gat Andres' death|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/52479/lessons-from-gat-andres-death |access-date=August 30, 2021|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|language=en}}</ref> and the term {{lang|fil|haring bayan}} or {{lang|fil|haringbayan}} as an adaptation and synonym of "republic", from its Latin roots as {{lang|la|[[res publica]]}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Abad|first=Roderick|date=November 30, 2017|title=Bonifacio descendant wants government to recognize him as first PHL president {{!}} Roderick Abad|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2017/11/30/bonifacio-descendant-wants-government-to-recognize-him-as-first-phl-president/ |access-date=August 30, 2021|website=[[BusinessMirror]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Since {{lang|es|Presidente Supremo}} was shortened to {{lang|es|Supremo}} in contemporary historical accounts of other people, he thus became known by that title alone in traditional Philippine historiography, which by itself was thus understood to mean "Supreme Leader"<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 30, 2020|title=The Supremo's supreme love|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/135738/the-supremos-supreme-love |access-date=September 8, 2021|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Musico|first=Jelly|date=November 30, 2018|title=Filipinos honor 'Father of Philippine Revolution'|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1055414 |access-date=September 8, 2021|website=www.pna.gov.ph|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> in contrast to the later "Presidents". However, as noted by Filipino historian [[Xiao Chua]], Bonifacio did not refer himself as {{lang|es|Supremo}} but rather as {{lang|fil|Kataas-taasang Pangulo}} (Supreme President), {{lang|fil|Pangulo ng Kataas-taasang Kapulungan}} (President of the Supreme Assembly), or {{lang|fil|Pangulo ng Haring Bayan}} (President of the Sovereign Nation/People), as evidenced by his own writings.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Chua|first=Xiao|author-link=Xiao Chua|date=November 30, 2018|title=Bonifacio did not call himself Supremo|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/11/30/18/bonifacio-did-not-call-himself-supremo |access-date=August 30, 2021|website=ABS-CBN News|language=en}}</ref>

Although the word ''Tagalog'' refers to the [[Tagalog people]], a specific ethno-linguistic group mostly in southern [[Luzon]], Bonifacio used the term "Tagalog" in "Tagalog Republic" to denote all non-Spanish peoples of the Philippines in place of ''[[Filipinos]]'', which had colonial origins, referring to his concept of the Philippine nation and people as the  "Sovereign Tagalog Nation/People" or more precisely "Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" (Filipino: {{lang|fil|Haring Bayang Katagalugan}}), in effect a synonym of "Tagalog Republic" or more precisely "Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People".<ref>{{Harvnb|Borromeo|Borromeo-Buehler|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA25#PPA25,M1 25]}} (Item 3 in the list, referring to Note 41 at p.[https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA61#PPA61,M1 61], citing {{cite journal|journal=Sulyap Kultura|volume=1|issue=2|year=1996|publisher=National Commission of Culture and the Arts, Philippines|title=This article underscores the existence of a de facto revolutionary government (with Bonifacio as its president) that antedated the revolutionary government in Cavite based upon the controversial Tejeros Convention. An attempt to change the official date of the ''Cry''<nowiki> [see </nowiki>Cry of Pugad Lawin<nowiki>] from 23 to 24 August 1896 during a committee hearing on Senate Bill No. 336, held on 17 August 1993, apparently failed.</nowiki>}});<br />
^ {{Harvnb|Borromeo|Borromeo-Buehler|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA26 26]}}, "Formation of a revolutionary government";<br />
^ {{Harvnb|Borromeo|Borromeo-Buehler|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA135#PPA135,M1 135]}} (in "Document G", ''Account of Mr. Bricco Brigado Pantos'').</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Halili|Halili|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA138#PPA138 138–139]}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Severino |first=Howie |title=Bonifacio for (first) president |date=November 27, 2007 |publisher=GMA News |url=http://blogs.gmanews.tv/sidetrip/blog/?/archives/301-Bonifacio-for-first-president.html |access-date=July 16, 2022 |archive-date=September 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903173515/http://blogs.gmanews.tv/sidetrip/blog/?%2Farchives%2F301-Bonifacio-for-first-president.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Guerrero 2001">*{{cite book|last1=Guerrero|first1=Milagros|last2=Schumacher, S.J.|first2=John|title=Reform and Revolution|publisher=Asia Publishing Company Limited|volume=5|series=Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People|year=1998|isbn=962-258-228-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=9622582281}}.</ref><ref name="Guerrero 1996">*{{cite journal|last1=Guerrero|first1=Milagros|last2=Encarnación|first2=Emmanuel|last3=Villegas|first3=Ramón|title=Andrés Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution|journal=Sulyap Kultura|volume=1|issue=2|pages=3–12|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|year=1996|ref=guerrero1996a|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1|access-date=August 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143743/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=dead}}.</ref>

According to Filipino historian [[Ambeth Ocampo]], including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that [[Macario Sakay]] and [[Miguel Malvar]] should also be included, as Sakay continued Bonifacio's concept of a national Tagalog Republic, and Malvar continued the [[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]] which was the culmination of several governments headed by [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] that superseded Bonifacio's, Malvar taking over after Aguinaldo's capture.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bonifacio, First President of the Philippines?|author=Ambeth Ocampo|author-link=Ambeth Ocampo|date=May 11, 2010|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer (via [[PressReader]])|url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/philippine-daily-inquirer-1109/20100512/283059820598503}}</ref> Nevertheless, there are still calls, including from a descendant of Bonifacio, to let Bonifacio be recognized by the current government as the first Philippine president.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In 1993, historians Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas petitioned before the National Historical Institute (now the [[National Historical Commission of the Philippines]]) to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president but the institute turned down the petition and reasoned that Bonifacio was not even the Katipunan's first {{lang|es|Supremo}}, but rather [[Deodato Arellano]].<ref name=":2" />

In 2013, the [[Manila City Council]] passed a resolution persuading the national government to declare Bonifacio as the first president of the Tagalog Republic, attributing to all natives of the archipelago of the Philippines.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last1=Tolentino|first1=Reina C.|last2=Ignacio|first2=Reicelene Joy|date=August 29, 2016|title=Militants want Bonifacio declared first president|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/08/29/todays-headline-photos/top-stories/militants-want-bonifacio-declared-first-president/282692 |access-date=August 30, 2021|website=The Manila Times|language=en}}</ref> A separate resolution was also signed in 2013 by the Philippine Historian Association urging then Philippine President [[Benigno Aquino III]] to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Geronimo|first=Jee Y.|date=October 12, 2013|title=His Excellency, President Andres Bonifacio?|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/president-andres-bonifacio |access-date=August 30, 2021|website=Rappler|language=en}}</ref> In the same year, representatives of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Philippine House of Representatives]] passed a house resolution that sought to acknowledge Bonifacio as the first president.<ref name=":2" /> A similar house resolution was also filed in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 30, 2016|title=House Resolution No. 285|url=https://www.congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/basic_17/HR00285.pdf |website=[[House of Representatives of the Philippines]]}}</ref>

According to Marlon Cadiz of the NHCP, the agency is waiting for a thorough and clear study containing new evidence as well as explanations of experts regarding Bonifacio's status as the first president.<ref name=":2" />

==== Aguinaldo's governments and the First Republic ====

In March 1897, during the [[Philippine Revolution]] against Spain, [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] was elected president of a new revolutionary government at the [[Tejeros Convention]] in Tejeros, [[Cavite]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20070511-65258/Election_fraud_at_the_Tejeros_Convention|author=Ambeth Ocampo|date=May 11, 2007|title=Looking Back: Election fraud at the Tejeros Convention|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630164701/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20070511-65258/Election_fraud_at_the_Tejeros_Convention|archive-date=June 30, 2010}}.</ref> The new government was meant to replace the ''Katipunan''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tejeros Convention {{!}} Presidential Museum and Library|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/tejeros-convention/|access-date=September 1, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=April 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428101049/http://malacanang.gov.ph/tejeros-convention/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It variously called itself the "Philippine Republic" (Spanish: {{lang|es|Republica Filipina}}),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stickney|first=Joseph L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcc6AQAAIAAJ|title=War in the Philippines: And Life and Glorious Deeds of Admiral Dewey. A Thrilling Account of Our Conflicts with the Spaniards and Filipinos in the Orient...|date=1899|publisher=Monarch|pages=314|language=en}}</ref> "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: {{lang|es|Republica de Filipinas}})<ref>{{Cite news|last=Abueva|first=Jose V.|author-link=José Abueva|date=March 22, 2014|title=Our only republic|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/72834/our-only-republic |access-date=August 31, 2021|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|language=en}}</ref> and "Government of All Tagalogs" or "Government of the Whole Tagalog Nation/People" (Filipino: {{lang|fil|Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan}}).<ref>{{Cite news|last=David|first=Randy|author-link=Randy David|date=December 19, 2010|title=Jacinto|url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/philippine-daily-inquirer-1109/20101219/285653981049494 |access-date=August 31, 2021|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|via=PressReader}}</ref>

Months later, Aguinaldo was again elected president at [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato|Biak-na-Bato]], [[Bulacan]] in November,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Philippine History -- The Biak-na-Bato Republic of 1897|url=http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/biak.html|access-date=September 1, 2021|website=www.msc.edu.ph}}</ref> leading a reorganized "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: {{lang|es|Republica de Filipinas}}),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramos|first=Fidel V.|date=November 2, 1997|title=Speech of President Ramos on the centennial of the Biak-na-Bato Republic|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1997/11/02/speech-of-president-ramos-on-the-centennial-of-the-biak-na-bato-republic/ |access-date=September 1, 2021|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref> commonly known today as the [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Malindog-Uy|first=Anna|date=August 30, 2020|title=Can "Rev-Gov" Heal All In The Philippines?|url=https://theaseanpost.com/article/can-rev-gov-heal-all-philippines |access-date=September 1, 2021|website=The ASEAN Post|language=en}}</ref> Aguinaldo therefore signed the [[Pact of Biak-na-Bato]] and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chronology for the Philippine Islands and Guam in the Spanish-American War - The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War (Hispanic Division, Library of Congress)|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chronphil.html |access-date=September 1, 2021 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref>

In April 1898, the [[Spanish–American War]] broke out,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Whitener|first=Barbara|title=UofL Libraries: Government Resources: History: Spanish-American War|url=https://library.louisville.edu/ekstrom/gov_history/SpAmWar|access-date=September 1, 2021|website=library.louisville.edu|language=en|archive-date=September 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901024259/https://library.louisville.edu/ekstrom/gov_history/SpAmWar|url-status=dead}}</ref> and afterwards, the [[Asiatic Squadron]] of the [[United States Navy]] sailed for the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lopez|first=Tony|date=February 13, 2019|title=The mock Battle of Manila Bay (2)|language=en|work=[[Manila Standard]]|url=https://www.manilastandard.net/mobile/article/287683|access-date=September 1, 2021}}</ref> At the [[Battle of Manila Bay]] on May 1, 1898, the American Navy decisively defeated the [[Spanish Navy]].<ref name="Regalado">{{cite book|last1=Regalado|first1=Felix B., and Quintin B. Franco|title=History of Panay|date=1973|publisher=Central Philippine University|location=Jaro, Iloilo City}}</ref> Aguinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U.S. Navy vessel<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth R.|date=July 12, 2017|title=When Aguinaldo visited Singapore|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/105516/aguinaldo-visited-singapore|access-date=September 1, 2021|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|language=en}}</ref> and renewed the revolution.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Philippine History -- The Dictatorial Government of Aguinaldo in 1898|url=http://msc.edu.ph/centennial/dictator.html|access-date=September 1, 2021|website=msc.edu.ph}}</ref> He formed a [[Dictatorial Government of the Philippines|dictatorial government]] on May 24, 1898,<ref name=":3" /> and issued the [[Philippine Declaration of Independence]] on June 12, 1898.<ref name=":4" /> During this brief period he took the title "Dictator" and the Declaration of Independence refers to him as such.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tan|first=Michael L.|author-link=Michael Tan|date=July 7, 2021|title=July the 4th|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/141814/july-the-4th |access-date=September 1, 2021|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|language=en}}</ref>

On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo transformed his dictatorial government into a [[Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)|revolutionary government]] and became known as "President" again. This form of government provided for the creation of a [[Malolos Congress|Revolutionary Congress]] that was empowered to draft a democratic constitution.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Duka|first=Cecilio D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC|title=Struggle for Freedom' 2008 Ed.|date=2008|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|isbn=978-971-23-5045-0|pages=167|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Saulo|first=Alfredo B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wYhAAAAMAAJ|title=Emilio Aguinaldo: Generalissimo and President of the First Philippine Republic--first Republic in Asia|date=1983|publisher=Phoenix Publishing House|isbn=978-971-06-0720-4|pages=255, 513|language=en}}</ref> The [[Malolos Constitution|new constitution]], promulgated on January 20, 1899, provided for an executive power headed by a President of the Republic, both head of state and head of government, elected by the unicameral legislature and "special representatives"<ref name="ws1899con" /> He was elected President of the Republic in accordance with its provisions, and on January 23, 1899, the [[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]] (Spanish: {{lang|es|Republica Filipina}}), was inaugurated, with Aguinaldo likewise being inaugurated as President of the Republic.<ref>{{cite web |title=The First Philippine Republic | date=September 7, 2012 | website=National Historical Commission of the Philippines |url=https://nhcp.gov.ph/the-first-philippine-republic/ |access-date=August 10, 2025}}</ref> This state is today officially considered to be the proper "first republic" and is also called the [[Malolos Republic]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth R.|date=June 16, 2021|title=The many names for war|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/141215/the-many-names-for-war|access-date=September 1, 2021|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|language=en}}</ref> after its capital [[Malolos]] in [[Bulacan]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=Araw ng Republikang Filipino, 1899|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/araw-ng-republikang-filipino-1899/ |access-date=September 1, 2021|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref> its congress (formally "National Assembly") and constitution are commonly known as the Malolos Congress and Malolos Constitution as well.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HIstory of the Senate|url=https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/about/history.asp#The_Malolos_Congress_(1898-1900) |access-date=September 1, 2021|website=Senate of the Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malolos Constitution - The LawPhil Project|url=https://lawphil.net/consti/consmalo.html|access-date=September 1, 2021|website=lawphil.net}}</ref>

Like all of its predecessors and would-be successors until the 1935 [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]], the [[First Philippine Republic]] was short-lived<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aguinaldo|first=Camille|date=April 7, 2018|title=First Philippine Republic Day declared special working holiday|url=https://www.bworldonline.com/first-philippine-republic-day-declared-special-working-holiday/ |access-date=September 1, 2021|website=BusinessWorld|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies|never internationally recognized]],<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Cadusale|first=M. Carmell|date=August 2016|title=Allegiance and Identity: Race and Ethnicity in the Era of the Philippine-American War, 1898-1914|type=MA thesis|publisher=Youngstown State University|url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=ysu1472243324&disposition=inline|access-date=September 1, 2021|via=Ohio Library and Information Network (OhioLINK)|archive-date=September 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901100604/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=ysu1472243324&disposition=inline|url-status=dead}}</ref> and never controlled or was universally recognized by the entire area covered by the current republic, though it claimed to represent and govern the entire Philippine archipelago and all its people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evolution of the Revolution {{!}} Presidential Museum and Library|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/7824-evolution-of-the-revolution/|access-date=September 1, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=July 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716211155/http://malacanang.gov.ph/7824-evolution-of-the-revolution/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Control over the Philippines was transferred from Spain to the United States by the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris of 1898]], signed in December of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/2010/usoccupy.htm|title=The U.S. Occupation of the Philippines|publisher=University of Colorado American Studies|access-date=February 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216095105/http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/2010/usoccupy.htm|archive-date=February 16, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Philippine–American War]] broke out between the United States and the Philippines over American assertions of sovereignty.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=September 7, 2012|title=The First Philippine Republic|url=https://nhcp.gov.ph/the-first-philippine-republic/ |website=National Historical Commission of the Philippines}}</ref> The Philippine state effectively ceased to exist on April 1, 1901, after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U.S. forces in March.<ref name=":5" />

The current government of the [[Republic of the Philippines]] considers [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] to be the first president of the Philippines-based specifically on his presidency of the [[Malolos Republic]], not any of his various prior governments.<ref name="Tucker 2009 p8" />

==== Other claimants ====

[[Miguel Malvar]] continued Aguinaldo's leadership of the Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902, while [[Macario Sakay]] revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuing state of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents", and along with Bonifacio, are not recognized as presidents by the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2008/jan/02/yehey/top_stories/20080102top6.html|title=The Manila Times – Trusted Since 1898|website=[[The Manila Times]] |access-date=February 13, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211205431/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2008/jan/02/yehey/top_stories/20080102top6.html|archive-date=December 11, 2008}}</ref><ref name="Sakay1">{{cite web |url=http://www.bibingka.com/phg/sakay/default.htm|title=Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?|first=Paul|last=Flores|access-date=April 8, 2007|date=August 12, 1995|publisher=Philippine History Group of Los Ángeles|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609060908/http://www.bibingka.com/phg/sakay/default.htm|archive-date=June 9, 2007}}</ref>

=== American occupation ===

Between 1898 and 1935, American executive power in the Philippines was exercised by a succession of four military [[Governor-General of the Philippines#Insular Government (1901–1935)|governors-general]] and eleven civil governors-general.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Old Governor-General's Office {{!}} Presidential Museum and Library|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/about/malacanang/kalayaan-hall/old-governor-generals-office/|access-date=September 4, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=July 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721103511/http://malacanang.gov.ph/about/malacanang/kalayaan-hall/old-governor-generals-office/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barrows|first=David P.|date=1916|title=The Governor-General of the Philippines Under Spain and the United States|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1835051|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=21|issue=2|pages=288–311|doi=10.2307/1835051|jstor=1835051|issn=0002-8762|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Blount|first=James H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6r0DwAAQBAJ|title=The American Occupation of the Philippines|date=July 31, 2020|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-7523-8289-1|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Manuel L. Quezon (November 1942).jpg|thumb|325x325px|[[Manuel L. Quezon]] ]]

=== Philippine Commonwealth ===

In October 1935, [[Manuel L. Quezon]] was elected the first president of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]], which had been established, still under United States sovereignty, under a [[Constitution of the Philippines#Commonwealth and Third Republic (1935)|constitution]] ratified on May 14 of that year.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=The Commonwealth of the Philippines|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-commonwealth-of-the-philippines/ |access-date=September 9, 2021|website=www.officialgazette.gov.ph}}</ref> During its first five years, the president could serve for a six-year term that cannot be renewed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 1935 Constitution|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |access-date=September 9, 2021|website=www.officialgazette.gov.ph}}</ref> It was later amended in 1940 to limit a president to serving no more than two four-year terms.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Constitution Day|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/constitution-day/ |access-date=September 9, 2021|website=www.officialgazette.gov.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1935 Constitution amended|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1935-constitution-ammended/ |access-date=September 9, 2021|website=www.officialgazette.gov.ph}}</ref> When the administration of President Quezon exiled to the United States after the Philippines fell to the [[Empire of Japan]] in [[World War II in the Philippines|World War II]], Quezon appointed [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Chief Justice]] [[José Abad Santos]] as his delegate, which in effect the acting president of the Commonwealth according to Justice [[George A. Malcolm]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=The execution of Jose Abad Santos|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/gov/judiciary/sc/cj/jose-abad-santos/the-execution-of-jose-abad-santos/ |access-date=September 9, 2021|website=www.officialgazette.gov.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=June 17, 2018|title=Abad Santos kin forgive Japan for killing wartime Chief Justice|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1001428/abad-santos-kin-forgive-japan-for-killing-wartime-chief-justice |access-date=September 9, 2021|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|language=en}}</ref> Abad Santos was subsequently executed by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] on May 2, 1942.<ref name=":7" />

=== The Second Republic under the Japanese ===

On October 14, 1943, [[José P. Laurel]] became president under [[Constitution of the Philippines#Second Republic (1943)|a constitution imposed]] by the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|Japanese occupation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Jose P. Laurel as President of the Second Philippine Republic {{!}} Presidential Museum and Library|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/5237-dr-jose-p-laurel-as-president-of-the-second-philippine-republic/|access-date=September 20, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=May 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516173059/http://malacanang.gov.ph/5237-dr-jose-p-laurel-as-president-of-the-second-philippine-republic/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dooc|first=Manny|date=March 9, 2021|title=Jose P. Laurel: No one's puppet {{!}} Manny Dooc|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/03/09/jose-p-laurel-no-ones-puppet/|access-date=September 20, 2021|website=BusinessMirror|language=en-US}}</ref> Laurel, an [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Today is the birth anniversary of President Jose P. Laurel {{!}} Presidential Museum and Library|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/7734-today-is-the-birth-anniversary-of-president-jose-p-laurel/|access-date=September 20, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=May 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505223044/http://malacanang.gov.ph/7734-today-is-the-birth-anniversary-of-president-jose-p-laurel/|url-status=dead}}</ref> had been instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon, who withdrew to [[Corregidor]] and then to the United States to establish a [[government in exile]] in the United States.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=October 14, 2011|title=Jose P. Laurel Sr. was inaugurated President October 14, 1943|url=https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/685/today-in-philippine-history-october-14-1943-jose-p-laurel-sr-was-inaugurated-as-president-of-the-japanese-sponsored-philippine-republic|access-date=September 20, 2021|website=The Kahimyang Project|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Speech of President Garcia at the Dinner in Honor of the memory of the late Senator Jose P. Laurel {{!}} GOVPH|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1960/03/14/speech-of-president-garcia-at-the-dinner-in-honor-of-the-memory-of-the-late-senator-jose-p-laurel/|access-date=September 20, 2021|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|date=March 14, 1960 |language=en-US}}</ref> On August 17, 1945, two days after the Japanese surrendered to the Allies, Laurel officially dissolved the republic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Second Philippine Republic {{!}} Presidential Museum and Library|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/5235-70th-anniversary-of-the-second-philippine-republic/|access-date=September 20, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=March 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315013844/http://malacanang.gov.ph/5235-70th-anniversary-of-the-second-philippine-republic/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== After World War II ===

The 1935 Constitution was restored after the Japanese surrender ended World War II,<ref name=":8" /> with Vice President [[Sergio Osmeña]] becoming president due to Quezon's death on August 1, 1944.<ref name=":9" /> It remained in effect after the United States recognized the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation on July 4, 1946.<ref name=":9" /> On the same day, [[Manuel Roxas|Manuel A. Roxas]], the last president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines,<ref name=":9" /> also known as the Third Republic of the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Third Republic {{!}} GOVPH|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/third-republic/|access-date=September 20, 2021|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 1973 and 1987 Constitutions ===

A new [[Constitution of the Philippines#The New Society and the Fourth Republic (1973)|Constitution]] ratified on January 17, 1973,<ref>{{Cite web|title=1973 Philippine Constitution - The LawPhil Project|url=https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1973.html|access-date=September 23, 2021|website=lawphil.net}}</ref> under the rule of [[Ferdinand Marcos]] introduced a parliamentary-style government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Address of President Marcos on Constitution Day {{!}} GOVPH|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1984/01/17/address-of-president-marcos-on-constitution-day/|access-date=September 23, 2021|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|date=January 17, 1984 |language=en-US}}</ref> Marcos instituted himself as [[Prime Minister of the Philippines|prime minister]] while serving as president in 1978.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2, 1981|title=MARCOS SAID TO PLAN A NEW GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/02/world/marcos-said-to-plan-a-new-governmental-structure.html|access-date=September 23, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Marcos later appointed [[Cesar Virata|César Virata]] as prime minister in 1981, although, he was only a figurehead as the government control was still with Marcos.<ref>{{Cite news|last=ALMARIO|first=MANUEL F.|date=June 20, 2013|title=A celebration of failure|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/54969/a-celebration-of-failure|access-date=September 30, 2021|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|language=en}}</ref>

The 1973 Constitution was in effect until the [[People Power Revolution]] of 1986 toppled Marcos's 21-year authoritarian regime and replaced him with [[Corazon Aquino|Corazon C. Aquino]].<ref name=":8" /> On March 25, 1986, Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, s. 1986 or the "freedom constitution" that initially replaced the 1973 Constitution.<ref name=":8" /> This provisional constitution was done as Aquino was installed as president through revolutionary means.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tomacruz|first=Sofia|date=November 25, 2017|title=LOOK BACK: When did the Philippines have a revolutionary government?|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/look-back-philippines-history-revolutionary-government |access-date=October 12, 2021|website=Rappler|language=en}}</ref> Proclamation No. 3 abrogated many of the provisions of the then 1973 Constitution,<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Philippines - Proclamation No. 3 declaring a national policy to implement the reforms mandated by the people, adopting a Provisional Constitution, and related matters.|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=2264|access-date=October 12, 2021|website=www.ilo.org}}</ref> including the provisions associated with the Marcos regime,<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|last=Branigin|first=William|date=March 26, 1986|title=Aquino Drops Assembly and Constitution|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/03/26/aquino-drops-assembly-and-constitution/27426d3e-a5c2-419b-865a-c67a80d999b1/|access-date=October 12, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> which gave the president legislative powers,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1976 AMENDMENTS TO THE 1973 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES |website=CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY |url=https://www.chanrobles.com/1976amendments.htm |access-date=October 12, 2021}}</ref> as well as the unicameral legislature called the {{lang|fil|Batasang Pambansa}}<ref name=":11" /> (literally ''National Legislature'' in Filipino). The proclamation retained only parts of the 1973 Constitution that were essential for a return to democratic rule, such as the bill of rights.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> This constitution was superseded on February 2, 1987, by the present constitution.<ref name=":8" />

=== Other issues ===

[[File:Jose P. Laurel giving a speech.jpg|thumb|[[José P. Laurel]] giving a speech after his inauguration as President of the [[Second Philippine Republic]]]]

Both Bonifacio<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siverio|first=Ina Alleco|date=February 6, 2015|title=Bonifacio is the first Philippine president -|url=https://manilatoday.net/revolutionary-president-andres-bonifacio/ |access-date=October 12, 2021|website=Manila Today|language=en-US}}</ref> and Aguinaldo<ref>{{Cite web|title=Katipunan - The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War (Hispanic Division, Library of Congress)|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/katipunan.html|access-date=October 12, 2021|website=www.loc.gov}}</ref> might be considered to have been an inaugural president of an insurgent government. Quezon was the inaugural president of a predecessor state to the current one,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guéraiche|first=William|date=December 1, 2008|title=Manuel Quezon, Patron of the American-Filipino Community|url=https://journals.openedition.org/moussons/1536#ftn1|journal=Moussons. Recherche en Sciences Humaines Sur l'Asie du Sud-Est|language=en|issue=12|pages=163–172|doi=10.4000/moussons.1536|issn=1620-3224|doi-access=free}}</ref> while Roxas was the first president of an internationally recognized state.<ref name=":9" />

The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the first president of the Philippines, followed by Quezon and his successors.<ref name="Tucker 2009 p8">{{cite book|last=Tucker|first=Spencer C. |title=The encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a political, social, and military history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC|year=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-951-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA8 8]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=200029&Itemid=26|title=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|access-date=February 13, 2015}}</ref> Despite the differences in [[Constitution of the Philippines|constitutions]] and government, the line of presidents is considered to be continuous.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Quezon|first=Manolo|author-link=Manolo Quezon|date=November 17, 2008|title=The Explainer: Vice-President's Night|url=http://www.quezon.ph/2008/11/17/the-explainer-vice-presidents-night/ |access-date=October 12, 2021|website=Manuel L. Quezon III|publisher=[[ABS-CBN News Channel|ANC]]|language=en-US}}</ref> For instance, Rodrigo Duterte, is considered to be the 16th president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The President of the Philippines - President Rodrigo Roa Duterte|url=https://milanpcg.dfa.gov.ph/about-us/the-president.html|access-date=October 12, 2021|website=Department of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines - Philippine Consulate General, Milan, Italy|archive-date=October 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181056/https://milanpcg.dfa.gov.ph/about-us/the-president.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the first president, the United States claimed nominal jurisdiction over the territory of the First Republic due to the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|1898 Treaty of Paris]] which ended the [[Spanish–American War]]; the United States thus does not consider his tenure to have been legitimate.<ref name="Tucker 2009 p8" /><ref name=":4">[https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/aguinaldo.html Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy], U.S. Library of Congress.</ref> [[Manuel L. Quezon]] is considered to be the first president by the United States when they granted independence through the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Philippines, 1898–1946 {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|url=https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/APA/Historical-Essays/Exclusion-and-Empire/The-Philippines/|access-date=October 12, 2021|website=history.house.gov|language=en}}</ref> He is also the first to win a popular election and a nationwide election.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Umali|first=Justin|date=June 4, 2019|title=A Look into the Most Consequential Election in our History: the 1935 Presidential Elections|url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/1935-presidential-elections-a2212-20190604-lfrm |access-date=October 12, 2021|website=Esquiremag.ph}}</ref>

During the [[World War II|Second World War]], the Philippines had two presidents heading two governments.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|last=Elefante|first=Fil V.|date=June 13, 2016|title=The Philippines's Second Republic and a forgotten Independence Day {{!}} Fil V. Elefante|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2016/06/13/the-philippiness-second-republic-and-a-forgotten-independence-day/ |access-date=October 13, 2021|website=[[BusinessMirror]]|language=en-US}}</ref> One was Quezon and the Commonwealth [[Government in exile|government-in-exile]] in [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=1. United States/Philippines (1898-1946)|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/united-statesphilippines-1898-1946/|access-date=October 13, 2021|website=uca.edu|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=November 1, 1943|title=Problem in Exile|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,933242,00.html|access-date=October 13, 2021|issn=0040-781X}}</ref> and the other was Manila-based Laurel heading the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic.<ref name=":13" /> Notably, Laurel was himself instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon.<ref name=":12" /> Laurel and Aguinaldo were not formally recognized as Philippine presidents until [[Diosdado Macapagal|Diosdado Macapagal's]] administration.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|last=Tactaquin|first=Jommel P.|title=Remembering our Past|url=https://pvao.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Philippine-History.pdf |access-date=October 13, 2021|website=[[Philippine Veterans Affairs Office]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Republic Day {{!}} GOVPH|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/republic-day/about/|access-date=October 13, 2021|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|language=en-US}}</ref> Their inclusion in the official list coincided with the transfer of the official date of Independence Day from July 4 (the anniversary of the Philippines' independence from the United States) to June 12 (the anniversary of the 1898 Declaration of Independence).<ref name=":14" />

==Powers and roles==

[[File:Philippine ceremonial uniform.jpg|thumb|314x314px|125th anniversary celebration of the [[First Philippine Republic]] was commemorated at [[Barasoain Church]] in [[Malolos]], Bulacan.]]

===Executive power===

The president of the [[Philippines]], being the chief executive, serves as both the [[head of state]] and [[head of government]] of the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Gazette">{{Cite web|title=The Executive Branch {{!}} GOVPH|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/gov/exec/|access-date=October 13, 2021|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|language=en-US}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The constitution vests the executive power with the president who consequently heads the government's executive branch, including the [[Cabinet of the Philippines|Cabinet]] and all [[Executive departments of the Philippines|executive departments]].<ref>1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 1</ref> There are also government agencies that report to no specific department but are instead under the [[Office of the President of the Philippines|Office of the President]].<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Gov't. Agencies under OP |url=http://op-proper.gov.ph/govt-agencies-control-supervision-op/ |access-date=October 13, 2021 |website=Office of the President of the Philippines |language=en-US |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022231936/https://op-proper.gov.ph/govt-agencies-control-supervision-op/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The president also exercises general supervision over local government units.<ref>1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 10, sec. 4.</ref>

The president has [[Ordinance Power of the President of the Philippines|the power to give executive issuances]], which are means to streamline the policy and programs of an administration. There are six issuances that the President may issue, as defined in the Administrative Code of 1987:<ref name="Gazette" /> executive orders, administrative orders, proclamations, memorandum orders, memorandum circulars, and general or special orders.

The president has power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment, except in cases of impeachment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines – Article VII |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-vii/|access-date=October 13, 2021|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|language=en-US}}</ref> The president can grant amnesty with the concurrence of the majority of all the members of the [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]].<ref>1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 19</ref> The president has authority to contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the country but only with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.<ref>1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 20.</ref>

The president has the authority to exercise the power of [[eminent domain]]. The president also has the power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings and the power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the government. However, there are two constitutional provisions that limit the exercise of such power: Article III, Section 9 of the Constitution provides that no person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or property without due process of law and that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.<ref name="Gazette" />

With the consent of the [[Commission on Appointments]], the president also appoints the heads of the executive departments, board of members and its leaders from any national government-related institutions, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, high-ranking officers of the armed forces, and other officials.<ref>1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 16.</ref> The members of the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] and lower courts are also appointed by the president, but only from the list of nominees prepared by the [[Judicial and Bar Council]]. Such appointments do not need the approval of the [[Commission on Appointments]].<ref>1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 8, sec. 9.</ref>

=== Legislative power ===

As per Article VI, Section 1 of the Constitution, the power of lawmaking is vested in the bicameral [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]], which consists of the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] and the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]]. However, the president has some legislative power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines – Article VI |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-vi/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |language=en-US}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The president has the power to veto any [[Bill (law)|bill]] passed by Congress. Article VI, Section 27 requires that every legislation passed by Congress shall be presented to the president, after which the president can either sign the bill into law within thirty days, veto the bill, or take no action within the timeframe, in which the bill will pass as if it had been signed. While Congress can override a presidential veto, it requires a [[two-thirds vote]] of both houses. The president can also veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object. By exerting their influence on Congress, the president can shape legislation and be involved in the legislative process.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Powers of the Philippine President, Explained |url=http://www.reportr.world/news/powers-of-philippine-president-explained-a4736-20210519 |date=May 19, 2021 |first1=Arianne |last1=Merez |access-date=June 29, 2022 |website=Reportr.world |language=en}}</ref> The [[State of the Nation Address (Philippines)|State of the Nation Address]] also gives the president an opportunity to outline their priority legislative agenda.

== Election process ==

=== Eligibility ===

Article VII, Section 2 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency:<ref>1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 2</ref>

* be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
* be a registered voter
* be able to read and write
* at least forty years of age on the day of the election
* a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election.

Natural-born Filipinos are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines at the time of their birth and those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority are considered natural-born Filipinos.<ref>[https://vancouverpcg.dfa.gov.ph/consular-service-s/dual-citizenship/109-who-are-considered-natural-born-filipinos Philippine Consulate General Vancouver]</ref>

The Constitution also provides term limits where the president is ineligible for reelection and a person who has succeeded as president and has served as such for more than four years will be ineligible to be elected for a second term. However, with the case of [[Joseph Estrada]] who [[1998 Philippine presidential election|was elected president in 1998]], [[2001 EDSA Revolution|deposed in 2001]], and again [[2010 Philippine presidential election|ran for the presidency in 2010]], the Constitution's wording where "[the] President shall not be eligible for any re-election"<ref name="1987 Constitution 7 4">1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 4</ref> remains unclear as his case was never brought to the Supreme Court. It remains unclear whether the term limit of no re-election applies only to the incumbent president or for any person who has been elected as president.

=== Election ===

{{Main|Philippine presidential election}}

[[File:Home provinces of Philippine Presidents.PNG|thumb|Home [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] (blue and purple) of the presidents.]]

The president is elected by direct vote every six years, usually on the second Monday of May.<ref name="1987 Constitution 7 4" /> The latest election was held in [[2022 Philippine presidential election|2022]].

The returns of every election for president and vice president, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress, directed to the president of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the president of the Senate shall open all the certificates in the presence of a joint public session of Congress not later than 30 days after election day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon determining that the polls are authentic and were done in the manner provided by law.

The person with the highest number of votes is declared the winner, but in case two or more have the highest number of votes, the president is elected by a majority of all members of Congress, with the Senate and the House of Representatives voting separately.

===Inauguration===

{{Main|Philippine presidential inauguration}}[[File:Carlos P Garcia second inauguration, 1957.jpg|thumb|[[Carlos P. Garcia]] is sworn in as the eighth president of the Philippines after winning the election of 1957]]

[[File:Bongbong Marcos oath taking 6.30.22 (PNA) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Bongbong Marcos]] during his [[Inauguration of Bongbong Marcos|inauguration]]]]

The president of the Philippines usually takes the oath of office at noon of June 30 following the presidential election. Traditionally, the [[Vice President of the Philippines|vice president]] takes the oath first, a little before noon for two reasons. First, according to protocol, no one follows the president (who is last due to his supremacy), and second, to establish a constitutionally valid successor before the president-elect accedes. During [[Manuel L. Quezon|Quezon]]'s inauguration, however, the vice president and legislature were sworn in after the president, to symbolize a new start.

Custom has enshrined three places as the traditional venue for the inauguration ceremony: [[Barasoain Church]] in [[Malolos City]], Bulacan; in front of the [[National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)|old Legislative Building]] (now part of the [[National Museum of the Philippines|National Museum]]) in Manila; or at [[Quirino Grandstand]], where most have been held. Some presidential have broken precedent, either due to extraordinary circumstances or In 2004, [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] delivered her pre-inaugural address at [[Quirino Grandstand]], took the oath of office in [[Cebu City]] before Chief Justice [[Hilario Davide Jr.]], and the next day held the first cabinet meeting in [[Butuan]]. She broke with precedent, reasoning that she wanted to celebrate her inauguration in each of the three main island groups of the Philippines: [[Luzon]], [[Visayas]], and [[Mindanao]]. Her first inauguration also broke precedent as she was sworn in at the [[EDSA Shrine]] on January 20, 2001, during the [[EDSA Revolution of 2001]] that removed [[Joseph Estrada]] from office.

The dress code at the modern inaugural ceremony is traditional, formal Filipino clothing, which is otherwise loosely termed ''[[Filipiniana]]''. Ladies must wear ''[[baro't saya]]'' (the formal wear of other indigenous groups is permissible), while men don the ''[[barong tagalog]]''. Non-Filipinos at the ceremony may wear their respective versions of formal dress, but foreign diplomats have often been seen donning ''Filipiniana'' as a mark of cultural respect.

The Constitution provides the following oath or affirmation for the president and vice president-elect which must be taken before they enter into office:<ref>[https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 5]</ref>

{{blockquote|text="I, (name), do solemnly swear [or affirm], that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President [or Vice-President or Acting President] of the Philippines. Preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God." [In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.]|source=Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 5}}

The Filipino text of the oath used for the inaugurations of [[Fidel V. Ramos]], [[Joseph Estrada]], [[Benigno Aquino III]], and [[Bongbong Marcos]] reads:<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/ang-konstitusyon-ng-republika-ng-pilipinas-1987/|title = Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas, art. 7, sek. 5|website = Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref>

{{blockquote|text={{lang|fil|"Ako si (pangalan), ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan (o pinatototohanan) na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo (o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo) ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos." (Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin.)}}|source={{lang|fil|Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas, Artikulo VII, SEK. 5}}}}

As soon as the president takes the oath of office, a [[21-gun salute]] is fired to salute the new head of state, and the [[honors music|presidential anthem]] ''"[[We Say Mabuhay]]"'' is played. The president delivers his inaugural address, and then proceeds to [[Malacañang Palace]] to climb the Grand Staircase, a ritual which symbolizes the formal possession of the palace. The president then inducts the newly formed cabinet into office in one of the state rooms.

== Incumbency ==

=== State of the Nation Address ===

[[File:20220725-SONAPBBM2.jpg|thumb|President [[Bongbong Marcos]] during his first State of the Nation Address on July 25, 2022.]]

[[File:PGMA 7th SONA.jpg|thumbnail|[[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] delivering her seventh [[State of the Nation Address (Philippines)|State of the Nation Address]] at the [[Batasang Pambansa Complex|Batasang Pambansa]]]]
{{main|State of the Nation Address (Philippines)}}

The State of the Nation Address (SONA) is an annual event, in which the president reports on the status of the nation, normally to the resumption of a joint session of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] and the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]]. This is a duty of the president as stated in Article VII, Section 23 of the 1987 [[Constitution of the Philippines|Constitution]].<ref name="Const" />

=== Tenure and term limits ===

The 1899 Constitution originally provided for a term of four years, with the president being eligible for re-election, but in practice, the only president elected under this constitution never served a full term.<ref name="ws1899con" /><ref name=":5" /> The 1935 Constitution set the president's term at six years, without re-election.<ref>[http://www.chanrobles.com/1935constitutionofthephilippines.htm 1935 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 1940, however, the 1935 Constitution was amended and the term of the president (and vice president) was shortened to four years, with a two-term limit. Under the provisions of the amended 1935 document, only presidents [[Manuel L. Quezon]] (1941) and [[Ferdinand E. Marcos]] (1969) were re-elected. Presidents [[Sergio Osmeña]] (1946), [[Elpidio Quirino]] (1953), [[Carlos P. Garcia]] (1961) and [[Diosdado Macapagal]] (1965) all failed in seeking a new term. Marcos was the only president to serve three terms (1965–1969, 1969–1981, 1981–1986).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Martial Law Museum |url=https://martiallawmuseum.ph/magaral/the-makings-of-a-constitutional-dictator/}}</ref>

On August 24, 1970, Congress enacted RA No. 6132, otherwise known as the Constitutional Convention Act, for the purpose of convening a [[Constitutional convention (Philippines)|constitutional convention]]. The 320 delegates met from June 1971 until November 30, 1972, when they approved the draft of the new Charter. While in the process of drafting a new Constitution, President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972. The draft Constitution was submitted to the Citizen's Assemblies from January 10 to 17, 1973 for ratification. On January 17, 1973, President Marcos issued Proclamation No. 1102, announcing the ratification of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. In [[1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum|1981]], President Marcos secured a third term, defeating [[Alejo Santos]] in an election.<ref>[http://www.chanrobles.com/1973constitutionofthephilippines.htm 1973 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

The 1987 Constitution restored the 1935 Constitution's original ban on presidential reelection. Under Article VII, Section 4 of the current constitution, the term of the president shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the same date, six years thereafter. The incumbent president is not eligible for re-election, even if non-consecutive. Moreover, no president who serves more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again.<ref name="Const" />

=== Vacancies and succession ===

{{Main|Philippine presidential line of succession}}

==== At the start of the term ====

Under Article VII, Section 7 of the Constitution, In case the president-elect fails to qualify, the vice president-elect shall act as president until the president-elect shall have qualified.<ref name="Const" /> If at the beginning of the term of the president, the president-elect shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled, the vice president-elect shall become president.<ref name="Const" /> Where no president and vice president shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall have died or become permanently disabled, the president of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the speaker of the House of Representatives, shall act as president until a president or a vice president shall have been chosen and qualified.<ref name="Const" />

==== During the term ====

[[File:Sergio Osmena photo.jpg|thumb|[[Sergio Osmeña]] was the first [[Vice President of the Philippines|vice president]] to succeed to the presidency upon the death of a chief executive, who was [[Manuel L. Quezon]], in 1944.]]

The line of presidential succession as specified by Article VII, Section 8 of the Constitution are the vice president, Senate president and the speaker of the House of Representatives. Contrary to popular belief, the [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines]] is not in the line of succession, but historically, the 1899 Constitution assigned the President of the Supreme Court of Justice as acting President of the Republic should the latter office become vacant.<ref name="ws1899con" /> If the offices of both the president and vice president are vacant at the same time, Congress shall within a specific period enact a law calling for a special election. However, if the presidential election is 18 months away, no special election shall be called. An [[acting president]] may temporarily assume the duties of president.

The current presidential line of succession is:
{| class="wikitable"
!<abbr title="Number in line">No.</abbr>
!Office
!Incumbent
|-
|-
|1
|[[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]]
|[[Sara Duterte]]
|-
|2
|[[President of the Senate of the Philippines|President of the Senate]]
|[[Tito Sotto]]
|-
|3
|[[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|Speaker of the House of Representatives]]
|[[Bojie Dy]]
|}

=== Impeachment ===

{{see also|Impeachment in the Philippines}}

Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the United States. The [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]], one of the houses of the bicameral Congress, has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment against the president, [[Vice President of the Philippines|vice president]], members of the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]], members of the constitutional commissions and the [[Philippine Ombudsman|ombudsman]].<ref>Constitution of the Philippines, art. 11, sec. 2</ref> When a third of its membership has endorsed the impeachment articles, it is then transmitted to the [[Senate of the Philippines]] which tries and decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachment case.<ref name="Article XI">{{cite web |author=Chan-Robles Virtual Law Library |title=The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines – Article XI |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/article11.htm |access-date=July 25, 2008}}</ref> A main difference from U.S. proceedings however is that only a third of House members are required to approve the motion to impeach the president (as opposed to the majority required in the United States). In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives act as the prosecutors and the senators act as judges with the Senate president and chief justice of the Supreme Court jointly presiding over the proceedings. Like the United States, to convict the official in question requires that a minimum of two-thirds (i.e., 16 of 24 members) of the senate vote in favor of conviction. If an impeachment attempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted, no new cases can be filed against that impeachable official for at least one full year.

The Constitution enumerates the culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, and betrayal of public trust as grounds for the impeachment of the president.<ref>Constitution of the Philippines, art. 11, sec. 2.</ref> The same also applies for the vice president, the members of the Supreme Court, the members of the constitutional commissions, and the ombudsman.

=== Official residence ===

<gallery mode="packed" style="text align: center;" caption="Presidential residences" heights="150px" perrow="3">
File:Malacañang Palace (local img).jpg|[[Malacañang Palace]], the official residence
File:The Mansion, Baguio City. Building only.jpg|[[The Mansion (Baguio)|The Mansion]], the official summer palace
</gallery>

[[Malacañang Palace]] is the official residence of the president of the Philippines, a privilege entitled to him/her under Article VII, Section 6 of the Constitution.<ref name="Const" /> The palace is located along the north bank of the [[Pasig River]], along J.P. Laurel Street in the district of [[San Miguel, Manila]]. The [[Filipino language|Filipino]] name is derived from the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] phrase "{{lang|tl|may [[lakan|lakán]] diyán}}" ("there is a [[Nobility#Filipino|nobleman]] there"), and this was eventually shortened to ''Malakanyáng''. The complex includes several mansions and office buildings built and designed in the {{lang|fil|[[bahay na bato]]}} and [[Neo-classical architecture|neoclassical]] architectural styles.

Before Malacañang Palace was designated as the official residence of the president, various establishments served as residence of the chief executive in the Philippines. The Spanish governor-general, the highest-ranking official in the Philippines during the Spanish Era, resided in the [[Palacio del Gobernador]] inside the walled city of [[Intramuros]]. However, after an [[1863 Manila earthquake|earthquake in 1863]], the Palacio del Gobernador was destroyed, and the residence and office of the governor-general was transferred to Malacañang Palace. During the [[Philippine Revolution]], Aguinaldo resided in various places in [[Cavite]] before establishing [[Malolos]], Bulacan as capital, and he would be inaugurated as President of the First Republic here. During the [[Philippine-American War]], Aguinaldo successively established [[capital of the Philippines|new capitals]] as he retreated northward in the face of invading American forces.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agoncillo |first1=Teodoro |title=Malolos: the Crisis of the Republic |date=1997 |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |isbn=9715420966}}</ref> When the Americans occupied the Philippines, they also used Malacañang Palace as an official residence for their governors-general. During the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines]], the presidential seat and government offices were transferred to the more inland Baguio, where the [[The Mansion, Baguio|Mansion House]] was used as the official residence. Meanwhile, President [[Manuel L. Quezon]] of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Philippine Commonwealth]] [[government-in-exile]] resided in the [[Omni Shoreham Hotel]] in [[Washington D.C.]] After the restoration of independence in 1946, plans were made for the construction of the new presidential residence to replace Malacañang in [[Quezon City|a new capital city]]. However, the plans did not push through and the president's official residence is still Malacañang Palace in Manila.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/modern-living/589480/century-alternative-malaca%C3%A3%C2%B1angs|title=A century of alternative Malacañangs|newspaper=[[The Philippine Star]]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.philstar.com/modern-living/591489/grandstands-and-grand-public-spaces Grandstands and grand public spaces | Modern Living, Lifestyle Features, The Philippine Star | philstar.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

A secondary residence within the wider palace grounds is ''[[Bahay Pangulo]]'' ({{Translation|President's House}}), formerly known as ''Bahay Pangarap'' ({{Translation|House of Dreams}}) and ''Bahay ng Pagbabago'' ({{Translation|House of Change}}),<ref name="Bahay Pangarap: Aquino's future home?">{{cite web|title=Bahay Pangarap: Aquino's future home?|work=ABS-CBN News |date=June 9, 2010|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/06/09/10/bahay-pangarap-aquinos-future-home}}</ref> a smaller structure located on the south bank of the [[Pasig River]] across the main palace in [[Malacañang Park]],<ref name="How was PNoy's first night at Bahay Pangarap?" /> which is itself part of the [[Presidential Security Group]] Complex.<ref name="Bahay Pangarap: Aquino's future home?" /><ref name="Noynoy's new home is Bahay Pangarap">{{cite web|title=Noynoy's new home is Bahay Pangarap|last=Villano|first=Alexa|website=[[The Philippine STAR]] |date=June 30, 2010|access-date=May 10, 2022|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2010/06/30/588641/noynoys-new-home-bahay-pangarap}}</ref> President [[Benigno Aquino III]] was the first to use ''Bahay Pangarap'' as his official residence.<ref name="Bahay Pangarap for P-Noy ready">{{cite web |title=Bahay Pangarap for P-Noy ready | website=[[The Philippine STAR]] |url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=597999&publicationSubCategoryId=63 |url-status=dead |access-date=August 10, 2010 |archive-date=December 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209013858/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=597999&publicationSubCategoryId=63 }}</ref><ref name="Briefer on Bahay Pangarap and Malacañang Park">{{cite web|title=Briefer on Bahay Pangarap and Malacañang Park|work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |date=July 29, 2010 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2010/07/29/briefer-on-bahay-pangarap-and-malacanang-park/}}</ref> It was originally built in the 1930s under President Quezon as a rest house and venue for informal activities and social functions of the First Family.<ref name="Bahay Pangarap: Aquino's future home?" /><ref name="Briefer on Bahay Pangarap and Malacañang Park" /> The house was designed by architect Juan Arellano in the 1930s,<ref name="Bahay Pangarap: Aquino's future home?" /><ref name="Briefer on Bahay Pangarap and Malacañang Park" /> and underwent several renovations in the early 1960s, 2008, and 2010.<ref name="Bahay Pangarap: Aquino's future home?" /><ref name="How was PNoy's first night at Bahay Pangarap?">{{cite web |date=August 6, 2010 |title=How was PNoy's first night at Bahay Pangarap? |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/197976/how-was-pnoy-s-first-night-at-bahay-pangarap/story/ |access-date=May 15, 2022 |website=[[GMA News]]}}</ref><ref name="Briefer on Bahay Pangarap and Malacañang Park" />

The president also has several other official residences nationwide for official use. [[The Mansion (Baguio)|The Mansion]] in [[Baguio]] is the official [[Summer Palace|summer palace]] of the president. The palace was originally built in 1908 to serve as the summer residence for American [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governors-General]], and later became the holiday home and working office for presidents when the government would temporarily visit Baguio.<ref name="marker">Galang, Willie (January 23, 2010). [https://www.flickr.com/photos/williegalang/4316341526/ "Mansion House (NHI Marker)"]. Flickr.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-21.</ref> [[Malacañang of the South]] in [[Davao City]] is the president's residence in [[Mindanao]]. It was built in 2005 on state property and serves as an official residence and base of operations for presidents when visiting Davao and the surrounding provinces. [[Malacañang sa Sugbo]] in [[Cebu City]] was the former official residence in [[Visayas|the Visayas]]. Originally the local office of the [[Bureau of Customs]] (BOC), it was converted to a palace in 2004. It was later returned to the BOC.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saavedra |first1=John Rey |date=February 28, 2019 |title=BOC-Cebu staff poised to go back to old Customs house |publisher=www.pna.gov.ph |work=Philippine News Agency |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1063257 |access-date=May 15, 2022}}</ref> [[Malacañang of the North]] was also an official residence of the president in the [[Ilocos Region]]. The residence is currently a presidential museum.<ref name="PDI">{{cite news |last1=Arzadon |first1=Cristina |date=October 12, 2012 |title=Bringing back the grandeur of Malacañang ti Amianan |work=Cebu Daily News |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/281720/bringing-back-the-grandeur-of-malacanang-ti-amianan |access-date=May 15, 2022}}</ref>

Whenever the President visits the [[Clark Freeport Zone]], they stay at the White House, which was formerly the official residence of the Commanding General of the [[Thirteenth Expeditionary Air Force|13th Air Force]] during the time Clark was a [[Clark Air Base|U.S. Air Force base]].<ref name="Visit Clark - White House">{{cite web |title=White House |url=http://www.visitclark.com/article_places.php?id=2021 |website=www.visitclark.com |publisher=Visit Clark |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="Guide to the PH - White House">{{cite web |title=Information about White House |url=https://guidetothephilippines.ph/destinations-and-attractions/white-house |website=Guide to the Philippines |publisher=Guide to the Philippines |access-date=4 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> President [[Manuel Roxas]] after reviewing troops on April 15, 1948, rested in the White House, but would later suffer a heart attack. Roxas death anniversary is commemorated annually at the White House.<ref name="Philstar: Roxas">{{cite news |title=Roxas' death marked at Clark |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2004/04/16/246342/roxas146-death-marked-clark |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=Philstar.com |agency=Philippine Star |date=16 April 2004}}</ref>

===Travel===

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" caption="Philippine Presidential transportation" heights="150px" perrow="4">
File:Mercedes-Benz S 320 CDI 4MATIC L (V 221) – Frontansicht (1), 30. August 2011, Düsseldorf.jpg|Presidential Car
File:PAF_-_Gulfstream_G280.jpg|The Presidential Plane
File:Some_Bell_412EP_of_Philippine_Air_Force.jpg|Presidential Helicopter
File:BRP_Ang_Pangulo_(AT-25).jpg|Presidential Yacht
</gallery>

==== Air transportation ====

{{Main|Air transports of heads of state and government#Philippines}}

[[File:PAF-Puma-at-Subic-Bay.JPEG|thumb|An [[Westland Puma|Aérospatiale SA-330 Puma]] carrying President [[Corazon Aquino|Corazon C. Aquino]] at [[Subic Bay Naval Base]].]]

The 250th (Presidential) Airlift Wing of the [[Philippine Air Force]] has the mandate of providing safe and efficient air transport for the president of the Philippines and the First Family.  On occasion, the wing has also been tasked to provide transportation for other members of government, visiting heads of state, and other state guests.

The majority of the fleet is fairly dated with a few exceptions it includes: 1 [[Fokker F28]], which is primarily used for the president's domestic trips and it is also called "Kalayaan One" when the president is on board, 4 [[Bell 412]] helicopters, 3 [[Sikorsky S-76]] helicopters, 1 [[Sikorsky S-70]]-5 Black Hawk, a number of [[Bell UH-1N]] Twin Hueys, as well as [[Fokker F-27]] ''Friendship''s. In September 2020, a new [[Gulfstream G280]] was delivered which will be used for VIP transport as well as for C2 (Command and Control) missions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mangosing|first=Francisco|date=September 21, 2020|title=PH Air Force commissions brand new 'command and control' aircraft|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1338091/ph-air-force-commissions-brand-new-command-and-control-aircraft|access-date=November 14, 2020|website=[[Philippine Inquirer]]}}</ref> For trips outside of the Philippines, the Air Force employs a [[Bombardier Global Express]], [[Gulftsream G650ER]] or charters appropriate aircraft from the country's flag carrier, [[Philippine Airlines]]. Any PAL aircraft with the flight number "PR/PAL 001" and callsign "PHILIPPINE 001" is a flight operated by [[Philippine Airlines]] to transport the president of the Philippines. The president sometimes charter private jets for domestic trips within the Philippines due to some airports in the Philippines having small runways.

==== Water transportation ====

''[[BRP Ang Pangulo (AT-25)|BRP Ang Pangulo]]'' (''BRP'' stands for ''Barkó ng Repúblika ng Pilipinas'', "Ship of the Republic of the Philippines"; "''Ang Pangulo''" is Filipino for "the president") was commissioned by the [[Philippine Navy]] on March 7, 1959. It was built in and by Japan during the administration of President García as part of Japanese reparations to the Philippines for World War II.<ref name="OG Yachts">[https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/presidential-yachts/ The Presidential Yachts], Official Gazette, Office of the President.</ref> It is primarily used in entertaining guests of the incumbent president.

==== Land transportation ====

{{Main|Official state car#Philippines}}

The president of the Philippines uses two black and heavily armored [[Mercedes-Benz W221]] S600 Guard, whereas one is a decoy vehicle. In convoys, the president is escorted by the [[Presidential Security Group]] using primarily [[Toyota Fortuner]] SUVs with the combination of the following vehicles: [[Toyota FJ Cruiser]], [[Toyota Fortuner]], [[Toyota Land Cruiser]], [[Toyota Hiace]] [[Toyota Camry]], [[Philippine National Police]] 400cc motorcycles, [[Philippine National Police]] [[Mitsubishi Montero]], [[Toyota Innova]] (Police car variant), other government-owned vehicles, and ambulances at the tail of the convoy; the number depends on the destination. The presidential cars are designated and registered a plate number of "1" or the word "PANGULO" (president). The limousine bears the flag of the Philippines and, occasionally, the presidential standard.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSeTH_5biys President Aquino arrives at the Palace – YouTube<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="font-size:95%;background-color:white;white-space:nowrap;border:none;margin:auto;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | Official state cars of the president<ref>{{cite web |title=11 Historic Philippine Presidential Cars We Love |url=https://www.wheninmanila.com/11-historic-philippine-presidential-cars/ |website=When In Manila |access-date=May 3, 2021 |date=June 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Billones|first=Trisha|date=July 12, 2016|title=A look at presidential cars in Philippine history|work=[[ABS-CBN News]]|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/life/07/12/16/a-look-at-presidential-cars-in-philippine-history|access-date=August 24, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Billones|first=Trisha|date=July 13, 2016|title=A look at presidential cars in Philippine history|url=https://nhcp.gov.ph/look-presidential-cars-philippine-history/ |access-date=August 24, 2021|website=National Historical Commission of the Philippines|publisher=[[ABS-CBN News]]}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;border-bottom:double grey;"
! scope="col" style="text-align:left;"   | President
! scope="col" style="text-align:left;"   | Land Transport
|-
| [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
| 1924 [[Packard Six]] Touring
|-
| [[Manuel Quezon]]
| 1937 [[Chrysler Airflow]] Custom Imperial CW
|-
| [[Jose P. Laurel]]
| 1942 [[Packard 180|Packard Custom Super Eight:One-Eighty]] Limousine
|-
| [[Manuel Roxas]]
| 1940 [[Cadillac Series 70#1938–1940|Cadillac Series 75]] limousine
|-
|[[Elpidio Quirino]]
| 1953 [[Chrysler Imperial#1949–1954|Chrysler Imperial]] Limousine
|-
| [[Ramon Magsaysay]] 
| 1955 [[Cadillac Series 70#1954–1956|Cadillac Series 75-23]]
|-
| [[Carlos P. Garcia]]
| ''No records, possibly same as Magsaysay''
|-
| [[Diosdado Macapagal]]
| 1957 [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] Sedan
|-
| [[Ferdinand Marcos]]
| 1980 [[Lincoln Continental Mark VI#Signature Series|Lincoln Continental Mark VI Signature Series]]<br>1981 [[Mercedes-Benz 600|Mercedes-Benz 600 Pullman Limousine (W100)]]
|-
| [[Corazon Aquino]]
| [[Mercedes-Benz W126|Mercedes-Benz 500SEL (W126)]]
|-
| [[Fidel V. Ramos]]
| [[Mercedes-Benz W126|Mercedes-Benz 500SEL Guard (W126)]]
|-
| [[Joseph Estrada]]
| [[Mercedes-Benz W140|Mercedes-Benz S600 (W140)]] 
|-
| [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]]
| [[BMW 7 Series (E38)|BMW 750iL High Security (E38)]]<br>[[Mercedes-Benz W140|Mercedes-Benz S600 (W140)]]<br>[[Mercedes-Benz W220|Mercedes-Benz S600 Guard (W220)]]<br>[[Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221)|Mercedes-Benz S600 (W221)]] 
|-
| [[Benigno Aquino III]]
| [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221)|Mercedes-Benz S600 (W221)]]<br>[[Toyota Land Cruiser]]<br>[[Lexus LX|Lexus LX570]]
|-
| [[Rodrigo Duterte]]
| [[Toyota Land Cruiser]]<br>[[Isuzu D-Max]]<br>[[Toyota Hilux]]<br>[[Chevrolet Colorado]]
|-
| [[Bongbong Marcos]]
|  [[Toyota Land Cruiser]]<br>[[Cadillac Escalade|Cadillac Escalade ESV]]<br>[[Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221)|Mercedes-Benz S600 (W221)]]<br>[[Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)|Mercedes-Benz Maybach S680 (W223)]]<br>[[Lincoln Continental#Tenth generation (2017–2020)|Lincoln Continental Coach Door Edition]]
|-
|}
{{col-break|gap=0.75em}}
{{col-end}}

The Office of the President has also owned various cars over the decades, including a 1937 [[Chrysler Airflow]] that served as the country's very first presidential limousine for [[Manuel L. Quezon]]. For regional trips, the president boards a [[Toyota Coaster]] or [[Mitsubishi Fuso Rosa]] or other vehicles owned by [[government-owned and controlled corporation]]s or government agencies. In this case, the [[Presidential Security Group|PSG]] escorts the president using local police cars with an ambulance at the tail of the convoy. Former president [[Benigno Aquino III]], preferred to use his personal vehicle, a [[Toyota Land Cruiser#200 Series|Toyota Land Cruiser 200]] or his relative's [[Lexus LX#2007–2010|Lexus LX 570]] over the black presidential limousines after their electronic mechanisms were damaged by floodwater. Malacañang had announced its interest to acquire a new presidential limousine.<ref>[http://ph.news.yahoo.com/palace-presidential-car-necessary-expense-142313621.html Palace: Presidential Car Necessary Expense – Yahoo News Philippines<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> His successor, [[Rodrigo Duterte]], utilized a white, bullet-proof armored [[Toyota Landcruiser]] as his official presidential vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laurel |first=Drei |date=June 30, 2022 |title=It looks like BBM is ending the trend of using Japanese SUVs as the presidential vehicle |url=https://www.topgear.com.ph/features/feature-articles/bbm-presidential-vehicle-a962-20220630 |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=Top Gear Philippines |language=en}}</ref>

===Security===

{{Main|Presidential Security Group}}

The Presidential Security Group (abbreviated PSG), is the lead agency tasked with providing security for the president, vice president, and their immediate families. They also provide protective service for visiting heads of state and diplomats.

Unlike similar groups around the world who protect other political figures, the PSG is not required to handle presidential candidates. However, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to a small security detail from the PSG. Currently, the PSG uses [[Toyota Fortuner]] SUVs as its primary security vehicles.

== List of presidents ==

{{Main|List of presidents of the Philippines}}
{{List of presidents of the Philippines timeline}}

== Post-presidency ==

[[File:Magsaysay and Garcia.jpg|thumb|left|Garcia (right) and [[Ramon Magsaysay|Magsaysay]] (left)]]
[[File:Ferdinand E. Marcos and Diosdado Macapagal at the Malacañan Palace Music Room.jpg|thumb|President-elect [[Ferdinand Marcos|Ferdinand E. Marcos]] is received by incumbent President Diosdado Macapagal at the Malacañan Palace Music Room, before both proceeded to the inaugural venue, December 30, 1965.]]
[[Image:Sen Primicias in Malacanang.jpg|thumb|left|At [[Malacañang Palace]], 1955. ''Clockwise, from top left:'' Senator [[Edmundo B. Cea|Edmundo Cea]], Former President [[Jose P. Laurel|Jose P. Laurel Sr.]], Senator [[Cipriano Primicias Sr.|Cipriano Primicias]], Senate President [[Eulogio Rodriguez|Eulogio A. Rodriguez Sr.]], President Ramon F. Magsaysay, & House Speaker [[Jose Laurel Jr.|Jose B. Laurel Jr.]]]]
[[File:Aguinaldo and Quezon in 1935.JPG|thumb|Presidents [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] and [[Manuel L. Quezon]] during the 1935 campaign.]]
[[File:Rodrigo Duterte and his predecessors (Ramos, Estrada, Arroyo and Aquino III).jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|right|From left: Presidents [[Joseph Estrada|Joseph Ejercito Estrada]], [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]], [[Rodrigo Duterte]], [[Fidel V. Ramos]], and [[Benigno S. Aquino III]]; photo taken before the start of a [[National Security Council (Philippines)|National Security Council]] meeting at the Malacañang Palace on July 27, 2016.]]

After leaving office, a number of presidents held various public positions and made an effort to remain in the limelight. Among other honors, except [[Ferdinand Marcos|Ferdinand Marcos Sr]], former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to seven soldiers as their security detail.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070307012756/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/feb/26/yehey/top_stories/20070226top2.html The Manila Times | TOP STORIES > Pullout of Erap security a 'mistake'<!-- Bot generated title -->] (archived from [http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/feb/26/yehey/top_stories/20070226top2.html the original] on March 7, 2007)</ref>
* [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] established the [[Association of Veterans of the Revolution]] and ran for the presidency of the Commonwealth, but lost to Manuel Quezon. After international recognition of Philippine independence, he became a councilor of state under President Quirino.<ref>[https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/6/76055]</ref>
* [[José P. Laurel]], who was the only president of the [[Second Philippine Republic]], was elected to the Senate in 1951 and would serve in the upper house until 1957, making him the country's first head of state to seek lower office following his presidency. During his tenure, the [[Nacionalista Party]] urged him to run for president in 1953. He declined, working instead for the successful election of [[Ramon Magsaysay]], who subsequently appointed Laurel to head a diplomatic mission that was tasked with negotiating trade and other issues with United States officials, resulting in the [[Laurel-Langley Agreement]]. Laurel was also the chairperson of the Economic Mission to the United States (1954) and the founder of [[Lyceum of the Philippines University]].<ref>[http://pangulo.ph/prexy_jpl.php] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325044038/http://pangulo.ph/prexy_jpl.php|date=March 25, 2008}}</ref><ref name="pangulo.ph">[http://pangulo.ph/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421035657/http://pangulo.ph/|date=April 21, 2008}}</ref>
* [[Sergio Osmeña]] became a member of the [[Philippine Council of State|Council of State]] under Roxas, Quirino, Magsaysay, and García. He was also a member of the [[National Security Council (Philippines)|National Security Council]] in the García administration.<ref name="pangulo.ph" /><ref>[http://pangulo.ph/prexy_sgo.php] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223192944/http://pangulo.ph/prexy_sgo.php|date=February 23, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Elpidio Quirino]] became a councilor of state under President Magsaysay.<ref>[http://pangulo.ph/prexy_eq.php] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307035213/http://pangulo.ph/prexy_eq.php|date=March 7, 2008}}</ref>
* [[Carlos P. Garcia]] was a delegate, later elected, president of the Constitutional Convention on June 1, 1971.<ref>[http://pangulo.ph/prexy_cpg.php] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418022404/http://pangulo.ph/prexy_cpg.php|date=April 18, 2008}}</ref>
* [[Diosdado Macapagal]] was also a delegate and then succeeded Carlos P. García as president of the 1971 Constitutional Convention. He also lectured in universities and was later a Councilor of State under presidents Aquino and Ramos.
* [[Corazon Aquino]] was a member of the [[National Security Council (Philippines)|National Security Council]] under Ramos, Estrada and Arroyo. She was also a member of the Council of State under President Arroyo.
* [[Fidel Ramos]] founded the Ramos Peace and Development Foundation. He was a senior advisor and member of the National Security Council under President Estrada. Ramos was a member of the Council of State and an [[Ambassador-at-Large]] under President Arroyo. He was later appointed as special envoy to China under President Duterte to open bilateral negotiations with China over the [[Territorial disputes in the South China Sea|disputes in the South China Sea]] but later resigned on November 1 following President Duterte's state visit to Beijing on October 16, 2016.
* [[Joseph Estrada]] returned to film in November 2009, starring in ''[[Ang Tanging Pamilya: A Marry Go Round]]'' as part of a promotional attempt to run for a second term as president in 2010 amid controversy on the legality of his intent (he was allowed to run anyway by the COMELEC since the Supreme Court never weighed in on the matter) with many questioning why such a constitutional violation was ever allowed. His release from prison in 2007 by his successor, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, restored his political privileges and allowed him to run again. Estrada eventually became a member of the National Security Council under Arroyo, Aquino III, Duterte and Marcos Jr.<ref>Amita O. Legaspi, [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/181294/estrada-to-return-to-malacantildeang-tuesday Estrada to return to Malacañang], January 11, 2007, GMANews.TV</ref><ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/story/181334/9-years-after-ouster-erap-back-in-malacantildeang 9 years after ouster, Erap back in Malacañang], January 12, 2010, GMANews.TV</ref><ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/video/53691/qtv-erap-back-in-malacaang-for-nsc-meeting QTV: Erap back in Malacañang for NSC meeting], December 1, 2010, GMANews.TV</ref> Following his loss to Aquino III in 2010, he ran against [[Alfredo Lim]] for the office of Mayor of [[Manila]] in 2013, and won. Estrada was mayor from 2013 to 2019, thus making him the third head of state to run for lower office following his presidency.
* [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] ran for and won a seat in the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines]] as the Representative for the [[Legislative districts of Pampanga#2nd District|2nd District of Pampanga]] in the 2010 elections and in the 2022 elections, making her the second head of state after Laurel to seek lower office following her presidency.<ref>Tonette Orejas, Charlene Cayabyab, [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/regions/view/20100513-269697/Arroyo-proclaimed-congresswoman-of-Pampangas-2nd-district Arroyo proclaimed congresswoman of Pampanga's 2nd district] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516033738/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/regions/view/20100513-269697/Arroyo-proclaimed-congresswoman-of-Pampangas-2nd-district |date=May 16, 2010 }}, May 13, 2010, Philippine Daily Inquirer</ref> Arroyo would later serve in major positions in the House of Representatives such as [[Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|Deputy Speaker]] within two consecutive terms (from 2016 to 2017, and another currently in 2022) and was later elected as [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]] on July 23, 2018, making her the first woman to hold that position.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/661471/gloria-takes-seat-at-house-rostrum-alvarez-welcomes-duterte/story/?just_in|title=NEW SPEAKER? Gloria takes seat at House rostrum, Alvarez welcomes Duterte|work=GMA News Online|access-date=July 23, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Benigno Aquino III]] became a councilor of state under President Duterte.
* [[Rodrigo Duterte]] was a member of the [[National Security Council (Philippines)|National Security Council]] under Marcos Jr.

==See also==

{{Portal|Philippines}}
* [[First ladies and gentlemen of the Philippines]]
* [[Spouse of the president of the Philippines]]
* [[Prime Minister of the Philippines]]
* [[Seal of the president of the Philippines]]
* [[Languages spoken by presidents of the Philippines]]
* [[List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines]]
* [[Vice President of the Philippines]]
** [[List of vice presidents of the Philippines]]
*[[Filipino styles and honorifics]]
*[[Heads of state and government of the Philippines]]
*[[List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the Philippines]]
*[[List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines]]
*[[List of recorded datu in the Philippines]]
*[[Governor-General of the Philippines]]
*[[Principalía]]
*[[Malacañang Palace]]
*"[[We Say Mabuhay]]"

==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=
<!-- {{efn|name=fn1|In July 2016, Rodrigo Duterte dropped the honorific title "Your Excellency" and "His Excellency" in all official communications, events, and materials. He prefers to be simply called "President Rodrigo Roa Duterte."<ref name="honorifics13" /><ref name="honorifics2">{{Cite web|date=July 21, 2016|title=Duterte order: Don't call me 'His Excellency'|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/duterte-order-no-more-his-excellency |access-date=August 24, 2021|website=[[Rappler]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="honorifics33" />}} -->
{{efn|name=fn2|As [[head of government]].}}
{{efn|name=fn3|The position was created by an independent revolutionary state, the "[[Malolos Republic]]", but was not recognized internationally. The [[Philippine government]] now recognizes the Malolos Republic as its predecessor state, which it also calls the [[First Philippine Republic]].}}
{{efn|name=fn4|From an international standpoint at that time, the [[First Philippine Republic]] never existed but rather, [[Restoration (Spain)|Spain]] ceded its [[Spanish East Indies]] to the [[United States|United States of America]] by the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] following the [[Spanish–American War]]. Therefore, the international community only recognizes the first Philippine presidency under the US-associated [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]].}}
{{efn|name=fn5|The [[Department of Budget and Management]] (DBM) has indicated on their website that the president's salary grade is the 33rd. The 33rd salary grade on COMELEC's website states 395,858 pesos.}}
{{efn|name=fn6|The four vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor's death or resignation and finished-out that unexpired term are: [[Sergio Osmeña]] (1944); [[Elpidio Quirino]] (1948); [[Carlos P. Garcia]] (1957); and [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] (2001).}}
}}

==References==

* [https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/gov/exec/ Official Gazette: The Executive Branch]{{PD-notice}}
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===

{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Borromeo
|first1=Soledad Masangkay
|last2=Borromeo-Buehler
|first2=Soledad
|title=The Cry of Balintawak: A contrived Controversy: A Textual Analysis with Appended Documents
|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press
|year=1998
|isbn=978-971-550-278-8
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Halili
|first1=Christine N
|last2=Halili
|first2=Maria Christine
|title=Philippine History
|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.
|year=2004
|isbn=978-971-23-3934-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC
}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==

{{commons category|Presidents of the Philippines}}
{{Wikisource|National constitutions of the Philippines}}
* [http://www.president.gov.ph/ Office of the President of the Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705235049/http://president.gov.ph/ |date=July 5, 2012 }}
* [http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/ The Presidential Museum and Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527002034/http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/ |date=May 27, 2016 }}
* [http://www.chanrobles.com/philsupremelaw1.htm 1987 Constitution of the Philippines]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4f-r0tBkmbg 'We Say Mabuhay' – The anthem of the president of the Philippines]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZ33LGEX4Hk 'March of the President of the Philippines' (unofficial title) – song played when the president is given military honors by the Armed Forces of the Philippines]

{{Philippine presidents}}
{{PhilPres}}
{{Office of the President of the Philippines}}
{{Southeast Asian leaders}}
{{Philippines topics}}

[[Category:Presidents of the Philippines|*]]
[[Category:Government of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]
[[Category:Heads of state in Asia]]
[[Category:Politics of the Philippines]]