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{{short description|Indian Hindustani writer (1880–1936)}}
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{{Infobox writer
| name             = Premchand
| honorific_prefix = [[Munshi]]
| image            = Photo of Premchand.webp
| birth_name       = Dhanpat Rai Srivastava
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=yes|1880|07|31}}
| birth_place      = [[Lamhi]], [[Benares State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=yes|1936|10|8|1880|07|31}}
| death_place      = [[Benares]], Benares State, British India (present-day [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh, India)
| pseudonym        = Premchand, Nawab Rai
| occupation       = Novelist, short story writer
| language         = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| nationality      = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| notableworks     = ''[[Godaan]]'', ''[[Bazaar-e-Husn]]'', ''[[Karmabhoomi]]'', ''[[Shatranj ke Khiladi]]'', ''[[Gaban (novel)|Gaban]]'', ''Mansarovar'', ''[[Idgah (short story)|Idgah]]''
| spouse           = Unknown ({{abbr|m.|married}}&nbsp;1895; divorced) {{marriage|Shivarani Devi|1906|1936|end=died}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Kuldeep|title=Not just Premchand's wife|date=6 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/not-just-premchands-wife/article30750280.ece |access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref>
| children         = [[Amrit Rai]]
| signature        = Hastakshar premchand.jpg
| years_active     = 1920–1936
}}
'''Dhanpat Rai Srivastava'''<ref name="firstbio">{{cite book |author1=Premchand |last2=Gopal |first2=Madan |title=My Life and Times, Premchand: An Autobiographical Narrative, Recreated from His Works |year=2006 |place=New Delhi |publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books|page=1|isbn=978-81-7436-432-6|quote=I was called Dhanpat Rai.}}</ref> (31 July 1880&nbsp;– 8 October 1936), better known as '''Munshi Premchand''' based on his [[pen name]] '''Premchand'''<ref name="sov">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Balin |first=V. I.|title=Premchand |url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Premchand |encyclopedia=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] |edition=3rd |via=The Free Dictionary |year=1979|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Premchand {{!}} Indian author |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Premchand |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=27 July 2021|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> ({{IPA|hns|preːm t͡ʃənd̪|pron|Premchand.ogg}}), was an Indian writer famous for his modern [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] literature.

Premchand was a pioneer of [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] social fiction. He was one of the first authors to write about caste hierarchies and the plight of women and labourers of the late 1880s.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=August 11, 2016 |title=Premchand, the man who wrote on women's plights and caste hierarchy ahead of its time|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/munshi-premchand-birth-anniversary-839029-2016-10-08|access-date=25 November 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> He is one of the most celebrated writers of the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name="MichaelArbolina2008">{{cite book | editor-last1=Sollars |editor-first1=Michael D. |editor-last2=Jennings |editor-first2=Arbolina Llamas |title=The Facts on File Companion to the World Novel: 1900 to the Present |year=2008 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6233-1 | pages=631–633}}</ref> and is regarded as one of the foremost Hindi writers of the early twentieth century.<ref name="swan">{{cite book |last=Swan|first=Robert O. |year=1969|title=Munshi Premchand of nami Village |publisher=Duke University Press}}</ref> His works include ''[[Godaan]]'', ''[[Karmabhoomi]]'', ''[[Gaban (novel)|Gaban]]'', ''{{Interlanguage link|Mansarovar (book)|lt=Mansarovar|hi|मानसरोवर_(कथा_संग्रह)}}'', and ''[[Idgah (short story)|Idgah]]''. He published his first collection of five short stories in 1907 in a book called ''Soz-e-Watan'' (Sorrow of the Nation).

His works include more than a dozen novels, around 300 short stories, several essays and translations of a number of Indian and foreign literary works into Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munshi Premchand Death Anniversary: 5 Books By The 'Upanyas Samrat' That You Simply Cannot Miss |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/munshi-premchand-death-anniversary-5-books-by-the-upanyas-samrat-that-you-simply-cannot-miss |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==

===Early life===

Premchand was born on 31 July 1880 in [[Lamhi]], a village located near [[Banaras]], and was named Dhanpat Rai ("master of wealth"). His ancestors came from a large [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha]] family, which owned eight to nine [[bigha]]s of land.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1998|p=7}}</ref> His grandfather, Guru Sahai Rai, was a [[patwari]] (village land record-keeper), and his father, Ajaib Lal, was a post office clerk. His mother was Anandi Devi of Karauni village, who probably was also his inspiration for the character Anandi in his "Bade Ghar Ki Beti".<ref>{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 7 }}</ref> Dhanpat Rai was the fourth child of Ajaib Lal and Anandi; the first two were girls who died as infants, and the third one was a girl named sama.<ref name="Sigi 2006 15">{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 15}}</ref> His uncle, Mahabir, a rich landowner, nicknamed him "[[Nawab]]", meaning baron. "Nawab Rai" was the first pen name chosen by Dhanpat Rai.<ref name=amrit>{{cite book|last=Rai|first=Amrit |author-link=Amrit Rai |year=1982|title=Premchand: A Life|translator-last=Trivedi|translator-first=Harish |place=New Delhi|publisher=People's Publishing House}}</ref>

[[File:Lamhi, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|right|Munshi Premchand Memorial Gate, Lamhi, Varanasi]]

When he was seven years old, Dhanpat Rai began his education at a [[madrasa]] in Lalpur, [[Varanasi]], located near Lamhi.<ref name=" Sigi 2006 15"/> He learned Urdu and [[Persian language|Persian]] from a [[maulvi]] in the madrasa. When he was 8, his mother died after a long illness. His grandmother, who was responsible for raising him, died soon after.<ref name="pib_2001_great">{{cite web | url = http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fjul2001/f190720011.html | title = Munshi Premchand: The Great Novelist | access-date = 13 January 2012 | publisher = Press Information Bureau, Government of India | archive-date = 28 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120228022503/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fjul2001/f190720011.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>  Munshi Premchand felt isolated, as his elder sister Suggi had already been married, and his father was always busy with work. His father, who was now posted at [[Gorakhpur]], remarried, but Premchand received little affection from his stepmother. The [[stepmother]] later became a recurring theme in Premchand's works.<ref name="Gupta_1998_10">{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 10 }}</ref>

As a child, Dhanpat Rai sought solace in [[fiction]] and developed a fascination for books. He heard the stories of the Persian-language fantasy epic ''Tilism-e-Hoshruba'' at a [[tobacconist]]'s shop. He took the job of selling books for a book wholesaler, thus getting the opportunity to read a lot of books.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 16}}</ref> He learnt English at a missionary school and studied several works of fiction, including [[George W. M. Reynolds]]'s eight-volume ''[[The Mysteries of the Court of London]]''.<ref name="Gupta_1998_10"/> He composed his first literary work at [[Gorakhpur]], which was never published and is now lost. It was a farce on a bachelor who falls in love with a low caste woman. The character was based on Premchand's uncle, who used to scold him for being obsessed with reading fiction; the farce was probably written as revenge for this.<ref name="Gupta_1998_10"/>

After his father was posted to [[Zamania]] in the mid-1890s, Dhanpat Rai enrolled at the [[Queen's College Varanasi|Queen's College]] at [[Banaras]] as a [[day scholar]].<ref name="Gupta_1998_11">{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 11 }}</ref><ref name="Sigi_2006_17">{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 17}}</ref> In 1895, he was married at the age of 15, while still studying in the ninth grade. The match was [[arranged marriage|arranged]] by his maternal step-grandfather. The girl was from a rich landlord family and was older than Premchand, who found her quarrelsome and not good-looking.<ref name="Gupta_1998_11"/><ref name="Sigi_2006_17"/>

His father died in 1897 after a long illness. He managed to pass the [[matriculation exam]] with second division (below 60% marks). However, only the students with the first division were given fee concessions at the Queen's College. He then sought admission at the [[Central Hindu School]] but was unsuccessful because of his poor arithmetic skills.<ref name = "Gupta_1998_12">{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 12 }}</ref> Thus, he had to discontinue his studies. He then obtained an assignment to coach an advocate's son in Banaras at a monthly salary of five rupees. He used to reside in a mud cell over the advocate's stables and used to send 60% of his salary back home.<ref name=" Gupta_1998_12"/> Premchand read a lot during these days. After racking up several debts, in 1899, he went to a bookshop to sell one of his collected books. There, he met the headmaster of a missionary school at [[Chunar]], who offered him a job as a teacher at a monthly salary of {{₹|18}}.<ref name=" Gupta_1998_12"/> He also took up the job of tutoring a student at a monthly fee of {{₹|5}}.

In 1900, Premchand secured a job as an assistant teacher at the Government District School, [[Bahraich]], at a monthly salary of {{₹|20}}. Three months later, he was transferred to the District School in [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], where he stayed in an administrator's bungalow and tutored his son.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 20 }}</ref>

His first short novel was ''Asrar-e-Ma'abid'' ("Secrets of God's abode", ''Devasthan Rahasya'' in Hindi), which explores corruption among the [[mahant|temple priests]] and their sexual exploitation of poor women. The novel was published in a series in the Banaras-based Urdu weekly ''Awaz-e-Khalq'' from 8 October 1903 to February 1905.<ref name="Gupta_1998_13">{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 13 }}</ref> Literary critic Siegfried Schulz states that "his inexperience is quite evident in his first novel", which is not well-organized, lacks a good plot and features stereotyped characters.<ref>{{Harvnb | Schulz | 1981 | p = 16}}</ref> [[P. C. Gupta|Prakash Chandra Gupta]] calls it an "immature work", which shows a tendency to "see life only in black or white".<ref name="Gupta_1998_13"/>

=== Stay at Kanpur ===
From Pratapgarh, Dhanpat Rai was relocated to [[Allahabad]] for training and subsequently posted at Kanpur in 1905. He stayed in Kanpur for around four years, from May 1905 to June 1909. There, he met [[Daya Narain Nigam|Munshi Daya Narain Nigam]], the editor of the Urdu magazine ''[[Zamana (magazine)|Zamana]]'', in which he later published several articles and stories.<ref name="Gupta_1998_13"/>

Premchand visited his village, Lamhi, during the summer vacation but did not find the stay enjoyable because of a number of reasons. He did not find the weather or the atmosphere conducive to writing. Moreover, he faced domestic trouble due to quarrels between his wife and his step-mother. Premchand angrily scolded his wife after she unsuccessfully tried to commit suicide by hanging. Dismayed, she went to her father's house, and Premchand displayed no interest in bringing her back.<ref>{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 14 }}</ref> In 1906, Premchand married a child widow, Shivarani Devi, who was the daughter of a landlord from a village near [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]].<ref name="Gupta 1998 17">{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2UnQES-79gC|access-date=17 May 2019|year=1984|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|pages=68–69}}</ref> The step was considered to be revolutionary at that time, and Premchand faced a lot of social opposition. After his death, Shivarani Devi wrote a book on him, titled ''Premchand Ghar Mein'' ("Premchand at Home").

In 1905, inspired by nationalist activism, Premchand published an article on the Indian National Congress leader [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] in ''Zamana''. He criticised Gokhale's methods for achieving political freedom and instead recommended adoption of more extremist measures adopted by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]].<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 24 }}</ref> Premchand's first published story was "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" ("The Most Precious Jewel in the World"), which appeared in ''Zamana'' in 1907.<ref name="Giriraj2001">{{cite book | last=Agarwal |first=Girirajsharan | title=Premchand: Karam Bhoomi (Abhyas Pustika) | year = 2001 | publisher=Diamond | isbn=978-81-7182-328-4 | language = hi | pages = 5–9 }}</ref> According to this story, the most precious 'jewel' was the last drop of blood necessary to attain independence.<ref name="Sigi_2006_25">{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 25 }}</ref> Many of Premchand's early short stories had patriotic overtones, influenced by the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="pib_2001_great"/>

Premchand's second short novel ''Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab'' (''Prema'' in Hindi), published in 1907, was penned under the name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi". It explores the issue of [[widow remarriage]] in the contemporary conservative society: the protagonist, Amrit Rai, overcomes social opposition to marrying the young widow, Poorna, giving up his rich and beautiful fiancée Prema. According to Prakash Chandra Gupta, "While containing seeds of his future greatness in many ways, the novel is still youthful and lacks the discipline which full maturity brings".<ref name="Gupta_1998_13"/>

In 1907, another of Premchand's short novels, ''Kishna'' was published by the [[Medical Hall Press]] of Banaras. This 142-page work, which satirises women's fondness for jewellery, is now lost.<ref name="Gupta_1998_13"/> Literary critic Nobat Rai criticised the work in ''Zamana'', calling it a mockery of the women's conditions.<ref name="Sigi_2006_26">{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 26 }}</ref>

During April–August 1907, Premchand's novel ''Roothi Rani'' was published in [[serial (literature)|serial form]] in ''Zamana''.<ref name="Sigi_2006_26"/> Also in 1907, the publishers of ''Zamana'' published Premchand's first short story collection, titled ''Soz-e-Watan''. The collection, which was later banned, contained four stories that sought to inspire the Indians in their struggle for political freedom.<ref name="Mohan2006">{{cite book|last=Lal |first=Mohan | title=[[Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature]]: Sasay to Zorgot |volume=5 | year = 2006 | publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] | isbn=978-81-260-1221-3 | page=4149}}</ref>

==== Adoption of the name Premchand ====
In 1909, Premchand was transferred to [[Mahoba]] and later posted to [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]] as the Sub-deputy Inspector of Schools.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 27 }}</ref> Around this time, ''Soz-e-Watan'' was noticed by British Government officials, who banned it as a seditious work. James Samuel Stevenson, the British [[District magistrate|collector]] of [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur district]] ordered a raid on Premchand's house, where around five hundred copies of ''Soz-e-Watan'' were burnt.<ref name="SahniPaliwal1980">{{cite book | last1=Sahni |first1=Bhisham |author-link1=Bhisham Sahni|last2=Paliwal |first2=Om Prakash | title=Prem Chand: A Tribute | year=1980 | publisher=Premchand Centenary Celebrations Committee }}</ref> After this, Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor of the Urdu magazine ''Zamana'', who had published Dhanpat Rai's first story "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" advised the pseudonym "Premchand". Dhanpat Rai stopped using the name "Nawab Rai" and became Premchand.

Premchand was often referred to as Munshi Premchand. The fact is, he, along with Kanhaiyalal Munshi, edited the magazine Hans. The credit line read "Munshi, Premchand". He thenceforth began being called Munshi Premchand.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} In 1914, Premchand started writing in Hindi ([[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] are considered different [[register (sociolinguistics)|registers]] of a single language [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], with Hindi drawing much of its vocabulary from [[Sanskrit]] and Urdu being more influenced by [[Persian language|Persian]]). By this time, he was already reputed as a fiction writer in Urdu.<ref name="pib_2001_great"/> [[Sumit Sarkar]] notes that the switch was prompted by the difficulty of finding publishers in Urdu.<ref name="Sarkar1983">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit |author-link=Sumit Sarkar|title=Modern India, 1885–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1uBQgAACAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-90425-1|pages=85–86}}</ref> His first Hindi story "Saut" was published in the magazine ''[[Saraswati (magazine)|Saraswati]]'' in December 1915, and his first short story collection ''Sapta Saroj'' was published in June 1917.

=== Gorakhpur ===
[[File:Shilalekh.jpg|thumb|right|A plaque commemorating Munshi Premchand at the hut where he resided in [[Gorakhpur]] from 1916 to 1921.]]
In August 1916, Premchand was transferred to Gorakhpur on a promotion. He became the Assistant Master at the Normal High School, [[Gorakhpur]].<ref name="Madan1964">{{cite book | last=Gopal |first=Madan | title=Munshi Premchand: A Literary Biography | year=1964 | publisher=Asia Pub. House | pages = 114–117 }}</ref>

At Gorakhpur, he developed a friendship with the bookseller Buddhi Lal, who allowed him to borrow novels for reading in exchange for selling exam cram books at the school.<ref name="Gupta_1998_10"/> Premchand was an enthusiastic reader of classics in other languages and translated several of these works into Hindi.

By 1919, Premchand had published four novels of about a hundred pages each. In 1919, Premchand's first major novel ''[[Bazaar-e-Husn|Seva Sadan]]'' was published in Hindi. The novel was originally written in Urdu under the title ''Bazaar-e-Husn'' but was published in Hindi first by a [[Calcutta]]-based publisher, who offered Premchand {{₹|450}} for his work. The Urdu Publisher of [[Lahore]] published the novel later in 1924, paying Premchand {{₹|250}}.<ref>{{cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Harish |title=The power of Premchand (Literary Review of The Oxford India Premchand) |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 May 2004 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lr/2004/05/02/stories/2004050200280400.htm }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The novel tells the story of an unhappy housewife, who first becomes a courtesan, and then manages an orphanage for the young daughters of the courtesans. It was well received by the critics and helped Premchand gain wider recognition.

In 1919, Premchand obtained a BA degree from [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]].<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 12}}</ref> By 1921, he had been promoted to Deputy Inspectors of Schools. On 8 February 1921, he attended a meeting in Gorakhpur, where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] asked people to resign from government jobs as part of the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]]. Premchand, although physically unwell and with two kids and a pregnant wife to support, thought about it for five days and decided, with the consent of his wife, to resign from his government job.

=== Back to Banaras ===
After quitting his job, Premchand left Gorakhpur for Banaras on 18 March 1921 and decided to focus on his literary career. Till his death in 1936, he faced severe financial difficulties and chronic ill health.<ref name="DavidRubin1994"/>

In 1923, he established a printing press and publishing house in Banaras, christened "Saraswati Press".<ref name="MichaelArbolina2008"/> The year 1924 saw the publication of Premchand's ''[[Rangbhoomi]]'', which has a blind beggar called Surdas as its tragic hero. Schulz mentions that in ''Rangbhoomi'', Premchand comes across as a "superb social chronicler", and although the novel contains some "structural flaws" and "too many authorial explanations", it shows a "marked progress" in Premchand's writing style.<ref>{{Harvnb | Schulz | 1981 | p = 17}}</ref> According to Schulz, it was in ''Nirmala'' (1925) and ''Pratigya'' (1927) that Premchand found his way to "a balanced, realistic level" that surpasses his earlier works and manages to "hold his readers in tutelage".<ref>{{Harvnb | Schulz | 1981 | p = 18}}</ref> ''Nirmala'', a novel dealing with the [[dowry system in India]], was first serialised in the magazine ''Chand'' between November 1925 and November 1926, before being published as a novel.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1998|p=35}}</ref> ''Pratigya'' ("The Vow") dealt with the subject of widow remarriage.

In 1928, Premchand's novel ''[[Gaban (novel)|Gaban]]'' ("Embezzlement"), focusing on the middle class' greed, was published. In March 1930, Premchand launched a literary-political weekly magazine titled ''Hans'', aimed at inspiring the Indians to mobilise against the British rule.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 53 }}</ref> The magazine, noted for its politically provocative views, failed to make a profit. Premchand then took over and edited another magazine called ''Jagaran,'' which, too, ran at a loss.<ref name="Sigi_2006_75">{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 75 }}</ref>

In 1931, Premchand moved to Kanpur as a teacher at the Marwari College but had to leave because of differences with the college administration.<ref name="Giriraj2001"/> He then returned to Banaras and became the editor of the ''Maryada'' magazine. In 1932, he published another novel titled ''[[Karmabhoomi]]''. He briefly served as the headmaster of the Kashi Vidyapeeth, a local school. After the school's closure, he became the editor of the ''Madhuri'' magazine in [[Lucknow]].<ref name="Giriraj2001"/>

=== Bombay ===
Premchand arrived in [[Bombay]] on 31 May 1934 to try his luck in the [[Hindi film industry]]. He had accepted a script writing job for the production house Ajanta Cinetone, hoping that the yearly salary of {{₹|8000}} would help him overcome his financial troubles. He stayed in [[Dadar]], and wrote the script for the film ''Mazdoor'' ("The Labourer"). The film, directed by Mohan Bhawnani, depicted the poor conditions of the labour class. Premchand himself did a [[cameo appearance|cameo]] as the leader of labourers in the film. Some influential businessmen managed to get a stay on its release in Bombay. The film was released in Lahore and Delhi but was banned again after it inspired the mill workers to stand up against the owners.<ref name="Sigi_2006_75"/>

Ironically, the film inspired the workers of his own loss-making press in [[Banaras]] to launch a strike after they were not paid their salaries.<ref name="Sigi_2006_75"/> By 1934–35, Premchand's Saraswati Press was under a heavy debt of {{₹|400}}, and Premchand was forced to discontinue the publication of ''Jagaran''. Meanwhile, Premchand was beginning to dislike the non-literary commercial environment of the Bombay film industry, and wanted to return to Banaras. However, he had signed a one-year contract with the production house. He ultimately left Bombay on 4 April 1935, before the completion of one year.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 77 }}</ref> [[Himanshu Rai|Himanshu Roy]], the founder of [[Bombay Talkies]], tried to convince Premchand to stay back but failed.

=== Last days ===
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}
After leaving Bombay, Premchand wanted to settle in [[Allahabad]], where his sons Sripat Rai and Amrit Kumar Rai were studying. He also planned to publish ''Hans'' from there. However, owing to his financial situation and ill health, he had to hand over ''Hans'' to the Indian Literary Counsel and move to Banaras.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 76 }}</ref>

Premchand was elected as the first President   of the [[Progressive Writers' Association]] in Lucknow in 1936.<ref name="MichaelArbolina2008"/><ref name=FLDEC2011>{{cite magazine|last=Mahaprashasta |first=Ajoy Ashirwad|title=Writers for change|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2826/stories/20111230282608900.htm|access-date=8 January 2013|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|volume=28|issue=26 |date=30 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110202606/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2826/stories/20111230282608900.htm|archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref> He died on 8 October 1936, after several days of sickness and while still in office.

''[[Godaan]]'' (''The Gift of a Cow'', 1936), Premchand's last completed work, is generally accepted as his best novel and is considered one of the finest Hindi novels.<ref>{{cite web|last=Deepak|first=Sunil|url=http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/indian_writers/phanishwarnath_renu.htm|title=Phanishwar Nath Renu|website=Kalpana.it|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=13 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313043341/http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/indian_writers/phanishwarnath_renu.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The protagonist, Hori, a poor peasant, desperately longs for a cow, a symbol of wealth and prestige in rural India. According to Siegfried Schulz, "''Godān'' is a well-structured and well-balanced novel which amply fulfils the literary requirements postulated by Western literary standards."<ref>{{Harvnb | Schulz | 1981 | pp = 39–40}}</ref> Unlike other contemporary renowned authors such as [[Rabindranath Tagore]], Premchand was not appreciated much outside India. Schulz believes that the reason for this was the absence of good translations of his work. Also, unlike Tagore and [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal]], Premchand never travelled outside India, studied abroad or mingled with renowned foreign literary figures.<ref>{{Harvnb | Schulz | 1981 | p = 41}}</ref>

In 1936, Premchand also published "Kafan" ("[[Shroud]]"), in which a poor man collects money for the funeral rites of his dead wife but spends it on food and drink. Premchand's last published story was "Cricket Match", which appeared in ''Zamana'' in 1938, after his death.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 87 }}</ref>

== Style and influences ==
[[File:Munshi Premchand half bust statue.jpg|thumb|Bust of Premchand in [[Lamhi]]]]
Premchand is considered the first Hindi author whose writings prominently featured [[literary realism|realism]].<ref name="pib_2001_great"/> His novels describe the problems of the poor and the urban middle-class.<ref name="pib_2001_great"/> His works depict a rationalistic outlook, which views religious values as something that allows the powerful hypocrites to exploit the weak.<ref name="DavidRubin1994"/> He used literature for the purpose of arousing public awareness about national and social issues and often wrote about topics related to [[corruption]], child widowhood, [[prostitution]], [[feudal system]], [[poverty]], [[colonialism]] and on the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India Heritage:Creative Arts:Literature {{!}} Premchand|url=http://indiaheritage.org/creative/litra/p_chand.htm|website=India Heritage: A Living Portrait of India|access-date=8 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516183153/http://indiaheritage.org/creative/litra/p_chand.htm|archive-date=16 May 2006}}</ref>

Premchand started taking an interest in political affairs while at Kanpur during the late 1900s, and this is reflected in his early works, which have patriotic overtones. His political thoughts were initially influenced by the moderate Indian National Congress leader [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], but later, he moved towards the more extremist [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]].<ref name="Gupta 1998 17"/> He considered the [[Minto–Morley Reforms]] and the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] as inadequate, and supported greater political freedom.<ref name="Gupta 1998 17"/> Several of his early works, such as ''A Little Trick'' and ''A Moral Victory'', satirised the Indians who cooperated with the British Government. He did not specifically mention the British in some of his stories because of strong government censorship but disguised his opposition in settings from the medieval era and foreign history.<ref name="DavidRubin1994"/> He was also influenced by the teachings of [[Swami Vivekananda]].<ref name="Sigi_2006_25"/>

In the 1920s, he was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's non-cooperation movement and the accompanying struggle for social reform. During this period, his works dealt with social issues such as poverty, [[zamindar]]i exploitation (''Premashram'', 1922), dowry system (''Nirmala'', 1925), educational reform and political oppression (''Karmabhoomi'', 1931).<ref name="DavidRubin1994"/> Premchand was focused on the economic liberalisation of the peasantry and the working class and opposed rapid industrialisation, which he felt would hurt the interests of the peasants and lead to the oppression of the workers.<ref>{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 6 }}</ref> This can be seen in works like ''Rangbhoomi'' (1924).

Premchand's influence on Indian literature cannot be overstated. As the late scholar [[David Rubin (writer)|David Rubin]] wrote in ''The World of Premchand'' (1969), "To Premchand belongs the distinction of creating the genre of the serious short story—and the serious novel as well—in both Hindi and Urdu. Virtually single-handed, he lifted fiction in these languages from a quagmire of aimless romantic chronicles to a high level of realistic narrative comparable to European fiction of the time; and in both languages, he has, in addition, remained an unsurpassed master."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rubin|first=David|year=1969|chapter=Introduction|title=The World of Premchand: Selected Stories of Premchand|series=UNESCO Asian Fiction Series: India |volume=3|place=Bloomington; London |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldofpremchand0000unse_p0o9/page/n15/mode/2up 13]|isbn=0-253-19500-4}}</ref>

In his last days, he focused on village life as a stage for complex drama, as seen in the novel ''Godaan'' (1936) and the short-story collection ''Kafan'' (1936).<ref name="DavidRubin1994"/> Premchand believed that [[social realism]] was the way for [[Hindi literature]], as opposed to the "feminine quality", tenderness and emotion of the contemporary [[Bengali literature]].<ref name="Sheldon2003"/>

== Legacy ==
Premchand was commemorated with the issue of a special 30-paise postage stamp by [[India Post]] on 31 July 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sinha|first=Er. Aniruddha |url=https://www.istampgallery.com/prem-chand/|title = Prem Chand|date = 14 June 2016|website=iStampGallery.Com |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref>

Premchand's ancestral house in [[Lamhi]] is being restored by the state government.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Monalisa |date=29 August 2015|title=How a Bengaluru professor and his students got the UP government to save Premchand's house|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-bengaluru-professor-and-his-students-got-government-save-premchands-house-33784|access-date=12 July 2021|website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> An institute has also been set up in Lamhi to study his work.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kapoor|first=Punkhuri|date=1 August 2016|title=Munshi Premchand Memorial Research Institute inaugurated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/munshi-premchand-memorial-research-institute-inaugurated/articleshow/53487193.cms|access-date=13 July 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Times News Network}}</ref> The [[Munshi Premchand Mahavidyalaya]] in [[Siliguri]] has been named after him.

An Archive Centre in the name of Munshi Premchand has been established at the Central University [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History - Jamia |url=https://jmi.ac.in/Jamias-Premchand-Archives-&-Literary-Centre/A-Brief-History |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=jmi.ac.in}}</ref> It came to store the legacy of Premchand's writings as his famous story 'Kafan' was written by him in Jamia itself and it was first published in '''Jamia ''<nowiki/>'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Vivek |date=2020-07-31 |title=Remembering Munshi Munshi Premchand on his 140th birth anniversary: The Jamia connection |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/remembering-munshi-premchand-on-his-140th-birth-anniversary-the-jamia-connection |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

On 31 July 2016, [[Google]] showed a [[Google Doodle]] in honouring the 136th birthday of Munshi Premchand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Google doodle celebrates Munshi Premchand's Birth anniversary |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 July 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/Google-doodle-celebrates-Munshi-Premchand%E2%80%99s-Birth-anniversary/article14518405.ece |access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref>

== List of works ==
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2012}}
Premchand wrote over three hundred short stories and fourteen novels, many essays and letters, plays and translations.<ref>{{cite book |translator-last=Lal|translator-first=Anupa |year=2008|orig-year=1995 |title=The Premchand Reader, Selected Stories 1 |publisher=Ratna Sagar |isbn=978-81-7070-213-9}}</ref> Many of Premchand's works were translated into English and Russian after his death.

=== Novels ===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! Hindi title
! Urdu title
!English title
! Publisher
! Date
! Length (pages)
! Description
|-
| ''Devasthan Rahasya''
| ''Asrar-e-Ma'abid''
|''The Mystery of God's Abode''
| ''Awaz-e-Khalk'' (serial form)
| 8 October 1903 – February 1905
|116
|
|-
| ''[[Prema (novel)|Prema]]''
| ''Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab''
|
| Indian Press/Hindustan Publishing House
| 1907
|
| Amrit Rai overcomes social opposition to marrying the young widow, Poorna, giving up his rich and beautiful fiancé Prema. (Penned under the name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi").
|-
| ''Kishna''
| 
|
| Medical Hall Press, Banaras
| 1907
| 142
| Now lost; satirises women's fondness for jewellery.
|-
| ''Roothi Rani''
| 
|
| ''Zamana'' (serial form)
| April–August 1907
|
|
|-
| 
| ''Soz-e-Watan''
|
| Publishers of ''Zamana''
| 1907, 1909
|
| Banned by the British Government in 1909.
|-
| ''[[Vardan (novel)|Vardaan]]''
| ''Jalwa-e-Isar''
|''Boon''
| Granth Bhandar and Dhanju
| 1912
| 128
| About Pratap Chandra and Brij Rani, two childhood neighbours who like each other. Brij marries another man and becomes a famous poet after being widowed. Her friend Madhvi starts liking Pratap after hearing about him from Brij. Pratap becomes a sadhu, and Madhvi becomes his devotee.
|-
| ''[[Bazaar-e-Husn|Seva Sadan]]''
| ''Bazaar-e-Husn''
|
| Calcutta Pustak Agency (Hindi)
| 1919 (Hindi), 1924 (Urdu)
| 280
| An unhappy housewife first becomes a courtesan and then manages an orphanage for the young daughters of the courtesans.
|-
| ''Premashram''
| ''Gosha-e-Afiyat''
|
|
| 1922
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rangbhoomi]]''
| ''Chaugan-e-Hasti''
|''Playground''
| Darul Ishaat (Urdu, 1935)
| 1924
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nirmala (novel)|Nirmala]]''
| ''Nirmala''
|''The Second Wife''
| Idaara-e-Furoogh-Urdu
| 1925
| 156
| About the dowry system in India (serialised in the magazine ''Chand'' between November 1921 and November 1926, before being published as a novel).
|-
| ''Kaayakalp''
| ''Parda-i-Majaz''
|
| Lajpat Rai & Sons, Lahore (Urdu)
| 1926 (Hindi), 1934 (Urdu)
| 440
|
|-
| ''[[Pratigya (novel)|Pratigya]]''
| ''Bewa''
|
|
| 1927
|
| Deals with widow remarriage.
|-
| ''[[Gaban (novel)|Gaban]]''
| ''Ghaban''
|
| Saraswati Press, Banaras; Lajpatrai & Sons, [[Urdu Bazaar (Delhi)|Urdu Bazaar]]
| 1931
| 248
|Gaban is a novel that portrays the moral decline of Ramanath, a hero who succumbs to the temptation of embezzlement. The novel highlights themes of greed, morality, and societal expectations.
|-
| ''[[Karmabhoomi]]''
| ''Maidan-e-Amal''
|
| Maktaba Jamia, Delhi
| 1932
| 340
|Set in 1930, this masterpiece by Premchand talks about the unity of Hindus and Muslim and their exploitation by the British which eventually resulted in partition much later.
|-
| ''Manorama''
|
|
| 1934
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Godaan]]''
|
|''The Gift of a Cow''
| Saraswati Press
| 1936
| 344
| Themed around the socio-economic deprivation as well as the exploitation of the village poor.
|-
| ''Alankar''
|
|
| Unknown
|
|
|
|-
| ''Mangalsootra'' (incomplete)
|
|
| Hindustan Publishing House
| 1936
|
| Premchand completed only the first four chapters (around 70 pages) of this novel.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcQhAAAAMAAJ |title=Premchand, His Life and Work |last=Naravane |first=Vishwanath S. |publisher=Vikas |year=1980 |page=190 |isbn=978-0-7069-1091-9 }}</ref>
|}

=== Short stories ===
Several of Premchand's stories have been published in a number of collections, including the 8-volume ''[[Mansarovar book|Mansarovar]]'' (1900–1936). Some of his stories include:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title
! Publisher
! Date
! Description

|-
|"Jihad" (Hindi)
| premchand's story collection "Mansarovar" part-7 story#14 173-180<ref name="मानसरोवर भाग-7: Mansarovar Part 7(Premchand short stories)">{{cite book | title=Mansrovar - Part 7  |url=https://www.amazon.in/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97-7-Mansarovar-Premchand-Stories-ebook/dp/B07JJJ8T4W | access-date= | year=2018 | publisher=Amazon | asin=B07JJJ8T4W | page = 173}}</ref>
|
| A story on how extremist education destroys the harmony of society. A vivid description by Premchand of social issues in the 1920s
|-
|"Lekhak" (Hindi)
"Adeeb ki Izat" (Urdu)
|
|
| A story of a writer who wanted respect and recognition for his work but later realised that he is a candle that will have to burn, giving light to others.
|-
| "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan"
| ''Zamana''
| 1907
| The title means "The Most Precious Jewel in the World", which, according to the story, is the drop of the blood necessary for the nation's independence.
|-
| "Bade Bhai Sahab"
| ''Zamana''
| 1910 (December)
| A story of two brothers, their conflict, resolution and understanding.
|-
| "Beti ka Dhan"
| ''Zamana''
| 1915 (November)
|It is the story about Sukkhu Chaudhri, a farmer who was helped by his daughter, Gangajali, by selling her jewellery to help her father pay his debts.
|-
| "Saut"
| ''Sarasvati'' (Vol. 16, Part 2, No. 6, 353–359)
| 1915 (December)
| The title means "Co-Wife".
|-
| "Sajjanata ka Dand"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1916 (March)
| The title means "The Penalty for Integrity".
|-
| [https://www.dainiksahitya.com/2021/07/blog-post_92.html "Panch Parameshvar"]
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1916 (June)
| A friendship is marred when one friend delivers a verdict against the other. The story narrates how they reunite as friends.
|-
| "Ishwariya Nyaya"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1917 (July)
| The title means "The Divine Law".
|-
| "Beton Wali Vidhwa"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1920 (July)
|
|-
| "Durga ka Mandir"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1917 (December)
| The title means "The Temple of [[Durga]]".
|-
| "Maa"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1921 (November)
|The title means "[[Mother]]".
|-
| "Ghar Jamai"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1933 (June)
|
|-
| "Dhikkar"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1925 (May)
|
|-
| "Dil ki Rani"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1926 (December)
|The title means "The Queen Of The Heart"
|-
| "Gulli Danda"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1925 (May)
|Gulli Danda was a very popular sport in rural India; it was played with a stick and a smaller 'puck' of stick', somewhat similar to cricket.
The story is about a man who goes back to his village and tries to play Gulli Danda with his old friends. However, the disparity between their economic and social status does not allow a fair game.
|-
| "Updesh"
|
| 1917
|
|-
| "Meri Pahli Rachna"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1930 (May)
|
|-
| "Lanchan"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1929 (May)
|
|-
| "Manovratti"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1932 (May)
|The title means "Attitude". In the story, various people misjudge the intentions of a young woman lying in the park. The end reveals their attitudes and prejudices had completely failed them.
|-
| "Balidan"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1918 (May)
| The title means "Sacrifice".
|-
| "Putra Prem"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1920 (July)
| The title means "Love of a Son".
|-
| "[[Boodhi Kaki]]"
| ''Hans''
| 1921
| The title means "The Old Aunt". A story of an old woman who craves love from her family.
|-
| "Pariksha"
| ''Chand''
| 1923 (January)
| The title means "The Test". Its background is the Nadir Shah's invasion and sack of Delhi.
|-
| "[[Shatranj ke Khiladi]]" (Hindi)<br/>"Shatranj ki Bazi" (Urdu)
| ''Madhuri''
| October 1924
| Two aristocrats—Mirza Sajjad Ali and Mir Roshan Ali—lived in the kingdom of Awadh during the times of the British Raj. Both of them are careless towards their duties and spend their days playing chess. Their love for the game is so immense that even when the ruler of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, is captured by the British, they continue playing chess. In the end, a move in the game sparks a verbal conflict between them, and they end up killing each other with their swords.
|-
| "Hinsa Parmo Dharma"
| ''Madhuri''
| 1926 (December)
|
|-
| "Ghasvali"
| ''Madhuri''
| 1929 (December)
|
|-
| "[[Idgah (short story)|Idgah]]"
| ''Chand''
| 1933 (August)
| A poor boy in India lives with his grandmother. On the festival day of [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]], the other kids buy themselves candies and toys. The poor boy, thinking of his grandmother, buys a pair of tongs to help her make [[roti]]s since she burns her hands trying to cook them bare-handed.
|-
| "Nashaa"
| ''Chand''
| 1934 (February)
| Two friends from different strata of society study away from their homes. The story explores class disparity and aspirations in their friendship. It has an autobiographical touch.
|-
| "Kafan"
| ''Jamia''
| 1936
| A low-caste father and his son are poor labourers in a village. An emergency occurs when the son's wife dies while giving birth to a child, and the family has no money to cremate the body of the dead woman. The lazy duo ask for money from the village Zamindar and other members of the society. However, they use the money they get on liquor and food instead.
|-
| "Cricket Match"
| ''Zamana''
| 1937
| Published posthumously.
|-
| "Gupt Dhan"
|
|
| Haridas, a man of character, owns a brick factory. He loses his character when he gets a map of a hereditary treasure of a worker, but eventually dies as a punishment of god.
|-
| "Mantra"
|
|
| The selfishness of a rich doctor named Chaddha results in the death of a patient. The same patient's father selflessly cures Dr. Chaddha's son when the doctor meets the same sort of situation.
|-
| "Namak ka Daroga"
| 
| 1925 (May)
| The title means "The Salt Inspector". An idealist becomes a police officer and faces problems while performing his duties.
|-
| "Poos ki Raat"<ref name="The best of Premchand: a collection of 50 best short stories">{{cite book | title=The Best of Premchand: A Collection of 50 Best Short Stories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tr9jAAAAMAAJ | access-date=25 January 2013 | year=1997 | publisher=Cosmo Publications | isbn=978-81-7020-776-4 | page = xii}}</ref>
| ''Madhuri''
| 1930 (May)
| The title means "A night of the [[Pausha|Poos]] month (Winter)". A poor farmer stays out with his dog to protect his field on an extremely cold December night.
|-
| "[[Lottery (short story)|Lottery]]"
| ''Zamana''
|
| It is a story of an Indian family in which every member bought a ticket for a 1&nbsp; million rupees worth lottery. After some time, they began to fight over what they would do if anyone won the lottery, but at last, neither from their home nor even town, state, or country won the lottery but someone from America did.
|-
| "Vidhwans"
|
|
|The title means "Catastrophe". An old widow with no children is engulfed in a fire caused by the owner of the village intentionally, and therefore, the pandit pays for the price.
|-
| "Kazaki"
|
| 
| A story of love, adoration and friendship between a little boy and Kazaki, a poor but cheerful and jolly man who used to work under his father.
|}

Other stories include:

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* "Abhushan"
* "Agni Samadhi"
* "Alagyojha"
* "Amrit"
* "Atmaram"
* "Bade Ghar ki Beti" (1926)
* "Bhoot" (1926)
* "Chori"
* "Daroga Sahab"
* "Devi"
* "Dhaai ser Gehun"
* "Dikri ke Rupaye"
* "Do Bahanein"
* "Do Sakhiyan" (1926)
* "Do Bailon ki Katha"
* "Do Kabren" (1920)
* "Doodh ka Damm" (1910)
* "Gilli danda"
* "Grihaneeti"
* "Gurumantra" (1927)
* "Har ki Jeet" (1925)
* "Jail" (1931)
* "Jihad"
* "Juloos" (1930)
* "Jurmana"
* "Khudai Fauzdaar"
* "Mahatirtha"
* "Manushya ka Param Dharma" (March 1920)
* "Maryada ki Vedi"
* "Mukti Marg" (1922)
* "Muktidhan" (1921)
* "Mamta" (1928)
* "Mandir" (1927)
* "Nairashya"
* "Nimantran" (1926)
* "Pashu se Manushya"
* "Prayaschit"
* "Prem Purnima"
* "Prem ka Uday" (1923)
* "Prerna" (1925)
* "Ramleela" (1926)
* "Samar Yatra" (1930)
* "Sati" (1925)
* "Satyagraha" (1923)
* "Sawa ser Gehun" (1921)
* "Sewa Marg"
* "Subhagi"
* "Suhag ki Sari" (1923)
* "Sujan Bhagat"
* "Rani Sarndha" (1930)
* "Swatva Raksha"
* "Thakur ka Kuaan" (1924)
* "Thriya Charita"
* "Tagada" (1924)
* "Khoon Safed" (1923)
* "Udhar ki Ghadi"
* "Vajrpaat" (1922)
* "Raja Hardaul" (1925)
* "Vimata"
* "Hajje Akbar"
* "Sautele Maa"
* "Kajaki" (1921)
* "Ibrat"
* "Roshni"
* "Bhadde ka Tattu" (1922)
* "Nijat"
* "Mazdoor"
* "Kazaaki" (1921)
* "Mritak Bhoj" (1922)
}}

=== Translations ===
Premchand translated several non-Hindi works into Hindi. These included the writings of [[Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Charles Dickens]] (''The Story of Richard Doubledick''), [[Oscar Wilde]] (''Canterville''), [[John Galsworthy]] (''Strife''), [[Saadi Shirazi]], [[Guy de Maupassant]], [[Maurice Maeterlinck]] (''[[The Blind (play)|The Sightless]]'') and [[Hendrik Willem van Loon]] (''[[The Story of Mankind]]'').<ref name="Sheldon2003">{{cite book |last=Pollock |first=Sheldon I. |author-link=Sheldon Pollock | title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia | url=https://archive.org/details/literarycultures00poll | url-access=limited | year=2003 | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=978-0-520-22821-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/literarycultures00poll/page/n1047 1011] }}</ref><ref name="Narain1999">{{cite book | last=Narain |first=Govind | title=Premchand, Novelist and Thinker | year=1999 | publisher=Pragati Publications | isbn=978-81-7307-059-4 | page = 29 }}</ref>

Some of the translated titles include:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Premchand's title
! Original
|-
| ''Ahankar''
| ''[[Thaïs (novel)|Thaïs]]'' by [[Anatole France]]<ref name="DavidRubin1994">{{cite book |last=Rubin |first=David |author-link=David Rubin (writer)|chapter=Short Stories of Premchand |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Barbara Stoler |editor-link=Barbara Stoler Miller |title=Masterworks of Asian Literature in Comparative Perspective: A Guide for Teaching |year=1994 |publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]] |isbn=978-1-56324-258-8 |pages=168–177}}</ref> ([[literary adaptation|adaptation]])
|-
| ''Azad Katha''
| ''[[Fasana-e-Azad]]'' (1880) by [[Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar]]
|-
| ''Parvat Yatra''
| ''Sair-e-Kohsar'' (1890) by Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar
|-
| ''Chandi ki Dibiya''
| ''[[The Silver Box]]'' (1906) by [[John Galsworthy]]
|-
| ''Hartal''
| ''[[Strife (play)|Strife]]'' (1909) by John Galsworthy
|-
| ''Nyaya''
| ''[[Justice (play)|Justice]]'' (1910) by John Galsworthy
|-
| ''Sukhdas''
| ''[[Silas Marner]]'' by [[George Eliot]]<ref name="Nagendra1981">{{cite book | author=Nagendra | title=Premchand: An Anthology | year=1981|publisher=Bansal | oclc = 8668427 | page = 70 }}</ref> (adaptation)
|-
| ''Tolstoy ki Kahaniyan''
| Stories of [[Leo Tolstoy]]
|}

=== Other ===
'''Film script'''

* Mill (Mazdoor), (1934)
This is the only film written by the acclaimed writer Munshi Premchand in which he also played a cameo. The film courted controversy owing to its story of the prodigal son of a benevolent mill worker who inherits the mill and proceeds to treat its workers with disdain.

'''Plays'''
* ''Karbala''
* ''Tajurba''
* ''Prem ki Vedi''
* ''Roohani Shadi''
* ''Sangram''

'''Essays'''
* ''Kuchh Vichar'' (two parts)
* ''Qalam Tyag aur Talwar''

'''Biographies'''
* ''Durgadas''
* ''Mahatma Sheikhsadi'' (biography of [[Saadi (poet)|Saadi]])

'''Children's books'''
* ''Bal Kahaniyan Sumpurn''
* ''Manmodak''
* ''Ram Charcha''

== Adaptations of Premchand's works ==
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2013}}
''[[Sevasadanam]]'' (1938) was made into a film with [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] in the lead role. The novel is set in [[Varanasi]], the holy city of [[Hindu]]s. ''Sevasadan'' ("House of Service") is an institute built for the daughters of courtesans. The lead of the novel is a beautiful, intelligent and talented girl named Suman. She belongs to a high [[caste]]. She is married to a much older, tyrannical man. She realises that a loveless marriage is just like prostitution, except that there is only one client. Bholi, a courtesan, lives opposite Suman. Suman realises that Bholi is "outside [[purdah]]" while she is "inside it". Suman leaves her husband and becomes a successful entertainer of gentlemen. But after a brief period of success, she ends up as a victim of a political drama played out by self-righteous Hindu social reformers and moralists.

[[Gaban (film)|A film version]] of Premchand's novel, ''[[Gaban (novel)|Gaban]]'', was released in 1966. [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani]], [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] and [[Leela Mishra]] acted in the film and the music was scored by musician duo [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]. ''Heera Moti'', a 1959 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Krishan Chopra, was based on Premchand's "Do Bailon ki Katha".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heera Moti (1959)|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/heera-moti|access-date=22 January 2021|website=Cinemaazi}}</ref>

In 1977, [[Satyajit Ray]] made [[The Chess Players (film)|a film]] based on Premchand's short story "[[Shatranj ke Khiladi]]" ("The Chess Players"), which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]].<ref>{{IMDb title|id=0076696|title=Shatranj Ke Khilari}}</ref> The film revolves around the decadence of [[nawab]]i [[Lucknow]], where the obsession with a game consumes the players, making them oblivious of their responsibilities in the midst of a crisis.

''[[Oka Oori Katha]]'' (''A Story of a Village'') is a 1977 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film directed by [[Mrinal Sen]]. It is based on the story "Kafan" by Munshi Premchand. It is one of the few art films made in the Telugu language.

Indian film director [[Satyen Bose]] adapted Premchand's "Panch Parmeshwar" into the 1979 film ''[[Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin]]''. ''[[Bazaar E Husn]]'', a 2014 Indian Hindi-language film, was based on Premchand's novel of [[Bazaar E Husn|the same name]]. A 2019 Indian film, ''Ek Betuke Aadmi Ki Afrah Raatein'', was based on [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]'s "[[White Nights (short story)|White Nights]]" and "[[The Dream of a Ridiculous Man]]", and Premchand's "Bhoot".<ref>{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Niraja |title='Ek Betuke Aadmi Ki Afrah Raatein' is an ode to love and alienation in small-town India |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/12/02/ek-betuke-aadmi-ki-afrah-raatein-review |access-date=22 January 2021 |work=[[Newslaundry]] |date=2 December 2019}}</ref>

At least three television series based on Premchand's works have been aired by the Indian national public broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] on [[DD National]] which include ''Munshi Premchand's Guldasta'',<ref>{{cite web|date=16 January 2009|title=Munshi Premchand's Collection of Short Stories - Guldasta Vol : 1, 2 & 3)|url=https://www.amazon.in/Munshi-Premchands-Collection-Short-Stories/dp/B002Y88GRU|website=[[amazon.in]]|publisher=[[Shemaroo]]|language=hi}}</ref> ''Munshi Premchand ki Kahani'',<ref>{{cite AV media|date=14 September 2019|title=Munshi Premchand ki Kahani - Bade Ghar Ki Beti|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-u9uOIgOwgQ|publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> and ''Tehreer Munshi Premchand Ki''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040815/spectrum/main6.htm |title=Gulzar's vision of timeless classics|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=15 August 2004|access-date=23 June 2018}}</ref> The television films ''[[Sadgati]]'' (based on a Premchand short story) and ''Seva Sadan'' (based on ''[[Bazaar-e-Husn]]'') were also aired by Doordarshan.<ref>{{cite AV media|date=26 October 2017|title=Munshi Premchand's Seva Sadan Part 01|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArnBZm7YAjo|publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book
| last = Schulz
| first = Siegfried A.
| title = Premchand: A Western Appraisal
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.377180
| access-date = 27 August 2021
| year = 1981
| publisher = Indian Council for Cultural Relations
| oclc = 10062769
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Gupta
| first = Prakash Chandra
| author-link = P. C. Gupta
| title = Prem Chand
| series = Makers of Indian Literature
| year = 1998
| publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]]
| isbn = 978-81-260-0428-7
}}
* {{cite book
| last= Sigi
| first = Rekha
| title = Munshi Premchand
| series = A.H.W. Sameer Series
| year = 2006
| publisher = Diamond
| isbn = 978-81-288-1214-9
}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Rai |first=Amrit |author-link=Amrit Rai |translator-last=Trivedi |translator-first=Harish | title=Premchand: His Life and Times | year = 1991 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-562894-4}}
* {{cite book | last=Orsini |first=Francesca | author-link=Francesca Orsini| title=The Oxford India Premchand | year = 2004 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-566501-7 | page = ix}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Premchand}}
{{wikiquote|Premchand}}

{{wikisource|works=or|Dhanpat Rai Srivastav}}
* [https://kavishala.in/sootradhar/premchand Kavishala Sootradhar | Munshi Premchand]
*{{IMDb name|0695919}}

{{Premchand}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Premchand| ]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:19th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language novelists]]
[[Category:Indian magazine founders]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Urdu-language novelists]]
[[Category:Urdu-language short story writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers from British India]]
[[Category:Writers from Varanasi]]