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{{Short description|Series of Apple laptops based on PowerPC and Motorola 68000}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox Computer
| developer = [[Apple Computer]]
| name = PowerBook
| family = [[Macintosh]]
| successor = [[MacBook Pro]]
| related = {{flatlist|
*[[iBook]]
*[[Power Macintosh]]
}}
| type = [[Laptop]]
| release date = {{Start date|1991|10|21}}
| discontinued = May 16, 2006
| os = {{plainlist|
*[[Classic Mac OS]]
*[[Mac OS X]]
}}
| predecessor = [[Macintosh Portable]]
| display = [[LCD]]
| image = PowerBook redjar.jpg
| caption = PowerBook G4, the last PowerBook

}}

The '''PowerBook''' (known as '''Macintosh PowerBook''' before 1997) is a family of [[Macintosh]]-type [[laptop computer]]s designed, manufactured and sold by [[Apple Computer]] from 1991 to 2006. It was targeted at the professional market; in 1999, the line was supplemented by the home and education-focused [[iBook]] family.

During its lifetime, the PowerBook went through several major revisions and redesigns, often being the first to incorporate features that would later become standard in competing laptops.<ref>Engadget: [https://www.engadget.com/2006/04/01/30-years-in-apple-products-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/ 30 years in Apple products: the good, the bad, and the ugly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606210855/https://www.engadget.com/2006/04/01/30-years-in-apple-products-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/ |date=June 6, 2017 }} – "The PowerBook, in its many, many incarnations, had been a laptop trend-setter since its inception."</ref> The PowerBook was replaced by the [[MacBook Pro]] in 2006 as part of the [[Mac transition to Intel processors]].

[[File:Old Macintoshes.jpg|thumb|A comparison of the [[PowerBook G3#PowerBook (FireWire, Pismo)|"Pismo" PowerBook G3]], [[PowerBook G4#Titanium PowerBook G4|Titanium PowerBook G4]] and the superseding [[MacBook Pro]] from 2006. ]]

== 680x0-based models ==

===PowerBook 100 series===
{{Main|PowerBook 100 series}}
[[Image:Powerbook 150.jpg|thumb|The [[PowerBook 150]]]]
In October 1991, Apple released the first three PowerBooks: the low-end [[PowerBook 100]], the more powerful [[PowerBook 140]], and the high end [[PowerBook 170]], the only one with an [[active matrix]] display. These machines caused a stir in the industry with their compact dark grey cases, built-in [[trackball]], and the innovative positioning of the keyboard that left room for palmrests on either side of the [[pointing device]]. Portable PC computers at the time were still oriented toward DOS, and tended to have the keyboard forward towards the user, with empty space behind it that was often used for [[function key]] [[reference card]]s. In the early days of [[Microsoft Windows]], many [[notebook computer]]s came with a clip on trackball that fit on the edge of the keyboard molding. As usage of DOS gave way to the [[graphical user interface]], the PowerBook's arrangement became the standard layout all future notebooks would follow.

The PowerBook 140 and 170 were the original PowerBook designs, while the PowerBook 100 was the result of Apple having sent the schematics of the Mac Portable to [[Sony]], who miniaturized the components. Hence the PowerBook 100's design does not match those of the rest of the series, as it was actually designed after the 140 and 170 and further benefited from improvements learned during their development. The PowerBook 100, however, did not sell well until Apple dropped the price substantially.

The 100 series PowerBooks were intended to tie into the rest of the Apple desktop products utilizing the corporate [[Snow White design language]] incorporated into all product designs since 1986. Unlike the Macintosh Portable, however, which was essentially a battery-powered desktop in weight and size, the light colors and decorative recessed lines did not seem appropriate for the scaled-down designs. In addition to adopting the darker grey colour scheme that coordinated with the official corporate look, they also adopted a raised series of ridges mimicking the indented lines on the desktops. The innovative look not only unified their entire product line, but set Apple apart in the marketplace. These early series would be the last to utilize the aging Snow White look, with the 190 adopting a new look along with the introduction of the 500 series.<ref>"Kunkel, Paul, AppleDesign: The work of the Apple Industrial Design Group, with photographs by Rick English, New York: Graphis, 1997, p.30</ref>

The first series of PowerBooks were hugely successful, capturing 40% of all laptop sales. Despite this, the original team left to work at [[Compaq]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://lowendmac.com/2016/birth-of-the-powerbook-how-apple-took-over-the-portable-market-in-1991/ | publisher = Low End Mac | title = Birth of the Powerbook | date = July 12, 2016 | access-date = March 18, 2018 | archive-date = September 15, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220915134928/https://lowendmac.com/2016/birth-of-the-powerbook-how-apple-took-over-the-portable-market-in-1991/ | url-status = live }}</ref> setting back updated versions for some time.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} When attempting to increase processing power, Apple was hampered by the overheating problems of the [[Motorola 68040|68040]]; this resulted in the 100-series PowerBook being stuck with the aging [[Motorola 68030|68030]], which could not compete with newer-generation [[Intel 80486]]-based PC laptops introduced in 1994. For several years, new PowerBook and PowerBook Duo computers were introduced that featured incremental improvements, including color screens, but by mid-decade, most other companies had copied the majority of the PowerBook's features. Apple was unable to ship a 68040-equipped PowerBook until the [[PowerBook 500 series]] in 1994.

The original PowerBook 100, 140, and 170 were replaced by the [[PowerBook 145|145]] (updated to the [[PowerBook 145B|145B]] in 1993), [[PowerBook 160|160]], and [[PowerBook 180|180]] in 1992. The 160 and 180 have video output, allowing them to drive an external monitor. In addition, the PowerBook 180 had a superb-for-the-time active-matrix grayscale display, making it popular with the Mac press. In 1993, the [[PowerBook 160|PowerBook 165c]] was the first PowerBook with a color screen, later followed by the [[PowerBook 180|180c]]. In 1994, the last true member of the 100-series form factor introduced was the [[PowerBook 150]], targeted at value-minded consumers and students. The [[PowerBook 190]], released in 1995, bears no resemblance to the rest of the PowerBook 100 series, and is in fact simply a [[Motorola 68LC040]]-based version of the [[PowerBook 5300]] (and the last Macintosh model to utilize a [[Motorola]] [[68k]]-family processor). Like the 190, however, the 150 also used the 5300 [[Integrated Drive Electronics|IDE]]-based logic-board architecture. From the 100's [[68000]] processor, to the 190's [[68LC040]] processor, the 100 series PowerBooks span the entire Apple 68K line, with the 190 even upgradable to a [[PowerPC]] processor.

===PowerBook Duo===
{{Main|PowerBook Duo}}
[[File:Powerbook duo 2300c.jpg|thumb|The PowerBook Duo 2300c]]

In 1992, Apple released a hybrid portable/desktop computer, the [[PowerBook Duo]], continuing to streamline the [[subnotebook]] features introduced with the PowerBook 100. The Duos were a series of very thin and lightweight laptops with a minimum of features, which could be inserted into a [[docking station]] to provide the system with extra video [[Random access memory|memory]], [[Hard disk|storage space]], [[electrical connector|connector]]s, and could be connected to a [[Computer display|monitor]].

===PowerBook 500 series===
{{Main|PowerBook 500 series}}
[[Image:540c open.jpg|thumb|The PowerBook 540c]]
1994 saw the introduction of the [[Motorola 68LC040]]-based [[PowerBook 500]] series, code-named Blackbird. These models of PowerBooks were much sleeker and faster than the 100 series, which they replaced as the mid and high-end models. The 500 series featured [[Dual Scan|DSTN]] (520) or active-matrix LCD displays (540 and 550), stereo speakers, and was the first computer to use a [[trackpad]] {{citation needed|date=October 2016}} (although a similar technology had been included on the pioneering [[Gavilan SC]] 11 years earlier); it was also the first portable computer to offer built-in [[Ethernet]] networking. The PowerBook 500 series was the mainstay of the product line until the [[PowerBook 5300]]. The 500 series was the first PowerBook to feature PCMCIA slots, although this was an optional feature that required the user to sacrifice one of the two available battery slots to house the PCMCIA expansion cage.

The PowerBook 500 series was released as Apple was already moving its desktop machines to the PowerPC processor range, and a future upgrade was promised from the start. This came in 1995, as an Apple Motherboard containing a 100&nbsp;MHz 603e processor and 8&nbsp;MB of RAM (which snapped into a slot containing the previous 25 or 33&nbsp;MHz 68040 processor and the 4&nbsp;MB of RAM on the previous daughterboard). At the same time [[Newer Technology]] offered an Apple-authorized 117&nbsp;MHz Motherboard, which was more popular than the Apple product, and optionally came without any RAM. The company later offered 167&nbsp;MHz and 183&nbsp;MHz upgrades containing more memory and onboard [[cache memory]] to improve performance. Nonetheless, the internal architecture of the 500 series meant that the speed increase provided by the 100 and 117&nbsp;MHz upgrades was, for most users, relatively small.

The 500 series was completely discontinued upon the introduction of its replacement the PPC-based PowerBook 5300, with the PowerBook 190 replacing the 500 as the only 68LC040 PowerBook Apple offered.

== PowerPC-based models ==
[[Image:PowerBook 1400cs 133.jpg|thumb|The PowerBook 1400cs]]
[[Image:Apple Macintosh Powerbook Duo 2300c.jpg|thumb|The PowerBook Duo 2300c]]
The [[PowerBook 5300]], while highly anticipated as one of the first [[PowerPC]]-based PowerBooks (along with the PowerBook Duo 2300c, both released on the same day), had numerous problems. In its 5300ce incarnation with a TFT of 800×600 pixels, Apple offered a 117&nbsp;MHz PPC, 32 [[megabyte|MB]] of onboard [[RAM]], and a hot-swappable [[drive bay]]. With all of these features, though, the 5300ce was quite ahead of other laptop models at the time. Multiple problems with reliability, stability and safety (by some, the model was referred as the "HindenBook" because the [[lithium ion batteries]] used actually burst into flame in Apple tests, necessitating a recall and downgrade to [[nickel metal hydride batteries]]) were present in the early 5300s. After Apple offered an Extended Repair Program, the series turned into a remarkably attractive machine, but never lost its bad reputation. The bad publicity of 5300 series added to the woes of "beleaguered Apple" during the mid-1990s.

Apple recovered from the 5300 debacle in 1996 and 1997 by introducing three new PowerBooks: the [[PowerBook 1400]], intended to replace the 5300 as a general-purpose PowerBook; the [[PowerBook 2400]], intended as a slim, sleek sub-notebook to replace the PowerBook Duo; and the luxury model [[PowerBook 3400]]. The PowerBook 1400 and 3400 were the first PowerBooks ever to include an internal CD drive. Late in 1997, the PowerBook 3400 was adapted into the first PowerBook G3, codenamed the Kanga. This series was the last PowerBook model to employ a "real" keyboard with 1&nbsp;cm high keys; all later models have flat keys.

=== PowerBook G3 ===
{{Main|PowerBook G3}}
[[Image:WallstreetII.jpg|thumb|A Wallstreet Powerbook G3]]
The first PowerBook G3 Series (completely redesigned from the Kanga) was released in 1998, although it was still an [[Old World ROM]] Mac.
These new PowerBooks took design cues from the 500 series PowerBook, sporting dramatic curves and a jet-black plastic case. They were so fashionable that various G3 models became the personal computer of [[Carrie Bradshaw]] in the long-running ''[[Sex and the City]]'' television show.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mac.freeip.org/carriespbook.html |title=Carrie Bradshaw's PowerBook<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=February 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212210431/http://mac.freeip.org/carriespbook.html |archive-date=February 12, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Debuting at roughly the same time as the G3 [[iMac]], the "'''WallStreet/Mainstreet'''" series composed of models with varying features, such as different processing speeds (from 233 to 300&nbsp;MHz) and the choice of 12-, 13-, or 14-inch screens. They all included dual drive bays capable of accommodating floppy drives, CD-ROM/[[DVD]]-ROM drives, hard drives, or even extra batteries. A second PowerBook G3 Series code-named "'''PDQ'''" was introduced later in 1998, with minor changes in configuration options, notably the inclusion of [[L2 cache]] in even the lowest-priced 233&nbsp;MHz model, which helped overall performance.

Apple introduced two later G3 PowerBook models, similar in appearance (curved, black plastic case with black rubberized sections) but thinner, lighter and with revised internal systems. The '''"Lombard"''' appeared in 1999, (AKA: Bronze Keyboard) a thinner, lighter, and faster (333 or 400&nbsp;MHz) PowerBook with a longer battery life and had both [[USB]] and [[SCSI]] built in and was a [[New World ROM]] Mac, and then the '''"Pismo"''' in 2000, which replaced the single SCSI port with two [[FireWire]] ports, updated the PowerBook line to [[Accelerated Graphics Port|AGP]] graphics, a 100&nbsp;MHz bus speed, and DVD-ROM optical drives standard, in addition to dropping the "G3" from the PowerBook name. The Pismo revision also brought [[AirPort]] wireless networking capability (802.11b), which had debuted in Apple's [[iBook]] in July 1999. CPU upgrade cards are available for both Lombard and Pismo models.

===PowerBook G4===
{{Main|PowerBook G4}}
[[File:1ghz Titanium Apple PowerBook G4.jpg|180px|thumb|Late-model Titanium PowerBook G4 "TiBook"]]
Interim CEO [[Steve Jobs]] turned his eye to the redesign of the PowerBook series in 2000. The result, introduced in January 2001, was a completely re-designed [[New World ROM|New World]] PowerBook with a [[titanium]] skin and a 15.2-inch wide-aspect screen suitable for watching widescreen movies. Built with the [[PowerPC G4]] processor, it was billed as "the first supercomputer you can actually take with you on an airplane."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/powerbook/ |title=Apple - PowerBook |date=May 13, 2001 |access-date=May 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010513103810/http://www.apple.com/powerbook/ |archive-date=May 13, 2001}}</ref> It was lighter than most PC based laptops, and due to the low power consumption of the [[PowerPC]] it outlasted them by hours.

The ''TiBooks'', as they were nicknamed,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Haddad|first=Charles|date=February 28, 2001|title=For Apple, a Savior Called TiBook|url=http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/feb2001/nf20010228_751.htm|magazine=BusinessWeek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010322222912/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/feb2001/nf20010228_751.htm|archive-date=March 22, 2001}}</ref> became a fashion item. They were especially popular in the entertainment business, where they adorned many desks in [[Cinema in the United States|Hollywood]] motion pictures.<ref>{{cite web
| date = April 26, 2010
| publisher = MacSpotting
| url = http://www.macspotting.net/mactitle/index.html
| title = MacSpotting - Macs in the Movies
| access-date = April 26, 2010
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130221203923/http://www.macspotting.net/mactitle/index.html
| archive-date = February 21, 2013
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Because of their large screens and high performance, Titanium Powerbooks were the first laptops to be widely deployed as [[desktop replacement]] computers.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

The industrial design of the notebooks quickly became a standard that others in the industry would follow, creating a new wave of wide-screened notebook computers.

The Titanium PowerBooks were released in configurations of 400&nbsp;MHz, 500&nbsp;MHz, 550&nbsp;MHz, 667&nbsp;MHz, 800&nbsp;MHz, 867&nbsp;MHz, and 1&nbsp;GHz. They are the last PowerBooks able to boot Mac OS 9 natively.

In 2003, [[Apple Computer]] launched both the largest-screen laptop in the world and Apple's smallest full-featured notebook computer. Both machines were made of [[anodizing|anodized]] [[aluminum]] (coining the new nickname ''AlBook''), featured DVD-burning capabilities, [[AirPort|AirPort Extreme]] networking, [[Bluetooth]], and 12.1-inch or 17-inch LCD displays. The 17-inch model included a [[fiber optic]]-illuminated keyboard, which eventually became standard on all 15-inch and 17-inch PowerBooks. Two ambient light sensors, located under each speaker grille, adjusted the brightness of the backlit keyboard and the display according to the light level.

The 12-inch PowerBook's screen did not use the same panel as that used on the 12-inch [[iBook]], while the 17-inch PowerBook used the same screen as that used on the 17-inch flat-panel [[iMac]], but with a thinner backlight.

Later in 2003, the 15-inch PowerBooks were redesigned and featured the same aluminum body style as their smaller and larger siblings, and with the same feature set as the 17-inch model (including the backlit keyboard). This basic design would carry through the transition to the Intel-based MacBook Pro, lasting until late 2008.

In April 2004, the aluminum PowerBooks were upgraded. The [[SuperDrive]] was upgraded to 4× burning speed for DVDs, the fastest processor available was upgraded to 1.5&nbsp;GHz, and the graphics cards were replaced with newer models, offering up to 128&nbsp;MB of video memory. A third built-in speaker was added to the 12-inch model for improved midrange sound. In addition, AirPort Extreme cards became standard for all PowerBooks instead of being offered as an add-on option.

[[File:Powerbook G4 17" 1.67ghz Late-2005.jpg|thumb|180px|One of the final, 1.67 GHz 17" PowerBooks]]

In January 2005, the specifications of the aluminum PowerBooks were revised once more to accompany a price decrease. Processor speeds were increased to a maximum of 1.67&nbsp;GHz on the higher specification 15-inch and all 17-inch versions, while the lower specification 15-inch model and the 12-inch unit saw an increase in speed to 1.5&nbsp;GHz. Optical audio output was added to the 17-inch version. Memory and hard drive defaults were increased to 512&nbsp;MB and 5400 [[Revolutions per minute|rpm]], respectively, with a new storage maximum of 100&nbsp;GB on the 17-inch model. Each model also received an enhanced trackpad with scrolling capabilities, a revised [[Bluetooth]] module supporting BT 2.0+EDR, and a new feature that parks the drive heads when sudden motion is detected by an internal sensor. Support for the 30-inch Apple Cinema display was also introduced in the new 17-inch model and was optional in the 15-inch model via a build-to-order upgrade to the computer's video hardware. The SuperDrive now included [[DVD+R]] capability.

In October 2005, the two higher-end PowerBooks were upgraded once again, with higher-resolution displays (1440 × 960 pixels on the 15-inch model, and 1680 × 1050 pixels on the 17-inch model) and faster 533&nbsp;MHz [[DDR2 SDRAM|DDR2]] (PC2-4200) memory. The SuperDrive became standard equipment and included support for dual-layer DVDs on the 15- and 17-inch models. The 17-inch model was updated with a 120&nbsp;GB standard hard drive, as well as a 7200&nbsp;rpm, 100&nbsp;GB build-to-order option. These drives were also options on the 15-inch PowerBook. The 12-inch model with SuperDrive remained unchanged in this respect, although each new PowerBook boasted a longer battery life.

====Battery recall====
[[Image:Powerbookbatteryrecall1.jpg|right|frame|Model and serial number location on PowerBook battery]]
On May 20, 2005, Apple and the [[Consumer Product Safety Commission]] announced the recall of some Apple PowerBook G4 batteries. These batteries were manufactured by [[Sony]]; [[Dell]], [[Toshiba]], [[Lenovo]], [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], [[Fujitsu]] and [[Acer Inc.|Acer]] laptops were also affected by the defective batteries. The joint Apple/CPSC press release stated that an internal short could cause the battery cells to overheat, posing a fire hazard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml05/05179.html|title=CPSC, Apple Announce Recall of iBook and PowerBook Computer Batteries|date=May 20, 2005|work=Apple/CPSC press release|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703080946/http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml05/05179.html|archive-date=July 3, 2012|access-date=June 2, 2007}}</ref> Approximately 128,000 defective units were sold. Though the problems first appeared to be solved, they continued for many users. In early August 2006, [[Engadget]] reported that a PowerBook had "violently exploded" because of faulty battery.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.engadget.com/2006/08/06/another-powerbook-violently-explodes/ | title=Another PowerBook violently explodes | author=Ryan Block | date=August 6, 2006 | work=Engadget | access-date=June 2, 2007 | archive-date=September 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915134957/https://www.engadget.com/2006-08-06-another-powerbook-violently-explodes.html | url-status=live }}</ref> On August 24, 2006, Apple and the CPSC announced an additional recall of more batteries for the same PowerBook models.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/prhtml06/06245.html|title=Apple Announces Recall of Batteries Used in Previous iBook and PowerBook Computers Due To Fire Hazard|date=August 24, 2006|work=Apple/CSPC press release|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616070221/http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml06/06245.html|archive-date=June 16, 2007|access-date=June 2, 2007}}</ref> About 1.1 million battery packs in the United States were recalled; an additional 700,000 were sold outside the U.S.

== Discontinuation ==
At the 2006 [[Macworld Conference & Expo]], the [[MacBook Pro (Intel-based)|MacBook Pro]] was introduced. The new notebooks, however, only came in 15.4-inch models and the 12-inch and 17-inch PowerBooks remained available for sale at Apple stores and retailers, as well as the 15-inch model, which was sold until supplies ran out. On April 24, 2006, the 17-inch PowerBook G4 was replaced by a 17-inch MacBook Pro variant. The 12-inch PowerBook G4 remained available until May 16, 2006, when the [[MacBook (2006–2012)|MacBook]] was introduced as a replacement for the iBook. Because of its availability in highly powerful configurations, it was also considered a replacement for the 12-inch PowerBook, ending the nearly 15-year production of PowerBook-branded computers. An indirect successor, the 13-inch MacBook Pro, was introduced in mid 2009.

== Timeline ==
{{Timeline of portable Macintoshes}}

== Legacy ==
Traditionally, the portable line trailed the desktops in the utilization of the latest processors, with the notable exception of the PowerBook G3, which was released simultaneously with the desktop Power Macintosh G3. PowerBooks would continue to trail behind the desktop Macs, however, never even adopting the [[PowerPC G5|G5]] processor. This was due primarily to the extreme heat caused by most of the full-sized processors available and unacceptable power consumption.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/3400098/mac-pro-love-letter-die-hard-fans.html|title=The new Mac Pro is Apple's love letter to forgotten die-hard Mac fans|date=2019-06-04|website=Macworld|language=en|access-date=2019-06-16|archive-date=September 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915134952/https://www.macworld.com/article/232860/mac-pro-love-letter-die-hard-fans.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{None}} With the introduction of the Intel-based Macs, once again, the MacBook Pro joined the iMac in sharing the new technology simultaneously.

==See also==
* IBM [[RS/6000#Laptops|RS/6000 laptops]] and [[IBM ThinkPad 800 series]] — another based on a PowerPC CPUs laptops.
* [[iBook]]
* [[MacBook]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|PowerBook}}
*[http://support.apple.com/specs/powerbook/ Apple's PowerBook specifications] - Specifications for G3 and later PowerBooks.
*[http://www.apple-history.com/ Apple-History]
*[http://www.powerbuch.ch/ the greatest powerbook collection]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050203035811/https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jan/31powerbook.html Apple press release announcing January 2005 PowerBook revisions]

{{Apple hardware before 1998}}
{{Apple hardware since 1998}}

[[Category:PowerBook| ]]
[[Category:PowerPC Macintosh computers]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1991]]
[[Category:Discontinued Apple Inc. products]]
[[Category:Business laptops]]