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{{Short description|Egyptian eunuch and regent (died 48 or 47 BC)}}{{More citations needed|date=April 2022}}{{for|the bishop of Lyon|Saint Pothinus}}{{Infobox person
| name               = Pothinus
| birth_date         = {{circa}} 90 BC
| death_date         = 48 or 47 BC (aged {{circa}} 43)
| death_place        = [[Alexandria]], [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Egypt]]
}}
'''Pothinus''' or '''Potheinos''' ({{langx|grc|Ποθεινός}};<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0385.tlg001.perseus-grc1:42.36.1 Dio Cassius, Histories, 42.39.1]</ref> early 1st century BC – 48 or 47 BC), a [[eunuch]], was [[regent]] for [[Pharaoh]] [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator]] of the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]. He is most remembered for turning Ptolemy against his sister and co-ruler [[Cleopatra]], thus starting a [[civil war]], and for having [[Pompey]] decapitated and presenting the severed head to [[Julius Caesar]] according to some sources.

When [[Ptolemy XII Auletes|Ptolemy XII]] died in 51 BC, his will stated that Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra VII were to become co-rulers of Egypt, with the [[Roman Republic]] as their guardians. Ptolemy XIII was underage and Pothinus was appointed as his [[regent]]. The general [[Achillas]] and the rhetorician [[Theodotus of Chios]] were also guardians of the Egyptian king. When Ptolemy and Cleopatra were elevated to the status of senior rulers, Pothinus was maintained as the former's regent. Most [[Egyptology|Egyptologists]] believed that Pothinus used his influence to turn Ptolemy against Cleopatra{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}. In the spring of 48 BC, Ptolemy, under Pothinus' guidance, attempted to depose Cleopatra in order to become sole ruler while Pothinus planned to act as the power behind the throne. They gained control of [[Alexandria]], then the capital of Egypt, and forced Cleopatra out of the city. She soon organized her own army and a civil war began in Egypt, while [[Arsinoe IV of Egypt|Arsinoe IV]] also began to claim the [[throne]] for herself.

Rome was also enveloped in [[Caesar's civil war|civil war]], and after his defeat in the [[Battle of Pharsalus]], Pompey sought [[right of asylum|asylum]] in Egypt. Initially, Pothinus pretended to have accepted his request, but on 29 September 48 BC, Pothinus had the general murdered, hoping to win favor with Julius Caesar, who had defeated Pompey. When Caesar arrived, he was presented with the head of Pompey, but he responded with grief and disgust and ordered that Pompey's body be located and given a proper [[Funeral#Funerals in ancient Rome|Roman funeral]]. Pothinus had neglected to note that Caesar had been granting [[clemency]] to his enemies, including [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], [[Cicero]], and [[Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger|Brutus]]. Cleopatra used Pothinus's mistake to gain favor with Caesar and eventually became his lover.

Caesar then arranged for the [[execution]] of Pothinus and the marriage of Cleopatra to Ptolemy. In the last chapter of ''[[Commentarii de Bello Civili|Commentaries on the Civil War]]'', however, it is described that Pothinus arranged for Achillas to attack Alexandria and upon sending a message not to hesitate but to fulfill the plan, the messengers were exposed, whereupon Caesar had Pothinus imprisoned and killed, probably with a knife. His death occurred during the ten-month [[Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)|Siege of Alexandria]].

==Depictions==
Only Roman and Greek sources have mentioned Pothinus.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} He is thus criticized for his murder of Pompey and his insidious behavior with regard to Caesar, while both measures are generally believed to have served to keep Egypt out of [[Caesar's Civil War]]. As it happened, however, Caesar came to emerge as the sole credible contender for his position of power, with Pompey dead and a Roman protectorate installed in Egypt.<ref>Konrat Ziegler: ''Potheinos 1)''. In: ''[[Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]'' (RE), vol. XXII, 1 (1953), col. 1177</ref>

Pothinus's brief role and death have been depicted more fancifully in dramatic literature.

* In [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s play ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (play)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'', Cleopatra arranges to have him secretly murdered by her female servant Ftatateeta after he embarrasses her (Cleopatra) in front of Caesar by telling him that she longs for his departure from Egypt so that she can rule alone. He is killed offstage. In the 1945 film based on this play, ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (film)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'', he was portrayed by [[Francis L. Sullivan]], and in a 1976 television version of the play, he was portrayed by [[Noel Willman]].
* In [[Cecil B. DeMille]]'s 1934 film ''[[Cleopatra (1934 film)|Cleopatra]]'', in which he was portrayed by [[Leonard Mudie]], Cleopatra kills him herself, after realizing that he is hiding behind a curtain, ready to murder Caesar.
* In the 1963 film ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]'', starring [[Elizabeth Taylor]], he was portrayed by [[Grégoire Aslan]]. Pothinus tries to poison Cleopatra, but the plot is discovered in time, whereupon he is put on trial (with no witnesses testifying), pronounced guilty, and sentenced to death by Caesar. Cleopatra's faithful male servant [[Apollodorus the Sicilian|Apollodorus]] follows Pothinus and the small procession of guards as they exit the room, and within a few seconds an off-screen death scream is heard. One of the returning guards approaches Caesar and gives him a dagger. Caesar then summons his servant Flavius and hands him the dagger with the words, "Please return this to Apollodorus.  You might clean it first; it has Pothinus all over it."
* Pothinus is depicted, portrayed by [[David Foxxe]], in the 2002 TV miniseries ''[[Julius Caesar (miniseries)|Julius Caesar]]'', as he pretends to welcome Pompey but rather silently orders for him to be assassinated by his own guards, and later welcomes Caesar, in the famous gift scene. He is later mentioned by Cleopatra while explaining the Civil War to Caesar.
* In "[[Caesarion (Rome)|Caesarion]]", an episode of the television series ''[[Rome (TV series)|Rome]]'' (2005–07), Pothinus is portrayed by actor [[Tony Guilfoyle]]; he is beheaded by the Romans and his head is placed on a spike on the outer wall of the palace.
* In ''The Judgment of Caesar'' (part of the [[Roma Sub Rosa]] series by [[Steven Saylor]]) he is forced to drink poisoned wine by Caesar.
* Pothinus is an antagonist in ''[[Assassin's Creed Origins]]'', where he is depicted as a member (nicknamed "The Scorpion") of the Order of the Ancients, a precursor organization to the [[Knights Templar|Templar Order]]. In the game, he is assassinated by the protagonist [[Bayek of Siwa|Bayek]] during the [[Battle of the Nile (47 BC)|Battle of the Nile]].

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
* Julian Morgan, ''Cleopatra: Ruling in the Shadow of Rome'', The Rosen Publishing Group 2003, {{ISBN|0-8239-3591-4}}, pp.&nbsp;26–32
* Prudence J. Jones, ''Cleopatra: The Last Pharaoh'', Haus Publishing 2006, {{ISBN|1-904950-25-6}}
* Lucanus, ''The Pharsalia of Lucan'', Translated by [[Henry Thomas Riley]], H. G. Bohn 1853
* Julius Caesar, ''The Civil War'', Translated by Jane F. Gardner, Penguin Classics 1976, pp.&nbsp;161ff.

[[Category:Eunuchs]]
[[Category:1st-century BC births]]
[[Category:40s BC deaths]]
[[Category:Cleopatra]]
[[Category:Executed ancient Egyptian people]]
[[Category:People executed by ancient Egypt]]
[[Category:1st-century BC executions]]
[[Category:People executed by stabbing]]
[[Category:Ptolemaic regents]]
[[Category:Ptolemaic courtiers]]
[[Category:Ancient slaves]]
[[Category:Egyptian slaves]]