View source for Portuguese name

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A '''Portuguese name''', or '''Lusophone name''' – a [[personal name]] in the [[Portuguese language]] – is typically composed of one or two [[given name|personal names]], the mother's family surname and the father's family surname (rarely only one surname, sometimes more than two). For practicality, usually only the last surname ([[#The_preposition_de|excluding prepositions]]) is used in formal greetings.

== General ==
Portuguese law establishes the need for a child to have at least one personal name and one surname from one of the parents. The law also establishes the maximum number of names allowed: up to two personal names and four surnames.<ref name="irn nome">{{cite web |title=Composição do nome |url=https://irn.justica.gov.pt/Servicos/Cidadao/Nascimento/Composicao-do-nome |website=IRN.Justica.gov.pt |language=pt-PT|quote=«O nome completo deve compor-se, no máximo, de seis vocábulos gramaticais, simples ou compostos, dos quais só dois podem corresponder ao nome próprio e quatro a apelidos.»|trans-title=Composition of the name|author1=((Registo Civil, Instituto dos Registos e Notariado, Ministério da Justiça))|access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref> Advice from the {{lang|pt|Ministério da Justiça}} says of this restriction that a name  "may contain a maximum of six simple words or compounds, as a rule, up to two first names and four surnames"; more may be permissible in some circumstances.<ref name="irn nome"/>

Usually, the maternal surnames precede the paternal ones, but the opposite is also possible.<ref name="irn nome"/> If the father is unknown, or he has not acknowledged the child, only the mother's family name(s) is/are used. A child can receive surnames from their parents' ancestors, even if those surnames are not part of the parents' names, provided that the parents prove those names were used by their ancestors.<ref name="irn nome"/>

== Number of names ==
It is not uncommon in Portugal that a married woman has two personal names and six surnames, two from her mother's family, two from her father's family, and the last two coming from her husband. In addition, some of these names may be made of more than one word, so that a full feminine name can have more than 12 words. For instance, the name "''Maria do Carmo Mão de Ferro e Cunha de Almeida Santa Rita Santos Abreu''" would not be surprising in a married woman. '''Mão de Ferro''' (iron hand) and '''Santa Rita''' (after [[Rita of Cascia|Saint Rita of Cascia]]) count only as one surname each. In this case, '''Santos Abreu''' would probably have come from this woman's husband. She would be typically known as '''Maria do Carmo Abreu''' (since Marian invocation names tend to stick together) and would be typically alphasorted and collated under '''Abreu'''.

In Portugal, the custom of giving a child four surnames is popular, since this way a child can have each of their parents' surnames. For instance, the Emperor [[Pedro I of Brazil]] (also known as King [[Pedro IV of Portugal]]) (1798–1834) had the full name of ''Pedro de Alcântara Francisco Antônio João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim de [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] e [[House of Bragança|Bragança]]'', and his son, the Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]], had the full name of ''Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga de [[House of Habsburg-Lothringen|Habsburgo-Lorena]] e [[House of Bragança|Bragança]]''. For the sake of simplicity, most Portuguese people use only two surnames.

For example, if ''José Santos Almeida'' and ''Maria Abreu Melo'' had a daughter, her name could simply be ''Joana Melo Almeida'' (personal name + mother's surname + father's surname). However, they could give her two personal names, for example ''Joana Gabriela'', and combine their surnames in various ways, such as ''Joana Gabriela Melo Almeida'', ''Joana Gabriela Abreu Melo Almeida'' (two surnames from the mother, one from the father), ''Joana Gabriela Abreu Santos Almeida'' (one name from the mother, two from the father), or even ''Joana Gabriela Abreu Melo Santos Almeida'' (two names from each parent). It would also be possible to use surnames that are not part of either parent's legal name, but which the parents would be entitled to use, i.e. a surname from a grandparent or a great-grandparent that was not transmitted to the father or the mother. This child would probably become known by her final surname, ''Joana Almeida''. However, her parents could decide to change the order of surnames and name her ''Joana Almeida Melo'', etc. In this case she would probably be known as ''Joana Melo''.

In Portugal, having only one surname is rare, and it usually happens when both the parents have the same surname, to avoid repetitive combinations such as ''António Santos Santos'' (which would, however, be an acceptable legal name).<ref name="irn nome"/>  In Brazil, having only one surname is common in areas with large communities of non-Portuguese immigrants.

== Spelling ==
Portuguese names have a standard spelling, since names are considered as regular [[noun]]s, and are thus subject to the orthographical rules of the Portuguese language. The spelling of many names has evolved through times and with orthography reforms; at the same time, archaic forms of names survive, though they are considered misspellings by current spelling rules. The ''Acordo Ortográfico'' ("Orthographic Agreement"), valid in Brazil and Portugal, states on Section XI ([[Proper noun|Proper Nouns]]): ''Os nomes próprios personativos, locativos e de qualquer natureza, sendo portugueses ou aportuguesados, serão sujeitos às mesmas regras estabelecidas para os nomes comuns.'' ("[[Anthroponymy|Anthroponymic]] and [[toponymy|toponymic]] proper nouns, if Portuguese or incorporated to the Portuguese language, are subject to the same spelling rules established to regular nouns.").<ref>[http://www.academia.org.br/abl/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?sid=20 Academia Brasileira de Letras – Formulário Ortográfico] (in Portuguese)</ref>

In Portugal, personal names have a standard spelling that is considered the norm (even for non-contemporary figures) and the rules are enforced by law by the 'Instituto dos Registos e do Notariado'. There is a defined list of allowed names;<ref>[http://www.irn.mj.pt/sections/irn/a_registral/registos-centrais/docs-da-nacionalidade/vocabulos-admitidos-e/downloadFile/file/NomesAdmit.pdf Lista de vocábulos admitidos] (in Portuguese)</ref> misspelt and archaic forms (e.g. Luiz is the archaic form of Luís), and names containing foreign letters – k, y, w – are usually not allowed. However, older people who were registered with archaic forms have continued to use them (examples include [[Manoel de Oliveira]] – the modern spelling would be Manuel). Regarding surnames, there are no legal restrictions, and as such many people continue to use archaic spellings of family names, as in Athayde or Telles (modern forms Ataíde and Teles).

In Brazil, there are no laws concerning names, and only obscene or ridiculous names are forbidden when parents [[Birth name|register the birth]] of a child at the local ''cartório de registro civil'' ([[Civil registry]]). Many archaic spellings coexist with the orthographically correct, and even with fancy orthographies (Felipe [common], Philippe [archaic and traditional], Fellype [fancy]).<ref>[http://wp.clicrbs.com.br/sualingua/2009/05/15/manuela-ou-manoela/ Manuela ou Manoela?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105104941/http://wp.clicrbs.com.br/sualingua/2009/05/15/manuela-ou-manoela/ |date=2015-01-05 }} (in Portuguese)</ref><ref>[http://wp.clicrbs.com.br/sualingua/2009/05/15/isabela-%E2%80%94-com-s/ Isabela – com S] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116190751/http://wp.clicrbs.com.br/sualingua/2009/05/15/isabela-%E2%80%94-com-s/ |date=2014-01-16 }} (in Portuguese)</ref><ref>CASTRO, Marcos de. ''A imprensa e o caos na ortografia''. São Paulo: Editora Record. {{ISBN|8501053252}} [http://www.editoras.com/record/05325.htm] (in Portuguese)</ref><ref>[http://www.igutenberg.org/lage25.html A imprensa e o caos da ortografia], Nilson Lage, Instituto Gutenberg, 1999. (in Portuguese)</ref> Names of international inspiration are common, bringing with them the unusual characters "k", "w", and "y" (Katya, William), diacritics that do not match the Brazilian pronunciation (Desirée, pronounced Desirrê) or  do not exist in Portuguese (Thaïs), double letters that retain their foreign pronunciation (Roosevelt) or not (Giovanni), silent letters (as in the formerly mentioned Desirée and Thaïs), and letters that are intended to sound differently from the orthographic norms (Juan, if intended to sound as in Spanish, Hannah, if the initial "h" is intended as an aspiration). Parents can make up any type of name, and suffixes with an English or French "flavour" are often used to give foreign allure to their offspring's names, such as "-son" for boys and "-elly" for girls (Deividson, Jéferson, Joeldson, Maiksson, Andrielly, Marcelly, Nadrielly, Nathyelly, etc.). This phenomenon can be easily seen in Brazilian football players' names.<ref>[http://veja.abril.com.br/250209/pompeu.shtml Geração "on"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820063031/http://veja.abril.com.br/250209/pompeu.shtml |date=2012-08-20 }}, Roberto Pompeu de Toledo, [[Revista Veja]], Edição 2101, 25 de fevereiro de 2009 (in Portuguese)</ref><ref>[http://veja.abril.com.br/251000/pompeu.html A vingança de José sobre Taílson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710041746/http://veja.abril.com.br/251000/pompeu.html |date=2010-07-10 }}, Roberto Pompeu de Toledo, [[Revista Veja]], Edição 1672, 25 de outubro de 2000 (in Portuguese)</ref><ref>[http://www.soportugues.com.br/secoes/curiosidades/nomesProprios.php Grafia de Nomes Próprios] (in Portuguese)</ref>

Names of deceased [[historical figure]]s must be spelled following the current orthographic rules: [[Luís de Camões]] (not ''Luiz de Camoens''), [[Venceslau Brás]] (not ''Wenceslau Braz''), [[Euclides da Cunha]] (not ''Euclydes da Cunha''), [[Tomás Antônio Gonzaga|Tomás António Gonzaga]] (not ''Thomaz Antonio Gonzaga'') etc.<ref>[[Pasquale Cipro Neto|CIPRO NETO, Pasquale]]; INFANTE, Ulisses. ''Gramática da Língua Portuguesa''. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Editora Scipione, 1999. (p. 42).</ref><ref>[[Arnaldo Niskier|NISKIER, Arnaldo]]. ''Questões Práticas da Língua Portuguesa: 700 Respostas''. Rio de Janeiro: Consultor, Assessoria de Planejamento Ltda., 1992. (p. 45).</ref><ref>[http://www.migalhas.com.br/Gramatigalhas/10,MI50555,21048-Nomes+de+pessoas+como+escrever Nomes de pessoas: como escrever?] (in Portuguese)</ref>

=== The preposition ''de'' ===
The [[Adposition|preposition]] ''de'' and its grammatical forms (''da'', ''das'', ''do'', ''dos'') are used in Portuguese surnames, such as in Maria ''da'' Cunha, José ''das'' Neves, Joana ''do'' Rosário, Luís ''dos'' Santos, Gabriela ''de'' Sousa. The last means "from" or "of", while the others mean "from the" or "of the". The current convention in Portuguese is that they be written in lower case.{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}} These are part of a composite name, i.e., "Sousa" is different from "de Sousa," but both are ordered under 'S' in an alphabetical list. Therefore, one should not refer to ''Luiz Pereira da Silva'' as ''Mr. da Silva'' but rather ''Mr. Silva''.{{clarify|reason=This phrase doesn't logically follow ("Therefore...") from the previous.|date=December 2024}} The [[Grammatical conjunction|conjunction]] '''e''' (and) is also common, e.g. "Maria Costa e Silva". Most commonly this would be a composite surname.

The best-known exception to this norm is former Angolan President [[José Eduardo dos Santos]],{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} who is frequently referred to as President Dos Santos, even among Portuguese-speaking people and in Portuguese-language media (although, in Portugal, the forms "Presidente José Eduardo dos Santos" or "Presidente Eduardo dos Santos" are still more common). Likewise, the Anglophone media often ignores this rule when referring to [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] as ''Mr. Da Silva'', instead of ''Mr. Silva''.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

== The name 'Maria' ==
The personal name '''Maria''' (like English ''[[Mary (given name)|Mary]]'', from [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Miryam'', via [[Latin]] ''Maria'') is extremely common as a feminine personal name and even combined with masculine names. Since the turn of the 21st century, a new wave of traditional personal names has resulted in an increase in its popularity. In 2014, it was the most common girl's name in Portugal, more than twice the second-rated ''Matilde''.<ref>[http://www.publico.pt/ficheiros/detalhe/lista-completa-dos-nomes-registados-em-2014-20150105-203813 Full list according to newspaper Público.]</ref>

== Surname and marriage ==
{{more citations needed section|date = May 2020}}

In Portugal since 1977, and in [[Brazil]] since the 1970s, a woman has the option of whether or not to change her name after marriage. In Portugal, since 1977, and in Brazil, since 2002, a husband can also adopt his wife's surname. In Portugal, when this happens, usually both spouses change their name after marriage (for example, ''José Santos Almeida'' and ''Maria Abreu Melo'' could become ''José Santos Melo Almeida'' and ''Maria Abreu Melo Almeida'' or even "José Santos Almeida Melo" and "Maria Abreu Melo Almeida"). In Brazil, there is not yet a perceived pattern.

The custom of a woman adopting a different surname through marriage was not originally a Portuguese-Brazilian tradition.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} It spread in the late 19th century in the upper classes, under French influence.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} After the 1940s, it became almost socially obligatory. Not doing so was seen as evidence of concubinage, particularly until the 1970s. There is no longer a distinct pattern, with both men and women being allowed to choose whether to change or not change their surname(s).

Mandatory adoption of a new combined name led to unusual combinations when the woman's surname was kept, as in the (not uncommon) case of both spouses sharing a surname. Another confusing situation occurred, for example, when a woman named ''Ana Lima Silva'' married a man named ''João Lima''. In such a situation her name could become ''Ana Lima Silva Lima''.

Nowadays in [[Portugal]], a person may adopt their spouse's surname(s), but only in combination with their own birth surnames. For example, if ''Maria Abreu Melo'' marries ''José Santos Almeida'', she could choose to become ''Maria Abreu Melo Almeida'' or ''Maria Abreu Melo Santos Almeida''.

In Brazil, a woman may adopt her husband's surname(s) in combination or not with her own. For example, when ''Maria Abreu Melo'' marries ''José Santos Almeida'', she could choose to become ''Maria Abreu Melo Almeida'', ''Maria Abreu Melo Santos Almeida'', ''Maria Santos Almeida'', ''Maria Almeida'', etc. The most common practice is for a woman to keep part of her birth name and use part of her husband's surname so as to avoid an overly long string of surnames. So, the most used combination from the above example would be ''Maria Melo Almeida''.

In 2012, a circuit of the Brazilian [[Superior Court of Justice (Brazil)|Superior Court of Justice]] allowed a woman to adopt her male partner's surname while in a [[civil union]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arpen-sp.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/100163148/mulher-que-vive-em-uniao-estavel-podera-adotar-sobrenome-do-companheiro?ref=home|title=Mulher que vive em união estável poderá adotar sobrenome do companheiro|work=JusBrasil|language=pt|access-date=2013-07-25}}</ref>

== Collation ==
When producing alphabetized lists of Portuguese names, generally the ''full name'' is used and sorted by personal names. This occurs mainly in schools or official documents, and it is usually done because many people use multiple different surname combinations in their daily life, or do not use the last surname at all. This makes it difficult to order people by the surnames they use. A typical alphabetized list may look like:

* António Borges Santos
* António Silva Abreu Melo
* Leonor Soares Henriques Pais
* Sofia Matilde Almeida Pais

However, in contexts such as a telephone directory or bibliography, the practice of using the (last) surname is preferred:

* Melo, António Silva Abreu
* Pais, Leonor Soares Henriques
* Pais, Sofia Matilde Almeida
* Santos, António Borges (or Antônio, used in Brazil)

The conjunctives and affixes preceding or following it, such as "da" and "Filho", are not used. When a full composite surname is known, it is alphabetized according to the first name even if not joined by a hyphen. In case where this is unclear, the last surname should be used. For example:

* Chagas Filho, Carlos
* Campos, Luís Pereira Siqueira 
* Sousa, Luís de

As a result of these practices it is common for lists alphabetized by surnames to contain errors when dealing with Portuguese names. Additionally, Portuguese names that have been absorbed into a different culture, such as those of English or French-speakers of Portuguese descent, are generally treated according to the practice of those languages or cultures. The [[Portuguese-American]] author [[John Dos Passos]], for example, is referred to as having the surname Dos Passos.

== Nicknames ==
Portuguese nicknames are usually formed by inserting the diminutive infix -''inh'' or -''it'' before the final vowel in the name. For example, [[Teresa]] becomes ''Teresinha'' (meaning "little Teresa"), and [[Carlos (given name)|Carlos]] becomes ''Carlinhos'' ("little Carlos"). In some cases, a nickname is formed by adding ''zinho(a)'' or ''-zito(a)'' – to the actual name. For example, [[João]] becomes ''Joãozinho'' ("little João") or [[Sofia (given name)|Sofia]] becomes ''Sofiazinha'' ("little Sofia").

Augmentative suffixes may be used as well, with "Marcos" becoming "Marcão" ("Big Mark"), for example.

Other practices include the repetition of a syllable (''Nonô'' from [[Eleanor|Leonor]], ''Zezé'' from [[José]]), a simple shortening of the name (''Fred'' from Frederico, ''Bea'' or ''Bia'' from Beatriz), the contraction of the name (Manel, Mané or Nelo from Manuel), or of a fraction of it (''Beto'' from Alberto or Roberto, ''Mila'' from Emília or Camila). A mix of shortening and adding a suffix may also occur (''Leco'' from Leonardo). Sometimes, a foreign-language nickname is used for the corresponding Portuguese name ("''Rick"'' for Ricardo, "Maggie" from Margarida). Most personal names have one or more standard diminutives.

Some typical Portuguese [[hypocoristic]]s (the ones marked with * are almost exclusively Brazilian):

{{div col |colwidth=20em}}

*Adriana= Drica, Adri, Didi, Didica (also applicable to the male equivalent)
*Afonso = Afonsinho
*Alexandra = Alê*, Xana (not in Brazil, where the word is a slang term for [[vagina]]), Alex, Xanda
*Alexandre = Alex, Xande, Xando, Xano, Xandinho
*Alice = Alicinha, Licinha, Cinha, Lice, Lili
*Alzira = Alzi
*Amélia = Amelinha, Melita, Mel
*Amália = Mália
*Amâncio/Amância = Mâncio
*Ana = Aninha, Aninhas, Anita, Anoca(s), Nita, Ninha, Nana
*Anabela = Bela; Belinha; Belita
*Anália = Analinha; Nália
*Antônio/António = Tó, Tonho*, Tonhão*, Toni/Tonnie, Tóne, Toninho, Tonico
*Augusto/Augusta = Guga, Guto/Guta, Tuto*, Gus* (for males)
*Aurélio/Aurélia = Relio/Relia
*Bárbara = Bá, Babá, Babi, Barbie
*Beatriz = Bia/Bea, Bibi
*Bernardo = Nanu; Benas; Bernas; Berna; Ben
*Bianca = Bia*
*Bruna/Bruno = Bru
*Caio = Cacá, Caíto
*Camila = Camilinha, Camilita, Mila, Miloca, Mi, Mia, Ca, Caca
*Carla = Ca, Caca, Carlinha, Carlita, Carlota
*Carlos = Carlinhos, Carlitos, Carlito, Cacá, Calu, Litos
*Carlota = Lota
*Carolina = Lininha, Lina, Carol, Cacá, Carô*
*Cecília = Cilinha, Cila, Cissa, Ceci
*Cláudia/Cláudio = Cau, Cacau (generally used to refer to female children), Dinha/Dinho, Claudinha/Claudinho
*Cristina/e ou Cristiana/e = Cris, Cristininha, Tina, Tininha
*Daiana/e = Dada, Dandinha, Dai*, Nana*
*Daniel = Dani, Dan*, Dandan*
*Daniela = Dani, Dandan*, Danizinha, Dandinha
*Diana = Didi
*Diogo = Dioguinho, Dioguito, Di, Didi, Diguinho, Digo, Diga
*Eduardo = Edu, Dudu, Dado, Du
*Eduarda = Duda, Dada, Du
*Elisabete = Bete, Beta, Lisa, Bé, Beti, Betinha
*Elvira = Elvirinha, Vira
*Emília/Emílio = Emilinha/Emilinho, Mila/Milinha, Milho* ({{lit|[[maize]]}}), Miloca*, Mia*
*Eugénia/Eugénio = Geninha/Geninho
*Eugênia/Eugênio = Geninha/Geninho
*Eurico = Dico
*Fábio/Fabiano/a = Fabico, Biano*, Bibi*, Fabi, Bi*, Fá*, Binho* (for males)
*Fátima = Fatinha*, Tata*
*Fernando = Fefa, Fernandinho, Nando, Fê*
*Fernanda = Fefa, Nanda, Nandinha, Nandita, Fê*
*Filipa/Felipa = Filipinha, Lipa, Pipa, Fifi
*Filipe/Felipe = Felipinho, Lipe, Pipo, Fili, Phil*
*Filomena = Mena, Lumena, Filó
*Francine = Fran*
*Francisca = Francisquinha, Chica, Chiquinha, Quica/Kika
*Francisco = Francisquinho, Chico, Chiquinho, Chiquito, Quico/Kiko, Cisco
*Frederico = Fred, Fredy/Freddie, Dico, Drico, Fré, Fu
*Gabriel = Gabi (not in Brazil, where it is a feminine nickname), Bibo (not in Brazil, where the word is a slang term for [[homosexual male]]), Biel
*Gabriela/Gabriele = Gabi, Gabinha, Bia*, Biela*, Bibi*
*Giovana = Gi*
*Gisele = Gi*
*Gonçalo (a name contemporarily not common to Brazilians) = Gonçalinho, Gonça, Gonças, Gongas, Gonzo (from English influence), Gugu, Guga, Gu
*Guilherme = Gui, Guigui, Guile*, Will*, Willy/Willie*, Guiga, Guibinha
*Gustavo = Guto, Guga, Gugu, "Gus", Gug*
*Helena/Heleno (also Elena/Eleno) = Lena/Leno, Leninha/Leninho, Leni/Lennie, Lelê (for females)
*Henrique = Rique/Rick*, Riquinho*, Ique, Quique, Quico
*Inês = Inesinha, Nê, Nenê/Nené, Nês, Nenoca, Inoca, Inocas, Inuecas, Nessa,
*Isabel/Isabela = Bela, Isabelinha, Isabelita, Belinha, Belita, Isa, Béia, Bebel*, Bebela, Beca, Bel
*Jaime = Jaiminho, Jaimito, Minho
*Jaqueline = Jaque*
*Joana = Joaninha, Ju, Juju, Jana, Janocas, Jô*, Juca
*João = Johnny, Joãozinho, Janjão, Jão, Juca, Joca, Janocas, Bão, Janeca, Jone, Jonh, Jójo
*Joaquim = Quim, Joca, Jaquim, Quinzinho, Quincas
*Jorge = Jorginho, Jó, Joca, Djódi*
*José = Zé, Zezé, Zeca, Zezinho, Jô, Joe
*Josiana/Josiane = Josi*
*Júlia = Ju, Julinha, Juju
*Juliana = Ju, Juju, Juli
*Larissa = Lari*
*Laura/Lauro = Laurinha/Laurinho, Lala (for females), Lalá
*Leonardo = Léo, Leozinho, Leco*
*Leonor = Nonô, Nô, Léo
*Letícia = Lê, Leti, Ticia
*Lídia = Lídi, Li, Dida
*Lígia = Lili, Lica
*Liliana = Lili, Lilas, Liana*, Lana*
*Lorena = Lora, Ló, Loló
*Lúcia = Lucinha, Luci, Lu
*Luís/Luísa = Lu, Luisinho/Luisinha, Luisito/Luisita, Lula*, Lulu; many combinations with Lu and hypocoristics of other names are possibly because Luís is a common first name in Lusophone countries
*Lurdes/Lourdes = Lu, Lou, Ludi*, Lurdinha*
*Madalena/Magdalena = Lena, Madá, Mady/Madie/Maddie
*Magda = Magdinha, Maguinha 
*Manuel = Manelinho, Manelocas, Manel, Mané, Maneco, Neco*, Manu (not in Brazil, where it is a feminine nickname), Nelo, Nelito, Nelinho
*Manuela = Manela, Manu, Nela, Nelita, Manocas,
*Marcelo = Celo, Shelo/Chelo, Tchelo, Celim, Marcelinho*
*Márcia/Márcio = Marcinha/Marcinho
*Marcos/Marco = Marcão, Marquinhos, Marquito, Caco*
*Margarida = Margaridinha, Guida, Guidinha, Maggie
*Maria = Bia, Mariazinha, Maricota, Cota, Cotinha, Micas, Mia, Mimi, Mary
*Mária/Mário = Marinho/Marinha, Maruca, Má*
*Mariana = Marianinha, Marianita, Nita, Mari, Má*, Nana*
*Marlene = Leni, Mary
*Marnia = Marni, Marnie
*Marta = Martinha, Tata*, Má*
*Mateus = Mateusinho*, Teteu*
*Melissa = Mel*
*Micael = Micas/Mikas, Mica/Mika
*Miguel = Miguelinho, Miguelito, Micas, Mike, Mígui
*Natália = Náti*
*Nélson = Nelo, Nelinho, Nelito
*Nicola/Nicolau/Nicholas = Nico/Niko/Nica, Niquito/Niquita, Lalá (for both genders), Lalau (not in Brazil, where the word is a slang term for [[thief]]), Nick*
*Nuno = Nuninho, Nunito
*Octávio/Otávio = Távio, Tavinho, Tavo*
*Osvaldo = Vado, Vadinho, Valdinho, Vavá, Ósvi, Valdo
*Pâmela = Pam
*Patrícia = Pati/Paty/Páti/Patie, Pátri, Pat, Ticha/Tixa, Tiça
*Paula/Paulo = Paulinho/Paulinha, Pauleta, Paulão* (for males)
*Pedro = Pedrinho, Pedrito, Pepê, Pedrocas, Peu (particularly in [[Bahia]])
*Priscila = Pri*
*Rafael = Rafa, Rafe, Fael, Rafinha*
*Rafaela = Rafa, Rafinha
*Renata/Renato = Rê*, Renatinha/Renatinho, Nata/Nato*
*Ricardo = Cado, Cadinho, Ricardinho, Rico, Rick
*Rita = Ritinha, Ri
*Roberto = Betinho, Berto, Beto, Tinho*
*Rodolfo = Rô*, Rodas
*Rodrigo = Digo, Diguinho, Rúdri, Rody, Rud/Rudy
*Rosa = Ró, Rosinha, Rose*
*Rui = Ruca, Ruizinho
*Salvador = Sássá, Salva, Salvas, Sal
*Sara = Sarinha, Sarocas
*Sebastião = Sebastiãozinho, Bastião, Tião, Tão, Babá*, Sebas, Sebasti
*Sofia = Pipia, Sofi, Fi*, Sô*
*Susana = Susaninha, Su, Suse, Susy/Suzy
*Tamires = Tata*
*Teresa = Teresinha, Té, Teté/Tetê
*Tiago = Tiaguinho, Ti, Guinho*
*Tomé = Tomézinho
*Vanessa = Nêssa*
*Vera = Verinha, Veroca, Verusca, Verita
*Victor/Vítor = Tó, Vitinho, Vic
*Victória/Vitória = Vivi, Vicky
*Vinícius = Vini*, Nil*
*Y/Iolanda = Yoyô, Ioiô, Landa
{{div col end}}

Other hypocoristics are associated with common two name combinations:
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
*Cadu (Carlos Eduardo)
*Caíque (Carlos Henrique)
*Cajó (Carlos Jorge)
*Gal (Maria da Graça)
*Joca/Juca (João Carlos)
*Jomi (João Miguel)
*Madu (Maria Eduarda){{Col-3}}
*Malu/Milú (Maria Luísa, Maria de Lurdes, Maria Lúcia)
*Maricota (Maria da Conceição)
*Mazé, Mizé (Maria José)
*Maju (Maria Júlia)
*Miju (Maria de Jesus)
*Mitó (Maria Antónia)
{{Col-3}}
*Tó-Jó (António Jorge)
*Tó-Pê (António Pedro)
*Tozé (António José)
*Zeca (José Carlos)
*Zeza (Maria José)
*Zezé (Maria José)
{{Col-end}}

A hypocoristics can receive the suffix -inho/-inha (meaning "little") giving a more intense feeling of protection or intimacy, such as Chiquinho (from Chico, the hypocoristics for Francisco), Xandinho (from Xando, for Alexandre), Zequinha (form Zeca, for José).

== Brazilian-specific patterns ==

=== Children of immigrants ===
In Brazil, recent immigrants – especially Italians, Germans, Jews and Japanese – usually give their sons only the father's family surname. Although there is no legal restriction on this practice, assimilation usually leads to a shift toward a Portuguese pattern in succeeding generations.

Today one can find people who use two Italian surnames (like ''"Gardi Bianchini''") or two Japanese surnames (like ''"Sugahara Uemura"''), a  practice that was unusual in 20th century Italy and is nonexistent in Japan. Having two surnames from different non-Portuguese origin is also not uncommon, such as the Brazilian celebrity [[Sabrina Sato|Sabrina Sato Rahal]], of Japanese and Swiss-Lebanese descent. Particularly common are German-Italian combinations (Becker Bianchini, for instance), especially in Rio Grande do Sul.

The Spanish pattern is in many ways similar, but the father's surname usually precedes the mother's, unlike Portuguese usage. Almost all of the first Spanish-Brazilian born generation were named in order of the family surnames of the Portuguese pattern.

=== São Paulo State area ===
A specific pattern developed among the descendants of 20th-century immigrants: they use only their father's surname and two personal names, the first is a Portuguese personal name and the second one is a personal name from their father's original country.

This pattern is most used among [[Japan]]ese and [[Syria]]n-[[Lebanon|Lebanese]] immigrants sons and grandsons. So one can find names like ''"[[Paulo Salim Maluf]]"'' where ''Paulo'' is a Portuguese personal name, ''Salim'' is an Arabic personal name, and ''Maluf'' is his father's surname; or ''"Maria Heiko Sugahara"'' where ''Maria'' is a Portuguese personal name, ''Heiko'' a Japanese personal name and ''Sugahara'' is her father's surname. This practice allows the person to be recognized as ''"Paulo Maluf''" or ''"Maria Sugahara"'' in the large Brazilian society, and as ''"Salim Maluf"'' or ''"Heiko Sugahara"'' in their immigrant social community.

This pattern used to be quite common in [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]. Intermarriage has reduced this practice, but it is still commonly used when both parents belong to the same ethnic group. Younger generations tend to use both the father's and the mother's family name, thus giving four names to their children (like ''"Paulo Salim Lutfalla Maluf"'' or ''"Maria Heiko Sugahara Uemura"'').

== Origin of Portuguese surnames ==
Before Romans entered the territory of present-day Portugal, the native people identified themselves by a single name, or that name followed by a patronym. The names could be [[Celts|Celtic]] (Mantaus), [[Lusitania]]n (Casae), Iberian (Sunua) or [[Conii]] (Alainus). The names were clearly ethnic and some typical of a tribe or region. A slow adoption of the [[Roman naming conventions|Roman onomastic]] occurred after the end of the first century AD, with the adoption of a [[Roman naming conventions|Roman name]] or of the tria nomina: praenomen (given name), nomen (gentile) and [[cognomen]].<ref>Ferreira, Ana Paula Ramos; Epigrafia funerária romana da Beira Interior: inovação ou continuidade?;II Parte – Catalogo epigráfico [http://www.ipa.min-cultura.pt/pubs/TA/folder/34/048.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529193750/http://www.ipa.min-cultura.pt/pubs/TA/folder/34/048.pdf|date=2008-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kol.home.sapo.pt/nomes.html |title=Principais nomes, patronímicos, derivados e apelidos usados pelos povos da Lusitânia e nações aliadas |access-date=2018-07-28 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183655/http://kol.home.sapo.pt/nomes.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Most Portuguese surnames have a patronymical, locative or religious origin.

=== Surnames originating from patronymics ===
'''Patronymics''' are names derived from the father's personal name that, many centuries ago, began to be used as surnames. They are a common form of surnames in the lands where Portuguese is spoken and also have developed in many other languages.

In Portuguese, patronymics are surnames such as ''[[Henriques (surname)|Henriques]]'', ''[[Pires]]'', ''[[Rodrigues (surname)|Rodrigues]]'', ''[[Lopes]]'', ''[[Nunes]]'', ''[[Mendes]]'', ''[[Fernandes]]'', ''Gonçalves'', ''[[Esteves]]'' and ''[[Álvares]],'' where the ending -es means (''son of'').

Some surnames that originated in this way do not end in ''es''; instead they end in ''iz'', like ''Muniz'' (''son of Monio'') and Ruiz (''son of Ruy''), or ''ins'', like ''Martins'' (''son of Martim'').

Although most Portuguese surnames ending in ''-es'' are former patronymics, some family names with -es- endings are not patronymics, but toponymics, such as Tavares, Cortês and Chaves.

Some surnames are equal to personal names, such as ''Joana Fernando'', or ''André João'', in which "Fernando" and "João" are surnames. It is rather improbable that those are patronymics; more likely they originated with people with no surnames, who were given two names for the sake of enhanced individuality. One can find today in Portugal and Brazil people who still use surnames that for other people are just personal names, although they were passed from parents to sons for generations, such as Valentim, Alexandre, Fernando, Afonso (note the family name ''de Melo Afonso'') and Antonio (note ''de Melo Antonio''). Names like ''Dinis'', ''Duarte'', ''Garcia'' and ''Godinho'' were originally personal names, but today they are used in Brazil almost exclusively as surnames, although Duarte and Dinis are still common personal names in Portugal.

Matronymics (surnames derived from female personal names) are not used in Portuguese. Surnames such as "Catarino" (from [[Santa Catarina (Caldas da Rainha)|Catarina]]) and "Mariano" (meaning related to ''[[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Maria]]'') are rather references to Catholic saints (probably originating with the practice of giving a child the name of the saint of the day in which he or she was born).{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

Some former patronymics are not easily recognized, for two main reasons. Sometimes the personal name that was the basis of the patronymic became archaic, such as  ''Lopo'' (the basis of ''Lopes''), ''Mendo'' or ''Mem'' (''Mendes''), Soeiro (''Soares''), Munio (''Muniz''), ''Sancho'' (''Sanches''). Also, often the personal names or the related patronymic changed through centuries, although always some resemblance can still be noted – such as ''Antunes'' (son of ''Antão'' or ''Antonio''), ''Peres'' (son of ''Pero'', archaic form of ''Pedro''), ''Alves'' (from ''Álvares'', son of ''Álvaro''), and ''Eanes'' (from mediaeval Iohannes, son of ''João'').

=== Locative surnames ===
A large number of surnames are '''locative''', related to the geographical origin of a person, such as the name of a village, town, city, land, river. Such surnames like ''Almeida'', ''Andrada'' or ''Andrade'', ''[[Barcelos, Portugal|Barcelos]]'', ''Barros'', ''Bastos'', ''[[Braga]]'', ''[[Beira (Portugal)|Beira]] ''(edge), ''[[Castelo Branco Municipality|Castelo Branco]]'', ''Cintra'' (from [[Sintra]]), ''[[Coimbra]]'', ''Faria'', ''[[Gouveia, Portugal|Gouveia]]'', ''[[Guimarães]]'', ''[[Lima River|Lima]]'' (the name of a river, not meaning [[Lime (fruit)|lime]]), ''Lisboa'' ([[Lisbon]]), ''[[Maia, Portugal|Maia]]'', ''[[Mascarenhas (surname)|Mascarenhas]]'' (a civil parish of [[Mirandela]], Portugal), ''Pacheco'' (from village of Pacheca), ''[[Porto]]'', ''[[Portugal]]'', ''[[Serpa]]'', ''Leão'' (from [[Kingdom of León|León]]).

Some names specify a location of the family's house within the village: ''Fonte'' (by the fountain), ''Fontoira/Fontoura'' (golden fountain), ''Azenha'' (by the water-mill), ''Eira'' (by the threshing-floor), ''Tanque'' (by the community cistern), ''Fundo'' (on the lower part of the village), ''Cimo/Cima'' (on the upper part of the village), ''Cabo'' (on the far end of the village),{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} ''Cabral'' (near the field where the goats graze). In some cases, the family name may not be a locative, but an indication of ownership.

Surnames were also derived from geological or geographical forms, such as ''Pedroso'' (stony or full of pebbles land), ''Rocha'' (rock), ''Souza''/''Sousa'' (from Latin saxa, a place with seixos, or pebbles), ''Vale'' (valley, dale), ''Bierzo'' (mountain), ''Ribeiro''/''Rivero'' (little river, creek, brook), ''Siqueira''/''Sequeira'' (a non-irrigated land), ''Castro'' (ruins of ancient buildings, equivalent to English Chester), ''Dantas'' (from d'Antas, a place with antas, i.e. prehistoric stone monuments or dolmens), ''Costa'' (coast), ''Pedreira'' (quarry), ''Barreira'' (clay quarry), ''Couto'' (fenced site), ''Outeiro'' (hill or hillock),''Vilar/Villar'' (from Latin "villagio", a village), ''Seixas'' (pebbles), ''Veiga''/''Vega'' (banks of a river), ''Córdoba/Córdova'' (hill near the river), ''Padrão'' (rock or stone), ''Celanova'' (barn or reservoir).

Names of trees or plantations are also locative surnames, originally related to identifying a person who lived near or inside a plantation, an orchard or a place with a characteristic kind of vegetation. Names such as ''Silva'' and ''Matos'' (woods, forest), ''Campos'' (meadows), ''Teixeira'' (a place covered with yew trees), ''Queirós'' (a kind of grass), ''Cardoso'' (a place covered with ''cardos'', i.e. with cardoons or thistles), ''Correia'' (a place covered with ''corriolas'' or ''correas'', a kind of plant), ''Macedo'' (an apple tree garden), ''Azevedo'' (a forest of azevinho, a holly wood), ''Amaral'' (a plantation of ''amara'', a bitter grape used to make wine), and ''Arruda'' (a place with large amounts of Rue, an ornamental plant and herb), fit this pattern.

Tree names are very common locative surnames – ''[[Oliveira (surname)|Oliveira]]''/''Olivera'' (olive tree), ''Carvalho'' ([[oak tree]]), ''Servia'' (from ''serba'', i.e. a sort of [[sorbus]] or serbal tree), ''Pinheiro'' ([[pine tree]]), ''[[Pereira (surname)|Pereira]]/[[Pereyra]]'' ([[pear tree]]), Pêro/Pero (wild [[apple tree]]), ''[[Pereiro (disambiguation)|Pereiro]]''/''Do Pereyro'' ([[apple tree]]), ''Aciveiro'' ([[holly|holly tree]]), ''Moreira'' ([[mulberry tree]]), ''Macedo''/''Macieira'' ([[apple tree]]), ''Filgueira''/''Figueira'' (fern tree or [[cyatheales]]), ''Loureiro''/''Laureiro'' ([[laurus nobilis|laurel tree]]), ''Parreira'' (grape tree). There is the case of ''Pereira''/''Pereyra'' which is not only a tree. In the old documentations of the Portuguese language also appears as a variant of Pedreira or Pedreiro and this means "stone quarry" or mason.

=== Religious surnames ===
Surnames with '''religious meanings''' or connotations are common. It is possible that some of these originated from an ancestor who converted to Catholicism and intended or needed to demonstrate his new faith. Another possible source of religious names were orphans who were abandoned in the churches and raised in Catholic orphanages by priests and nuns. They were usually baptized with a name related to the date near when they were found or baptized. Another possible source is when religious personal names (expressing a special devotion by the parents or the god-parents, or the child's birth date) were adopted as family names.

Religious names includes ''de [[Jesus]]'' (of Jesus), '' dos Reis'' (of the kings, from the day of the Epiphany of the Lord, the Day of the Wise Kings), ''Ramos'' (branches, from Palm Sunday, the Sunday before Easter), ''Pascoal'' (of Easter), ''da Assunção'' (of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary), ''do Nascimento'' (of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary or the Nativity of Jesus – Christmas), ''da Visitação'' (of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary), ''da Anunciação'' (of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary), ''da Conceição'' (of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary), ''Trindade'' (from Trinity Sunday), ''do Espírito Santo'' (of the Holy Ghost, from the Feast of the Holy Ghost), ''das Chagas'' (of wounds, from the Feast of the Five Wounds of Christ), ''Graça'' (grace, from Our Lady of Grace), ''Patrocínio'' (patronage, from Our Lady of Patronage), ''Paz'' (peace, from Our Lady Mediatrix of Peace), ''Luz'' (light, from Our Lady of the Divine Light), ''Neves'' (snows, from Our Lady of the Snows), ''Penha'' (cliff, bluff, from Our Lady of the Bluff of France, that in Spanish is called Nuestra Señora de Peñafrancia), ''das Dores'' (of sorrows, from Our Lady of Sorrows), ''Bonfim'' (good end, from Our Lord of Good Death), ''das Virgens'' (of the virgins martyrs), ''dos Anjos'' (of angels, from the Archangels Michael, Raphael, and Gabriel day), ''São João'' (Saint John), ''Santana'' (Saint Ann), ''Santos'' (from 'Todos os Santos', i.e. from All Hallows or All Saints day; ''Santos'' comes from the Latin ''sanctus'', which also originated other variants, such as ''Sanctius'', ''Santious'', ''Sancti'', ''Santis'', ''Santi'', ''Sante'' or ''Santé'', ''Santiz'', ''Santiso'' or ''Santizo'' and ''Santotis'') and ''Cruz'' (Cross, the most common surname among the [[Belmonte Jews]]).

An orphan with unknown parents or a converted ([[Jew]], African slave, or [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Native Brazilian]]) person was frequently baptized with the name of a saint, such as ''João Baptista'' (from Saint John the Baptist), ''João Evangelista'' (from Saint John the Evangelist), ''João de Deus'' (from Saint John of God), ''António de Pádua'' (from Saint Anthony of Padova), ''João Nepomuceno'' (from Saint John of Nepomuk), ''Francisco de Assis (''from Saint Francis of Assisi), ''Francisco de Paula'' (from Saint Francis of Paola), ''Francisco de Salles'' (from Saint Francis de Salles), ''Inácio de Loiola'' (from Saint Ignatius of Loyola), ''Tomás Aquino'' (from Saint Thomas Aquinas), ''José de Calazans'' (from Saint Joseph of Calasanz), or ''José de Cupertino'' (from Saint Joseph of Cupertino). After that, they usually passed only the second personal name (''Batista, Evangelista, de Deus, Pádua, Nepomuceno, Assis, de Paula, Sales, Loiola, Aquino, Calazans'' or ''Cupertino'') to their sons as a surname.

A surname such as ''Xavier'' could have originated from someone baptized after Saint Francis Xavier or from the old Portuguese family ''Xavier''.

=== Descriptive surnames ===
Some surnames are possible '''descriptions''' of a peculiar characteristic of an ancestor, originating from nicknames.

These include names like ''Veloso'' (wooly or hairy), ''Vergueiro'' (one that bends), ''Medrado'' (grown-up), ''Porciúncula'' (small part, small piece), ''Magro'' (thin), ''Magriço'' (skinny), ''Gago'' (stutterer, stammerer), ''Galhardo'' (gallant, chivalrous), ''Terrível'' (terrible), ''Penteado'' (hairdressing, the nickname of a branch of the German Werneck family whose members used to wear wigs), ''Romeiro'' (a pilgrim) ''Verdugo/Berdugo'' ("Tree branch" or 'Executioner").

=== Profession and occupation surnames ===
Portuguese surnames that originated from '''professions''' or '''occupations''' are few, such as ''Serrador'' (sawman), ''Monteiro'' (hunter of the hills or woods guard), ''Guerreiro'' (warrior), ''Caldeira'' (cauldron, i.e. cauldron maker), ''Cubas'' (wooden barrels, i.e., barrel maker or cooper), ''Carneiro'' (sheep, for a shepherd), ''Peixe'' (fish, for a fisherman or a fishmonger).

=== Foreign-origin surnames ===
Some Portuguese names originated from foreigners who came to live in [[Portugal]] or Brazil many centuries ago. They are so ancient that, despite their known foreign origin, they are an integrated part of Portuguese and Brazilian cultures.

Most of these names are Spanish, such as ''Toledo'' (a city in Spain), ''Ávila'' or ''Dávila'' (a city in Spain) and ''Padilha''. Other common "foreign" surnames are Bettencourt or Bittencourt (from [[Béthencourt]], French), ''Goulart, Goulard'' or ''Gullar'' (French, original meaning is glutton), ''Fontenele'' or ''Fontenelle'' (French, from fountain), ''Rubim'' (from Robin, French), ''Alencastro'', ''Lencastre'' (from Lancaster, English), ''Drummond'' (Scottish), ''Werneck, Vernek'' or ''Berneque'' (southern German, the name of the [[Bavaria]]n city [[Werneck]]), ''Wanderley'' (from ''van der Ley'', Flemish), ''Dutra'' (from ''De Ultra'', a Latin name meaning "from beyond" assumed by the Flemish family ''Van Hurtere''), ''Brum'' (from ''Bruyn'', Flemish), Bulcão (from ''Bulcamp'', Flemish), ''Dulmo'' (from ''van Olm'', Flemish),<ref>CLAEYS, André. "Vlamingen op de Azoren in de 15de eeuw"; pp. 2. Brugge 2007.</ref> ''Acioli'' (Italian), ''Doria'' (Italian), ''Cavalcanti'' (Italian), ''Netto'' or ''Neto'' (Italian, not to be confused with the name suffix "Neto" ("grandson") that is used in Portuguese to distinguish a grandson and grandfather who bear the same names).

=== The question of Portuguese Jewish surnames ===
It is a popular belief {{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} that the [[History of the Jews in Portugal|Jews living in Portugal]] up to 1497, when they were forced to choose between conversion or expulsion, substituted their surnames with the names of trees that do not bear edible fruits, such as ''Carvalho'' (oak tree) and ''Junqueira'' (reed, bulrush, junk). Others say that they usually chose animal ''Leão'' (Lion); plant/vegetable ''Pimentel'' (pepper); fruit such as ''[[Piccio|Figo]]'' (fig) and ''Moreira'' (berry); and tree names such as ''Pereira'' (pear tree)  or ''Oliveira'' (olive tree), in this case trees that bear edible fruits. However, even these names were already used by Christians during the Middle Ages; these surnames were mostly used by the converted Jews (''conversos'', new Christians) during the time the Inquisition existed.{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} Be that as it may, many of these surnames already belonged to members of Portugal's ancient Jewish population, which experts believe likely numbered around twenty-thousand. Many of the Sephardic Jews of Portugal simply transliterated the spellings of the names they already possessed, to align more closely with the Christian Portuguese surnames that were already commonly used in Portugal.This was done to deflect any suspicion that they were Jews. One good example is the Jewish tribe name Menasseh, which was transliterated and became the Portuguese surname "Meneses". Many Jewish names were modified in this fashion, and in time, they became bonafide Portuguese Christian surnames. Thus, by adopting these kinds of names of Jewish origin that became accepted Portuguese surnames, meant that in a very real sense, the  Portuguese Jews actually ended up adopting surnames that were originally theirs to begin with.

Another family name usually pointed out {{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} as denoting Jewish ancestry is ''Espírito Santo'' (Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost) and Verdugo/Berdugo (Branch of a Tree / Executioner). The rationale is that Jews would adopt as a family name an (apparently) Christian concept as a deception. In fact, they were choosing the most incorporeal [[Trinity]] person, that is, the one that offended least their (secret) Jewish faith. This theory is not totally unfounded, as there is evidence<ref>Moisés Espírito Santo (1988), ''Origens Orientais da Religião Popular Portuguesa seguido de Ensaio sobre Toponimia Antiga''. Lisboa: Assírio & Alvim. p. 51 (among many others).</ref> that the cult around the Holy Spirit flourished after 1496, especially among [[New Christians]]. This does not rule out that "Espírito Santo" was also adopted by faithful Christians, following the rationale of other religious surnames.

The Portuguese Jews living in Portugal up to 1497 bore personal names that could distinguish them from the Christian population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sephardim.com - Sephardic surnames |url=https://sephardim.co/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Sephardim.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Most of these names are Portuguese versions of older Semitic (Arabian, Hebrew, Aramaic) names like ''Abenazo, Abencobra, Aboab, Abravanel, Albarrux, Azenha, Benafull, Benafaçom, Benazo, Caçez, Cachado, Çaçom/Saçom, Carraf, Carilho, Cide/Cid, Çoleima, Faquim, Faracho, Faravom, Fayham/Fayam, Focem, Çacam/Sacam, Famiz, Gadim, Gedelha, Labymda, Latam/Latão, Loquem, Lozora, Maalom, Maçon, Maconde, Mocatel, Mollaão, Montam, Motaal, Rondim, Rosall, Samaia/Çamaya, Sanamel, Saraya, Tarraz, Tavy/Tovy, Toby, Varmar, Verdugo/Berdugo, Zaaboca, Zabocas, Zaquim, Zaquem''. Some were locative names, not necessarily specific to Jewish populations, like ''Catelaão/Catalão'' (Catalan), ''Castelão/Castelhão'' (Castilian), ''Crescente'' (crescent, from Turkey), ''Medina'' (from [[Medina]]), ''Romano'', ''Romão'', ''Romeiro'' (Roman), ''Tolledam''/''Toledano'' (from [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]), ''Vallency'' (from [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]]) and ''Vascos'' (Basque); some were patronymics from Biblical names like ''Abraão'' (Abraham), ''Lázaro'' (Lazarus), ''Barnabé'' (Barnabas), ''Benjamim'' (Benjamin), ''Gabril'' (Gabriel)'', ''Muça'' (Moses)'', and ''Natam'' (Nathan); some are profession names such as ''Caldeirão'' (cauldron), ''Martelo'' (hammer), ''Pexeiro'' (fishmonger), ''Chaveirol'' (locksmith), and ''Prateiro'' (silversmith); some are nicknames such as ''Calvo'' (bald), ''Dourado'' (golden), ''Ruivo'' (red-headed), ''Crespo'' (curly), ''Querido'' (beloved) and ''Parente'' (family relative). A few names are not distinct from old Portuguese surnames, such as ''Camarinha, Castro, Crespim''.<ref name="nomesjudeus">[http://www.soveral.info/mas/judeusecristaosnovos.htm Manuel Abranches de Soveral, in «Subsídios para o estudo genealógico dos judeus e cristãos-novos e a sua relação com as famílias portuguesas»]</ref>

Some scholars proved {{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} that the converted Portuguese Jews usually chose a patronymic as their new surname and, when the conversion was not forced, they would choose to bear the surname of their godfather.<ref name="nomesjudeus" />

The Jewish-Portuguese community that flourished in the Netherlands and Hamburg, Germany, after their expulsion from Portugal used surnames such as ''Camargo, Costa, Fonseca, Pimentel, Dias, Pinto'', and ''Silveira''.  {{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}

Some of the most famous descendants of Portuguese Jews who lived outside Portugal are the philosopher [[Baruch Spinoza]] (in Portugal ''Bento de Espinosa''), the British Prime Minister [[Benjamin Disraeli]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wolf|first=Lucien|title=The Disraeli Family|journal=Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England|year=1902–1905|volume=5|pages=202–218}}</ref>  and the classical economist [[David Ricardo]]. Other famous members of the Portuguese Synagogue of Amsterdam bore names such as [[Uriel da Costa]] (''Uriel Acosta''), [[Abraham Pimentel]], [[Isaac Aboab da Fonseca]], [[Isaac de Pinto]] and [[Menasseh ben Israel]] (whose original surname was ''Soeiro'').{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}

The [[Belmonte Jews]] (crypto-Jews from the [[Belmonte Municipality|Belmonte]] region in Portugal) also bear surnames that cannot be used to distinguish them from the older Catholic Portuguese families. Using tree names as surnames was not a common practice among converted or non-converted Portuguese Jews, before or after their [[History of the Jews in Portugal|expulsion]] in 1497.{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}

==Frequency==

=== Most common surnames in Portugal and Brazil ===
These are some most frequent surnames in Portugal:<ref>[http://www.bbg.pt/sites_off/SPIE_01/faqs4.htm © 2005 SOCIEDADE PORTUGUESA DE INFORMAÇÃO ECONÓMICA S.A. – SPIE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174225/http://www.bbg.pt/sites_off/SPIE_01/faqs4.htm |date=2013-10-14 }}.</ref><ref>[http://anossavida.pt/sites/anossavida.pt/files/100_apelidos.pdf Os 100 Apelidos mais frequentes da População Portuguesa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228151813/http://anossavida.pt/sites/anossavida.pt/files/100_apelidos.pdf |date=2013-02-28 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
! Order
! Surname
! style=max-width:5em |{{ubl|Frequency|%}}
! style=max-width:6em |Frequency {{nowrap|(in thousands)}}
|-
| 1 
| [[Silva]]
| 9,44% 
| 995
|-
| 2 
| [[Santos (surname)|Santos]]
| 5,96% 
| 628
|-
| 3 
| [[Ferreira (surname)|Ferreira]]
| 5,25% 
| 553
|-
| 4
| [[Pereira (surname)|Pereira]]
|4,88%
|514
|-
| 5
| [[Oliveira (surname)|Oliveira]]
|3,71%
|391
|-
| 6
| [[Costa (surname)|Costa]]
|3,68%
|387
|-
| 7
| [[Rodrigues (surname)|Rodrigues]]
|3,57%
|376
|-
|8
| [[Martins (surname)|Martins]]
|3,23%
|340
|-
|9
| [[De Jesus|Jesus]]
|2,99%
|315
|-
|10
| [[Sousa (surname)|Sousa]]
|2,95%
|311
|-
|11
| [[Fernandes]]
|2,82%
|297
|-
|12
| [[Gonçalves]]
|2,76%
|291
|-
|13
| [[Gomes]]
|2,57%
|271
|-
|14
| [[Lopes]]
|2,52%
|265
|-
|15
| [[Marques (surname)|Marques]]
|2,51%
|265
|-
|16
| [[Alves]]
|2,37%
|250
|-
|17
| [[Almeida (surname)|Almeida]]
|2,27%
|239
|-
|18
| [[Ribeiro]]
|2,27%
|239
|-
|19
| [[Pinto]]
|2,09%
|220
|-
|20
| [[Carvalho]]
|1,97%
|208
|-
|21
|[[Castelino]]
|1,93%
|192
|-
|22
| [[Teixeira]]
|1,69%
|178
|-
|23
| [[Moreira (name)|Moreira]]
|1,54%
|162
|-
|24
| [[Correia]]
|1,53%
|161
|-
|25
| [[Mendes (name)|Mendes]]
|1,39% 
|146
|-
|26
| [[Nunes]]
|1,32%
|139
|-
|27
| [[Soares]]
|1,28%
|135
|-
|28
| [[Vieira]]
|1,2% 
|127
|-
|29
| [[Monteiro (surname)|Monteiro]]
|1,11%
|117
|-
|30
| [[Cardoso (surname)|Cardoso]]
|1,07%
|113
|-
|31
| [[Rocha (surname)|Rocha]]
|1,04%
|110
|-
|32
| [[Neves (surname)|Neves]]
|0,98%
|103
|-
|33
| [[Coelho]]
|0,97%
|102
|-
|34
| [[Cruz]]
|0,94%
|99
|-
|35
| [[Cunha]]
|0,93%
|98
|-
|36
| [[Pires]]
|0,92%
|97
|-
|37
| [[Ramos]]
|0,86%
|91
|-
|38
| [[Reis (surname)|Reis]]
|0,85%
|90
|-
|39
| [[Simões]]
|0,85%
|90
|-
|40
| [[Antunes]]
|0,82%
|86
|-
|41
| [[Matos (surname)|Matos]]
|0,82%
|86
|-
|42
| [[Fonseca (surname)|Fonseca]]
|0,81%
|86
|-
|43
| [[Machado]]
|0,76%
|80
|-
|44
| [[Araújo]]
|0,69%
|73
|-
|45
| [[Barbosa (surname)|Barbosa]]
|0,69%
|72
|-
|46
| [[Tavares (surname)|Tavares]]
|0,67%
|71
|-
|47
| [[Pimentel (surname)|Pimentel]]
|0,66%
|70
|}

According to a large scale study of names extracted from various social networking websites, the most common surnames in Brazil are:<ref>[http://www.name-statistics.org/br/numedefamiliecomune.php Os sobrenomes mais comuns no Brasil]/</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Surname !! Frequency 
|-
| Silva || 2.409818% 
|-
| Santos || 2.08495%
|-
| Oliveira || 1.807492%
|-
| Souza || 1.391685%
|-
| Rodrigues || 1.160769%
|-
| Lima || 1.095724%
|-
| Alves || 1.056915%
|-
| Ferreira || 1.012418%
|-
| Pereira || 0.878372%
|-
| Gomes || 0.792352%
|-
| Costa || 0.761942%
|-
| Ribeiro || 0.745374%
|-
| Martins || 0.684785%
|-
| Almeida || 0.660773%
|-
| Carvalho || 0.651517%
|-
| Soares || 0.621934%
|-
| Fernandes || 0.5921%
|-
| Lopes || 0.590011%
|-
| Araujo || 0.569747%
|-
| Nascimento || 0.555078%
|-
| Sousa || 0.534135%
|}

===Most common names in Portugal and Brazil===
According to the newspaper '''''[[Público (Portugal)|Público]]''''',<ref>''[http://jornal.publico.clix.pt Público] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212173202/http://jornal.publico.clix.pt/ |date=2008-02-12 }}'' of July 5, 2009, p. 6</ref> the most common personal names in Portugal, for 105,000 children born in 2008 were:
{| class="wikitable"
!Males !! Females
|-
| [[João]] (3189) || Maria (4497)
|-
| [[Rodrigo]] (3074) || [[Beatriz]] (2897)
|-
| Martim (2443) || Ana (2897)
|-
|[[Diogo (name)|Diogo]] (2128) ||[[Leonor]] (2374)
|-
| Tiago (2088) || Mariana (2374)
|-
| [[Tomás (given name)|Tomás]] (2043) || Matilde (2131)
|}

According to the [[IBGE]] the most common personal names in Brazil in 2010 were:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/cidadania-e-justica/2016/04/um-brasil-de-marias-e-joses-ibge-apresenta-os-nomes-mais-comuns-do-pais|title=Um Brasil de Marias e Josés: IBGE apresenta os nomes mais comuns no País|last=Brasil|first=Portal|website=Portal Brasil|language=pt-BR|access-date=2017-05-18}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Name !! Incidence
|-
| 1. Maria || 11,734,119
|-
| 2. José || 5,754,529
|-
| 3. Ana || 3,098,858
|-
| 4. João || 2,984,119
|-
| 5. Antônio || 2,576,348
|-
| 6. Francisco || 1,772,197
|-
| 7. Carlos || 1,489,191
|-
| 8. Paulo || 1,423,262
|-
| 9. Pedro || 1,219,605
|-
| 10. Lucas || 1,127,310
|}

According to the [http://certidaodenascimento.com.br/nomes-mais-registrados-em-2014/ Certidão de Nascimento] Website, the top 10 most common personal names in Brazil in 2014 were:

{| class="wikitable"
! Men !! Women
|-
| 1. Miguel || Sophia
|-
| 2. Davi || Alice
|-
| 3. Arthur || Julia
|-
| 4. Pedro || Isabella
|-
| 5. Gabriel || Manuela
|-
| 6. Bernardo || Laura
|-
| 7. Lucas || Luiza
|-
| 8. Matheus || Valentina
|-
| 9. Rafael || Giovanna
|-
| 10. Heitor || Maria Eduarda
|}

== Brazilian names ==

=== Brazilian surnames ===

==== Giving Portuguese surnames to Afro-Brazilians and native Brazilians ====
Until abolition of slavery, slaves did not have surnames, only personal names.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} They were even forbidden to use their distinct African or [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Native Brazilian]] names and were christened with a Portuguese personal name. While slavery persisted, slaves needed to have distinct names only within the plantation (''fazenda'' or ''engenho'') to which they belonged.

It was a common practice to name free slaves after their former owners, so all their descendants have the Portuguese surnames of their former owner.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

Indigenous people who were not slaves also chose to use their godparents' surnames as their own.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

Religious names are also more common among people with African or native Brazilian ancestors than among people with only European ancestors. A slave who had just a personal name like ''Francisco de Assis'' (from Saint [[Francis of Assisi]]) could use the partial name ''de Assis'' as a surname, since the connective – ''de'' – gives the appearance of surname.

The practice of naming [[Afro-Brazilians]] with religious surnames was proved even by some indirect approaches. Medical researchers demonstrated that there is a statistical correlation between a religious name and genetic diseases related to African ancestry such as the [[sickle-cell disease]]. Due to [[miscegenation]], the correlation exists even among white people that have religious surnames.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

It was also common to name indigenous people and freed slaves with surnames which were already very common such as ''Silva'' or ''Costa''. That is why{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} ''Silva'' is the most common surname in Brazil.

==== Surnames originated from Native Brazilian words ====
In the years following Brazil's independence, some old Brazilians families changed their surnames to surnames derived from [[Tupian languages]] as a patriotic way to emphasize the new Fatherland. Some of these names are still spelled with [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] old [[orthography]], but some are spelled according to the new rules. These names, following the old [[orthography]], include:

* [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Native Brazilian]] nations or tribes: ''[[Tupinambá people|Tupinambá]], [[Tabajara]], [[Carijó]], [[Goytacaz people|Goytacaz]], [[Guarani people|Guarany]], [[Tamoyo]]'' (the name of a confederation of many tribes that fought the first Portuguese settlers);
* Brazilian trees: ''[[Hymenaea courbaril|Jatobá]]'', ''Mangabeira'' ([[mangaba]] tree), ''Pitangui'' ([[Surinam Cherry|pitanga]] tree), ''Sarahyba'', ''Palmeira'' ([[Palm (plant)|palm]] tree), ''Goiabeira'' ([[guava]] tree);
* Typical Brazilian fruits: ''[[Surinam Cherry|Pitanga]], [[Muricy (disambiguation)|Muricy]], [[Guaraná]]'' (a Brazilian family with Dutch ancestors changed their surname from ''Van Ness'' to ''Guaraná'');
* Famous [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Native Brazilian]] chiefs: ''Cayubi'', ''[[Tibiriçá]]'', ''[[Paraguaçu]]'' (big river, sea, in [[Tupian languages|Tupian language]]), ''Piragibe'' (fish's arm, in [[Tupian languages|Tupian language]]).

Due to emigration, nowadays one can find these surnames even in [[Portugal]].

==== Brazilian locative surnames ====
Some Brazilian surnames, like some old Portuguese surnames, are '''locative surnames''' that denote the original place where the ancestor who first used it was born or lived. Like surnames that originated from words, this practice started during the patriotic years that followed Brazil's Independence.

These are surnames like ''Brasil'' (Brazil), ''Brasiliense'' (Brazilian), ''Brasileiro'' (also Brazilian), ''América'', ''Americano'' (American), ''Bahiense'' (from Bahia city, today called [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]), ''Cearense'' (from [[Ceará]] State) and ''Maranhão'' (from [[Maranhão]] State)

Some of these are [[toponyms]] derived from [[Tupian languages]] such as:

* Brazilian rivers: ''[[Capibaribe River|Capibaribe]]'' ([[Capibara]]s' river in [[Tupian languages|Tupian language]]), ''Parahyba'' (from [[Paraíba do Sul]] river, not related to the northern  [[Paraíba]] river, [[Paraíba]] State, or Paraíba city, today called [[João Pessoa, Paraíba|João Pessoa]]);
* Brazilian places: ''[[Pirassununga]]'' (snoring fish, in [[Tupian languages|Tupian language]]), ''[[Piratininga]]'' (dried fish, in [[Tupian languages|Tupian language]]), ''[[Carioca]]'' (from Rio de Janeiro city, originally meant ''white man house'' in [[Tupian languages|Tupian language]]).

Due to immigration, nowadays one can find these surnames even in [[Portugal]].

Some locative surnames derived indirectly as the result of its incorporation by the family after the Imperial nobility title of an ancestor. During the times of Emperor Pedro II, non-hereditary nobilities titles would be granted to notable persons, generally statesmen. The title (but no lordship) would be granted and named after a location, as in Europe, generally owned by the notable. At their death, the family in order to maintain the reference to the  title would adopt them, to the point that many Brazilians still believe these are hereditary.

Thus surnames like:
Rio Branco (from Barão de [[Baron of Rio Branco|Rio Branco]], i.e., José Maria da Silva Paranhos), Jaguaribe (from Barão de [[Jaguaribe]]), Ouro Preto (from Visconde de [[Ouro Preto]]), Paranaguá (from the various Marqueses de [[Paranaguá]] as the title would be granted to more than one notable), Araripe (Barão de [[Araripe]]), Suassuna (Barão de Suassuna), etc...

==== Non-Portuguese surnames in Brazil ====
Despite the lesser variation in Portuguese surnames, immigration from other countries (mainly from [[Italy]], [[Spain]], [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]], [[Ukraine]], [[Russia]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Japan]], [[United States]] and more recently [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Africa]], [[Hispanic America]] and [[Haiti]]) increased the diversity of surnames in Brazil. Notwithstanding, the vast majority of Brazilian surnames are of Portuguese origin, due to the fact that it was the Portuguese who colonized Brazil.

Some foreign surnames were misspelled after many generations and today cannot be recognized in their original country {{citation needed|date=February 2015}} (the French-Swiss family name ''Magnan'' changed to ''Manhães'' after some decades). Some misspelled foreign surnames are hardly recognized by speakers of the original language such as ''[[Fernando Collor de Mello|Collor]]'' (from German ''Köhler''), ''Chamareli'' (from Italian ''Sciammarelli'') and ''Branquini'' (from Italian ''Bianchini''). Sometimes, different rules of romanization were applied to [[japanese name|Japanese]] and [[Arabic name]]s (like ''Nacamura'' and ''Nakamura'', ''Yamaguchi'' and ''Iamaguti'', ''Sabag'' and ''Sappak'', ''Bukhalil'' and ''Bucalil'').

Thus there are extensively adapted or misspelled foreign surnames used by Brazilian descendants of non-Portuguese immigrants. Due to emigration, nowadays one can find these misspelled surnames even in their original country.

==== Immigrants' surnames ====
Although not so widely used as in the [[United States]], immigrants used to change their surname to show assimilation or to avoid social discrimination in Brazil.

This practice was most used during [[World War II]] by Italian immigrants because Italy was an enemy country for a few years.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} As Italians are Catholics and were easily assimilated in the larger Brazilian society, the practice was not perceived and almost forgotten after a single generation.

The new Portuguese surname was generally chosen based on the original meaning of the foreign surname (''Olivetto'', ''Olivetti'' or ''Oliva'' sometimes changed to ''Oliveira''). Sometimes the new surname had only a phonetic resemblance with the foreign one (the Italian surnames ''Livieiro'' and ''Salviani'' sometimes were changed to ''Oliveira'' and '' Silva''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

==== Respectful treatment using hypocoristics ====
In Brazil, until the first half of the 20th century, very important people could be called in a very respectful – but not formal – way using a social or military title and a childish [[hypocoristic]]s of their personal name, such as ''"Coronel Tonico"'' (Colonel Tony), ''"Comendador Paulinho"'' (Commander Little Paul), ''"Dona Chica"'' (Lady Little Frances"), ''Sinhá Mariquinha'' (Mrs. Little Mary, ''sinhá'' is a popular pronunciation of senhora, i.e. Mrs.). Although an American president could be called ''Bill'' (Clinton) or ''Jimmy'' (Carter) by the press, this practice was used in Brazil as a much more respectful treatment and never in a formal way.

Some sociologists{{Who|date=January 2010}} have suggested that members of the Brazilian upper classes were often raised by slave women who called them using a hypocoristics, and that childish name continued to be used, but in a respectful way, when they grew up.

Today, this practice is not so widespread, but one can find people informally, but respectfully, called ''"Seu Zé"'' (Mr Joe, ''Seu'' is a short Mister) or ''"Dona Ritinha"'' (Lady Little Rita).

==== Adding personal names to surnames ====
In Brazil, descendants of famous people sometimes use a surname composed of both the personal name and the surname of their ancestor, like the ''[[Ruy Barbosa]]'', ''[[Vital Brazil]]'', {{ill|Miguel da Silva Pereira|lt=''Miguel Pereira''|pt}}, ''[[Rubens Paiva]]'', ''[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula da Silva]]'' and ''[[Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira|Lafayette Rodrigues]]'' families. Such practice allows them to be easily recognised by other people as descendants of their famous ancestor. Such a pattern is rare.

=== Personal names ===

==== Personal names of foreign origin ====
In [[Portugal]], newborn children can only be named from a list of personal names<ref>[http://www.irn.mj.pt/sections/irn/a_registral/registos-centrais/docs-da-nacionalidade/vocabulos-admitidos-e/downloadFile/file/NomesAdmit31122008.pdf?nocache=1237297938.4 Direcção Geral de Registos e Notariados – Nomes admitidos] – List of admitted personal names (Portugal)</ref> permitted by Civil Law. Names are required to be spelt according to the rules of [[Portuguese orthography]] and to be a part of Portuguese-language [[onomastic]] (traditionally names in Portugal were based on the [[calendar of saints]]). Thus in Portugal the personal names show little variation, as traditional names are favoured over modern ones. Examples of popular Portuguese names are ''António, João, José, Francisco, Pedro or Manuel'' (for men) and ''Maria, Ana, Isabel, Teresa or Joana'' (for women). In recent decades there has been a popularity rise for ancient historical names such as ''Gonçalo, Bernardo, Vasco, Afonso, Leonor, Catarina or Beatriz''. If one of the parents is not Portuguese or has double citizenship, foreign names are allowed, as long as the parents present a document proving the requested name is allowed in their country of origin. In the past, immigrant children who were born abroad were required to adopt a Portuguese name in order to become Portuguese citizens –  an example is tennis player [[Michelle de Brito]], whose legal name is ''Micaela''. This practice no longer applies.

In Brazil, there is no legal restriction on naming a newborn child, unless the personal name has a meaning that can humiliate or embarrass those who bear it.

Brazilians living far from the big cities or lower-class people are prone to create new personal names, joining the names of the parents or classical names, changing the spelling of foreign names or even using foreign suffixes that – they may believe – give a sophisticated or modern sound to the new name (e.g. Maurren – from Maureen -, Deivid – from David, Robisson).

Foreign surnames are also widely used as personal names such as ''[[Richard Wagner|Wagner]], [[Mozart]], [[Donizetti]], [[Lamartine]], [[Georges Danton|Danton]], Anderson, [[Ralph Waldo Emerson|Emerson]], [[Thomas Edison|Edison]], [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin]], [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Nelson]], [[Woodrow Wilson|Wilson]], [[George Washington|Washington]], [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]], Jensen, [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]], [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], [[Alfred Nobel|Nobel]]'', ''Rosenberg'', ''Alextricia'' (combination of ''[[Alexander]]'' and ''[[Patricia]]'') and ''Ocirema'' (''Americo'' in reverse).<ref>[http://blog-en.namepedia.org/2016/03/rhythm-of-renewal-in-brazilian-names/ NamepediA Blog – Rhythm of Renewal in Brazilian Names] – Article discussing names in Brazil</ref> Originally these names showed the political, artistic or scientific admiration of the parents who first used them to name their sons. (See also [[#Spelling|Spelling]] section of this article).

==== Personal names originating from Native Brazilian names ====
During the reign of the second Emperor, [[Dom Pedro II]], the [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Native Brazilian]] was used as the symbol of the Empire. At this time, Brazilian people started to use [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Native Brazilian]] names as personal names. Some are among the most popular until nowadays.

These are names like ''Araci, Caubi, Guaraci, Iara, Iberê, Ioná, Jaci, Janaína, Jandira, Juçara, Juraci, Jurema, Maiara, Moacir, Moema, Ubiratã, Ceci, Iracema, Peri'' and ''Ubirajara'' (the last four taken from [[José de Alencar]]'s works).

Recently, Brazilians have started to use other personal names of [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Native Brazilian]] origin like ''Rudá'' (love, after Rudá, god of love in [[Guarani mythology|Tupi-Guarani mythology]]), ''Cauã'' and ''Cauê'' (hawk), although their use connotes the hippie culture.

== Indexing ==
According to the [[Chicago Manual of Style]], Portuguese and Lusophone names are [[Subject indexing|indexed]] by the final element of the name, and this practice differs from the indexing of Spanish and Hispanophone names.<ref>"[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/CHIIndexingComplete.pdf Indexes: A Chapter from The Chicago Manual of Style]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150226005234/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/CHIIndexingComplete.pdf Archive]). [[Chicago Manual of Style]]. Retrieved on December 23, 2014. p. 27 (PDF document p. 29/56).</ref> The male lineage (paternal grandfather's) surname is still the one indexed for both Spanish and Portuguese names.<ref>"[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/CHIIndexingComplete.pdf Indexes: A Chapter from The Chicago Manual of Style]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150226005234/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/CHIIndexingComplete.pdf Archive]). [[Chicago Manual of Style]]. Retrieved on 23 December 2014. p.&nbsp;27 (PDF document p.&nbsp;29/56).</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Portugal}}
* [[Portuguese alphabet]]
* [[Nogueira Ferrão]]
* [[Spanish naming customs]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.irn.mj.pt/sections/irn/a_registral/registos-centrais/docs-da-nacionalidade/vocabulos-admitidos-e/downloadFile/file/NomesAdmit31122008.pdf?nocache=1237297938.4 Direcção Geral de Registos e Notariados – Nomes admitidos] – List of first names admitted by law (Portugal)
* {{cite web | url=https://www.publico.pt/sociedade/noticia/no-pais-da-maria-e-do-joao-a-luana-e-o-diego-estao-a-ganhar-terreno-1719124 | title=No país da Maria e do João, a Luana e o Diego estão a ganhar terreno | date= 5 May 2016 | access-date=17 June 2016 | author=Borja-Santos, Romana | publisher = PÚBLICO }}
* [http://blog-en.namepedia.org/2016/03/rhythm-of-renewal-in-brazilian-names/ NampediA Blog – Rhythm of Renewal in Brazilian Names] – article about Brazilian names
* [https://is.muni.cz/th/v6p6v/Horackova_BP_final.pdf Portugal and Czech popular surnames]
{{Names in world cultures}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Portuguese Name}}
[[Category:Names by country]]
[[Category:Portuguese language|Name, Portuguese]]