View source for Portugal

{{Short description|Country in Southwestern Europe}}
{{About|the country}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Very long|date=December 2025|words=14,000}}

{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
| native_name            = {{ubl|{{native name|pt|República Portuguesa}}|{{native name|mwl|República Pertuesa}}}}
| common_name            = Portugal
| image_flag             = Flag of Portugal (official).svg
| alt_flag               = {{nbsp}} <!--Used to denote purely decorative images-->
| flag_type_article      = Flag of Portugal
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
| coat_alt               = {{nbsp}} <!--Used to denote purely decorative images-->
| symbol_type_article    = Coat of arms of Portugal
| coa_size               = 115
| national_anthem        = <br/>{{lang|pt|[[A Portuguesa]]}}<br />"The Portuguese"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Hino Nacional da Republica Portuguesa.ogg]]</div>
| image_map              = {{Switcher|[[File:EU-Portugal (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg|frameless]]|Show map of the European Union|default=1}}
| map_width              = 250px
| map_caption            = {{legend|#218439|Location of Portugal}}
{{legend|#C6DEBD|Portugal within the [[European Union]]}}
| capital                = [[Lisbon]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
| largest_city           = capital
| official_languages     = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| recognised_national_languages   = [[Portuguese Sign Language]]
| recognised_regional_languages = [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]]
{{Infobox
| child = yes
| label1 = Nationality {{nobold|(2024)}}<ref name="aima"/>
| data1 = {{Unbulleted list |85.6% [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] | 14.4% [[Immigration to Portugal|foreigners]]
|item3_style=padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em}}
}}
| religion               = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* 84.8% [[Christianity]]
** 80.2% [[Catholic Church in Portugal|Catholicism]]
** 4.6% other [[Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
 | 14.1% [[Irreligion|no religion]]
 | 1.1% [[Religion in Portugal|other]]
 }}
| religion_ref           = <ref name="Censos2021"/>
| demonym                = Portuguese
| government_type        = Unitary [[semi-presidential republic]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Legislacao/PAGINAS/CONSTITUICAOREPUBLICAPORTUGUESA.ASPX|title=Constituição da República Portuguesa|access-date=11 December 2025|publisher=[[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]]}}</ref>{{efn|While Portugal has a ''de jure'' semi-presidential system, the role of the president is mostly ceremonial, and the country operates under a strong [[Unitary parliamentary republic|parliamentary]] leaning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlamento.pt/ArquivoDocumentacao/Documents/ManualDeputado_2009.pdf|title=Manual do Deputado 2009|access-date=11 December 2025|publisher=[[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]]}}</ref>}}
| leader_title1          = [[President of Portugal|President]]
| leader_name1           = {{nowrap|[[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]]}}
| leader_title2          = [[Prime Minister of Portugal|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2           = [[Luís Montenegro]]
| leader_title3          = [[List of presidents of the Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Speaker]]
| leader_name3           = {{nowrap|[[José Pedro Aguiar-Branco]]}}
| legislature            = [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]]
| sovereignty_type       = [[History of Portugal|Establishment]]
| sovereignty_note       =
| established_event1     = [[County of Portugal|County]]
| established_date1      = 868
| established_event2     = [[Battle of São Mamede|Sovereignty]]
| established_date2      = 24 June 1128{{efn|The modern day concept of sovereignty or [[declaration of independence]] did not exist at the time, nor was established any notion of its recognition. Portugal was recognised as a kingdom with its own King in [[Manifestis Probatum|1179]] by the [[Pope]] who was the ultimate authority in Europe at the time. The way Europe was seen at the time was as a {{lang|la|[[Res publica christiana]]}}.}}
| established_event3     = [[Battle of Ourique]]
| established_date3      = 25 July 1139
| established_event4     = {{nowrap|[[Conference of Zamora]]}}
| established_date4      = 4–5 October 1143
| established_event5     = {{lang|la|[[Manifestis Probatum]]}}
| established_date5      = 23 May 1179
| established_event6     = [[Portuguese Restoration War|Restoration]]
| established_date6      = 1 December 1640
| established_event7     = [[Portuguese Constitution of 1822|First constitution]]
| established_date7      = 23 September 1822
| established_event8     = [[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]]
| established_date8      = 5 October 1910
| established_event9     = [[Carnation Revolution|Democratisation]]
| established_date9      = 25 April 1974
| established_event10     = [[Constitution of Portugal|Current constitution]]
| established_date10      = 25 April 1976{{efn|name=c|[[Constitution of Portugal|Portuguese Constitution adopted in 1976]] with several subsequent minor revisions, between 1982 and 2005}}
| area_km2               = 92,230
| area_footnote          = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0008350&selTab=tab0|title=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]]|access-date=5 July 2023|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113174215/https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0008350&selTab=tab0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17758217 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126133127/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17758217 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_rank              = 109th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] -->
| area_sq_mi             = 57,298
| percent_water          = 1.2 (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=11 October 2020|publisher=[[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER|archive-date=24 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_estimate_rank = 87th
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 10,749,635<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=707078398&DESTAQUESmodo=2|title=População residente aumenta, mas envelhecimento continua a agravar-se - 2024 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]]|date=18 June 2025 |access-date=18 June 2025}}</ref>
| population_census      = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 10,343,066<ref name="Stat Portugal">{{cite web |website=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal |date=23 November 2022 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=541064323&DESTAQUESmodo=2 |access-date=23 November 2022 |title=Censos 2021 - Principais tendências ocorridas em Portugal na última década |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123114641/https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=541064323&DESTAQUESmodo=2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 116.6
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $535.210&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.PT">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Portugal) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 51st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $49,753<ref name="IMFWEO.PT" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 42nd
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $337.936&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.PT" />
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 45th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $31,415<ref name="IMFWEO.PT" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 40th
| Gini                   = 31.9 <!-- number only -->
| Gini_year              = 2024
| Gini_change            = decrease<!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| Gini_ref               = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.890
| HDI_rank               = 40th
| HDI_year               = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. -->
| HDI_change             = increase
| HDI_ref                = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| currency               = [[Euro]]{{efn|The [[Portuguese escudo|Escudo]] before 2002}} ([[Euro sign|€]])
| currency_code          = EUR
| utc_offset             = {{sp}}
| time_zone              = [[Western European Time|WET]])<br /> UTC−1 ([[Atlantic/Azores]]
| utc_offset_DST         = +1
| date_format            = yyyy-mm-dd<ref>{{cite web|website=Eurocid - Informação europeia ao cidadão|url=https://eurocid.mne.gov.pt/sites/default/files/repository/paragraph/documents/2436/0000215836.pdf|first1=Paula|last1= Guimarães|first2= Susana| last2=Martins|title=Guia de estilo|publisher=Centro de Informação Europeia Jacques Delors|trans-title=Style guide|language=pt-PT|date = March 2005|access-date=December 6, 2025|page = 41}}</ref>
| drives_on              = right<ref>{{cite web |title=List of left- & right-driving countries |url=https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/ |website=WorldStandards}}</ref>
| time_zone_DST          = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]])<br /> UTC (Atlantic/Azores)
| DST_note               = Note: [[Continental Portugal]] and [[Madeira]] use WET/WEST; the [[Azores]] are 1 hour behind.
| calling_code           = [[Telephone numbers in Portugal|+351]]
| cctld                  = [[.pt]]
| religion_year          = 2021
| today                  = 
}}

'''Portugal''', officially the '''Portuguese Republic''', is a country on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in [[Southwestern Europe]]. It is an unitary [[semi-presidential republic]] made up by [[mainland Portugal]] and two [[Autonomous Regions of Portugal|autonomous regions]], with [[Lisbon]] as both its [[Capital city|capital]] and [[List of largest cities in Portugal|largest city]]. The mainland is [[Portugal-Spain border|bordered]] by [[Spain]] to the north and east, with [[Madeira]] and the [[Azores]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. It features [[Cabo da Roca|the westernmost point]] in [[continental Europe]].

The western Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited since [[Prehistoric Iberia|prehistory]], with the earliest signs of [[Human settlement|settlement]] dating to 5500 BC. [[Celts|Celtic]] and [[List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] peoples arrived in the {{MILLENNIUM|-1}}. The region came under [[ancient Rome|Roman]] control in the 2nd century BC. A succession of [[Germanic peoples]] and the [[Alans]] ruled from the 5th to 8th centuries. [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|Muslims invaded]] the Iberia Peninsula in the 8th century, but were gradually expelled during the [[Portugal in the Reconquista|''Reconquista'']]. Portugal was established during this period, initially as a [[County of Portugal|county]] of the [[Kingdom of León]] in 868, and [[Manifestis Probatum|formally]] as a [[Kingdom of Portugal|kingdom]] in 1179.

Portugal was one of the main participants of the [[Age of Discovery]], made several seminal advancements in [[Portuguese nautical science|nautical science]] and [[Portuguese maritime exploration|was among the first European countries]] to explore and discover new territories and sea routes, establishing [[Portuguese Empire|settlements, colonies, and trading posts]] that extended mostly along the [[South Atlantic]] and [[Indian Ocean]] coasts. A [[Portuguese succession crisis of 1580|dynastic crisis]] in 1580 resulted in the [[Iberian Union]] with Spain [[Portuguese Restoration War|until 1640]], marking its gradual decline as a global power. The [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]] destroyed the city and further damaged the economy.

The [[Napoleonic Wars]] drove the [[Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil|relocation of the court to Brazil]] in 1807, leading to its [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves|elevation to a kingdom]] and then [[Independence of Brazil|independence]] in 1822, causing the 1828–1834 [[Liberal Wars]] and the abolition of the [[Absolutism (European history)|absolute monarchy]]. The [[5 October 1910 revolution]] led the monarchy being abolished and replaced by a [[First Portuguese Republic|republic]]. In 1926, following [[28 May 1926 coup d'état|a coup]], the authoritarian {{lang|pt-PT|[[Ditadura Nacional]]}} was established and later [[1933 Portuguese constitutional referendum|became]] the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]}}. Democracy was restored in 1974 following the [[Carnation Revolution]], which brought an end to the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] and its colonial empire.

Portugal's colonial history has left [[Evolution of the Portuguese Empire|a vast cultural legacy]], with around 250 million [[Lusophone|native Portuguese speakers]] worldwide. It has a [[developed country|developed]] and [[IMF advanced economy list|advanced economy]] relying chiefly upon services, industry, and tourism. Portugal is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[European Union]], [[Schengen Area]], and [[Council of Europe]], and one of the founding members of [[NATO]], the [[eurozone]], the [[OECD]], and the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]].

== Etymology ==
The word ''Portugal'' ({{IPA|pt-PT|puɾtuˈɣal|audio=Portugal.wav|lang|label=}}) derives from the combined [[Ancient Rome|Roman]]-[[Celtic languages|Celtic]] place name [[Portus Cale]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/portugal|title=Portugal – Origin and meaning of the name Portugal by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=Etymonline.com|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220050255/https://www.etymonline.com/word/portugal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://agal-gz.org/faq/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=contributos-pgl:sobre_a_origem_e_significado_da_palavra_portugal.pdf|title=Origem e significado das palavras Portugal e Galiza|website=agal-gz.org|access-date=25 February 2023|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203194424/http://agal-gz.org/faq/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=contributos-pgl:sobre_a_origem_e_significado_da_palavra_portugal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> (present-day's [[conurbation]] of [[Porto]] and [[Vila Nova de Gaia]]). Porto stems from the Latin for [[port]], {{Lang|la|portus}}; ''Cale''{{'}}s meaning and origin is unclear. The mainstream explanation is an [[ethnonym]] derived from the Callaeci, also known as the [[Gallaeci]] peoples, who occupied the north-west of the [[Iberian Peninsula]].<ref name="Winicius">{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/31989410|title=Documentos danca portuguesa|first=Marcos|last=Winicius|via=academia.edu|access-date=12 April 2020|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817085223/https://www.academia.edu/31989410|url-status=live}}</ref> One theory proposes ''Cale'' is a derivation of the Celtic word for 'port'.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POGEbFpGHigC&q=celtic+cale+harbour&pg=RA1-PA270 |title=Celtic Linguistics |access-date=22 August 2010 |isbn=978-0-415-20479-8 |last1=Pezron |first1=Paul |date=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010145948/https://books.google.com/books?id=POGEbFpGHigC&q=celtic+cale+harbour&pg=RA1-PA270 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another is that ''Cala'' was a Celtic goddess. Some French scholars believe it may have come from {{Lang|la|Portus Gallus}}, the port of the Gauls.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8zAQAAMAAJ&q=portus+Gallus+etymologie+du+portugal&pg=PA441|title=Manuel géographique et statistique de l'Espagne et du Portugal ...|date=11 April 2018|publisher=Buisson|via=Google Books|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203433/https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8zAQAAMAAJ&q=portus+Gallus+etymologie+du+portugal&pg=PA441#v=snippet&q=portus%20Gallus%20etymologie%20du%20portugal&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Around 200 BC, the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] took Iberia from the [[Punic people|Carthaginians]] during the [[Second Punic War]]. In the process they conquered Cale, renaming it {{Lang|la|Portus Cale}} ('Port of Cale') and incorporating it into the province of [[Gallaecia]]. During the [[Middle Ages]], the region around Portus Cale became known by the [[Suebi]] and [[Visigoths]] as ''Portucale''. The name ''Portucale'' changed into ''Portugale'' during the 7th and 8th centuries, and by the 9th century, it was used to refer to the region between the rivers Douro and [[Minho River|Minho]]. By the 11th and 12th centuries, ''Portugale'', ''Portugallia'', ''Portvgallo'' or ''Portvgalliae'' were already referred to as ''Portugal''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugallia: description de Portugal |url=https://am.uc.pt/item/44787 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=Universidade de Coimbra |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugalliae que olim Lusitania nouissima et exactissima descriptio |url=https://almamater.uc.pt/item/44341 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=Universidade de Coimbra |language=pt}}</ref>

With the [[5 October 1910 Revolution|implementation of the republic]] in 1910, the word ''Portugal'' lost its prior status as the official name for the country, being replaced with the phrase ''República Portuguesa'' ({{IPA|pt-PT|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|lang|label=}}).<ref>{{cite web|website=Público|url=https://www.publico.pt/2011/10/05/jornal/republica-portuguesa-ou-portugal-23127842|language=pt-PT|title=República Portuguesa ou Portugal?|trans-title=Portuguese Repulic or Portugal?|access-date=November 20, 2025|date=5 October 1910|first=Gonçalo|last=Nobre}}</ref> After the [[Constitution of Portugal|current constitution]] entered into force, in 1976, the [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]] received official recognition as a regional language, with the phrase ''República Pertuesa'' being the official name of the country in Mirandese.{{efn|name="pt lang"|Mirandese, spoken in the region of [[Terra de Miranda]], was officially recognised in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),<ref name="Mirandese">{{cite web |url=https://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 March 2002 |title=Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) |publisher=Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa (UdL) |access-date=2 December 2015 }}</ref> awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|<ref name="Euromosaic study Mirandese">[http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205202451/http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C |date=5 February 2016 }}, europa.eu&nbsp;– [[European Commission]] website. Retrieved January 2007. Link updated December 2015</ref>}}}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of Portugal}}

=== Prehistory ===
{{Main|Prehistoric Iberia}}

[[File:Cromeleque dos Almendres - Southeast - 2.jpg|thumb|[[Almendres Cromlech]], the largest [[stone circle]] in the Iberian Peninsula]]
The region has been inhabited by humans since circa 400,000 years ago, when [[Homo heidelbergensis]] entered the area. The oldest human fossil found in Portugal is the 400,000-year-old ''[[Aroeira 3]]'' ''H. Heidelbergensis'' skull discovered in the [[Cave of Aroeira]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-03-year-old-fossil-human-cranium-oldest.html|title=400,000-year-old fossil human cranium is oldest ever found in Portugal|website=phys.org|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816022236/https://phys.org/news/2017-03-year-old-fossil-human-cranium-oldest.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later [[Neanderthal]]s roamed the northern Iberian peninsula and a tooth has been found at Nova da Columbeira cave in [[Estremadura Province (1936–76)|Estremadura]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Zilhão|first1 = J.|last2 = Cardoso|first2 = J. L.|last3 = Pike|first3 = A. W. G.|last4 = Weninger|first4 = B.|title = Gruta Nova da Columbeira (Bombarral, Portugal): Site stratigraphy, age of the Mousterian sequence, and implications for the timing of Neanderthal extinction in Iberia|journal = Quartär|volume = 58|issue = 1|pages = 93–112|year = 2011|doi = 10.7485/QU58_05|url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277518159_Gruta_Nova_da_Columbeira_Bombarral_Portugal_Site_stratigraphy_age_of_the_Mousterian_sequence_and_implications_for_the_timing_of_Neanderthal_extinction_in_Iberia}}</ref> [[Homo sapiens sapiens]] arrived in Portugal around 35,000 years ago and spread rapidly,<ref>{{harvp|Disney|2009|p=5}}</ref> with the earliest signs of [[Human settlement|settlement]] dating to 5500 BC.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/portugal/|title=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA |access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109122645/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/portugal|url-status=live}}</ref> Pre-Celtic tribes inhabited Portugal. The [[Cynetes]] developed a written language, leaving [[stelae]], which are mainly found in the south.<ref>{{cite web |title=O museu da escrita do sudoeste |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=9 December 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/o-museu-da-escrita-do-sudoeste/| date=2007}}</ref>

The [[Lusitanians]]{{efn|{{langx|la|Lusitani}}, {{langx|pt-PT|Lusitanos}}}} were an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]-speaking people living in the far west of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], in present-day central Portugal and regions of Western [[Spain]]. 
It is uncertain whether the Lusitanians were Celticized Iberians, representatives of the ancient [[Beaker Culture]] (with Proto-Lusitanian tribes possibly originating from [[Gallia Belgica]])<ref>{{cite web|url=
https://www.academia.edu/9563554|last= Witczak|first= Krzysztof|date=2005|title=The Language and Religion of the Ancient Lusitanians|publisher=Academia.edu|access-date=June 27, 2025}}</ref> or Celts, related to the [[Lusones]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lusitani|title=Lusitani|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>
Early in the first millennium BC, several waves of [[Celts]] arrived in Portugal from Central Europe and intermarried with the local populations to form several different ethnic groups.<ref name="harvp|Disney|2009|p=15">{{harvp|Disney|2009|p=15}}</ref>

The [[Celts|Celtic]] presence and heritage is patent in archaeological and linguistic evidence. They dominated most of northern and central Portugal, while the south maintained some of its older character (believed non-Indo-European, likely related to [[Basque language|Basque]]) until the Roman conquest.<ref name="harvp|Disney|2009|p=15"/> In southern Portugal, some small, semi-permanent commercial outposts were also founded by Mediterranean peoples namely [[Phoenicia]]ns, [[Greeks]] and [[Carthaginian Iberia|Carthaginians]] along the coast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quem foram os primeiros habitantes da Península Ibérica? |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=9 December 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/quem-foram-os-primeiros-habitantes-da-peninsula-iberica/| date=2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fenícios e Gregos na Península Ibérica |publisher=Infopédia Porto Editora |access-date=9 December 2025 |url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$fenicios-e-gregos-na-peninsula-iberica}}</ref>

=== Roman Portugal ===
{{Main|Lusitania|Gallaecia|Hispania}}
[[File:Évora - 49619137673.jpg|thumb|The [[Roman Temple of Évora]], one of the best preserved landmarks of Roman presence in Portugal]]
Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC. The Carthaginians, Rome's opponent in the [[Punic Wars]], were expelled from their coastal colonies. During [[Julius Caesar]]'s rule, almost the entire peninsula was annexed to Rome. The conquest took two hundred years and many died, including those sentenced to work in slave mines or sold as slaves to other parts of the empire. The Roman occupation suffered a setback in 155 BC, when a [[Lusitanian War|rebellion]] began in the north. The [[Lusitanians]] and other native tribes, under the leadership of [[Viriathus]], wrested control of all of western Iberia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unrv.com/bio/viriathus.php|title=Viriathus And The Lusitanian War &#124; UNRV.com Roman History|website=unrv.com|access-date=6 July 2020|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707020716/https://www.unrv.com/bio/viriathus.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IY5ABAAAQBAJ&q=viriathus+celtic+lusitania+academia&pg=PT268|title=Viriathus: And the Lusitanian Resistance to Rome, 155–139 BC|first=Luis|last=Silva|date=30 July 2013|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-2689-2|via=Google Books|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203317/https://books.google.com/books?id=IY5ABAAAQBAJ&q=viriathus+celtic+lusitania+academia&pg=PT268#v=snippet&q=viriathus%20celtic%20lusitania%20academia&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Rome sent legions to quell the rebellion but were unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$ocupacao-romana-da-peninsula-iberica|title=Ocupação romana da Península Ibérica|publisher=Infopédia Porto Editora|access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref> Roman leaders bribed Viriathus's allies to kill him in 139 BC; he was replaced by [[Tautalus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/viriato-o-chefe-dos-lusitanos/|title=Viriato, o chefe dos Lusitanos|publisher=RTP Ensina|access-date=6 December 2025|date=2023}}</ref>

In 29 BC, Lusitania gained the status of [[Roman province]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$lusitania|title=Lusitânia|publisher=Infopédia Porto Editora|access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref> Later, a northern province was separated from the province of [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Tarraconensis]], under Emperor [[Diocletian]]'s reforms, known as [[Gallaecia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Conejo |first1=Noé |title=Coins and ''villae'' in late Roman Lusitania: collapse of the Roman currency economy? |journal=Post-Classical Archaeologies |volume=10 |year=2020 |pages=219–246 |url=http://www.postclassical.it/PCA_Vol.10_files/PCA10_Conejo.pdf |access-date=17 November 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928010929/http://www.postclassical.it/PCA_Vol.10_files/PCA10_Conejo.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> There are numerous ruins of castros ([[hill forts]]) and remains of the [[Castro culture]], like the [[Castro of Monte Mozinho|Mozinho]], [[Castro of Zambujal|Zambujal]], [[Castro of Cidadelhe|Cidadelhe]], [[Conímbriga]], [[Miróbriga|Mirobriga]], [[Citânia de Briteiros|Briteiros]] archaeological sites.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

=== Germanic kingdoms ===
[[File:Reino suevo.svg|thumb|A map of the [[Kingdom of the Suebi]] in the 5th and 6th centuries]]

In 409, with the decline of the [[Roman Empire]], the [[Iberian Peninsula]] was occupied by [[Germanic tribes]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoryGn9o4x0C&pg=PP1 |title=The History of Portugal |isbn=978-0-313-31106-2 |last1=Anderson |first1=James Maxwell |year=2000 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010145955/https://books.google.com/books?id=UoryGn9o4x0C&pg=PP1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 411, with a federation contract with [[Emperor Honorius]], many of these people settled in [[Hispania]]. An important group was made up of the [[Suebi]], [[Buri tribe|Buri]],<ref>Domingos Maria da Silva, ''Os Búrios'', Terras de Bouro, Câmara Municipal de Terras de Bouro, 2006. (in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]])</ref> [[Vandals]] in [[Gallaecia]], who founded a [[Kingdom of the Suebi|Suebi Kingdom]] with its capital in [[Braga]]. They came to dominate central Portugal, including [[Aeminium]] ([[Coimbra]]) all the way to the [[River Tagus|Tagus]], while the [[Visigoths]] occupied the south.<ref name="Koller Laitenberger 1998">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGc2GwyvuEgC&q=KOLLER%2C%20Erwin%2C%20Hugo%20Laitenberger&pg=PR1 |title=Schwaben |isbn=978-3-8233-5091-0 |last1=Koller |first1=Erwin |last2=Laitenberger |first2=Hugo |year=1998 |publisher=Gunter Narr Verlag |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203318/https://books.google.com/books?id=aGc2GwyvuEgC&q=KOLLER%2C%20Erwin%2C%20Hugo%20Laitenberger&pg=PR1#v=snippet&q=KOLLER%2C%20Erwin%2C%20Hugo%20Laitenberger&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Suebi]] and the Visigoths were the Germanic tribes who had the most lasting presence in the territories corresponding to modern Portugal. As elsewhere in Western Europe, there was a sharp decline in urban life during the [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYn_f1jxNDoC&pg=PA138 |title=The Rise & Fall of World Orders |isbn=978-0-7190-4058-0 |last1=Knutsen |first1=Torbjörn L |year=1999| publisher=Manchester University Press }}</ref>

Roman institutions disappeared in the wake of the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] invasions with the exception of [[ecclesiastical]] organisations, which were fostered by the Suebi in the fifth century and adopted by the Visigoths afterwards. Although the Suebi and Visigoths were initially followers of [[Arianism]] and [[Priscillianism]], they adopted [[Catholicism]] from the local inhabitants. St. [[Martin of Braga]] was a particularly influential evangelist.<ref name="Koller Laitenberger 1998" />

In 429, the Visigoths moved south to expel the [[Alans]] and [[Vandals]] and founded a kingdom with its capital in [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]. From 470, conflict between the Suebi and Visigoths increased. In 585, the Visigothic King [[Liuvigild]] conquered Braga and annexed Gallaecia; the [[Iberian Peninsula]] was unified under a [[Visigothic Kingdom]].<ref name="Koller Laitenberger 1998" /> A new class emerged, unknown in Roman times: a [[nobility]], which played a key social and political role during the [[Middle Ages]]. It was under the Visigoths that the Church began to play an important part within the state.<ref name="Visigodos">{{cite web |title=Visigodos na Península Ibérica |publisher=Infopédia Porto Editora |access-date=7 December 2025 |url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$visigodos-na-peninsula-iberica}}</ref> As the Visigoths did not learn Latin from the local people, they had to rely on bishops to continue the Roman system of governance.<ref name="Visigodos2">{{cite web |title=Código Visigótico (654) |publisher=Infopédia Porto Editora |access-date=7 December 2025 |url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$codigo-visigotico-(654)}}</ref> The laws were made by councils of bishops, and the [[clergy]] emerged as a high-ranking class.<ref name="Visigodos" /><ref name="Visigodos2" />

=== Islamic period ===
Most of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] was invaded from the south and became part of [[al-Andalus]] between 726 and 1249, following the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] conquest of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. Muslim rule in Iberia concluded in [[Granada War#Last stand at Granada|1492]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Al-Andalus |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Al-Andalus |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303184305/https://www.britannica.com/place/Al-Andalus |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Aljezur-nucleo-urbano-2025-09-msu--1820.jpg|thumb|The ruins of [[Aljezur]] castle, in the [[Algarve]] built by the [[Moors]] in the 10th century]]
After defeating the [[Visigoths]] in a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 726, the land that is now Portugal became part of the Umayyad Caliphate until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under [[Abd-ar-Rahman I]] with the establishment of the [[Emirate of Córdoba]], becoming the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] in 929, lasting until its dissolution in 1031, into 23 [[Taifa|small kingdoms]].<ref name="Britannica" />

The [[Emir|emirs]] of those kingdoms established diplomatic relations with the northern Christian kingdoms. Most of present-day Portugal fell into the hands of the [[Taifa of Badajoz]], and in 1022 the [[Taifa of Seville]]. Those petty kingdoms were conquered by the [[Almoravids]] in 1086, then by the [[Almohads]] in 1147.<ref>Portugal musalman (Le) – VIIIe-XIIIe siècles par Christophe Picard – Maisonneuve et Larose – Collection Occident Musulman – 2001, 500 p. {{ISBN|2-7068-1398-9}}</ref>
Al-Andaluz was divided into districts called ''Kura''. [[Gharb Al-Andalus]] at its largest consisted of 10 kuras,<ref name="A. R. Disney, p.55">A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Vol. 1: From Beginnings to 1807: Portugal (Volume 1) p. 55</ref> each with a capital and governor. The main cities were in the southern half of the country: [[Beja (Portugal)|Beja]], [[Silves Municipality, Portugal|Silves]], [[Alcácer do Sal]], [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]] and [[Lisbon]]. The Muslim population consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam and [[Berbers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://journals.eco-vector.com/2410-0145/article/view/35149%7Cauthor=Stepanova%7C |title=Written Monuments of the Orient |access-date=19 January 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203427/https://journals.eco-vector.com/2410-0145/index |url-status=live }}</ref> The Arabs (mainly noblemen from [[Syria]]), although a minority, constituted the elite. The Berbers who joined them, were nomads from the [[Rif Mountains]].<ref name="Britannica" />

[[File:Siglaspoveirasbase.png|thumb|"Marcas" share similarities with [[bomärken]], in Scandinavia]]
Invasions from the North also occurred in this period, with [[Viking]] incursions raiding the coast between the 9th and 11th centuries, including Lisbon.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Viking raids on the Spanish peninsula |first=Rolf |last=Scheen |journal=Militaria. Revista de Cultura Militar |issue=8 |year=1996 |url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MILT/article/download/MILT9696110067A/3416/0 |pages=67–73 |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413040655/https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MILT/article/download/MILT9696110067A/3416/0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Ann Christys, ''Vikings in the South'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), p. 97.</ref> This resulted in the establishment of small [[Norsemen|Norse]] settlements in the coastline between [[Douro]] and [[Minho Province|Minho]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vikings- Warriors from the sea |url=https://portugal.um.dk/en/culture/culture-events/eventdisplaypage/?eventid=1bd54bcf-6989-430b-ab7d-2ddd5640d986 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924073048/https://portugal.um.dk/en/culture/culture-events/eventdisplaypage/?eventid=1bd54bcf-6989-430b-ab7d-2ddd5640d986 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=24 April 2020 |publisher=Portugal.um.dk}}</ref>

One likely Viking cultural heritage is found in the [[Siglas Poveiras]]. It is generally accepted they are of [[Scandinavian people|Scandinavian]] origin.{{efn|Based on numerous similarities initially found at the [[National Museum of Denmark|Nationalmuseet]] in [[Copenhagen]], several objects marked with "[[home-marks]]" were also identified in [[Funen]]. Further studies revealed that the complex hereditary marking system of Póvoa de Varzim was also present in Funen.}} Given the geographical distance, historical Viking incursions along the Portuguese coast, and pagan rituals practiced by people from this particular fishing region, it is believed that there is a partial Norse ancestry and cultural legacy.<ref>{{cite study|first=Ann|last=Christys|title=Vikings in the South|series=Studies in Early Medieval History|isbn=978-1-47421-376-9|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|publication-place=London|publication-date= August 27, 2015|pages=15-17|url=https://books.google.pt/books?id=Z5C7zQEACAAJ}}</ref>

=== Reconquista ===
{{Main|Portugal in the Reconquista}}
[[File:Porto April 2019-18.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.7|A statue of Count [[Vímara Peres]], first [[County of Portugal|Count of Portugal]] (868–873)]]
The [[Reconquista]] was a period when Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from [[Moors|Moorish]] domination. An Asturian Visigothic noble named [[Pelagius of Asturias]] was elected leader in 718<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pelayo-king-of-Asturias|title=Pelayo – king of Asturias|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125140910/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pelayo-king-of-Asturias|url-status=live}}</ref> by many of the ousted [[Visigoth]] nobles. Pelagius called for the remnants of the Christian Visigothic armies to rebel against the Moors and regroup in the unconquered northern Asturian highlands, known today as the [[Cantabrian Mountains]], in north-west Spain.<ref name="V. Livermore, 1969 pp. 32-33">{{harvp|Livermore|1969|pp=32–33}}</ref> After defeating the Moors in the [[Battle of Covadonga]] in 722, Pelagius was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian [[Kingdom of Asturias]] and starting the war of Christian reconquest.<ref name="V. Livermore, 1969 pp. 32-33"/>

At the end of the 9th century, the region of Portugal between the rivers Minho and Douro was reconquered from the Moors by nobleman and knight [[Vímara Peres]] on the orders of King [[Alfonso III of Asturias]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/23317651|title=O Conde Vímara Peres por A. de Almeida Fernandes|first=A. de Almeida|last=Fernandes|via=academia.edu|access-date=6 July 2020|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200942/https://www.academia.edu/23317651|url-status=live}}</ref> Finding many towns deserted, he decided to repopulate and rebuild them.<ref name="QuidNovi">{{Cite book |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Ângelo |last2=Hermano |first2=José |title=História de Portugal I&nbsp;– A Formação do Território |trans-title=History of Portugal: The Formation of the Territory |publisher=QuidNovi |year=2004 |isbn=989-554-106-6 |language=pt}}</ref>

Vímara Peres elevated the region to the status of [[County]], naming it the [[County of Portugal]] after its major port city – ''Portus Cale'' or modern [[Porto]]. One of the first cities he founded is Vimaranes, known today as [[Guimarães]] – "birthplace of the Portuguese nation" or the "cradle city".<ref name="QuidNovi"/>

After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the counties that made up the [[Kingdom of Asturias]], King [[Alfonso III of Asturias]] knighted Vímara Peres, in 868, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as ''Portucale'', ''Portugale'', and simultaneously ''Portugália''.<ref name="QuidNovi"/> With the forced abdication of Alfonso III in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms; they were reunited in 924 under the crown of [[Kingdom of León|León]].{{cn|date=December 2025}}

In 1093 [[Alfonso VI of León]] bestowed the county to Henry of Burgundy and married him to his daughter, [[Theresa, Countess of Portugal|Teresa of León]]. Henry thus became [[Henry, Count of Portugal]] and based his newly formed county from Bracara Augusta (modern [[Braga]]).{{cn|date=December 2025}}

=== Independence ===
{{Main|Portugal in the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Museu Arqueológico do Carmo - Lisbon (52750994466).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|One of the oldest representations of Afonso I, {{Circa|13th century}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fernandes |first=Carla Varela |via=NOVA Research Portal|title=Com a Espada e a Cruz: A imagem de D. Afonso Henriques na Escultura Medieval Portuguesa|publisher=CITCEM – Centro de Investigação Transdisciplinar «Cultura, Espaço e Memória»|isbn=978-989-8351-75-3|editor-last=Barroca|editor-first=Mário Jorge|publication-place=Porto|publication-date=August 2017|series=No tempo de D. Afonso Henriques. Reflexões sobre o primeiro século português.|pages=77–90|url=https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/17405.pdf|language = pt-PT|trans-title=With the sword and the cross the image of Afonso Henriques in the Portuguese medieval sculpting|access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref>]]
At the [[Battle of São Mamede]], in the outskirts of [[Guimarães]], in 1128, [[Afonso I of Portugal|Afonso Henriques]], Count of Portugal, defeated his mother [[Teresa, Countess of Portugal|Countess Teresa]] and her lover [[Fernão Peres de Trava]], establishing himself as sole leader of the [[County of Portugal|county]]. Afonso continued his father Henry of Burgundy's Reconquista wars. His campaigns were successful and in 1139, he obtained a victory in the [[Battle of Ourique]], so was proclaimed [[King of Portugal]] by his soldiers. This is traditionally taken as the occasion when the County of Portugal became the independent [[Kingdom of Portugal]] and, in 1129, the capital city was transferred from Guimarães to Coimbra. Afonso was recognised as the first king of Portugal in 1143 by King [[Alfonso VII of León]], and in 1179 by [[Pope Alexander III]] as Afonso I of Portugal, with the [[papal bull]] ''[[Manifestis Probatum]]''.<ref name="Jenkins Sofos 2023 p145">Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&pg=1 ''Nation and identity in contemporary Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405021610/https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&pg=1 |date=5 April 2023 }}, p. 145, Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-12313-5}}</ref>

Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military [[Christian monasticism|monastic orders]], continued pushing southwards against the Moors. In 1217, during the reign of King [[Afonso II of Portugal|Afonso II]], Portuguese troops, supported by [[Crusades|crusaders]] and others, retook [[Siege of Alcácer do Sal|Alcácer do Sal]], with further land conquests from the Moors during the reign of [[Sancho II of Portugal|Sancho II]], mainly the start of the [[Portuguese conquest of the Algarve|conquest of the Algarve]] in 1238. After internal tensions, Sancho II was deposed from the throne and his brother, [[Afonso III of Portugal|Afonso III]], became king in 1248.<ref>{{cite web |title=O turbulento reinado de D. Sancho II |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=8 April 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/o-turbulento-reinado-de-d-sancho-ii/ |date=2003 }}</ref> In 1249, the Reconquista ended with the capture of the [[Algarve]], in the aftermath of the [[Siege of Faro (1249)|Siege of Faro]], and the last Moorish settlements were expelled.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=J. |title='Neither age nor sex sparing': the Alvor massacre 1189, an anomaly in the Portuguese ''Reconquista''? |journal=Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies, 12(2), 199–229. |date=2020 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=199–229 |doi=10.1080/17546559.2019.1704043 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17546559.2019.1704043|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ccdr-alg.pt/site/sites/default/files/recortes/20170216_barlavento_oreinoalgplenodireito.pdf|publisher=CCDR-Alg|title=O reino Alg. de pleno direito|language=PT}}</ref> With minor readjustments, Portugal's territorial borders have remained the same, making it one of the oldest established countries in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Estes são os 5 países mais antigos da Europa (e Portugal está na lista) |publisher=Executive Digest |access-date=7 December 2025 |url=https://executivedigest.sapo.pt/estes-sao-os-5-paises-mais-antigos-da-europa-e-portugal-esta-na-lista/| date=26 April 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Treaty of alliance between king Edward III of England and Ferdinand I of Portugal, 16th June 1373.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|A copy of the [[Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373]]]]
After a conflict with the [[kingdom of Castile]], [[Denis of Portugal]] signed the [[Treaty of Alcañices]] in 1297 with Ferdinand IV of Castile. This treaty established the border between the kingdoms of Portugal and Leon. During the reign of Denis, the first university in Portugal opened in Lisbon, on March 1, 1290, being then transferred to Coimbra in 1308.<ref>{{cite web |title=5 das Universidades mais antigas no mundo, uma é em Portugal |publisher=Nat Geo Portugal |access-date=5 April 2025 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.pt/historia/5-das-universidades-mais-antigas-no-mundo-uma-e-em-portugal_1629 |date=9 January 2022 }}</ref> Denis died in 1325 and was succeeded by his son, [[Afonso IV of Portugal|Afonso IV]], who had a strained relationship with his father that nearly [[Battle of Alvalade|ended in war]]. In 1355, in the aftermath of the assassination of [[Inês de Castro]], [[Peter I of Portugal|Peter's I]] lover, a civil war broke between the King, Afonso IV, and his son, and heir, Peter, with peace only being achieved in 1357.<ref>{{cite journal |title=D. Afonso IV, testemunha da peste negra |journal=A Guerra Civil de 1355 |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=13 April 2025 |url=https://novaresearch.unl.pt/en/publications/a-guerra-civil-de-1355 |date=1998 |volume=1 |pages=393–407 |editor1=De, Estudos Medievais SP }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Guerra Civil de 1355 - Lisboa |publisher=[[NOVA University Lisbon]] |access-date=13 April 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/d-afonso-iv-testemunha-da-peste-negra/ |date=1 January 2008 }}</ref> The reigns of Denis, Afonso IV, and Peter I mostly saw peace with the other kingdoms of Iberia.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

In 1348-49 Portugal, as with the rest of Europe, was devastated by the [[Black Death]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2007/09/13/2031252.htm|title=Black death|first=Karl S.|last=Kruszelnicki|author-link=Karl Kruszelnicki|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406162144/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2007/09/13/2031252.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1373, Portugal, during the reign of [[Ferdinand I of Portugal|Ferdinand I]], made an [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance|alliance with England]], the oldest standing alliance in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal celebra 650 anos de aliança diplomática e militar com a Inglaterra. O que significa? |publisher=Renascença |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://rr.pt/artigo/explicador-renascenca/2023/06/15/portugal-celebra-650-anos-de-alianca-diplomatica-e-militar-com-a-inglaterra-o-que-significa/335574/| date=15 June 2023}}</ref> This alliance was signed during the [[Fernandine Wars]], a series of conflicts between Portugal and Castile over the right to the throne of Castile. This alliance would be reinforced with the signing of the [[Treaty of Windsor (1386)|Treaty of Windsor]] in 1386.<ref name="Windsor">{{cite web |title=O Tratado de Windsor, a mais antiga aliança diplomática do mundo |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/o-tratado-de-windsor-a-mais-antiga-alianca-diplomatica-do-mundo/| date=2017}}</ref>

=== Age of Discoveries ===
{{main||Portuguese Empire}}
[[File:Caravela Vera Cruz.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|A replica of a Vera Cruz Caravel, on the Tagus River near Lisbon]]
In 1383 [[John I of Castile]] and [[Beatrice of Portugal]], the only surviving legitimate child of [[Ferdinand I of Portugal]], claimed the throne of Portugal. John of Aviz, later [[John I of Portugal]], led a revolt against this claim and defeated the Castilians in the [[Battle of Aljubarrota]], with the [[House of Aviz]] becoming the ruling house. The new ruling dynasty led Portugal to the limelight of European politics and culture. They created and sponsored literature, such as a history of Portugal, by [[Fernão Lopes]].<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Duarte |first=King of Portugal |title=The book of horsemanship |date=2016 |author=Jeffrey L. Forgeng |isbn=9781782046288 |oclc=961824873 }}</ref><ref name="Carvalho 2014">{{Cite journal |publisher=Carvalho |first=Mário Santiago de |date=12 September 2014 |title=Uma modernidade perdida: da melancolia à alegria racional na antropologia do homem superior| author=Segundo D. Duarte |url=https://www.uc.pt/fluc/dfci/public_/publicacoes/uma_modernidade_perdida |journal=Revista Filosófica de Coimbra |volume=22 |issue=43 |page=190 |doi=10.14195/0872-0851_43_7 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |issn=0872-0851 |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203324/https://www.uc.pt/fluc/dfci/public_/publicacoes/uma_modernidade_perdida |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Duarte |title=King of Portugal Leal conselheiro |date=1999 |author=Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda |isbn=9722709402 |oclc=43397222 }}</ref>

Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the [[Age of Discovery]] under the sponsorship of [[Prince Henry the Navigator]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell-Wood |first=A. J. R. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/book.77743 |title=The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808 |date=1998 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |doi=10.1353/book.77743 |isbn=978-1-4214-4120-7}}</ref><ref name="Casimiro2020">{{cite journal|last=Casimiro|first=Tânia Manuel|date=2020|title=Globalization, trade, and material culture: Portugal's role in the making of a multicultural Europe (1415–1806)|journal=Post-Medieval Archaeology|volume=54|issue=1|pages=1–17|doi=10.1080/00794236.2020.1750239|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00794236.2020.1750239|access-date=10 December 2025|quote=In the Early Modern age, Portugal was among the first European countries to engage in overseas trade and colonial ventures.}}</ref> and made several seminal advancements in [[Portuguese nautical science|nautical science]].{{efn|Most notably, the Portuguese devised the {{lang|pt-PT|[[volta do mar]]}} navigational technique, which enabled safe roundtrip voyages in open sea; this was a major turning point in world history, as it meant that voyagers could now return from long distant places, marking a leap from coastal hugging to deep-sea, long-range navigation, which consequently contributed to further advancements in nautical science and cartography, without that discovery European colonial empires could not have been established.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dartnell|first=Lewis|author-link=Lewis Dartnell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z9xDwAAQBAJ|title=Origins: How Earth's History Shaped Human History|date=2019-05-14|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-1-5416-1789-6|pages=218–222|language=en|oclc=1101101039}}</ref>}}  Portugal explored the Atlantic, encountering the [[Azores]], [[Madeira]], and [[Portuguese Cape Verde]], which led to the first [[colonialism|colonisation]] movements. The Portuguese explored the [[Indian Ocean]], established trade routes in most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China ([[Jorge Álvares]]) and Japan ([[Nanban trade]]). In 1415, Portugal acquired its first colonies by conquering [[Ceuta]], in North Africa. Throughout the 15th century, [[European exploration of Africa#Portuguese|Portuguese explorers]] sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts [[Economic history of Portugal#Expansion of the Portuguese empire (15th and 16th centuries)|for commodities]], ranging from [[gold]] to [[slavery]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Axelson |first1=Eric |last2=Boxer |first2=C. R. |author-link2=C. R. Boxer |date=June 1970 |title=The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1796339 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=136 |issue=2 |page=296 |bibcode=1970GeogJ.136..296A |doi=10.2307/1796339 |issn=0016-7398 |jstor=1796339 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Portugal sailed the [[Portuguese India Armadas]] to Goa via the [[Cape of Good Hope]].{{cn|date=December 2025}}

The [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] of 1494 was intended to resolve a dispute created following the return of [[Christopher Columbus]] and divided the newly located lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain along a line west of the [[Cape Verde]] islands, off the west coast of Africa. In 1498 [[Vasco da Gama]] became the first European to reach India by sea, bringing [[Economic history of Portugal|economic prosperity to Portugal]] and helping to start the [[Portuguese Renaissance]]. In 1500, the Portuguese explorer [[Gaspar Corte-Real]] reached what is now [[Canada]] and founded the town of [[Portugal Cove-St. Philip's]], one of many [[Portuguese colonization of the Americas|Portuguese colonies of the Americas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/portuguese.html |title=The Portuguese Explorers: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage |publisher=Heritage.nf.ca |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805030420/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/portuguese.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite DCB |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/corte_real_miguel_1E.html |title=Corte-Real, Miguel |first=L.-A. |last=Vigneras |volume=I |access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pcsp.ca/?Content=Visiting/About_Our_Town/History|title=Town of Portugal Cove – St.Philip's : History|website=Pcsp.ca|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022411/http://pcsp.ca/?Content=Visiting/About_Our_Town/History|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Areas that were, at some point, part of the [[Portuguese Empire]]]]
In 1500, [[Discovery of Brazil|Pedro Álvares Cabral landed on Brazil]] and claimed it for Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/fodors/top/features/travel/destinations/centralandsouthamerica/brazil/riodejaneiro/fdrs_feat_129_9.html?pagewanted=1|title=A Brief History of Brazil - New York Times|website=The New York Times|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214234730/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/fodors/top/features/travel/destinations/centralandsouthamerica/brazil/riodejaneiro/fdrs_feat_129_9.html?pagewanted=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Ten years later, [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] conquered [[Goa]] in India, [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] and [[Ormuz]] in the [[Persian Strait]], and [[Malacca]], now in Malaysia. Thus, the Portuguese empire held dominion over commerce in the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic. Portuguese sailors set out to reach Eastern Asia, landing in [[Taiwan]], Japan, [[Timor]], [[Flores]], and the [[Moluccas]]. Although it was believed the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] were the first Europeans to arrive in Australia, there is evidence the [[Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia|Portuguese may have discovered it]] in 1521.<ref>{{cite news |first=Giles |last=Tremlett |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/22/uk.australia |title=Another nail in Cook's coffin as map suggests he was pipped by Portugal |newspaper=The Guardian |date=22 March 2007 |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-date=17 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117003919/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/22/uk.australia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/10575227/Kangaroo-in-400-year-old-manuscript-could-change-Australian-history.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/10575227/Kangaroo-in-400-year-old-manuscript-could-change-Australian-history.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Kangaroo in 400-year-old manuscript could change Australian history |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=31 January 2014 |location=London |first=Bernd |last=Debusmann |date=15 January 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Perry |first=Michael |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-map-idUSSYD3449720070321 |title=Map proves Portuguese discovered Australia: new book |publisher=Reuters |date=21 March 2007 |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102003059/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/21/us-australia-map-idUSSYD3449720070321 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between 1519 and 1522 [[Ferdinand Magellan]] organised a Spanish expedition to the [[East Indies]] which resulted in the first [[circumnavigation]] of the globe. The [[Treaty of Zaragoza]], signed in 1529 between Portugal and Spain, divided the Pacific Ocean between Spain and Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/5-2-crossing-the-atlantic|title=5.2 Crossing the Atlantic - World History Volume 2, from 1400 &#124; OpenStax|first1=Ann|last1=Kordas|first2=Ryan J.|last2=Lynch|first3=Brooke|last3=Nelson|first4=Julie|last4=Tatlock|date=14 December 2022|website=openstax.org|access-date=4 January 2024|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104173037/https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/5-2-crossing-the-atlantic|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Iberian Union and Restoration ===
{{Main|Iberian Union}}

After [[Sebastian, King of Portugal|King Sebastian]], followed by his grand-uncle [[Henry, King of Portugal|King Henry]] died without heirs, it resulted in a [[Portuguese succession crisis of 1580|succession crisis]] in 1580. [[Philip II of Spain]] claimed the throne, under the pretext that his mother, [[Isabella of Portugal]], was a Portuguese princess. Philip II of Spain was accepted as Philip I of Portugal.<ref>António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques, ''History of Portugal''. 1972, p. 322. [[Boris Fausto]], ''A Concise History of Brazil'', p. 40.</ref> Yet, Portugal did not lose its formal independence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A União Ibérica após a crise dinástica de 1580 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/a-uniao-iberica-apos-a-crise-dinastica-de-1580/|website=RTP Ensina |access-date=7 December 2025 }}</ref> Instead, a [[Iberian Union|union]] of kingdoms was formed. But the joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of an independent foreign policy, and led to its involvement in the [[Eighty Years' War]] between Spain and the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=A crise do Império português na segunda metade do século XVI |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/explicador/a-crise-do-imperio-portugues-na-segunda-metade-do-seculo-xvi-h49/|website=RTP Ensina |access-date=7 December 2025 }}</ref>

[[File:Europa - Portugal - Lisboa - Mafra - Palacio.jpg|thumb|The [[Palace of Mafra]] built by John V, now a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]]]
War led to a deterioration of relations with [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance|Portugal's oldest ally, England]], and the loss of [[Ormus|Hormuz]], a strategic trading post located between [[Iran]] and [[Oman]]. From 1595 to 1663 the [[Dutch-Portuguese War|Dutch Portuguese War]] primarily involved Dutch companies invading Portuguese [[colonies]] and commercial interests in Brazil, Africa, India and the Far East, resulting in the loss of Portugal's Indian sea trade monopoly.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newitt |first=Malyn |date=5 November 2004 |title=A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400-1668 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203324042 |doi=10.4324/9780203324042|isbn=978-1-134-55304-4 }}</ref>

In 1640 [[John IV of Portugal]] spearheaded an uprising backed by disgruntled nobles and was proclaimed king, [[Portuguese Restoration War|ending]] 60 years of the Iberian Union under the [[House of Habsburg]] and the beginning of the [[House of Braganza]], which reigned until 1910. [[John V of Portugal|John V]] reign saw an influx of gold into the royal treasury, supplied largely by the [[royal fifth]] from the [[Portuguese empire|colonies]] of [[State of Brazil|Brazil]] and [[State of Maranhão (colonial)|Maranhão]]. Most estimates place the number of Portuguese migrants to [[Colonial Brazil]] during the gold rush of the 18th century at 600,000.<ref name="ibge">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html |title=IBGE teen |publisher=Ibge.gov.br |access-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125045233/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html |archive-date=25 January 2012 }}</ref> This represented one of the largest movements of European populations to their colonies, during colonial times.<ref>Leslie Bethell (1986). "''[{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=hhNfVshMw64C |page=47 }} The Cambridge history of Latin America: Colonial Latin America]''". [[Cambridge University Press]]. p.47. {{ISBN|0-521-24516-8}}</ref>

=== Pombaline era and Enlightenment ===
{{Main|History of Portugal (1640–1777)}}
[[File:Marquês de Pombal, por Claude Joseph Vernet e Louis-Michel van Loo, 1766 (Câmara Municipal de Oeiras).png|thumb|The [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal|Marquis of Pombal]] effectively ruled Portugal during the reign of [[Joseph I of Portugal]] (1750–1777)]]
In 1738 [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal|Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo]], later ennobled as 1st [[Marquis of Pombal (title)|Marquis of Pombal]], began a career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London, later in Vienna.<ref>{{cite web |title="Marquês de Pombal uma das figuras mais carismáticas da história portuguesa." |publisher=Fundação Marquês de Pombal |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://www.fmarquesdepombal.pt/patrono}}</ref> King [[Joseph I of Portugal|Joseph I]] was crowned in 1750 and made him his [[political minister|Minister]] of Foreign Affairs.<ref name="MDP">{{cite web |title=Marquês de Pombal (1699-1782)|publisher=[[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]] |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/VisitaParlamento/Paginas/BiogMarquesdePombal.aspx}}</ref> As the King's confidence in Carvalho e Melo increased, he entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Carvalho e Melo was made prime minister.<ref name="MDP" /> Impressed by British economic success witnessed as ambassador, he successfully implemented similar [[Economic system|economic]] policies in Portugal.<ref name="MDPPE">{{cite web |title=Marquês de Pombal |publisher=Infopédia Porto Editora |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$marques-de-pombal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=As políticas económicas do Marquês Pombal |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/as-politicas-economicas-do-marques-pombal/| date=2000}}</ref>

In 1761, during the reign of King José I, he banned the import of black slaves into mainland Portugal and India, as they were a necessary work force in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Escravos e escravatura em Portugal |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/escravos-escravatura-portugal/| date=2015}}</ref> At the same time, he encouraged the trade of black slaves{{efn|"The pieces", in the terms of that time}} to that colony, and with the support and direct involvement of the Marquis of Pombal, two companies were founded - the {{lang|pt-PT|Companhia do Grão-Pará e Maranhão}} and the {{lang|pt-PT|Companhia Geral de Pernambuco e Paraíba}} - whose main activity was the trafficking of slaves, mostly Africans, to Brazilian lands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caldeira |first=Arlindo Manuel |title=Escravos e Traficantes no Império Português: O comércio negreiro português no Atlântico durante os séculos XV a XIX |publisher=A Esfera dos Livros |year=2013 |pages=219–224 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boxer |first=Charles |author-link=C. R. Boxer |title=O Império colonial português (1415-1825) |publisher=Ediçoes 70 |year=1969 |pages=191}}</ref>

He reorganised the army and navy and ended legal discrimination against different [[Christianity|Christian]] sects.<ref>{{cite web |title=A extinção da Inquisição em Portugal |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=14 March 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/a-extincao-da-inquisicao-em-portugal/ |date=2017 }}</ref> He created companies and guilds to regulate commercial activity and one of the first [[appellation|appellation systems]] by demarcating the region for production of [[port wine|Port]] to ensure the wine's quality, the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He imposed strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society, along with a widespread review of the tax system which gained him enemies in the upper classes.<ref>{{cite web |title=As companhias monopolistas do Marquês de Pombal: o real vinho do Porto |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/as-companhias-monopolistas-do-marques-de-pombal-o-real-vinho-do-porto/| date=2009}}</ref>

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| footer            = The [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]] devastated Portugal
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Lisbon was struck by a major [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|earthquake on 1 November 1755]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maxwell |first=Kenneth |author-link=Kenneth Maxwell |title=Enlightened Absolutism |chapter=Pombal: the Paradox of Enlightenment and Despotism |date=1990 |pages=75–118 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20592-9_4 |access-date=13 November 2024 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan Education UK |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-20592-9_4 |isbn=978-0-333-43961-6}}</ref> magnitude estimated to have been between 7.7 and 9.0, with casualties ranging from 12,000 to 50,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html |title=Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake |publisher=Nisee.berkeley.edu |date=12 November 1998 |access-date=6 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311082423/http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html |archive-date=11 March 2011 }}</ref> Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his prime minister more power, and Carvalho de Melo became an [[Enlightened absolutism|enlightened despot]]. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The [[Marquis of Távora]], several members of his family and servants were tortured and executed in public with extreme brutality (even by the standards of the time), as alleged part of the [[Távora affair]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saraiva |first=José Hermano |author-link=José Hermano Saraiva |title=História concisa de Portugal |publisher=Publicações Europa-América |year=1986 |pages=250–251|edition=10th }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Disney|2009|pages=294-297}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Oliveira Santos |first=Guilherme de (and two others) |title=O processo dos Távoras : A Revisão - Instauração, depoimentos e sentenças |publisher=Caleidoscopio |publication-date=2017 |pages=11, 34–36, 55, 58}}</ref>

The following year, the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] were [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus|suppressed and expelled]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Expulsão dos Jesuítas |publisher=Infopédia Porto Editora |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$expulsao-dos-jesuitas}}</ref> This crushed opposition by publicly demonstrating even the aristocracy was powerless before Pombal.<ref>{{cite web |title=A execução dos Távoras |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/a-execucao-dos-tavoras/| date=2017}}</ref> Further titled "Marquês de Pombal" in 1770, he ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1777.<ref name="MDPPE" /> The new ruler, Queen [[Maria I of Portugal]], disliked Pombal because of his excesses, and upon her accession to the throne, withdrew all his political offices and banished him to his estate at [[Pombal, Portugal|Pombal]], where he died in 1782.<ref name="MDPPE" />

Historians argue that Pombal's "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial exploitation and consolidating personal control, and profit.<ref>[[Kenneth Maxwell]], ''Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 83, 91–108, 160–62.</ref>

=== Crises of the 19th century ===
{{Main|History of Portugal (1777–1834)|History of Portugal (1834–1910)}}
[[File:Morel-Fatio - Batalha Naval do Cabo de São Vicente - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1833)|Battle of Cape St. Vincent]] during the [[Liberal Wars]] (1828–1834)]]
In 1807 Portugal refused [[Napoleon]]'s demand to accede to the [[Continental System]] of embargo against the United Kingdom; a French invasion under [[Jean-Andoche Junot|General Junot]] followed, and Lisbon was captured in 1807. British intervention in the [[Peninsular War]] helped maintain Portuguese independence; the last French troops were expelled in 1812.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ertl|first=Alan W.|title=Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Precis of Continental Integration|year=2008|publisher=Dissertation.com|isbn=9781599429830|page=303}}</ref> During the [[Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic invasions]], the [[Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil|Portuguese royal family transferred]] the court to [[Rio de Janeiro]], in Brazil, making it the capital of the Portuguese empire between 1808 and 1821.<ref>{{cite web |title=A fuga da família real para o Brasil |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=14 March 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/a-fuga-para-o-brasil-da-familia-real/ |date=2008 }}</ref>

In 1820, [[constitutionalist]] insurrections took place at [[Porto]] and Lisbon, and King John VI and his court were forced to return to mainland Portugal in 1821.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dean |first1=Warren |last2=Barman |first2=Roderick J. |date=December 1990 |title=Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798-1852. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2162941 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=95 |issue=5 |page=1663 |doi=10.2307/2162941 |jstor=2162941 |issn=0002-8762|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Há 200 anos, Dom João 6º voltava a Portugal e, sem querer, abria caminho para independência do Brasil |publisher=BBC Brasil |access-date=14 March 2025 |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-56857790 |date=24 April 2021 }}</ref> Lisbon regained its status as the capital of Portugal when Brazil declared its independence in 1822.<ref>{{cite web |title=A independência do Brasil |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=7 December 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/a-independencia-do-brasil/ |date=2008 }}</ref> The death of King [[John VI of Portugal|John VI]] in 1826 led to a crisis of royal succession. His eldest son, [[Pedro I of Brazil]], briefly became [[Pedro IV of Portugal]], but neither the Portuguese nor Brazilians wanted a unified monarchy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal - War of the Two Brothers |publisher=Country Studies |access-date=7 December 2025 |url=https://countrystudies.us/portugal/36.htm }}</ref>

Consequently, Pedro abdicated the Portuguese crown in favour of his 7-year-old daughter, [[Maria II of Portugal|Maria da Glória]], on the condition that when she came of age she would marry his brother, [[Miguel I of Portugal|Miguel]]. Dissatisfaction at Pedro's constitutional reforms led the "absolutist" faction of landowners and the church to proclaim Miguel king in February 1828. This led to the [[Liberal Wars]], in which Pedro forced Miguel to abdicate and go into exile in 1834 and place his daughter on the throne as Queen [[Maria II of Portugal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Birmingham |first=David |author-link=David Birmingham |doi=10.1017/9781108539951 |title=A Concise History of Portugal |date=2018 |edition=3rd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42419-6}}</ref>

[[File:Carta da Africa meridional portugueza - coordenada por A. A. d'Oliveira - btv1b53062038k.jpg|thumb|Original [[Pink Map]] drawned in 1886, in pink are areas in Africa claimed by Portugal before the 1890 British ultimatum]]
After 1815 the Portuguese expanded their trading ports along the African coast, moving inland to take control of Angola and Mozambique. The slave trade was abolished in 1836. In [[Portuguese India]], trade flourished in the colony of [[History of Goa|Goa]], with its subsidiary colonies of [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]], near Hong Kong, and [[Portuguese Timor|Timor]], north of Australia. The Portuguese successfully introduced Catholicism and the Portuguese language into their colonies, while most settlers continued to head to Brazil.<ref>{{harvp|Livermore|1969|pp=299–306}}</ref><ref>Gervase Clarence-Smith, ''The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism'' (1985)</ref>

In January 1890, the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] delivered [[1890 British Ultimatum|an ultimatum]] to Portugal, demanding the withdrawal of Portuguese forces from the area between Portugal's colonies of [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]] and [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]]. The area had been claimed by Portugal as part of its colonialist [[Pink Map]] project, but Britain disputed these claims, mostly due to [[Cecil Rhodes]]' aspirations to create a [[Cape to Cairo Railway]], which was intended to link all British colonies via a single railway. The government of Portugal quietly accepted the ultimatum and withdrew their forces from the disputed area, leading to a widespread backlash among the Portuguese public, who viewed acceptance of the British demands as a humiliation.<ref>[[João Ferreira Duarte]], [http://www.erudit.org/revue/TTR/2000/v13/n1/037395ar.pdf The Politics of Non-Translation: A Case Study in Anglo-Portuguese Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910035749/http://www.erudit.org/revue/TTR/2000/v13/n1/037395ar.pdf |date=10 September 2016 }}</ref>

=== First Republic and {{lang|pt-PT|Estado Novo}} ===
{{Main|First Portuguese Republic|Estado Novo (Portugal)}}
[[File:Cândido da Silva - A PROCLAMAÇÃO DA REPUBLICA PORTUGUEZA; Principaes acontecimentos em Lisboa a 5 de Outubro 1910-Principaux évenements dans le 5 Octobre 1910.jpg|thumb|An illustration alluding to the proclamation of the Portuguese Republic on 5 October 1910]]
On 1 February 1908, King [[Carlos I of Portugal|Carlos I]] and his son and heir, [[Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal|Luís Filipe, Prince Royal]], were [[Lisbon Regicide|assassinated]] by Republican and [[Carbonária]] members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Regicídio em Lisboa |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=14 March 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/regicidio-em-lisboa-1908/ |date=1974 }}</ref> Two years later, on 5 October 1910, a [[5 October 1910 revolution|coup d'état]] replaced the monarchy with a republic.<ref>{{cite web |title=A implantação da República |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/explicador/a-implantacao-da-republica/ |date=2021 }}</ref> During World War I, Portugal [[Portugal during World War I|fought for the Allies]], however the war hurt its weak economy.<ref>{{cite web |title=A participação portuguesa na I Guerra Mundial |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/explicador/a-participacao-portuguesa-na-i-guerra-mundial-h84/ |date=2021 }}</ref>

Political instability and economic weaknesses created chaos and unrest during the [[First Portuguese Republic|First Republic]].<ref>{{cite web |title="A irresponsabilidade governativa e as duas reacções: monárquica e republicana" |publisher=[[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]] |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/irresponsabilidade-governativa-reacoes-monarquica-republicana.aspx }}</ref> Several coups occurred during this time, like the failed [[Monarchy of the North]] coup, but others had success, like the [[December 1917 coup d'état]], which led to the rise of [[Sidónio Pais]] to power. In 1921, the [[Bloody Night (Lisbon, 1921)|Bloody Night]] revolt ended in the assassination of the prime minister and other high-ranking officials.<ref>{{cite web |title=19 de Outubro de 1921: A “Noite Sangrenta”, ou o começo do fim da 1ª República |publisher=[[National Geographic]] |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.pt/historia/19-de-outubro-de-1921-noite-sangrenta-ou-o-comeco-do-fim-da-1-republica_6494 |date=19 October 2025 }}</ref>

These conditions led to the [[28 May 1926 coup d'état]] and creation of the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Ditadura Nacional]]}}. This in turn led to the right-wing dictatorship of the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]}}, under [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] in 1933.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Portugal |year=1998 |title=Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century |edition=1st |pages=45–46 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315845296-16 |access-date=13 November 2024 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315845296-16 |isbn=978-1-315-84529-6}}</ref>
{{multiple image
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| image1            = Antonio de Olivera Salazar sitting at his desk (by Bernard Hoffman, 1940) – Google Art Project.png
| caption1          = [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] ruled Portugal between 1932 and 1968, during the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]}} regime
| image2            = AssaltonaMatadaSanga.jpg
| caption2          = Paratroopers in a Portuguese Air Force helicopter during the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]
}}
Portugal [[Portugal during World War II|remained neutral]] in [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal no princípio da II Guerra Mundial |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/portugal-no-principio-da-ii-guerra-mundial/ |date=1999 }}</ref> From the 1940s to 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of [[NATO]], [[OECD]], the [[European Free Trade Association]] (EFTA) and joined the [[United Nations]] in 1955.<ref name="ONU">{{cite web |title=Admissão de Portugal na ONU |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/admissao-de-portugal-na-onu/ |date=2016 }}</ref><ref name="EFTA">{{cite web |title=EFTA |publisher=Infopédia Porto Editora |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$efta  }}</ref> New economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] and [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]] being the main targets of those initiatives.<ref name="PTC">{{cite web |title=A pressão internacional e os conflitos nas colónias ultramarinas |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/explicador/a-pressao-internacional-e-os-conflitos-nas-colonias-ultramarinas/ |date=2021 }}</ref> These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a [[List of transcontinental countries|transcontinental]] nation and not a colonial empire.<ref name="PTC" />

Pro-Indian residents of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], separated those territories from Portuguese rule in 1954.<ref name="Lele">P S Lele, Dadra and Nagar Haveli: past and present, Published by Usha P. Lele, 1987,</ref> In 1961, [[Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá]]'s annexation by the [[Republic of Dahomey]] was the start of a process that led to the dissolution of the centuries-old Portuguese Empire.<ref name="Goa">{{cite web |title=Ocupação de Goa, Damão e Diu pela União Indiana |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/ocupacao-de-goa-damao-e-diu-pela-uniao-indiana/ |date=2017 }}</ref>  Another forcible retreat occurred in 1961 when Portugal refused to relinquish [[Goa]].<ref name="Goa" /> The Portuguese were involved in armed conflict in [[Portuguese India]] against the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name="Goa" /> The [[Annexation of Goa|operations resulted in the defeat]] and loss of the remaining Portuguese territories in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Goa" /> The Portuguese regime refused to recognise Indian sovereignty over the annexed territories, which continued to be represented in the National Assembly until the coup of 1974.<ref name="Goa" />

Also in the early 1960s the independence movements in the Portuguese provinces of [[Portuguese Angola]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Angola, 1961: o início do fim |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/angola-1961-o-inicio-do-fim/ | date=2017}}</ref> [[Portuguese Mozambique]], and [[Portuguese Guinea]] in Africa, resulted in the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] (lasting from 1961 till 1974).<ref>{{cite web |title=4.A guerra instala-se em três frentes |publisher=RTP |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://media.rtp.pt/descolonizacaoportuguesa/pecas/a-guerra-instala-se-em-tres-frentes/}}</ref> The war mobilised around 1.4 million people,<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://journals.openedition.org/lerhistoria/484 |title=A desmobilização dos combatentes africanos das Forças Armadas Portuguesas da Guerra Colonial (1961-1974) |date=2013 |doi=10.4000/lerhistoria.484 |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208230030/https://journals.openedition.org/lerhistoria/484 |url-status=live |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Fátima da Cruz |journal=Ler História |issue=65 |pages=113–128 |doi-access=free |issn=0870-6182}}</ref> and led to large casualties. Throughout the colonial war period Portugal dealt with increasing dissent, arms embargoes and other punitive sanctions imposed by the international community.<ref name="PTC" /> The {{lang|pt-PT|Estado Novo}} regime tried to preserve the empire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://purl.pt/11440/1/P1.html |title=Portugal Não É Um País Pequeno |publisher=Purl.pt |access-date=21 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20141025060609/http://purl.pt/11440/1/P1.html |archive-date=25 October 2014 }}</ref>

Salazar governed until 1968, when he suffered a [[brain hemorrhage]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Quando Salazar caiu da cadeira |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=12 March 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/quando-salazar-caiu-da-cadeira/ |date=2018 }}</ref> and was replaced by [[Marcelo Caetano]], which raised hopes of a liberalization of the Estado Novo regime, called the Marcelist Spring, but those hopes were soon crushed.<ref>{{cite web |title=O período do Marcelismo |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=12 March 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/explicador/o-periodo-do-marcelismo/ |date=2021 }}</ref>

=== Carnation Revolution and return to democracy===
{{Main|Carnation Revolution}}
[[File:Revolução dos Cravos.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Crowd celebrates on a [[Panhard EBR]] armoured car in [[Lisbon]] on 25 April 1974]]
The government and army resisted the [[decolonization]] of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a left-wing military [[coup]] in Lisbon, the Carnation Revolution,<ref>{{cite web |title=A revolução de 25 de Abril de 1974 |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/a-revolucao-de-25-de-abril-de-1974/ |date=2012 }}</ref> led the way for the independence of territories, as well as the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as {{lang|pt-PT|[[Processo Revolucionário Em Curso]]}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Minter |first1=William |last2=Cann |first2=John P. |date=September 1998 |title=Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/524850 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=41 |issue=2 |page=182 |doi=10.2307/524850 |jstor=524850 |issn=0002-0206|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This period was characterised by power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces.<ref name="PREC">{{cite web |title=1975 foi ano de PREC|publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/1975-foi-ano-de-prec/ |date=2007|trans-title=1975 was the year of PREC|lang=pt}}</ref> By the summer of 1975, the tensions were so high, that the country was on the verge of civil war.<ref name="PREC" /> Forces connected to the extreme left-wing launched another coup on 25 November, but a military faction, the Group of Nine, initiated a counter-coup.<ref>{{cite web |title=25 de Novembro, uma tentativa de golpe falhada|trans-title=November 25, a failed coup attempt|language=pt|publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/25-de-novembro-uma-tentativa-de-golpe-falhada/ |date=2012 }}</ref>

The [[Group of Nine (Portugal)|Group of Nine]] emerged victorious, preventing the establishment of a [[communist state]] and ending political instability.<ref>{{cite book|publisher= Principia|publication-place=Cascais|publication-date=2000|first1=Francisco Seixas da|last1=Costa|first2=Mário|last2=Soares|first3=Álvaro de|last3=Vasconcelos|title=Portugal: a European story|isbn=972-8500-32-7}}</ref> The retreat from the overseas territories prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from its African territories.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12079340 Flight from Angola] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227074203/http://www.economist.com/node/12079340?story_id=12079340 |date=27 February 2013 }}, ''[[The Economist]]'', 16 August 1975</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090113204408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html Dismantling the Portuguese Empire], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 7 July 1975</ref> Up to 600,000 [[White African#Portuguese in Africa|Portuguese refugees]] fled the former Portuguese provinces, as white settlers were usually not considered part of the former colonies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/quem-eram-os-retornados/|title=Quem eram os "retornados"?|publisher=RTP |website=ensina.rtp.pt |access-date=6 December 2025| date=2011}}</ref> By 1975, all Portuguese African territories were independent and Portugal held [[1975 Portuguese Constituent Assembly election|its first democratic elections]] in 50 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/o-dia-em-que-se-votou-para-a-constituinte/|title=O dia em que se votou para a Constituinte|publisher=RTP |website=ensina.rtp.pt |access-date=6 December 2025| date=2005}}</ref>

Portugal continued to be governed by a several provisional governments<ref>{{cite web |title=25 Abril: sete Presidentes e 30 Governos em 50 anos de democracia  |publisher=Observador |access-date=6 December 2025|url=https://observador.pt/2024/04/08/25-abril-sete-presidentes-e-30-governos-em-50-anos-de-democracia/ |date=8 April 2024 }}</ref> until the [[1976 Portuguese legislative election|Portuguese legislative election of 1976]].<ref name="E1976">{{cite web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/primeiras-eleicoes-ar-1976.aspx|title=As primeiras eleições para a Assembleia da República (1976)|publisher=[[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]] |access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref> It was won by the [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Portuguese Socialist Party]] and Mário Soares, its leader, became prime minister. Soares would be prime minister from 1976 to 1978 and 1983 to 1985.<ref name="E1976" /> Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution. He initiated the process of accession to the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC).<ref name="CEE">{{cite web |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/a-assinatura-da-adesao-a-cee/|title=A assinatura da adesão à CEE|publisher=RTP |website=ensina.rtp.pt |access-date=6 December 2025| date=1985}}</ref>

After the transition to democracy, Portugal flipped between [[socialism]] and adherence to the [[neoliberal]] model.<ref>{{cite web |title=Em 1978 o socialismo foi para a gaveta. E a televisão saiu do armário   |publisher=Observador |access-date=6 December 2025|url=https://observador.pt/2015/08/09/em-1978-o-socialismo-foi-para-a-gaveta-e-a-televisao-saiu-do-armario/ |date=9 August 2015 }}</ref> [[Land reform]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/a-reforma-agraria/|title=A Reforma Agrária|publisher=RTP |website=ensina.rtp.pt |access-date=6 December 2025| date=2014}}</ref> and [[nationalization|nationalisations]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/a-nacionalizacao-da-banca/|title=A nacionalização da banca|publisher=RTP |website=ensina.rtp.pt |access-date=6 December 2025| date=2012}}</ref> were enforced; the [[Portuguese Constitution]] was rewritten to accommodate socialist and communist principles.<ref name="CR1982">{{cite web |url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$revisao-constitucional-de-1982|title=Revisão Constitucional de 1982|publisher=Infopédia Porto Editora |access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref> Until the revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution had references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a [[socialist economy]].<ref name="CR1982" /> Portugal's economic situation after the revolution obliged the government to pursue [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)-monitored stabilisation programmes in 1977–78 and 1983–85.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/as-intervencoes-do-fmi-em-portugal/|title=As intervenções do FMI em Portugal|publisher=RTP |website=ensina.rtp.pt |access-date=6 December 2025| date=2011}}</ref>[[File:Tratado de Lisboa 13 12 2007 (081).jpg|thumb|The [[Treaty of Lisbon]] was signed in 2007, when Portugal held the presidency for the [[European Council]]]] In 1986 Portugal alongside Spain, joined the European Economic Community which later became the [[European Union]] (EU). Portugal's economy progressed considerably as a result of [[European Structural and Investment Funds]] and companies' easier access to foreign markets.<ref name="CEE" />

Portugal's last overseas territory, [[Macau]], was peacefully handed over to China in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/transicao-de-macau-para-a-china/|title=Cerimónia de transferência da soberania de Macau|publisher=RTP Arquivo |access-date=6 December 2025| date=19 December 1999}}</ref> In 2002, the independence of [[East Timor]] (Asia) was formally recognised by Portugal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/independencia-de-timor-leste/|title=A independência de Timor-Leste|publisher=RTP Ensina|website=ensina.rtp.pt |access-date=6 December 2025| date=2007}}</ref> In 1995, Portugal started to implement [[Schengen Area]] rules, eliminating border controls with other Schengen members. [[Expo '98]] took place in Portugal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/expo-98-a-exposicao-que-mudou-lisboa-ha-25-anos_n1488052|title=Expo-98. A exposição que mudou Lisboa há 25 anos |publisher=RTP |access-date=6 December 2025| date=22 May 2023}}</ref> and in 1999 it was one of the founding countries of the [[euro]] and [[eurozone]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/a-timeline-of-the-eurozones-growth/|title=A timeline of the eurozone’s growth |publisher=Politico EU |access-date=6 December 2025| date=26 December 2014}}</ref> In 2004 [[José Manuel Barroso]], the then [[Prime Minister of Portugal]], was nominated [[President of the European Commission]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/nomeacao-de-durao-para-a-presidencia-da-comissao-cronologia_n12687|title=Nomeação de Durão para a presidência da Comissão - cronologia |publisher=RTP |access-date=6 December 2025| date=27 June 2005}}</ref>

On 1 December 2009, the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] entered into force, enhancing the efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the Union.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/europeias2019/tratado-de-lisboa-assinado-em-2007_v1145139|title=Tratado de Lisboa assinado em 2007 |publisher=RTP |access-date=6 December 2025| date=16 May 2024}}</ref> Economic disruption and an unsustainable growth in [[government debt]] during the [[2008 financial crisis]] led the country to negotiate in 2011 with the IMF and the European Union, through the [[European Financial Stability Mechanism]] and the [[European Financial Stability Facility]], a loan to help the country stabilise its finances.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ffms.pt/pt-pt/estudos/2010-2013-mais-longa-e-severa-das-crises |title=2010-2013: A mais longa e severa das crises |publisher=Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos |access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref>

== Geography ==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Geography of Portugal" and "Protected areas of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{Main|Geography of Portugal}}
[[image:Portugal topographic map-pt.png|thumb|Topography and administration]]

Portugal occupies an area on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] (referred to as ''the continent'' by most Portuguese) and two archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean: [[Madeira]] and the [[Azores]]. It lies between latitudes [[30th parallel north|30°]] and [[42nd parallel north|42° N]], and longitudes [[32nd meridian west|32°]] and [[6th meridian west|6° W]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Localização|date=2021|publisher=RTP Ensina|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/explicador/localizacao/|access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>

[[Continental Portugal]] is split by its main river, the [[Tagus]], that flows from Spain and disgorges in the [[Tagus Estuary Natural Reserve|Tagus Estuary]] at Lisbon, before discharging into the Atlantic. The northern landscape is mountainous towards the interior with several plateaus indented by river valleys, whereas the south{{efn|[[Algarve]] and the [[Alentejo]] regions}} is characterised by rolling plains.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vieira|first1=Gonçalo|last2=Luís|first2=Zêzere José|last3=Mora|first3=Carla|title=Landscapes and Landforms of Portugal|date=2018|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-03640-3}}</ref>

Portugal's highest peak is [[Mount Pico]] on [[Pico Island]] in the Azores. The archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores are scattered within the Atlantic Ocean: the Azores straddling the [[Mid-Atlantic Ridge]] on a tectonic triple junction, and Madeira along a range formed by [[plate tectonics|in-plate]] [[hotspot (geology)|hotspot]] geology. These islands were formed by volcanic and seismic events. The last terrestrial volcanic eruption occurred in 1957–58 ([[Capelinhos]]) and minor earthquakes occur sporadically.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uma história dos Capelinhos|date=2007|publisher=RTP Ensina|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/uma-historia-dos-capelinhos/|access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>

[[Exclusive economic zone of Portugal|The exclusive economic zone]] covers an area of {{Convert|1,727,408|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} being the 3rd largest [[exclusive economic zone]] of the European Union and the 20th largest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/portugal-tenta-duplicar-territorio-maritimo-8703814.html|title=Portugal tenta duplicar território marítimo|last=Francisco|first=Susete|date=14 August 2017|website=Diário de Notícias|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207083806/https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/portugal-tenta-duplicar-territorio-maritimo-8703814.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Provinces of Portugal ===
{{Main|Provinces of Portugal}}
[[File:Portuguese_Provinces_in_1936_with_labels.svg|thumb|11 provinces by 1936 borders]]
The term "'''provinces'''" ({{langx|pt|províncias}}) has been used throughout history to identify regions of [[continental Portugal]]. Current legal [[subdivisions of Portugal]] do not coincide with the provinces, but several provinces, in their 19th- and 20th-century versions, still correspond to culturally relevant, strongly self-identifying categories. They include:
*[[Alentejo]] ([[Alto Alentejo Province|Alto Alentejo]], [[Baixo Alentejo Province|Baixo Alentejo]])
*[[Algarve]]
*[[Beira (Portugal)|Beira]] ([[Beira Alta Province|Beira Alta]], [[Beira Baixa Province|Beira Baixa]], [[Beira Litoral Province|Beira Litoral]])
*[[Douro Litoral Province|Douro Litoral]]
*[[Estremadura Province (1936–1976)|Estremadura]]
*[[Minho Province|Minho]]
*[[Ribatejo Province|Ribatejo]]
*[[Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province|Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro]]
The islands of [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]] weren't called "provinces".<ref>{{cite web|title= Quinta-feira, Decreto-Lei n.º 27424, Diário do Govêrno, Codigo Administrativo.|date=31 December 1936|publisher=Diário da República|url=https://files.diariodarepublica.pt/1s/1936/12/30600/17731873.pdf|access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Portugal}}
Portugal is mainly characterised by a [[Mediterranean climate]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Portugal.htm|title=Climate of the World: Portugal|website=Weatheronline.co.uk|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509103058/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Portugal.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Oceanic climate|temperate maritime climate]] in high altitude zones of the Azorean islands; a [[semi-arid climate]] in parts of the [[Beja District]] far south and in [[Porto Santo Island]], a [[hot desert climate]] in the [[Savage Islands|Selvagens Islands]] and a [[humid subtropical climate]] in the western [[Azores]], according to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen-Geiger climate classification]]. It is one of the warmest countries in Europe: the average temperature in [[mainland Portugal]] varies from {{convert|10-12|°C|°F|1}} in the mountainous interior north to {{convert|17-19|°C|°F|1}} in the south and on the [[Guadiana]] [[river basin]]. There are variations from the highlands to the lowlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/form/tb_med.htm|title=Mapas bioclimáticos y biogeográficos|website=Globalbioclimatics.org|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014103938/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/form/tb_med.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Algarve]], separated from the [[Alentejo]] region by mountains reaching up to {{convert|900|m|ft}} in [[Fóia (mountain)|Alto da Fóia]], has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/galleries/worlds-sunniest-destinations/faro/ |title=The sunniest places on Earth |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |access-date= 9 December 2025}}</ref>

Annual average rainfall in the mainland varies from just over {{convert|3200|mm|in|1}} on the [[Peneda-Gerês National Park]] to less than {{convert|500|mm|in|1}} in southern parts of [[Alentejo]]. [[Mount Pico]] receives the largest annual rainfall (over {{convert|6250|mm|in|1}} per year), according to ''[[Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera]]''. In some areas, such as the Guadiana basin, annual diurnal average temperatures can be as high as {{convert|24.5|°C|°F}}, and summer's highest temperatures are routinely over {{convert|40|°C|°F}}. The record high of {{convert|47.4|°C|°F}} was recorded in [[Amareleja]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Extremos climáticos de temperatura, Capitais Distrito|url=http://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/|publisher=Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera|access-date=23 January 2013|author=Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera|language=pt|year=2012|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512044211/https://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/|title=Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IP Portugal|publisher=ipma.pt|access-date=22 August 2010|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512044211/https://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Praia da Marinha (2012-09-27), by Klugschnacker in Wikipedia (86).JPG|thumb|upright=.8|The [[Praia da Marinha|Marinha Beach]] in the [[Algarve]] is considered by the [[Michelin Guide]], one of the most beautiful beaches in the world<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/travel/best-beaches/praia-da-marinha/|title= Map of the Best Beaches: Praia da Marinha (Marinha Beach), Algarve, Portugal|website= CNN Travel|last=Ames|first=Paul|year=2019|access-date=9 December 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225224733/https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/travel/best-beaches/praia-da-marinha/|archive-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref>]]

Snowfalls occur regularly during winter in the interior North and Centre, particularly in the highlands. In these regions, temperatures can drop below {{convert|-10.0|°C|°F}}, and snow may fall any time from October to May. In the South, snowfalls are rare but can still occur at the highest elevations. While the official absolute minimum by [[Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera|IPMA]] is {{convert|-16.0|°C|°F}} in [[Penhas da Saúde]] and [[Miranda do Douro]], lower temperatures have been recorded. Continental Portugal receives around 2,300-3,200 hours of sunshine annually, an average of 4–6&nbsp;hours in winter and 10–12&nbsp;hours in the summer, with higher values in the south-east, south-west, Algarve coast and lower in the north-west.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igeo.pt/atlas/Cap1/Cap1d_1.html|title=CLIMA E SUAS INFLUÊNCIAS — Elementos climáticos|author=Raquel Soeiro de Brito - [[Portuguese Geographic Institute]]|publisher=Atlas de Portugal|access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>

Portugal's central west and southwest coasts have an extreme ocean [[seasonal lag]]; sea temperatures are warmer in October than in July and are their coldest in March. The average [[sea surface temperature]] on the west coast of mainland Portugal varies from {{convert|14|-|16|°C|°F|1}} in January−March to {{convert|19|-|21|°C|°F|1}} in August−October while on the south coast it ranges from {{convert|16|°C|°F|1}} in January−March and rises in the summer to about {{convert|22|-|23|°C|°F|1}}, occasionally reaching {{convert|26|°C|°F|1}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enjoyable, Mediterranean Climate in Portugal|url=https://www.liveandinvestoverseas.com/country-hub/portugal/climate-in-portugal/|department=Ocean temperatures in Portugal|website=LiveandInvestOverseas.com|date=16 May 2016 |access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219004527/https://www.liveandinvestoverseas.com/country-hub/portugal/climate-in-portugal/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Azores, around {{convert|16|°C|°F|1}} in February−April to {{convert|22|-|24|°C|°F|1}} in July−September,<ref>{{cite web |title=Average sea temperature of the Azores |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/sao-roque-do-pico.htm |publisher=seatemperature.org |access-date=9 November 2020 |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115043016/https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/sao-roque-do-pico.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and in Madeira, around {{convert|18|°C|°F|1}} in February−April to {{convert|23|-|24|°C|°F|1}} in August−October.<ref>{{cite web |title=Average sea temperature of Madeira |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/funchal.htm |publisher=seatemperature.org |access-date=9 November 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020194412/https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/funchal.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist. The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding {{convert|20|°C|°F}} in some parts of the coast.<ref>Portuguese Meteorological Institute</ref> Some islands in Azores have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the islands of the Azores have been identified as having a [[Mediterranean climate]], while some islands (such as [[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores]] or [[Corvo Island|Corvo]]) are classified as [[Humid subtropical]], transitioning into an [[Oceanic climate]] at higher altitudes. [[Porto Santo Island]] in Madeira has a warm semi-arid climate. The [[Savage Islands]], which are part of the regional territory of Madeira and a nature reserve are unique in being classified as a desert climate with an annual average rainfall of approximately {{convert|150|mm|in|1}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteopt.com/forum/topico/precipitacao-nas-ilhas-selvagens.10053/ |title=Precipitação nas Ilhas Selvagens|publisher=MeteoPT.com|access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>

[[Climate change]] in Portugal is causing rising temperatures and longer-lasting [[heat wave]]s, decreases in average rainfall and increases in the number of extremely rainy days (causing droughts and floods), and rising sea levels which will threaten the country's many coastal populations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |title=Portugal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/portugal#:~:text=Portugal%20is%20vulnerable%20to%20the,amount%20of%20its%20population%20lives. |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="IEA 2021">{{Cite web |last=IEA |date=20 August 2021 |title=Portugal Climate Resilience Policy Indicator – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/articles/portugal-climate-resilience-policy-indicator |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wildfires are quite common and a major issue in Portugal,<ref>{{cite web |title=What are the opinions of foresters in Portugal regarding fire? Results of a questionnaire |url=https://www.isa.ulisboa.pt/ceabn/uploads/docs/projectos/opinions%20foresters%20portugal.pdf |access-date=22 September 2024 |date=2003 }}</ref> being the country with the highest percentage of burned area, on average, in the entire [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EFFIS Estimates for European Union - Forest Fires Emergency |url=https://forest-fire.emergency.copernicus.eu/apps/effis.statistics/estimates |access-date=22 September 2024 |date=2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2024 |title=Extreme wildfires are ramping up in these countries as climate warms |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/06/25/portugal-is-among-the-worst-affected-countries-as-climate-change-ramps-up-extreme-wildfire#:~:text=Temperate%20conifer%20forests%20face%20rising,2015,%20according%20to%20the%20study. |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref name="IEA 2021" />

=== Biodiversity===
{{Main|Biodiversity of Portugal}}
[[File:Dreaming of snow (318977965).jpg|right|thumb|[[Peneda-Gerês National Park]] is the only nationally designated park in Portugal, owing to the rarity and significance of its environment]]

Portugal is located on the [[Mediterranean Basin]], the 3rd most diverse hotspot of flora in the world.<ref name="florestas" /> It is home to 6 terrestrial ecoregions.{{efn|[[Azores temperate mixed forests]], [[Cantabrian mixed forests]], [[Madeira evergreen forests]], [[Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests]], [[Northwest Iberian montane forests]], and [[Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref>}} Over 22% of its land area is included in the [[Natura 2000]] network.<ref name="dre">{{cite web |title=1 - Portugal, Biodiversidade e Capital Natural Uma Leitura Atual |work=Diário da República Eletrónico |url=https://dre.pt/web/guest/home/-/dre/115226936/details/maximized |publisher=[[Diário da República]] |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414131521/https://dre.pt/web/guest/home/-/dre/115226936/details/maximized |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="florestas">{{cite web |title=Habitats da floresta portuguesa: um refúgio de biodiversidade |url=https://florestas.pt/conhecer/habitats-da-floresta-portuguesa-um-refugio-de-biodiversidade/ |publisher=florestas.pt |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309101848/https://florestas.pt/conhecer/habitats-da-floresta-portuguesa-um-refugio-de-biodiversidade/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Eucalyptus]], [[cork oak]] and [[maritime pine]] together make up 71% of the total forested area of continental Portugal.<ref>{{cite web |title=As espécies florestais mais comuns da floresta portuguesa |url=https://florestas.pt/conhecer/as-especies-florestais-mais-comuns-da-floresta-portuguesa/ |publisher=florestas.pt |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309101652/https://florestas.pt/conhecer/as-especies-florestais-mais-comuns-da-floresta-portuguesa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Geographical and climatic conditions facilitate the introduction of exotic species that later turn to be invasive and destructive to the native habitats. Around 20% of the total number of extant species in continental Portugal are [[Introduced species|exotic]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=de Almeida |first1=João Domingues |title=New additions to the exotic vascular flora of continental Portugal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329872174 |access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref> Portugal is the 2nd country in Europe with the highest number of threatened animal and plant species.<ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal tem quase 500 espécies em perigo de extinção |url=https://www.sabado.pt/ciencia---saude/detalhe/portugal-tem-quase-500-especies-em-perigo-de-extincao |work=[[Sábado (magazine)|Sábado]] |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153030/https://www.sabado.pt/ciencia---saude/detalhe/portugal-tem-quase-500-especies-em-perigo-de-extincao |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal é o 2.º país da Europa com mais espécies de mamíferos e plantas em perigo |date=18 December 2020 |url=https://www.comunidadeculturaearte.com/portugal-e-o-2-o-pais-da-europa-com-mais-especies-de-mamiferos-e-plantas-em-perigo/ |publisher=comunidade cultura e arte |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414212012/https://www.comunidadeculturaearte.com/portugal-e-o-2-o-pais-da-europa-com-mais-especies-de-mamiferos-e-plantas-em-perigo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Portugal as a whole is an important stopover for migratory bird species.<ref>{{cite web |title=Observação de aves |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/pt-pt/node/73855 |publisher=visitportugal.com |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414132849/https://www.visitportugal.com/pt-pt/node/73855 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aves de Portugal |url=http://www.avesdeportugal.info/avesdeportugal-alfab.html |publisher=avesdeportugal.info |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152820/http://www.avesdeportugal.info/avesdeportugal-alfab.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The large mammalian species of Portugal (deer, [[Iberian ibex]], [[wild boar]], [[red fox]], [[Iberian wolf]] and [[Iberian lynx]]) were once widespread throughout the country, but intense hunting, habitat degradation and growing pressure from agriculture and livestock reduced population on a large scale in the 19th and early 20th century, others, such as the [[Portuguese ibex]] were even led to extinction. Today, these animals are re-expanding their native range.<ref>{{cite web |title=8 mamíferos da floresta portuguesa |url=https://www.florestas.pt/descobrir/8-mamiferos-da-floresta-portuguesa/ |publisher=florestas.pt |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002353/https://florestas.pt/descobrir/8-mamiferos-da-floresta-portuguesa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mammals">{{cite web |title=Atlas de Mamíferos de Portugal – uma recolha do conhecimento disponível sobre a distribuição dos mamíferos no nosso país |url=http://atlas-mamiferos.uevora.pt/ |publisher=University of Évora |access-date=20 March 2021 |language=pt-PT |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305064847/http://atlas-mamiferos.uevora.pt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Portuguese west coast is part of the four major Eastern Boundary [[Upwelling]] Systems of the ocean.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Correia |first1=Paulo Filipe Alexandre |title=Study of an upwelling event in the Portuguese coast |url=https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/563345090415834/Tese_Paulo%20Correia_final.pdf |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414133259/https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/563345090415834/Tese_Paulo%20Correia_final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This makes Portugal one of the largest per capita fish-consumers in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fish and seafood consumption per capita, 2017 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fish-and-seafood-consumption-per-capita |publisher=[[Our World in Data]] |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152633/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fish-and-seafood-consumption-per-capita |url-status=live }}</ref> 73% of the [[freshwater fish]] occurring in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] are endemic, the largest out of any region in Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodeles |first1=Amaia A. |last2=Galicia |first2=David |last3=Miranda |first3=Rafael |title=Iberian fish records in the vertebrate collection of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Navarra |journal=Scientific Data|article-number=160091 |language=en |doi=10.1038/sdata.2016.91 |date=11 October 2016|volume=3 |pmid=27727236 |pmc=5058334 |bibcode=2016NatSD...360091R }}</ref> Some [[protected areas of Portugal]] include: the [[Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Natural Park|Serras de Aire e Candeeiros]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Nature Park |url=https://natural.pt/protected-areas/parque-natural-serras-aire-candeeiros?locale=en |publisher=natural.pt |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303215342/https://natural.pt/protected-areas/parque-natural-serras-aire-candeeiros?locale=en |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Southwest Alentejo and Vicentine Coast Natural Park]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Parque Natural do Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina |url=https://www.infopedia.pt/$parque-natural-do-sudoeste-alentejano-e |publisher=Infopédia, [[Porto Editora]] |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152824/https://www.infopedia.pt/$parque-natural-do-sudoeste-alentejano-e |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Montesinho Natural Park]] which hosts some of the only populations of [[Iberian wolf]] and [[Iberian brown bear]].<ref>{{cite web |title=First brown bear sighting in Portugal in over a century |date=9 May 2019 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190509-first-brown-bear-sighting-portugal-over-century |publisher=France 24 |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153212/https://www.france24.com/en/20190509-first-brown-bear-sighting-portugal-over-century |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Portugal}}
{{multiple image
| caption_align     = center
| image1            = Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa em 2018.jpg
| width1            = 161
| caption1          = [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]]<br /><small>[[President of Portugal|President]]</small>
| image2            = EPP Summit, 21 March, Brussels (53600549642) (cropped).jpg
| width2            = 166
| caption2          = [[Luís Montenegro]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Portugal|Prime Minister]]</small>
}}
Portugal has been a [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] representative democratic [[republic]] since the ratification of the [[Portuguese Constitution of 1976|Constitution of 1976]], with [[Lisbon]] as its capital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Portugal_2005.pdf|title=Constitution of Portugal, Preamble|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317103114/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Portugal_2005.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Martins|first=Ana|year=2006|title=Presidential Elements in Government: The Portuguese Semi-Presidential System|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/euroclv2&id=81&div=&collection=|journal=European Constitutional Law Review|volume=2|pages=81–100|doi=10.1017/S1574019606000812|s2cid=146507857|access-date=24 March 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414133258/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/euroclv2&id=81&div=&collection=|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Constitution grants the division or separation of powers among four sovereignty bodies: the [[President of Portugal|president]], the [[Portuguese parliament|Assembly of the Republic]], the [[Government of Portugal|government]] and the [[Judiciary of Portugal|courts]].<ref name="constitution">{{cite web|url=http://dre.pt/comum/html/legis/crp.html|title=Constituição da República Portuguesa – D.R.E. (Constitution of the Portuguese Republic)|date=2 April 1976|publisher=[[Diário da República|Diário da República Electrónico]]|language=pt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221013137/http://www.dre.pt/comum/html/legis/crp.html|archive-date=21 December 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Lisbon, Belém Palace.JPG|thumb|right|[[Belém Palace]] serves as the official residence and workplace of the [[President of Portugal|president]]]]
The head of state is the [[President of Portugal|president]], elected to a five-year term by direct, [[universal suffrage]], the incumbent is [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]]. Although largely a ceremonial post,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17760433|title=Portugal profile - Leaders |publisher=BBC |access-date=8 July 2023|date=7 March 2017}}</ref> Presidential powers include the appointment of the prime minister and other members of the government, dismissing the prime minister, dissolving the parliament, [[veto|vetoing]] legislation{{efn|It may be overridden by the parliament}} and declaring war.{{efn|Only on the advice of the government and with the authorisation of the Assembly}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presidencia.pt/presidente-da-republica/as-funcoes/|title=As Funções Chefe de Estado |publisher=Presidency of the Republic |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> The president has also supervisory and [[reserve power]]s and is the {{lang|la|[[ex officio]]}} Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The President is advised on issues of importance by the [[Portuguese Council of State|Council of State]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/lexionario/termo/presidente-republica|title=Presidente da República |publisher=[[Diário da República]] |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref>

According to [[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance|International IDEA]]’s Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices and Democracy Tracker, Portugal performs in the mid-high range on overall democratic measures, with particular strengths in political representation, including elected government and inclusive suffrage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/portugal |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global State of Democracy Indices {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/gsod-indices |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int}}</ref>

===Government===
{{Main|Government of Portugal}}
[[File:Palácio de São Bento (Assemblée nationale) (9307363528).jpg|thumb|[[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]] building in Lisbon]]
The [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]] is an [[unicameralism|unicameral]] parliament composed of a maximum of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/lexionario/termo/assembleia-republica|title=Assembleia da República |publisher=[[Diário da República]] |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref> The government is headed by the [[Prime Minister of Portugal|prime minister]] and includes ministers and secretaries of state, that have full executive powers;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/lexionario/termo/primeiro-ministro|title=Primeiro-Ministro |publisher=[[Diário da República]] |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref> the current prime minister is [[Luís Montenegro]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc24/primeiro-ministro|title=Luís Montenegro Primeiro-Ministro |publisher=XXIV Constitutional Government website |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> The [[Council of Ministers (Portugal)|Council of Ministers]] – under the prime minister{{efn|Also under the president at the prime minister's request}} and the ministers – acts as the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/lexionario/termo/conselho-ministros|title=Conselho de Ministros |publisher=[[Diário da República]] |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref> The [[courts]] are organised into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. The [[Portuguese Supreme Court|supreme courts]] are institutions of last appeal. The [[Portuguese Constitutional Court|Constitutional Court]] oversees the constitutionality of the laws.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/lexionario/termo/tribunais|title=Tribunais |publisher=[[Diário da República]] |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref>

Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national, regional and local levels. The Assembly of the Republic is dominated by three political parties, the [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]] (PSD), [[Chega (political party)|Chega]] (CH) and the [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]] (PS), while the PSD and PS continue to be the dominant parties in the regional parliaments and at the [[NUTS statistical regions of Portugal#LAUs|local level]].{{efn|Other parties include the [[Liberal Initiative (Portugal)|Liberal Initiative]], the [[Left Bloc (Portugal)|Left Bloc]], the [[Unitary Democratic Coalition]] ([[Portuguese Communist Party]] and [[Ecologist Party "The Greens"]]), [[LIVRE]], the [[CDS – People's Party]] and the [[People Animals Nature]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlamento.pt/DeputadoGP/Paginas/GruposParlamentaresI.aspx|title=Composição dos Grupos Parlamentares/Partidos |publisher=[[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]] |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref>}}

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Portugal}}
[[File:Ilham Aliyev attended the 2010 Lisbon Summit (6).jpg|thumb|[[2010 Lisbon summit|2010 NATO Lisbon summit]]]]
A member state of the [[United Nations]] since 1955,<ref name="ONU" /> Portugal is a founding member of [[NATO]] (1949),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rr.pt/artigo/francisco-sarsfield-cabral/2025/06/25/portugal-e-a-nato/430312/|title=Portugal e a NATO |publisher=Renascença |access-date=6 December 2025|date=25 June 2025}}</ref> the [[OECD]] (1961)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/portugal.html|title=Portugal and the OECD |publisher=OECD |access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref> and [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] (1960);<ref name="EFTA" /> it left the last in 1986 to join the [[European Economic Community]], which became the European Union in 1993.<ref name="CEE" /> In 1996, Portugal co-founded the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organisation and political association of [[Lusophone]] nations where [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is an official language.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/explicador/espaco-lusofono/|title=Espaço Lusófono |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=6 December 2025 |date=2021}}</ref>

Portugal has hosted several international summits and events like the [[1st EU–Brazil summit|first EU–Brazil summit]] in July 2007, the [[2nd European Union–African Union Summit|second EU–African Union summit]] in December 2007, the signing of the [[Signing of the Treaty of Lisbon|Treaty of Lisbon]] also in December 2007, and the [[2010 Lisbon summit|NATO summit]] in November 2010. Portugal was a full member of the [[Latin Union]] (1983)<ref>
[http://www.unilat.org/SG/index.es.asp Latin Union Official Site] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512163034/http://www.unilat.org/SG/index.es.asp |date=2009-05-12 }}</ref> and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States|Organisation of Ibero-American States]] (1949).<ref>{{Cite web |title=OEI {{!}} Quienes somos {{!}} Sobre la OEI |url=https://oei.int/quienes-somos/oei |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos |language=es}}</ref> It has a friendship alliance and [[multiple citizenship|dual citizenship]] treaty with its former colony, Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tratado de Amizade, Cooperação e Consulta entre a República Portuguesa e a República Federativa do Brasil, assinado em Porto Seguro em 22 de Abril de 2000 |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/legislacao-consolidada/resolucao-assembleia-republica/2000-202786933 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Diário da República |date=14 December 2000}}</ref> Portugal and the United Kingdom share the world's oldest active military accord through their [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]] ([[Treaty of Windsor (1386)|Treaty of Windsor]]), signed in 1386.<ref name="Windsor" />

=== Territorial disputes ===
[[File:Official political map of Portugal of 2024.pdf|thumb|upright|Official political map of Portugal released by the [[Government of Portugal|Portuguese government]] in 2025,<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated -->|date= August 7, 2025|title= Carta Administrativa Oficial de Portugal|url= https://www.dgterritorio.gov.pt/cartografia/cartografia-tematica/caop|trans-title= Official administrative charter of Portugal|website= Direção-Geral do Território|language= pt-PT|location= Lisbon|publisher= Direção-Geral do Território|access-date=October 13, 2025}}</ref> note the lack of a marked border with [[Olivenza]] and its surrounding area]]
[[Olivenza]]: Under Portuguese sovereignty since 1297, the municipality of Olivença was ceded to Spain under the [[Treaty of Badajoz (1801)|Treaty of Badajoz]] in 1801, after the [[War of the Oranges]]. Portugal claimed it back in 1815 under the [[Congress of Vienna|Treaty of Vienna]]. However, since the 19th century, it has been continuously ruled by Spain which considers the territory theirs not only ''de facto'' but also ''de jure''.<ref name="One-europe.net_2017-09-29">{{Cite web |url=http://one-europe.net/portugal-spain-the-territorial-disputes-of-olivenza-and-the-savage-islands |title=Portugal & Spain – the territorial disputes of Olivenza and the Savage Islands (Part II) |work=OneEurope |date=11 February 2015 |access-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929140112/http://one-europe.net/portugal-spain-the-territorial-disputes-of-olivenza-and-the-savage-islands |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Savage Islands]]: A small group of mostly uninhabited islets which fall under Portuguese Madeira's regional autonomous jurisdiction. Found in 1364 by Italian mariners under the service of [[Prince Henry The Navigator]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2744/274432938006.pdf |title=O Arquipélago das Selvages. Um Mundo de Ilhas Portuguesas com História |journal=Annuario de Estudios Atlanticos |year=2015 |issn=0570-4065 |volume=61 |last=Vieira |first=Alberto |pages=1–14 |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421171504/https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2744/274432938006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> it was first noted by Portuguese navigator Diogo Gomes de Sintra in 1438. Historically, the islands have belonged to private Portuguese owners from the 16th century on, until 1971<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ifcn.madeira.gov.pt/areas-protegidas/ilhas-selvagens/historial.html|title=Historial|date=6 June 2022|website=Instituto das Florestas e da Conservação da Natureza, IP-RAM|access-date=21 April 2023|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421170001/https://ifcn.madeira.gov.pt/areas-protegidas/ilhas-selvagens/historial.html|url-status=live}}</ref> when the government purchased them and established a natural reserve area covering the whole archipelago. The islands have been claimed by Spain since 1911,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_opinion/2017/DIEEEO22-2017_IslasSalvajes_GomezAdeva.pdf |title=Las Islas Salvajes: la mar como punto de encuentro |last=Gómez Adeva |first=Ana |publisher=Instituto Espanõl de Estudios Estratégicos |date=6 March 2017 |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813175045/https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_opinion/2017/DIEEEO22-2017_IslasSalvajes_GomezAdeva.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and the dispute has caused some periods of political tension between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/spain-reignites-island-tussle/33530|title=Spain reignites island tussle|work=The Portugal News|date=31 December 2014|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114152958/https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/spain-reignites-island-tussle/33530|url-status=live}}</ref> The main problem for Spain's attempts to claim these small islands, has been not so much their intrinsic value, but the fact that they expand Portugal's [[exclusive economic zone]] considerably to the south, in detriment of Spain.<ref name="Algarvedailynews.com_2017-09-29">{{Cite news |url=http://www.algarvedailynews.com/features/environment/4361-new-maritime-area-in-dispute-between-portugal-and-spain |title=New maritime area in dispute between Portugal and Spain |newspaper=Algarve Daily News |access-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135147/http://www.algarvedailynews.com/features/environment/4361-new-maritime-area-in-dispute-between-portugal-and-spain |archive-date=29 September 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Selvagens Islands have been tentatively added to UNESCO's world heritage list in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6217/|title=Selvagens Islands|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412141507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6217/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Portuguese Armed Forces}}
{{multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| align             = right
| width             = 248
| footer            = 
| image1            = The Portuguese navy frigate NRP Bartolomeu Dias (F-333) (cropped) 01.jpg
| caption1          = [[Portuguese Navy]] frigate NRP Bartolomeu Dias
| image2            = 4-ship F-16 flyby. 2022 Monte Real Open Day, Portugal. 18-9-2022 (53708344435).jpg
| caption2          = Four F-16A from the [[Portuguese Air Force]]
}}

The [[Portuguese Armed Forces]] have three branches commanded by the [[Armed Forces General Staff (Portugal)|Portuguese Armed Forces General Staff]] – [[Portuguese Navy|Navy]], [[Portuguese Army|Army]] and [[Portuguese Air Force|Air Force]]. They serve primarily as a self-defence force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country but can also be used in offensive missions in foreign territories.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poderes e Competências |url=https://anibalcavacosilva.arquivo.presidencia.pt/comandantesupremo/?idc=301&idi=91150 |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=anibalcavacosilva.arquivo.presidencia.pt |language=pt |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230115133/https://anibalcavacosilva.arquivo.presidencia.pt/comandantesupremo/?idc=301&idi=91150 |url-status=live }}</ref> In recent years, the Portuguese military have carried out several [[NATO]] and [[European Union]] missions in various territories.{{efn|Namely in [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]], [[Lebanon]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kosovo]], [[Mali]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Somalia]], [[Mozambique]] and [[East Timor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= Onde Estamos Missões No Estrangeiro|url=https://www.exercito.pt/pt/onde-estamos/no-mundo|publisher=Exército Portugal |access-date=7 December 2025 }}</ref>}} As of 2024, the three branches numbered 23,678 military personnel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ou há serviço militar obrigatório ou se paga salários mais altos. Mas quanto ganha hoje um soldado? |url=https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/recrutamento/militares/ou-ha-servico-militar-obrigatorio-ou-se-paga-salarios-mais-altos-mas-quanto-ganha-hoje-um-soldado/20250410/67efca0ad34e3f0bae9c82e2|publisher=CNN Portugal |access-date=7 December 2025 |date=10 April 2025 }}</ref> [[List of countries by military expenditures|Portuguese military budget]] in 2023 was more than $4 billion, representing 1.48% of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014-2023) |url=https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230707-def-exp-2023-en.pdf |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715092752/https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230707-def-exp-2023-en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Army of 10,969 personnel<ref name="FAPESS">{{Cite web |last=Lusa |date=2023-11-01 |title=Forças Armadas com 23.425 militares e efetivos "drasticamente abaixo do autorizado" |url=https://observador.pt/2023/11/01/forcas-armadas-com-23-425-militares-e-efetivos-drasticamente-abaixo-do-autorizado/ |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=Observador |language=pt}}</ref> comprises 3 brigades and other small units. An [[Portuguese Intervention Brigade|infantry brigade]],{{efn|Mainly equipped with [[Pandur II]] [[Armoured personnel carrier|APC]], [[M114 155 mm howitzer|M114 howitzer]] and [[MIM-72 Chaparral]] [[Air defence|air defence systems]]}} a [[Portuguese Mechanized Brigade|mechanized brigade]]{{efn|Mainly equipped with [[Leopard 2|Leopard 2 A6]] tanks and [[M113|M113A2]] APC}} and a [[Portuguese Rapid Reaction Brigade|rapid reaction brigade]].{{efn|Consisting of [[Portuguese Paratroopers|Paratroopers]], [[Portuguese Army Commandos|Commandos]], [[Special Operations Troops Centre|Rangers]] and [[4th Artillery Regiment (Portugal)|Artillery Regiment]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orgânica do Exército - Capítulo IV |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/legislacao-consolidada/decreto-regulamentar/2015-157105977-157106539|publisher=Diário da República |access-date=7 December 2025 |date=31 July 2015 }}</ref> The Navy,{{efn|6,739 personnel by 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marinha perdeu 3 mil efetivos em 12 anos e metade da verba para manutenção |url=https://rr.pt/especial/pais/2023/03/27/marinha-perdeu-3-mil-efetivos-em-12-anos-e-metade-da-verba-para-manutencao/325034/|publisher=Renascença |access-date=7 December 2025 |date=27 March 2023 }}</ref> of which 1,030 are [[Portuguese Marines|marines]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falta de voluntários obriga Marinha a fazer três cursos para fuzileiros |url=https://www.dn.pt/arquivo/diario-de-noticias/falta-de-voluntarios-obriga-marinhaa-fazer-tres-cursos-para-fuzileiros-9332343.html|publisher=Diário de Notícias |access-date=7 December 2025 |date=12 May 2018 }}</ref>}} the [[List of navies|world's oldest naval force]],<ref>{{Cite web |title="Marinha mais antiga do mundo tem 705 anos e é portuguesa", destaca-se nas redes sociais |url=https://poligrafo.sapo.pt/fact-check/marinha-mais-antiga-do-mundo-tem-705-anos-e-e-portuguesa-destaca-se-nas-redes-sociais/|publisher=Polígrafo |access-date=7 December 2025 |date=9 September 2022 }}</ref> has 5 frigates, 2 corvettes, 2 submarines, and 20 oceanic patrol vessels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meios Navais - Recrutamento Militar |url=https://recrutamentomilitar.bud.gov.pt/meios-navais|publisher=Serviço Militar |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>  The Air Force{{efn|5,663 personnel by 2023<ref name="FAPESS" />}} has the [[Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon|Lockheed F-16M Fighting Falcon]] as the main combat aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aeronaves |url=https://www.emfa.pt/aeronaves|publisher=Força Aérea |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>

In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is the [[National Republican Guard (Portugal)|National Republican Guard]], a [[gendarmerie]] force comprising 23,287 personnel by 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNR ultrapassam Forças Armadas em número de efetivos |url=https://www.cmjornal.pt/portugal/detalhe/gnr-ultrapassam-forcas-armadas-em-numero-de-efetivos|publisher=Correio da Manhã |access-date=7 December 2025|date=15 November 2023}}</ref> under the authority of both the Defence and the Interior Ministry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guarda Nacional Republicana tem funções de defesa ou de segurança? |url=https://ffms.pt/pt-pt/direitos-e-deveres/guarda-nacional-republicana-tem-funcoes-de-defesa-ou-de-seguranca|publisher=Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref> It has provided detachments for participation in international operations in Iraq and East Timor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missões Internacionais |url=https://www.gnr.pt/missoes_internacionais.aspx |publisher=Guarda Nacional Republicana |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref> The United States maintains a military presence with 770 troops in the [[Lajes Air Base]] at [[Terceira Island]], in the Azores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Base Aérea N.º 4 |url=https://www.emfa.pt/unidade-27-base-aerea-n-4|publisher=Força Aérea |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>

=== Law and justice ===
{{Main|Judiciary of Portugal}}
[[File:Campus Justiça (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|Lisbon's Campus of Justice]]

The Portuguese legal system is part of the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] legal system. The main laws include the Constitution (1976), the [[Portuguese Civil Code]] (1966) and the [[Penal Code of Portugal]] (1982), as amended. Other relevant laws are the Commercial Code (1888) and the Civil Procedure Code (1961). Portuguese laws were applied in the former [[Portuguese colonies|colonies and territories]] and continue to be influences for those countries. The supreme national courts are the [[Supreme Court of Justice (Portugal)|Supreme Court of Justice]] and the [[Constitutional Court of Portugal|Constitutional Court]]. The [[Public Prosecution Service (Portugal)|Public Ministry]], headed by the Attorney General of the Republic, constitutes the independent body of public prosecutors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ministeriopublico.pt/pagina/o-ministerio-publico|title=O Ministério Público|access-date=7 December 2025|publisher=Ministério Público Portugal}}</ref>

Drug [[decriminalisation]] was declared in 2001, making Portugal the first country to do so for personal possession of all common drugs. Despite criticism from other European nations, overall drug use has declined along with [[HIV]] infection cases, which dropped 50 percent by 2009. Overall drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds declined, however use of marijuana rose slightly.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=portugal-drug-decriminalization |title=5 Years After: Portugal's Drug Decriminalization Policy Shows Positive Results |website=[[Scientific American]] |access-date=2 June 2010 |archive-date=15 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815160507/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=portugal-drug-decriminalization |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090427145430/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1893946,00.html Drugs in Portugal: Did Decriminalization Work?]</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Greenwald|first1=Glenn|author-link=Glenn Greenwald|title=Drug Decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies|url=http://www.cato.org/publications/white-paper/drug-decriminalization-portugal-lessons-creating-fair-successful-drug-policies|publisher=Cato Institute|access-date=14 February 2015|format=PDF|date=2 April 2009|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120040916/https://www.cato.org/publications/white-paper/drug-decriminalization-portugal-lessons-creating-fair-successful-drug-policies|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[LGBT rights in Portugal]] have increased substantially in the 21st century. In 2003, Portugal added an anti-discrimination employment law on the basis of sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=441&tabela=lei_velhas&nversao=1&so_miolo=|title=Lei n.º 99/2003, de 27 de Agosto|website=pgdlisboa.pt|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806093208/http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=441&tabela=lei_velhas&nversao=1&so_miolo=|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, sexual orientation was added to the Constitution as part of the protected from discrimination characteristics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=79&tabela=leis&ficha=1&pagina=1&so_miolo=|title=Lei n.º 1/2004, de 24 de Julho|website=pgdlisboa.pt|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501183704/http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=79&tabela=leis&ficha=1&pagina=1&so_miolo=|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, Portugal became the sixth country in Europe and eighth in the world to legalise [[same-sex marriage in Portugal|same-sex marriage]] at the national level.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2010/05/10500/0185301853.pdf|title=Diário da República, 1.ª série — N.º 105 — 31 May 2010|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106163651/https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2010/05/10500/0185301853.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[LGBT adoption]] has been allowed since 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://app.parlamento.pt/webutils/docs/doc.pdf?path=6148523063446f764c3246795a5868774d546f334e7a67774c336470626e526c654852766331396863484a76646d466b62334d764d6a41784e69394d587a4a664d6a41784e6935775a47593d&fich=L_2_2016.pdf&Inline=true|title=Lei n.º 2/2016 de 29 de fevereiro|website=App.parlamento.pt|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927181934/http://app.parlamento.pt/webutils/docs/doc.pdf?path=6148523063446f764c3246795a5868774d546f334e7a67774c336470626e526c654852766331396863484a76646d466b62334d764d6a41784e69394d587a4a664d6a41784e6935775a47593d&fich=L_2_2016.pdf&Inline=true|url-status=live}}</ref> as has female same-sex couple access to medically assisted reproduction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/54117/parlamento_aprova_barrigas_de_aluguer_e_procriacao_medicamente_assistida|title=Parlamento aprova barrigas de aluguer e Procriação Medicamente Assistida – Renascença|last=Renascença|website=rr.sapo.pt|date=13 May 2016|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=30 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630063804/http://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/54117/parlamento_aprova_barrigas_de_aluguer_e_procriacao_medicamente_assistida|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017 the ''Law of Gender Identity'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-31-Nova-lei-vai-permitir-mudanca-de-sexo-a-menores|title=Governo entrega em janeiro projeto da nova Lei da Identidade de Género, que prevê a descida da idade legal e o fim do atestado médico obrigatório|website=Expresso.sapo.pt|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704003548/http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-31-Nova-lei-vai-permitir-mudanca-de-sexo-a-menores|url-status=dead}}</ref> simplified the legal process of [[gender]] and name change for [[transgender]] people, making it easier for minors to change their [[sex marker]] in legal documents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/interior/375-pessoas-mudaram-de-genero-no-registo-civil-5590815.html|title=Dário de Notícias: 375 pessoas mudaram de género no registo civil|date=1 July 2017|website=Dn.pt|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-date=12 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012010306/https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/interior/375-pessoas-mudaram-de-genero-no-registo-civil-5590815.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, the right to [[gender identity]] and [[gender expression]] self-determination became protected, [[intersex]] minors became protected by law from unnecessary [[Intersex medical interventions|medical procedures]] "until the minor gender identity manifests" and the right of protection from discrimination on the basis of [[Sex characteristics (legal term)|sex characteristics]] became protected by the same law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/115933863/details/maximized|title=Lei 38/2018, 2018-08-07|website=Diário da República Eletrónico|language=pt|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=8 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208131252/https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/115933863/details/maximized|url-status=live}}</ref>

Over the past 30 years, [[Euthanasia]] legalisation has been proposed and approved in several parliamentary reviews, but has been blocked by the [[Constitutional Court (Portugal)|Constitutional Court]], with the most recent unfavourable decision dating from 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.publico.pt/2025/04/22/sociedade/noticia/morte-assistida-30-anos-quatro-vetos-cinco-textos-nova-derrota-constitucional-2130626|title=Morte assistida: 30 anos, quatro vetos e cinco textos depois, nova derrota no Constitucional |website=Público|date=22 April 2025|access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>{{efn|In the most recent proposal, national residents over 18 who were terminally ill and in extreme suffering, but who could still decide to, would have the legal right to request for assisted dying. For non-residents or foreigners euthanasia would not be allowed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/12/portuguese-parliament-legalises-euthanasia-after-long-battle#:~:text=After%20a%20long%20battle%2C%20Portugal,of%20countries%20around%20the%20world.|title=Portuguese Parliament legalises Euthanasia after long battle|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=12 May 2023|access-date=13 May 2023|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519113348/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/12/portuguese-parliament-legalises-euthanasia-after-long-battle#:~:text=After%20a%20long%20battle%2C%20Portugal,of%20countries%20around%20the%20world.|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

=== Law enforcement ===
{{Main|Law enforcement in Portugal}}
[[File:Verão seguro.jpg|thumb|[[Polícia de Segurança Pública|Public Security Police]] agents patrolling in bicycles]]
Portugal's main police organisations are the ''[[Guarda Nacional Republicana]]&nbsp;– GNR'' ([[National Republican Guard (Portugal)|National Republican Guard]]), a [[gendarmerie]]; the ''[[Polícia de Segurança Pública]]&nbsp;– PSP'' (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the ''[[Polícia Judiciária]]&nbsp;– PJ'' (Judicial Police), a highly specialised criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Polícia Judiciária |url=https://www.gov.pt/entidades/policia-judiciaria|date=28 August 2024 |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=gov.pt}}</ref>

Portugal has 49 correctional facilities in total run by the Ministry of Justice. They include seventeen central prisons, four special prisons, twenty-seven regional prisons, and one 'Cadeia de Apoio' (Support Detention Centre).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prisonstudies.org/country/portugal|title=Portugal {{!}} World Prison Brief|website=prisonstudies.org|access-date=24 April 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424155203/http://prisonstudies.org/country/portugal|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2025|January|1}}, the prison population stood at 12,193 inmates, which comes to about 0.11% of the country's entire population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prisões. Portugal tem 3,2 reclusos por cada guarda prisional. Um quarto dos presos tem 50 anos ou mais |url=https://observador.pt/2025/07/18/prisoes-portugal-tem-32-reclusos-por-cada-guarda-prisional-um-quarto-dos-presos-tem-50-anos-ou-mais/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=observador.pt |date=18 July 2025}}</ref> The incarceration rate had a strong increase after 2010, with the prison population surpassing 14,000 inmates by 2013, but after that same year the incarceration rate began to steadily decline, a trend that has continued in recent years.<ref name="prisons 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Carvalho |first1=Maria João Leote de |last2=Gomes |first2=Sílvia |last3=Duarte |first3=Vera |last4=Oliveira |first4=Raquel |title=População no sistema prisional português: evolução e tendências entre 2000 e 2017 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/rccs/12883 |access-date=5 August 2025 |journal=Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais |date=2022 |volume=127 |pages=115–142 |doi=10.4000/rccs.12883 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal registou quebra superior a 10% na população prisional |url=https://rr.pt/noticia/mundo/2022/04/05/portugal-registou-quebra-superior-a-10-na-populacao-prisional/279124/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |date=5 April 2022 |website=Rádio Renascença}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Portugal}}
Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 [[municipalities of Portugal|municipalities]] (''municípios'' or ''[[concelhos]]''), which, after a reform in [[2013 Portuguese local election|2013]], were subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes ({{langx|pt|[[freguesia]]}}). The number of parishes grew to 3,259 in 2024, after several merged parishes were separated again.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lei n.º 25-A/2025, de 13 de março |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei/25-a-2025-910933580 |access-date=7 December 2025 |publisher=Diário da República |date=13 March 2025 |language=pt}}</ref> Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally [[local administrative unit]]s identified by the government of Portugal (for example, cities, towns or villages have no standing in law, although may be used as catchment for the defining services).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subsetor da Administração Local - Entidades Autárquicas |url=https://portalautarquico.dgal.gov.pt/pt-PT/subsetor-da-administracao-local/entidades-autarquicas |access-date=7 December 2025 |publisher=Direção-Geral das Autarquias Locais |language=pt}}</ref> ''Continental Portugal'' is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as [[autonomous area|autonomous regions]]; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal and the [[autonomous regions of Portugal]] ([[Azores]] and [[Madeira]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=O que são as regiões autónomas? |url=https://ffms.pt/pt-pt/direitos-e-deveres/o-que-sao-regioes-autonomas |access-date=7 December 2025 |publisher=Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos |language=pt}}</ref>

The 18 districts of mainland Portugal are: [[Aveiro District|Aveiro]], [[Beja District|Beja]], [[Braga District|Braga]], [[Bragança District|Bragança]], [[Castelo Branco District|Castelo Branco]], [[Coimbra District|Coimbra]], [[Évora District|Évora]], [[Faro (Portuguese district)|Faro]], [[Guarda District|Guarda]], [[Leiria District|Leiria]], [[Lisbon District|Lisbon]], [[Portalegre District|Portalegre]], [[Porto District|Porto]], [[Santarém District|Santarém]], [[Setúbal District|Setúbal]], [[Viana do Castelo District|Viana do Castelo]], [[Vila Real District|Vila Real]] and [[Viseu District|Viseu]]&nbsp;– each district takes the name of the district capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divisão administrativa |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_cont_inst&INST=6251013&xlang=pt |access-date=28 September 2025 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|Instituto Nacional de Estatística]] |language=pt}}</ref>
[[Image:PortugalNumbered.png|right|200px|Districts of Portugal]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;"
!colspan="2"| District
!Municipalities<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municípios Online by Marktest |url=https://www.marktest.com/wap/a/MunicipiosOnline.aspx |access-date=9 October 2025 |publisher=Marktest |language=pt}}</ref>
!Parishes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mapa do número de mandatos por órgão municipal |url=https://www.cne.pt/sites/default/files/dl/eleicoes/2025_al/docs_geral/2025_al_mandatos_cm_am.pdf |access-date=2 October 2025 |publisher=Comissão Nacional de Eleições |date=6 November 2025 |language=pt}}</ref>
!Pop.<br/>(2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=População residente (N.º) por Local de residência, Sexo e Grupo etário (Por ciclos de vida); Anual |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0004167&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2 |access-date=18 June 2025 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|Instituto Nacional de Estatística]] |date=18 June 2025 |language=pt}}</ref>
!Area<br/>(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Superfície (km²) das unidades territoriais por Localização geográfica (Divisão administrativa a partir de 2013); Anual |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0007822&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2&xlang=pt |access-date=2 October 2025 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|Instituto Nacional de Estatística]] |date=5 August 2025 |language=pt}}</ref>
!Density<br/>(/km<sup>2</sup>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Densidade populacional (N.º/ km²) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2024); Anual |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0013189&selTab=tab0 |access-date=2 October 2025 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|Instituto Nacional de Estatística]] |date=5 August 2025 |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
!1
|[[Lisbon District|Lisbon]]
|16
|141
|2,390,715
|2,816
|849
|-
!2
|[[Leiria District|Leiria]]
|16
|116
|486,583
|3,506
|139
|-
!3
|[[Santarém District|Santarém]]
|21
|150
|446,393
|6,718
|66
|-
!4
|[[Setúbal District|Setúbal]]
|13
|60
|916,859
|5,214
|176
|-
!5
|[[Beja District|Beja]]
|14
|84
|149,546
|10,263
|15
|-
!6
|[[Faro (Portuguese district)|Faro]]
|16
|76
|492,747
|4,997
|99
|-
!7
|[[Évora District|Évora]]
|14
|75
|153,430
|7,393
|21
|-
!8
|[[Portalegre District|Portalegre]]
|15
|72
|103,566
|6,084
|17
|-
!9
|[[Castelo Branco District|Castelo Branco]]
|11
|128
|180,889
|6,627
|27
|-
!10
|[[Guarda District|Guarda]]
|14
|245
|142,210
|5,535
|26
|-
!11
|[[Coimbra District|Coimbra]]
|17
|161
|423,432
|3,974
|107
|-
!12
|[[Aveiro District|Aveiro]]
|19
|174
|734,762
|2,801
|262
|-
!13
|[[Viseu District|Viseu]]
|24
|282
|357,841
|5,010
|71
|-
!14
|[[Bragança District|Bragança]]
|12
|226
|122,360
|6,599
|19
|-
!15
|[[Vila Real District|Vila Real]]
|14
|200
|184,707
|4,307
|43
|-
!16
|[[Porto District|Porto]]
|18
|275
|1,860,255
|2,332
|798
|-
!17
|[[Braga District|Braga]]
|14
|371
|867,537
|2,706
|321
|-
!18
|[[Viana do Castelo District|Viana do Castelo]]
|10
|213
|234,645
|2,219
|106
|-
|colspan="2"|[[Azores|Autonomous Region of Azores]]
|19
|156
|241,718
|2,322
|104
|-
|colspan="2"|[[Madeira|Autonomous Region of Madeira]]
|11
|54
|259,440
|801
|324
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|colspan="2"| '''Total Portugal'''
| '''308'''
| '''3,259'''
| '''10,749,635'''
| '''92,225'''
| '''117'''
|}

Within the European Union NUTS system, Portugal is divided into nine regions:<ref name="Official Journal 2023">{{Cite web |title=Official Journal L 87/2023 |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ:L:2023:087:FULL&from=EN |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu}}</ref> the [[Azores]], [[Alentejo]], [[Algarve]], [[Centro, Portugal|Centro]], [[Lisboa Region|Lisboa]], [[Madeira]], [[Norte, Portugal|Norte]], [[Oeste e Vale do Tejo]] and [[Península de Setúbal]], and with the exception of the Azores and Madeira, NUTS areas are subdivided into 24 subregions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=O que são NUTS? |url=https://www.pordata.pt/pt/o-que-sao-nuts |access-date=7 December 2025 |publisher=Pordata |language=pt}}</ref>

==Economy==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please instead add new info into the main article: "Economy of Portugal", your work there will be appreciated. -->
{{Main|Economy of Portugal}}
[[File:Parque das Nações 31.jpg|thumb|[[Vasco da Gama Tower]] in [[Parque das Nações]] with the [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]], the longest bridge in the [[European Union|EU]],<ref>{{cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=Um projeto emblemático desde 1998 |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/ponte-vasco-da-gama-construcao-portugal?lang=pt |access-date=9 December 2025 |publisher=[[European Investment Bank]]}}</ref> in [[Lisbon]]]]

Portugal is a [[developed country|developed]] and [[high income countries|high-income country]]<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2014 |title=World Economic Outlook April 2014 - Recovery Strengthens, Remains Uneven |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225045/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2021 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Deloitte |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035217/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Quality">{{cite web |title=Quality of Life Index by Country 2020 Mid-Year |url=https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp |website=numbeo.com |access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123014301/https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref> with a GDP per capita of 82% of the EU27 average in 2024,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Purchasing_power_parities_and_GDP_per_capita_-_preliminary_estimate|title=Purchasing power parities and GDP per capita - preliminary estimate|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu|date=27 March 2025|access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> and a [[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI]] of 0.874 (the 42nd highest in the world) in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=United Nations |title=Country Insights |url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights |language=en |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712063231/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/world/europe/01iht-portugal.4.6436125.html |title=Portugal, taking EU reins, has a fight on its hands |last=Bilefsky |first=Dan |date=1 July 2007 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=30 August 2018 |archive-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506192917/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/world/europe/01iht-portugal.4.6436125.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It holds the [[Gold reserve|14th largest gold reserve in the world]] at its [[Bank of Portugal|national central bank]], with the highest gold share of [[Foreign exchange reserves|forex reserves]] in the world,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/gold-reserves-by-country|title=Gold Reserves by Country 2021|date=5 December 2023|publisher=World Gold Council|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020175325/https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/gold-reserves-by-country|url-status=live}}</ref> has the 8th largest proven reserves of [[lithium]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/battery-metals-investing/lithium-investing/lithium-reserves-country/|title=Lithium Reserves: Top 4 Countries|website=investingnews.com|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020151212/https://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/battery-metals-investing/lithium-investing/lithium-reserves-country/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/stories/2020/03/lithium-mining-what-you-should-know-about-the-contentious-issue.html |title=Lithium mining: What you should know about the contentious issue|access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201000543/https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/stories/2020/03/lithium-mining-what-you-should-know-about-the-contentious-issue.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2022/mcs2022-lithium.pdf|title=Mineral Commodity Summaries 2022 - Lithium, Brian W. Jaskula, U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2022|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=8 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008151841/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2022/mcs2022-lithium.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and total exports representing 46.6% of its GDP in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowcanal.pt/ultimas/detalhe/peso-das-exportacoes-no-pib-cai-pelo-segundo-ano-consecutivo|title=Peso das exportações no PIB cai pelo segundo ano consecutivo |website=www.nowcanal.pt|date=3 March 2025|access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> Portugal has been a net beneficiary of the [[Budget of the European Union|European Union budget]] since it joined the union, then known as [[European Economic Community|EEC]], in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Jenna |date=20 September 2019 |title=Which Countries Are the Biggest Boost or Drag on the EU Budget? |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/which-countries-are-the-biggest-boost-or-drag-on-the-eu-budget/ |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=Visual Capitalist |language=en-US |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621121305/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/which-countries-are-the-biggest-boost-or-drag-on-the-eu-budget/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contribuições líquidas anuais por habitante para o Orçamento da União Europeia — Instituto +Liberdade |url=https://maisliberdade.pt/maisfactos/contribuicoes-liquidas-por-habitante-para-o-orcamento-da-uniao-europeia/ |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=Mais Liberdade |language=pt |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621121306/https://maisliberdade.pt/maisfactos/contribuicoes-liquidas-por-habitante-para-o-orcamento-da-uniao-europeia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 2019 |title=EU budget: Who pays most in and who gets most back? |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-48256318 |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621121304/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-48256318 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Berthold |first1=Busch |last2=Björn |first2=Kauder |last3=Samina |first3=Sultan |date=2 November 2022 |title=Net contributors and net recipients in the EU |url=https://www.iwkoeln.de/en/studies/berthold-busch-bjoern-kauder-samina-sultan-net-contributors-and-net-recipients-in-the-eu.html |journal=Busch IW-Report |language=en-US |issue=55 |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621121307/https://www.iwkoeln.de/en/studies/berthold-busch-bjoern-kauder-samina-sultan-net-contributors-and-net-recipients-in-the-eu.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the end of 2024, GDP (PPP) was $50,617 per capita, according to the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=PT|title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) - Portugal|publisher=The World Bank |access-date=3 July 2024}}</ref> By the same year, Portugal had the 6th lowest GDP per capita (PPP), ranking 15th, among the 20 members of the eurozone, and ranked only 18th among the 27 member-states of the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) - European Union |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?end=2023&locations=EU&most_recent_value_desc=true&skipRedirection=true&start=2023&view=bar |access-date=3 July 2025 |publisher=The World Bank |language=en }}</ref> In 2022, [[Workforce productivity|labour productivity]] had fallen to the fourth lowest among the 27 member-states of the European Union (EU) and was 35% lower than the EU average.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Produtividade por hora de trabalho — Instituto +Liberdade |url=https://maisliberdade.pt/maisfactos/produtividade-por-hora-de-trabalho/ |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=Mais Liberdade |language=pt |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607082310/https://maisliberdade.pt/maisfactos/produtividade-por-hora-de-trabalho/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Portugal was an original member of the [[eurozone]]. The national currency, the [[euro]] (€) started transitioning from the [[Portuguese Escudo]] in 2000 and consolidated in 2002. Portugal's central bank is the ''[[Banco de Portugal]]'', an integral part of the [[European System of Central Banks]]. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the [[Lisbon metropolitan area|Lisbon]] and [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto|Porto]] metropolitan areas, plus the areas around these two metro areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Áreas Metropolitanas de Lisboa e do Porto assumem compromissos para o futuro |url=https://amp.pt/noticia/areas-metropolitanas-de-lisboa-e-do-porto-assumem-compromissos-para-o-futuro/ |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=amp.pt |language=pt }}</ref>

Since the [[Carnation Revolution]] of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable [[Economic history of Portugal|phases of economic expansion]],<ref>{{cite web|title=História|url=http://www.sedes.pt/conteudo.aspx?args=1,2|publisher=SEDES|access-date=12 May 2013|language=pt, en|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319193720/http://www.sedes.pt/conteudo.aspx?args=1,2|archive-date=19 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/1223460596B6rVC1pu1Mx32RY7.pdf|title=Ruptura e regulação da economia portuguesa nos anos 70|website=Analisesocial.ics.ul.pt|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402200125/http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/1223460596B6rVC1pu1Mx32RY7.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing [[Globalization|modern global economy]], a process that continues. Since the 1990s, Portugal's [[consumption (economics)|public consumption]]-based [[economic development]] model has changed to a system focused on exports, private [[investment (macroeconomics)|investment]] and the development of the [[high-tech]] sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and [[cork (material)|cork]] (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer),<ref>''Grande Enciclopédia Universal'', p. 10543, "Portugal", para. 4</ref> wood products and beverages.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title=Investing in Portugal|url=http://www.ft.com/reports/investportugal2008 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/reports/investportugal2008 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|publisher=The Financial Times Ltd|access-date=11 May 2013|date=8 April 2008}}</ref>

In the 2010s, the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s, which resulted in the country receiving a 78-billion-euro bailout from the [[European Union]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]] in May 2011.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/15/business/global/portugals-debt-efforts-may-be-a-warning-for-greece.html|title=Portugal's Debt Efforts May Be a Warning for Greece|first=Landon Jr.|last=Thomas|date=14 February 2012|access-date=2 August 2017|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827015107/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/15/business/global/portugals-debt-efforts-may-be-a-warning-for-greece.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By end of 2023, the share of debt as percentage of GDP fell below 100 percent, to 96.9%, and fell further to 93.6% by the end of 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=707231203&DESTAQUESmodo=2|title=Procedimento dos Défices Excessivos - 2025 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|Statistics Portugal]] |website=ine.pt |date=23 September 2025|access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref>

In 2024, the average gross salary was €1,602 per month,<ref>{{cite web |title=Em termos reais, a remuneração bruta total mensal média por trabalhador aumentou 3,2%. Em 2024, aumentou 3,8% - 4.º Trimestre de 2024 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=695021120&DESTAQUESmodo=2 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] |access-date=14 February 2025|date=14 February 2025}}</ref> and the [[minimum wage]], which is regulated by law, is €870 per month (paid 14 times per annum) as of 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pordata.pt/pt/estatisticas/salarios-e-pensoes/salarios/salario-minimo-nacional|title=Salário mínimo nacional|publisher=Portdata|access-date=1 January 2025|language=pt}}</ref> The World Competitiveness Ranking 2025, by Swiss institute [[International Institute for Management Development|IMD]], ranked Portugal at 37th.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Fátima |date=16 Jun 2025 |title=Portugal cai um lugar na competitividade, mas mantém-se à frente de Espanha em ranking internacional |url=https://eco.sapo.pt/2025/06/16/portugal-cai-um-lugar-mas-mantem-se-a-frente-de-espanha-no-ranking-da-competitividade/ |access-date=17 June 2025|website=Eco}}</ref> The Numbeo quality of life index placed Portugal 20th in the world in 2023.<ref name="Quality" />
[[File:Vehículos en el puerto de Setúbal, Portugal, 2019-05-24, DD 01.jpg|thumb|[[Volkswagen Autoeuropa]] cars in the Port of Setúbal]]
Companies listed on [[Euronext Lisbon]] [[stock exchange]] like [[Energias de Portugal|EDP]], [[Galp Energia|Galp]], [[Jerónimo Martins]], [[Mota-Engil]], Novabase, [[Semapa]], [[Portucel Soporcel]], [[Portugal Telecom]] and [[Sonae]], are among the largest corporations by number of employees, [[net income]] or international [[market share]]. The Euronext Lisbon is the major stock exchange and part of the pan-European group of stock exchanges [[Euronext]]. The [[PSI-20]] is Portugal's most selective and widely known [[stock index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=O que é o PSI-20? |url=https://www.santander.pt/glossario/psi-20 |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=[[Banco Santander Portugal]] |language=pt }}</ref>

The [[OECD]] economic reports since 2018 show recovery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/06/29/mcs6292017-portugal-staff-concluding-statement-of-the-2017-article-iv-mission|title=Portugal: Staff Concluding Statement of the 2017 Article IV Mission |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802210018/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/06/29/mcs6292017-portugal-staff-concluding-statement-of-the-2017-article-iv-mission|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/file_import/2019-european-semester-country-report-portugal_en_0.pdf|title=Country Report Portugal 2019 Including an In-Depth Review on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances|year=2019|publisher=European Commission|access-date=11 July 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308143234/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/file_import/2019-european-semester-country-report-portugal_en_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/economy/portugal-economic-snapshot/|title=Portugal Economic Snapshot - OECD|publisher=OECD |access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403122638/http://www.oecd.org/economy/portugal-economic-snapshot/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rents and house prices have skyrocketed in Portugal, particularly Lisbon, where rents jumped 37% in 2022. The 8% inflation rate in the same year exacerbated the problem.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rua |first1=Patricia Vicente |last2=Demony |first2=Catarina |last3=Demony |first3=Catarina |date=17 February 2023 |title=Portugal ends Golden Visas, curtails Airbnb rentals to address housing crisis |language=en |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/portugal-ends-golden-visas-curtails-airbnb-rentals-address-housing-crisis-2023-02-16/ |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217132101/https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/portugal-ends-golden-visas-curtails-airbnb-rentals-address-housing-crisis-2023-02-16/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the IMF, Portugal's economic recovery from the COVID pandemic in 2022 was substantially better than the EU average. Although modest, economic growth continued in 2023 while inflation continued decreasing to 5%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2023/06/21/Portugal-2023-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-and-Staff-Report-535040#:~:text=IMF%20Staff%20Country%20Reports&text=Growth%20is%20projected%20to%20slow,core%20inflation%20declining%20more%20gradually|access-date=22 July 2023|title=Portugal 2023 Article IV Consultation|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724185359/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2023/06/21/Portugal-2023-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-and-Staff-Report-535040#:~:text=IMF%20Staff%20Country%20Reports&text=Growth%20is%20projected%20to%20slow,core%20inflation%20declining%20more%20gradually|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-surveillance-eu-economies/portugal/economic-forecast-portugal_en|title=Economic forecast for Portugal - European Commission|website=economy-finance.ec.europa.eu|access-date=30 August 2023|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830172558/https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-surveillance-eu-economies/portugal/economic-forecast-portugal_en|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024 the annual inflation continued a downward trend ending at 2.3% and accompanied by a small economic growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-surveillance-eu-economies/portugal/economic-forecast-portugal_en#:~:text=All%20in%20all%2C%20annual%20HICP,Autumn%20Forecast%20for%20both%20years. |title=Economic forecast for Portugal - European Commission }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/unhappy-anniversary-missed-opportunities-growth-and-convergence-portugal|title=Unhappy Anniversary Missed Opportunities Growth and Convergence Portugal|date=11 March 2024}}</ref> In 2025, the economy is expected to continue growing at 1.9 annually, while inflation is forecast at 2.1% for the fiscal year. These moderately optimistic indicators are supported by increased private consumption, investment, employment growth and unemployment easing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-surveillance-eu-economies/portugal/economic-forecast-portugal_en|title=economic forecast portugal|publisher=European Commission|date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale [[intensive farming]], export-oriented [[agrobusiness]]es. The country produces a variety of crops and livestock products, including: tomatoes, [[citrus]], [[green vegetables]], [[rice]], [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[maize]], [[olive]]s, [[oilseed]]s, [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]], [[Cherry|cherries]], [[bilberry]], [[table grapes]], [[edible mushroom]]s, [[dairy products]], [[poultry]] and [[beef]]. According to [[FAO]], Portugal is the top producer of [[Cork (material)|cork]] and [[carob]] in the world, accounting for about 50% and 30% of world production, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC |title=Crop production |publisher=FAO |access-date=21 July 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the third largest exporter of [[chestnut]]s and third largest European producer of [[Pulp (paper)|pulp]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://florestas.pt/valorizar/de-portugal-para-o-mundo-produtos-florestais-lideres-de-mercado/ |title=De Portugal para o mundo: produtos florestais líderes de mercado |publisher=Florestas |date=18 March 2020 |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813184110/https://florestas.pt/valorizar/de-portugal-para-o-mundo-produtos-florestais-lideres-de-mercado/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Portugal is among the world's top ten largest [[olive oil]] producers and fourth largest exporter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://azeitedoalentejo.pt/en/o-azeite-do-alentejo/|title=Alentejo Olive Oil – Azeite do Alentejo|access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426151910/https://azeitedoalentejo.pt/en/o-azeite-do-alentejo/|url-status=live}}</ref> The country is one of the world's largest exporters of [[wine]], reputed for its fine wines. [[Forestry]] has played an important economic role among the rural communities and industry. In 2001, the gross agricultural product accounted for 4% of the economy; in 2022 it was 2%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Portugal/share_of_agriculture/ |title=Portugal GDP share of agriculture - data, chart |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203838/https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Portugal/share_of_agriculture/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{main|Tourism in Portugal}}
[[File:Praia da Marinha (35518737040).jpg|thumb|Portuguese coast in [[Algarve]]]]
Travel and [[Tourism in Portugal|tourism]] is an important part of Portugal's economy. As of 2024, the tourism sector contributed 11.9% to GDP, worth €34 billion, with tourism contributing 0.3% to an annual GDP growth of 1.9%,<ref>{{cite web |title=VAB gerado pelo Turismo e Consumo do Turismo no Território Económico desaceleram em 2024, mas cresceram ligeiramente acima da economia nacional - 2024|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=707093676&DESTAQUESmodo=2 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|Statistics Portugal]] |date=1 August 2025 |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref> a decrease compared to 2023, when almost half of the annual GDP growth was due to the tourism sector.<ref>{{cite web |title=O VAB e o consumo do turismo no território económico reforçaram o seu peso relativo no total da economia, atingindo máximos históricos - 2023 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=646121022&DESTAQUESmodo=2 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|Statistics Portugal]] |date=1 August 2024 |access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref> It has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel and Tourism in Portugal |url=http://www.euromonitor.com/travel-and-tourism-in-portugal/report |publisher=Euromonitor International |date=September 2012 |access-date=12 May 2013 |archive-date=31 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531002309/http://www.euromonitor.com/travel-and-tourism-in-portugal/report |url-status=live }}</ref>

Portugal is among the [[World Tourism rankings|top 20 most-visited countries in the world]], receiving nearly 29 million foreign tourists by 2024.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=707088803&DESTAQUESmodo=2 |title=Estatísticas do Turismo 2024: atividade turística manteve trajetória de crescimento |work=INE |date=9 July 2025 |access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref> In 2014, Portugal was elected ''The Best European Country'' by ''[[USA Today]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-european-country/ |title=Best European Country Winners: 2014 10 Best Readers' Choice Travel Awards |work=10Best |date=14 May 2014 |access-date=5 June 2014 |archive-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606215138/http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-european-country/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Portugal was elected both ''Europe's Leading Destination''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtravelawards.com/award-europes-leading-destination-2017|title=World Travel Awards Elects Portugal as Europe's Leading Destination 2017|website=Worldtravelawards.com|access-date=30 September 2017|archive-date=11 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211160926/https://www.worldtravelawards.com/award-europes-leading-destination-2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2018 and 2019, ''World's Leading Destination''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtravelawards.com/award-worlds-leading-destination-2017|title=World Travel Awards Elects Portugal as World's Leading Destination 2017|website=Worldtravelawards.com|access-date=10 December 2017|archive-date=11 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211161049/https://www.worldtravelawards.com/award-worlds-leading-destination-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tourist hotspots in Portugal are: [[Lisbon]], [[Cascais]], [[Algarve]], [[Madeira]], [[Nazaré, Portugal|Nazaré]], [[Fátima, Portugal|Fátima]], [[Óbidos, Portugal|Óbidos]], [[Porto]], [[Braga]], [[Guimarães]] and [[Coimbra]]. Lisbon attracts many tourists, being the 9th most visited city in Europe,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-10-most-visited-cities-in-europe/g-66897729 |title=The 10 most visited cities in Europe |publisher=DW |date=27 September 2023|access-date=26 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and with 6,7 million tourists occupying the city's hotels by 2024, of which 5,5 million were foreign.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2025/02/14/economia/noticia/receitas-alojamentos-turisticos-novo-maximo-6669-milhoes-2024-2122544|title=Concelho de Lisboa concentrou 28% do total dos hóspedes registados em 2024|publisher=Público|access-date=26 May 2025|date=15 February 2025|location=Lisbon|language=pt}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Portugal}}
[[File:Fundação Champalimaud - Lisboa - Portugal (20864979843).jpg|thumb|[[Champalimaud Foundation]], one of the leading research centres for [[neuroscience]] and [[oncology]] in the world{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}]]
Scientific and technological research activities are mainly conducted within a network of [[R&D]] units belonging to [[list of universities in Portugal|public universities]] and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the [[Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação|INETI&nbsp;– Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação]] and the [[Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos|INRB&nbsp;– Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos]]. Funding and management of this system is conducted under the authority of the [[Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education]] and the {{lang|pt|[[Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia]]|italic=no}} (Foundation for Science and Technology). The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer-reviewed publications, include [[biosciences]] research institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instituições portuguesas de I&D na área das Ciências e Tecnologias do Mar |url=https://www.fct.pt/internacional/programas-tematicos/instituicoes-portuguesas-de-id-na-area-das-ciencias-e-tecnologias-do-mar/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=FCT}}</ref>

Among the largest non-state-run research institutions are the [[Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência]] and the [[Champalimaud Foundation]], a neuroscience and oncology research centre. National and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the [[Lisbon Academy of Sciences]], founded in 1779.<ref>{{Cite web |title=História da Academia |url=https://www.acad-ciencias.pt/academia/historia-da-academia/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Academia de Ciências de Lisboa}}</ref>

[[Iberian peninsula|Iberian]] bilateral state-supported research efforts include the [[International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory]] and the [[Ibercivis]] [[distributed computing]] platform. Portugal is a member of pan-European scientific organisations. These include the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), the [[European Laboratory for Particle Physics]] (CERN), [[ITER]], and the [[European Southern Observatory]] (ESO). Portugal has the largest [[aquarium]] in Europe, the [[Lisbon Oceanarium]], and have other notable organisations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency ''Ciência Viva'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Ciência Viva|url=http://www.cienciaviva.pt/cienciaviva/index.asp?accao=changelang&lang=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429101927/https://www.cienciaviva.pt/cienciaviva/index.asp?accao=changelang&lang=en|archive-date=29 April 2011|access-date=22 August 2010|publisher=Cienciaviva.pt}}</ref> the [[Science Museum of the University of Coimbra]], the [[List of natural history museums#Portugal|National Museum of Natural History]] at the University of Lisbon, and the [[Visionarium (Portugal)|Visionarium]]. The [[European Innovation Scoreboard]] 2011, placed Portugal-based innovation 15th, with increase in innovation expenditure and output.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://economia.publico.pt/Noticia/portugal-ganha-terreno-no-ranking-da-inovacao_1478035 |title=Portugal ganha terreno no ranking da inovação |access-date=1 February 2011 |archive-date=1 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201160623/http://economia.publico.pt/Noticia/portugal-ganha-terreno-no-ranking-da-inovacao_1478035 |url-status=live }}</ref> Portugal was ranked 31st in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/portugal |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Portugal}}
[[File:Túnel do Marão.jpg|thumb|[[Serra do Marão|Marão]] tunnel, the longest road tunnel in the [[Iberian Peninsula]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://servicos.infrastruturasdeportugal.pt/pt-pt/a-descobrir/obras-de-arte/tunel-do-marao-ips |title=Tunel do Marão |publisher=[[Infraestruturas de Portugal]]|date=May 2016 |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref>]]
Portugal has a {{convert|68732|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} road network, of which {{convert|3065|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} are part of [[Roads in Portugal#Motorways|system of 48 motorways]], making it the [[Evolution of motorway construction in European nations|8th largest motorway system among 42 European countries]]. On many highways, a toll needs to be paid (see [[Via Verde]]). [[Vasco da Gama bridge]] is the longest bridge in the [[European Union|EU]] (the second longest in Europe) at {{Convert|12.345|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.listafterlist.com/tabid/57/listid/7961/Travel++Places/Top+10+Longest+Bridges+in+the+World.aspx|title=ListAfterList.com|publisher=ListAfterList.com|access-date=22 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502013507/http://www.listafterlist.com/tabid/57/listid/7961/Travel++Places/Top+10+Longest+Bridges+in+the+World.aspx|archive-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.curiousread.com/2008/02/ten-longest-bridges-in-world.html |title=Curious? Read |publisher=Curiousread.com |date=February 2008 |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-date=3 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503225226/http://www.curiousread.com/2008/02/ten-longest-bridges-in-world.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Continental Portugal]]'s {{convert|89102|km2|0|abbr=on}} territory<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&userLoadSave=Load&userTableOrder=9959&tipoSeleccao=1&contexto=pq&selTab=tab1&submitLoad=true&xlang=pt |title= Indicadores de geografia física |publisher=INE |access-date=9 December 2025 |date=11 December 2023}}</ref> is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of [[Lisbon]], [[Porto]], [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]] and [[Beja (Portugal)|Beja]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ana.pt/pt |title=10 Aeroportos em Portugal |publisher=ANA Aeroportos |access-date=9 December 2025 }}</ref> Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary [[flag-carrier]] is [[TAP Air Portugal]], although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$tap-portugal |title=TAP Portugal |publisher=Infopédia Porto Editora |access-date=9 December 2025 }}</ref>

The most important airports are in [[Portela Airport|Lisbon]], [[Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport|Porto]], [[Faro Airport|Faro]], [[Madeira Airport|Funchal]] (Madeira), and [[João Paulo II Airport|Ponta Delgada]] (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group [[ANA&nbsp;– Aeroportos de Portugal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ana.pt/pt/institucional/a-ana/sobre-a-ana |title=Sobre a ANA |publisher=ANA Aeroportos |access-date=9 December 2025 }}</ref> A [[New Lisbon Airport|new airport]], to replace the current Lisbon airport, has been planned for more than 50 years, but it has been always postponed by a series of reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sicnoticias.pt/economia/2023-12-04-Novo-aeroporto-relatorio-preliminar-e-mais-um-passo-num-tema-com-50-anos-9ec0dabe|title=Novo aeroporto: relatório preliminar é mais um passo num tema com 50 anos|publisher=SIC Notícias|date=4 December 2023|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212033951/https://sicnoticias.pt/economia/2023-12-04-Novo-aeroporto-relatorio-preliminar-e-mais-um-passo-num-tema-com-50-anos-9ec0dabe|url-status=live}}</ref>

A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by [[Comboios de Portugal]] (CP).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cp.pt/info/pt/visao-missao-valores |title=Visão, Missão e Valores |publisher=CP - Comboios de Portugal |access-date=9 December 2025 }}</ref> [[Rail transport]] of passengers and goods is derived using the {{convert|2527|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of railway lines currently in service,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/09/19/azul/noticia/portugal-terceiro-pais-europeu-perdeu-ferrovia-perdemos-460-quilometros-2063784 |title=Portugal é o terceiro país europeu que perdeu mais ferrovia: perdemos 460 quilómetros |publisher=Público |access-date=9 December 2025 |date=19 September 2023 }}</ref> of which {{convert|1791|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} are electrified<ref name="CP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.infraestruturasdeportugal.pt/pt-pt/infraestruturas/rede-ferroviaria|title=Rede Ferroviária - Infraestruturas de Portugal |access-date=9 December 2025|publisher=www.infraestruturasdeportugal.pt}}</ref> and about {{convert|900|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} allow train speeds greater than {{convert|120|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="CP" /> The railway network is managed by [[Infraestruturas de Portugal]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Suspiro |first=Ana |date=1 June 2015 |title=Fusão Estradas de Portugal/Refer. O gigante público das infraestruturas em números |url=https://observador.pt/2015/06/01/fusao-estradas-de-portugalrefer-o-gigante-publico-das-infraestruturas-em-numeros-para-segunda-feira/ |language=pt |work=Observador |access-date=9 December 2025 }}</ref> while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of CP, both public companies. In 2024, the CP carried 188,300,000 passengers and 8,555,000 [[tonne]]s of goods by 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sapo.pt/artigo/lucro-da-cp-abranda-para-metade-em-2024-para-1-8-me-e-passageiros-crescem-8-7-68653ebf0642a6d628cb8b26|title=Lucro da CP abranda para metade em 2024 para 1,8 ME e passageiros crescem 8,7% |access-date=9 December 2025|publisher=Sapo |date=30 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pordata.pt/pt/estatisticas/transportes/por-terra/mercadorias-transportadas-por-ferroviaria-nacional-e|title=Mercadorias transportadas por via ferroviária - nacional e internacional |access-date=9 December 2025|publisher=Pordata }}</ref>
[[File:Metro do Porto - MP 100 (6289259423).jpg|thumb|[[Metro do Porto]] [[Bombardier Flexity Swift]] train in [[Maia, Portugal|Maia]]]]
The major seaports are located in [[Port of Sines|Sines]], [[Leixões]], [[Port of Lisbon|Lisbon]], [[Setúbal]], [[Aveiro, Portugal|Aveiro]], [[Figueira da Foz]], and [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0002571&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2&xlang=pt|title=Movimento de embarcações de comércio (N.º) por Porto declarante e Tipo de fluxo das embarcações; Mensal |access-date=9 December 2025|publisher=INE |date=24 September 2025 }}</ref> The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: [[Lisbon Metro]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.pt/entidades/metropolitano-de-lisboa|title=Metropolitano de Lisboa |access-date=9 December 2025|publisher=gov.pt |date=28 August 2024}}</ref> and [[Metro Transportes do Sul|Metro Sul do Tejo]] light rail system<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mts.pt/sobre-o-mts/|title=Sobre o MTS - Metro Transportes do Sul |access-date=9 December 2025|publisher=Metro Sul do Tejo}}</ref> in the [[Lisbon metropolitan area]], and [[Porto Metro]] [[Medium-capacity rail system|light metro]] system<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.pt/entidades/metro-do-porto|title=Metro do Porto |access-date=9 December 2025|publisher=gov.pt |date=28 August 2024}}</ref> in the [[Porto Metropolitan Area]]. [[Coimbra]] is currently developing a [[Bus rapid transit]] system, [[Metro Mondego]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/mondego-mobility-system-launches-in-coimbra-new-metro-service-enhances-city-transport/ |title=Mondego Mobility System Launches in Coimbra: New Metro Service Enhances City Transport |access-date=9 December 2025 |website=www.travelandtourworld.com}}</ref> as is the [[Algarve]], [[Algarve Metrobus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro de superfície Loulé-Faro-Olhão vai "potenciar a base económica de toda a região" |url=https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc23/comunicacao/noticia?i=metro-de-superficie-loule-faro-olhao-vai-potenciar-a-base-economica-de-toda-a-regiao |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.portugal.gov.pt}}</ref>

In Portugal, [[Trams in Lisbon|Lisbon tram services]] have been supplied by the ''Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa'' ([[Carris]]), for over a century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.pt/entidades/carris-companhia-de-carris-de-ferro-de-lisboa|title=CARRIS - Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa |access-date=9 December 2025|publisher=gov.pt |date=30 September 2024}}</ref> In [[Porto]], [[Trams in Porto|a tram network]], of which only a tourist line on the shores of the [[Douro]] remains, began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the [[Iberian Peninsula]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=King|first1=B. R.|last2=Price|first2=J. R.|title=The Tramways of Portugal|year=1995|publisher=[[Light Rail Transit Association]]|location=London|isbn=0-948106-19-0|edition=4th}}</ref> All major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uma volta a Portugal pelas cidades onde é fácil (e difícil) mudar de transporte  |url=https://www.publico.pt/2024/08/18/economia/noticia/volta-portugal-cidades-onde-facil-dificil-mudar-transporte-2100177 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Público |date=2024-09-18}}</ref>

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in Portugal}}
[[File:Alqueva dam.JPG|thumb|[[Alqueva Dam]], the largest dam and artificial lake in Western Europe{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}]]
As of 2023, oil made up 44% of Portugal's total energy supply. However the country phased out coal-fired generation in 2021 and has been developing [[Renewable energy|renewable energies]] such as [[Hydroelectricity|hydopower]] and [[wind power]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal - Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/portugal |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> and investing in public transport and [[electric vehicle]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal's recovery and resilience plan - European Commission |url=https://commission.europa.eu/business-economy-euro/economic-recovery/recovery-and-resilience-facility/country-pages/portugals-recovery-and-resilience-plan_en#:~:text=Key%20measures%20for%20the%20green,part%20of%20the%20REPowerEU%20chapter. |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Portugal's National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030 - Climate Change Laws of the World |url=https://climate-laws.org/document/portugal-s-national-energy-and-climate-plan-for-2021-2030_47f6 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=climate-laws.org}}</ref>

Portugal has considerable wind and hydropower resources. In 2006, the world's then largest [[solar energy|solar power]] plant, the [[Moura Photovoltaic Power Station]], began operating, while the world's first commercial [[wave power]] farm, the [[Aguçadoura Wave Farm]], opened in the [[North Region, Portugal|Norte region]] (2008). By 2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants, while 29% were derived from [[hydroelectric]] dams, and 6% by [[wind energy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=PORTUGAL&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=ElecGenByFuel |title=IEA Energy Statistics: Portugal |access-date=7 April 2009 |publisher=[[International Energy Agency]] |year=2006 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104142037/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=PORTUGAL&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=ElecGenByFuel }}</ref> In 2008, renewable energy resources were producing 43% of the nation's electricity, even as hydroelectric production decreased with severe droughts.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?section_id=114&id_news=381941 |title=Fontes renováveis originaram 43% da electricidade consumida |work=Diário Digital |author=Staff |date=8 April 2009 |language=pt |access-date=17 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514163035/http://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?section_id=114&id_news=381941 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2010, electricity exports had outnumbered imports and 70% of energy came from renewable sources.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.agenciafinanceira.iol.pt/empresas/portugal-agencia-financeira-ren-energia-electricidade/1168567-1728.html |title=Portugal já exportou mais electricidade este ano que em 2009 |work=Agência Financeira |date=8 June 2010 |language=pt |access-date=8 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619070535/http://www.agenciafinanceira.iol.pt/empresas/portugal-agencia-financeira-ren-energia-electricidade/1168567-1728.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 }}</ref>

Portugal's national energy transmission company, [[Redes Energéticas Nacionais]] (REN), uses modelling to predict weather, especially wind patterns. Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programmes combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night; then water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal's distribution system is now two-way. It draws electricity small generators, like rooftop solar panels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal Gives Itself a Clean-Energy Makeover |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/science/earth/10portugal.html| date= 9 August 2025 |access-date=9 December 2025 |website=www.nytimes.com}}</ref>

In 2023 Portugal emitted around 339 million tonnes of [[greenhouse gas]]es (about 5 tonnes per person), equivalent to around 1% of global total emissions.<ref>{{Cite report |last1=Jones |first1=Matthew W. |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide |date=13 November 2024 |publisher=EU Open Research Repository |url=https://zenodo.org/records/14054503 |access-date=11 March 2025 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.14054503 |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia}}</ref> As an EU member state, Portugal is part of their joint plan to reduce emissions by a minimum of 55% by 2030, compared to the level of emissions in 1990. Portugal has committed to carbon neutrality and [[Net-zero emissions|net zero]] by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal Climate Change Data {{!}} Emissions and Policies |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/PRT?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=climatewatchdata.org}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Portugal}}
{{See also|Portuguese people}}
[[File:Mapa densidade portugal.png|thumb|right|Population density in [[Continental Portugal]] by statistical area:
{{collapsible list
| title = Per km<sup>2</sup>
|{{Legend|#ffff00|0-49}}
|{{Legend|#ffcc00|50-99}}
|{{Legend|#ffa500|100-499}}
|{{Legend|#ff6600|500-999}}
|{{Legend|#ff0000|1000-1999}}
|{{Legend|#880404|2000+}}
}}
]]
As of 31 December 2024, Portugal had a population 10,749,635, of which 52.2% was female and 47.8% male, according to [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|Statistics Portugal]].<ref name="Stat Portugal" /><ref name="INEPop">{{Cite web |title=População residente (Série longa, início 1991 - N.º) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2013), Sexo e Idade; Anual |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0012903&selTab=tab0 |access-date=18 June 2025 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|Instituto Nacional de Estatística]] |date=18 June 2025 |language=pt }}</ref> In 2025, the median life expectancy reached 82.95 years,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/PRT/portugal/life-expectancy|access-date=15 May 2025 |title=Portugal Life Expectancy 1950-2025 &#124; MacroTrends }}</ref> with United Nations projecting a rise of up to 90 years or more by 2100.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zonzeewerk.nl/blog/portugal-in-numbers|title=Demographics of Portugal|website=zonzeewerk.nl|access-date=9 April 2020|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613115155/https://zonzeewerk.nl/blog/portugal-in-numbers/}}</ref> The population historically has been relatively homogeneous, with most people adhering to [[Catholic church|Catholicism]] and speaking [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].{{cn|date=December 2025}}

Portugal has had a [[sub-replacement fertility rate|fertility rate well below the replacement rate of 2.1]] since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cefage.uevora.pt/en/producao_cientifica/projectos/projectos_financiados_por_instituicoes_nacionais_de_apoio_a_investigacao/fertility_in_portugal_a_macro_micro_economic_perspective |title=Fertility in Portugal: a Macro/Micro Economic Perspective |publisher=Cefage.uevora.pt |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016222801/http://www.cefage.uevora.pt/en/producao_cientifica/projectos/projectos_financiados_por_instituicoes_nacionais_de_apoio_a_investigacao/fertility_in_portugal_a_macro_micro_economic_perspective |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) {{As of|2024|lc=y}} was estimated at 1.36 children born per woman, one of the lowest in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html|title=Total Fertility Rate |work=The World Factbook|access-date=19 January 2024|archive-date=28 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028133713/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PRT/portugal/fertility-rate|date=1 March 2024|title=Fertility Rate}}</ref> and considerably below the high of 5.0 in 1911.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=PRT|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|first=Max|last=Roser|author-link=Max Roser|year=2014|work=[[Our World In Data]] |publisher=[[Gapminder Foundation]]|access-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807185922/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=PRT|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Consequently, Portugal's population has been steadily ageing and was the 11th oldest in the world in 2024, with a median age of 46.4 years and the fourth highest number of citizens over 65 years, at 21.8% of the total population.<ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prb.org/resources/countries-with-the-oldest-populations-in-the-world/ |date=19 January 2024 |title=Countries with the Oldest Populations in the World |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926224925/https://www.prb.org/resources/countries-with-the-oldest-populations-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to projections by the national statistics office, the population will fall to 7.7 million by 2080 and the population will continue to age.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 November 2018 |title=Portugal offers tax breaks to returning emigrants |url=https://punchng.com/portugal-offers-tax-breaks-to-returning-emigrants/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202024624/https://punchng.com/portugal-offers-tax-breaks-to-returning-emigrants/ |archive-date=2 December 2018 |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=Punchng.com}}</ref> As of 2022, 60.2% of births were to unmarried women,<ref>{{cite web |title=Nados-vivos por filiação |url=https://www.pordata.pt/pt/estatisticas/populacao/nascimentos-e-fecundidade/nados-vivos-por-filiacao |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=Pordata.pt}}</ref> and 24.5% of births were to foreign born women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nados-vivos por naturalidade da mãe |url=https://www.pordata.pt/pt/estatisticas/populacao/nascimentos-e-fecundidade/nados-vivos-por-naturalidade-da-mae |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=Pordata.pt}}</ref>

Portuguese society displays relatively high rates of socioeconomic equality, with the country ranking 24th within the 41 countries of the EU and [[OECD]] in the 2019 [[Social justice index|Social Justice Index]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/SJI_2019.pdf|title=Social Justice in the EU – Index Report 2019|website=Bertelsmann-stiftung.de|access-date=19 November 2023|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119022735/https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/SJI_2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Portugal's parliament approved a budget plan for 2019 that included tax breaks for returning emigrants in a bid to attract back those who left during the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theportugalnews.com/news/government-creates-credit-line-for-emigrants-returning-to-invest/48771|title=Government creates credit line for emigrants returning to invest|website=The Portugal News |access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402192937/http://theportugalnews.com/news/government-creates-credit-line-for-emigrants-returning-to-invest/48771|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to a Statistics Portugal study conducted between 2022 and 2023, around 6.4 million people aged between 18 and 74 years old identified themselves as White (84%), more than 262,000 as Mixed-race (3%), nearly 170,000 as Black (2%), 57,000 as Asian (<1%), and 47,500 as [[Romani people in Portugal|Romani]] (<1%)<ref name="INERace">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Mais de 1,2 milhões de pessoas já sofreram discriminação em Portugal - 2023 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=625453018&DESTAQUESmodo=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222125218/https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=625453018&DESTAQUESmodo=2 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |access-date=13 January 2023 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|Instituto Nacional de Estatística]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Portugal |first=Rádio e Televisão de |date=25 October 2022 |title=Mais de 95% da etnia cigana em Portugal vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/mais-de-95-da-etnia-cigana-em-portugal-vive-abaixo-do-limiar-da-pobreza_a1442067 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813183906/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/mais-de-95-da-etnia-cigana-em-portugal-vive-abaixo-do-limiar-da-pobreza_a1442067 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=Mais de 95% da etnia cigana em Portugal vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza |language=pt}}</ref>

=== Urbanisation ===
Based on commuting patterns, OECD and Eurostat define eight [[metropolitan areas of Portugal]].<ref>{{cite web |author=OECD |date=July 2022 |title=Portugal - Functional urban areas |url=http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/Portugal.pdf |access-date=2 August 2019 |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802070220/http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/Portugal.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Only two have populations over 1 million, and since the 2013 local government reform, these are the only two which also have administrative legal status of metropolitan areas: [[Lisbon metropolitan area|Lisbon]] and [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto|Porto]],<ref name="law75">{{cite web|title=Law nr. 75/2013|url=http://dre.pt/pdf1s/2013/09/17600/0568805724.pdf|access-date=13 August 2014|work=[[Diário da República]]|publisher=[[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)]]|language=pt|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226150136/https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1s/2013/09/17600/0568805724.pdf%20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Oliveira">Fernanda Paula Oliveira (2009), {{PDFWayback|url=http://www.cityfutures2009.com/PDF/96_Oliveira_Fernanda_Paula.pdf|title=The Evolution and Regulation of the Metropolitan Areas in Portugal|date=20130204143458|size=677 kB}}</ref> Several smaller metropolitan areas ([[Greater Metropolitan Area of the Algarve|Algarve]], [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Aveiro|Aveiro]], [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Coimbra|Coimbra]], [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Minho|Minho]] and [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Viseu|Viseu]])<ref name="Oliveira"/> also held this status from 2003 to 2008, when they were converted into [[Intermunicipal communities of Portugal|intermunicipal communities]], whose territories are roughly based on the [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS III]] statistical regions.<ref name="law45">{{cite web|title=Law nr. 45/2008|url=http://www.dre.pt/util/getpdf.asp?s=dip&serie=1&iddr=2008.165&iddip=20082445|access-date=13 August 2014|work=[[Diário da República]]|publisher=[[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)]]|language=pt|format=PDF|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203958/https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/error|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Oliveira"/>
{{Largest cities
| country      = Portugal
| kind         = [[Municipalities of Portugal|Municipalities]]
| stat_ref     = [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] 2024 Estimate<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0012918&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2|title=População residente (N.º) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2024), Sexo e Grupo etário; Anual|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]]|access-date=18 June 2024|date=18 June 2025}}</ref>
| div_name     = Region

| city_1 = Lisbon
| div_1 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_1 = 575,739

| city_2 = Sintra
| div_2 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_2 = 400,947

| city_3 = Vila Nova de Gaia
| div_3 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_3 = 312,984

| city_4 = Porto
| div_4 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_4 = 252,687

| city_5 = Cascais
| div_5 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_5 = 222,339
| city_6 = Loures
| div_6 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_6 = 209,877
| city_7 = Braga
| div_7 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_7 = 203,519

| city_8 = Almada
| div_8 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_8 = 183,643

| city_9 = Amadora
| div_9 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_9 = 181,607

| city_10 = Matosinhos
| div_10 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_10 = 181,046

| city_11 = Oeiras, Portugal{{!}}Oeiras
| div_11 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_11 = 177,866

| city_12 = Seixal
| div_12 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_12 = 176,883

| city_13 = Gondomar, Portugal{{!}}Gondomar
| div_13 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_13 = 169,388

| city_14 = Guimarães
| div_14 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_14 = 156,513

| city_15 = Odivelas
| div_15 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_15 = 156,278

| city_16 = Coimbra
| div_16 = Centro Region, Portugal{{!}}Centro
| pop_16 = 146,899

| city_17 = Maia, Portugal{{!}}Maia
| div_17 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_17 = 144,664

| city_18 = Vila Franca de Xira
| div_18 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_18 = 140,711

| city_19 = Santa Maria da Feira
| div_19 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_19 = 140,568

| city_20 = Vila Nova de Famalicão
| div_20 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_20 = 136,704

}}

=== Immigration ===
{{main|Immigration to Portugal}}
[[File:Foreigners in Portugal.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Foreigners living in Portugal as of 2022 by country of origin. Only communities with 1,000+ residents are shown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEF - Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras |url=https://www.sef.pt/ |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=Portal Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras |language=pt-PT |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625082256/http://www.sef.pt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Historically a country of [[emigration]],<ref name="diaspora">[http://countrystudies.us/portugal/48.htm Portugal&nbsp;– Emigration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629081956/http://countrystudies.us/portugal/48.htm |date=29 June 2011 }}, Eric Solsten, ed. Portugal: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993.</ref> Portugal has been a [[Net migration rate|net recipient of immigrants]] since the early 21st century.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4436276.stm Portugal sees integration progress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119221956/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4436276.stm |date=19 November 2017 }}", BBC News, 14 November 2005</ref> As of 2024, legal resident foreigners number 1,543,697, or approximately 14% of the population;<ref name="aima">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2025 |title=Relatório Migrações e Asilo 2024 |url=https://aima.gov.pt/media/pages/documents/fec4d6a712-1760603125/relatorio-migracoes-e-asilo-2024.pdf |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=aima.gov.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpgid=ine_main&xpid=INE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109182931/https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpgid=ine_main&xpid=INE |archive-date=9 January 2017 |access-date=5 July 2023 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]]}}</ref> these figures do not include more than 340,000 resident foreigners who acquired [[Portuguese nationality law|Portuguese citizenship]] between 2008 and 2022—and thus constitute around 3.27% of the country's population in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acquisition of citizenship by age group, sex and former citizenship |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/MIGR_ACQ__custom_11587481/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705132848/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/MIGR_ACQ__custom_6784189/default/table?lang=en |archive-date=5 July 2023 |access-date=5 July 2023 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> That year, almost 21,000 foreign residents acquired [[Portuguese passport|Portuguese citizenship]], of which 11,170 were female and 9,674 were male.<ref>{{cite web|title=Foreign population that acquired portuguese nationality: total and by sex|url=https://www.pordata.pt/en/Portugal/Foreign+population+that+acquired+portuguese+nationality+total+and+by+sex-3250-292118|access-date=6 October 2021|website=Pordata|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020004214/https://www.pordata.pt/en/Portugal/Foreign+population+that+acquired+portuguese+nationality+total+and+by+sex-3250-292118|url-status=live}}</ref>

Until the late 20th century, immigrants came primarily from former Portuguese territories in [[Portuguese India|India]], [[Portuguese-speaking African countries|Africa]], and [[Macau|East Asia]]. Since the 1990s, economic growth, particularly in the [[Economy of Portugal|construction]] industry, brought an influx of [[Ukrainians in Portugal|Ukrainians]], [[Brazilians in Portugal|Brazilians]], and other [[African diaspora|Africans]]. Other sizeable groups include [[Romanians in Portugal|Romanians]], [[Moldovan diaspora|Moldovans]], [[Kosovo Albanians]], [[Russian people|Russians]], [[Bulgarians in Portugal|Bulgarians]], [[Chinese people in Portugal|Chinese]], [[Venezuelan people|Venezuelans]], [[Pakistani people|Pakistanis]], [[Indian people|Indians]], and [[Bangladeshi people|Bangladeshis.]] Net immigration persisted even during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal|COVID-19 pandemic]], when the emigration rate increased to 6.9% in 2022 but remained well below the immigration rate of around 11.3%;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imigrantes permanentes: total e por sexo |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/imigrantes+permanentes+total+e+por+sexo-3254 |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=pordata.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Emigrantes por mil habitantes |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/emigrantes+por+mil+habitantes-832 |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=pordata.pt}}</ref> Among those that had left the country, 56.8% returned within a year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emigrantes: total e por tipo e sexo |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/emigrantes+total+e+por+tipo+e+sexo-23 |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=pordata.pt}}</ref>

It is estimated that over 30,000 seasonal, often [[illegal immigrants]] work in [[agriculture]], mainly southern cities such as [[Odemira]], where they are often exploited by organised seasonal workers' networks. These migrants, who frequently arrive without due documentation or work contracts, make up over 90% of agricultural workers in southern Portugal. Most are Southeast Asians from India, [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], Pakistan, and [[Thailand]]; in the interior of the [[Alentejo]] there are many African workers. Significant numbers also come from Eastern Europe, including Moldova, Ukraine, Romania and Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|last=LP|date=1 May 2020|title=Trabalhadores agrícolas imigrantes: Precários e explorados|url=https://jornaldoalgarve.pt/trabalhadores-agricolas-imigrantes-precarios-e-explorados/|access-date=21 June 2021|website=Jornal do Algarve|language=pt-PT|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707064311/https://jornaldoalgarve.pt/trabalhadores-agricolas-imigrantes-precarios-e-explorados/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A significant number of [[EU citizen]]s, mostly from [[Italy]], [[France]], [[Germany]], and other northern European countries, have become permanent residents.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sef.pt/pt/Documents/RIFA2022%20vF2a.pdf |title=Estrangeiros em Portugal em 2022 |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723201450/https://www.sef.pt/pt/Documents/RIFA2022%20vF2a.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> There is also a large expatriate community made up of [[British people|Britons]], [[Canadians]] and [[United States|Americans]]. The British community is mostly composed of retired [[pensioner]]s who live in the [[Algarve]] and [[Madeira]].{{cn|date=December 2025}}

A National Statistics Institute (INE) study conducted between 2022 and 2023 found out that 1.4 million people (13% of the population) have immigrant background, in which 947,500 are first generation immigrants, concentrated mainly in the [[Lisbon metropolitan area]] and the [[Algarve]].<ref name="INERace" /> As the survey was limited to people living legally in the country for at least one year at the time of the interview, the statistical office suggests that 16.1% of the country's population, or 1,683,829 people, were first generation immigrants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by age group, sex and country of birth |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/MIGR_POP3CTB/default/table?lang=en |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal – Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0000256&selTab=tab0 |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0006031&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2 |access-date=27 January 2024 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]]}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Religion in Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{Main|Religion in Portugal}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Portugal {{small|(Census 2021)}}<ref name="Censos2021">{{cite web |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/censos-2021-catolicos-diminuem-mas-ainda-sao-mais-de-80-dos-portugueses_n1449073 |title=Censos 2021. Católicos diminuem, mas ainda são mais de 80% dos portugueses |publisher=RTP |date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123182010/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/censos-2021-catolicos-diminuem-mas-ainda-sao-mais-de-80-dos-portugueses_n1449073 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]
|value1 = 80.2
|color1 = #d4213d
|label2 = [[Protestantism]]
|value2 = 2.1
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|label3 = [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
|value3 = 0.7
|color3 = Aquamarine
|label4 = [[Eastern Orthodoxy]]
|value4 = 0.7
|color4 = Purple
|label5 = Other Christian
|value5 = 1.0
|color5 = Pink
|label6 = [[Islam]]
|value6 = 0.4
|color6 = Green
|label7 = [[Hinduism]]
|value7 = 0.2
|color7 = Orange
|label8 = [[Buddhism]]
|value8 = 0.2
|color8 = Gold
|label9 = [[Judaism]]
|value9 = 0.03
|color9 = Blue
|label10 = Other religion
|value10 = 0.3
|color10 = Gray
|label11 = [[Irreligious|No religion]]
|value11 = 14.1
|color11 = Honeydew
}}

Portugal is a [[secular state]] with no [[state religion|official religion]]. The [[Catholic Church in Portugal|Catholic Church]], which has a long history in the country,<ref>{{cite book |last=Bloomer |first=Kristin C. |title=Possessed by the Virgin: Hinduism, Roman Catholicism, and Marian Possession in South India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=9780190615093 |page=14 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Russo |first=David J. |title=American History from a Global Perspective: An Interpretation |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2000 |isbn=9780275968960 |page=314}}</ref> [[Separation of church and state|was formally separated from government]] during the First Portuguese Republic; this was reiterated in the 1976 [[Portuguese Constitution]]. [[Religious freedom]] was also reaffirmed by the 1940 Concordata (later amended in 1971) between Portugal and the [[Holy See]] and the 2001 Religious Freedom Act.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/acordo-da-concordata-em-portugal/ |title=Acordo da Concordata em Portugal |publisher=RTP |date=9 February 2000 |access-date=7 December 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/revisao-da-concordata/ |title=Revisão da Concordata |publisher=RTP |date=6 January 2000 |access-date=7 December 2025 }}</ref>

According to the 2021 Census, 80.2% of the Portuguese population was Catholic.<ref name="Censos2021" /> The country has small [[Protestantism|Protestant]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Latter-day Saint]], [[Islam in Portugal|Muslim]], [[Hinduism in Portugal|Hindu]], [[Sikh]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Judaism|Jewish]] and [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritist]] communities. Influences from [[African Traditional Religion]] and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional African Herbal Medicine. Some 14.1% of the population declared themselves nonreligious.<ref name="Censos2021" />

Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of Portugal}}
{{See also|Portuguese language}}

[[File:Genísio04.jpg|thumb|right|A sign in [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]] in [[Miranda do Douro]], [[Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province|Trás-os-Montes]]]]

Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]] is also recognised as a co-official regional language in some municipalities of North-Eastern Portugal. It is part of the [[Astur-Leonese]] group of languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://termcoord.eu/2015/05/discovering-mirandese/|title=Discovering Mirandese|date=26 May 2015|publisher=Terminology Coordination Unit|access-date=5 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806144357/https://termcoord.eu/2015/05/discovering-mirandese/|url-status=live}}</ref> An estimate of between 6,000 and 7,000 Mirandese speakers has been documented for Portugal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Linguagens Fronteiriças: Mirandês |url=http://www.clul.ul.pt/pt/investigacao/210-project-border-languages-mirandese |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204856/http://www.clul.ul.pt/pt/investigacao/210-project-border-languages-mirandese |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date= |publisher=Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa}}</ref> Furthermore, a particular dialect known as [[Barranquenho]], spoken in [[Barrancos]], is also officially recognised and protected in Portugal since 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/sociedade/o-barranquenho-ja-tem-protecao-agora-falta-quem-o-ensine-e-quem-o-mantenha-original-14425613.html|title=O barranquenho já tem proteção. Agora falta quem o ensine e quem o mantenha original|first1=Guilhermina|last1=Sousa|first2=Gonçalo|last2=Teles|publisher=[[TSF (radio station)|TSF]]|date=20 December 2021|language=pt|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109141226/https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/sociedade/o-barranquenho-ja-tem-protecao-agora-falta-quem-o-ensine-e-quem-o-mantenha-original-14425613.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Minderico language|Minderico]], a [[sociolect]] of the Portuguese language, is spoken by around 500 people in the town of [[Minde, Portugal|Minde]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.publico.pt/2019/09/27/culturaipsilon/video/quer-falar-mirandes-barranquenho-minderico-20190927-151045|title=Quem quer falar mirandês, barranquenho, minderico?|first=Vera|last=Moutinho|newspaper=Público|date=27 September 2019|language=pt|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109142505/https://www.publico.pt/2019/09/27/culturaipsilon/video/quer-falar-mirandes-barranquenho-minderico-20190927-151045|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the [[EF English Proficiency Index|International English Proficiency Index]], Portugal has a high proficiency level in English, higher than those of other Romance-speaking European countries like France, Italy or Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ef.co.uk/epi/|title=EF English Proficiency Index – A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills|website=Ef.co.uk|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802000431/http://www.ef.co.uk/epi/|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Education ===
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Education in Portugal" and "Higher education in Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{Main|Education in Portugal}}
The educational system is divided into preschool (for those under age six), basic education (nine years, in three stages, compulsory), secondary education (three years, compulsory since 2010), and higher education (subdivided in university and [[polytechnic (Portugal)|polytechnic]] education). Universities are usually organised into [[faculty (division)|faculties]]. Institutes and schools are also common designations for autonomous subdivisions of [[List of universities and colleges in Portugal|Portuguese higher education institutions]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sistema português de Ensino Superior |url=https://www.ucp.pt/pt-pt/internacionalestudar-na-catolicacandidatos-internacionais/sistema-portugues-de-ensino-superior |access-date=7 December 2025 |website=Universidade Católica Portuguesa |language=pt }}</ref>

The total adult literacy rate in Portugal was 99.8% in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globaldata.com/data-insights/macroeconomic/literacy-rate-in-portugal/|title=literacy rate in Portugal|access-date=13 June 2023|archive-date=13 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613013710/https://www.globaldata.com/data-insights/macroeconomic/literacy-rate-in-portugal/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Programme for International Student Assessment]] (PISA) 2018, Portugal scored around the [[OECD]] average in reading, mathematics and science.<ref>{{cite web |title=Testes PISA: Portugal supera média da OCDE |work=Jornal visao |date=6 December 2016 |url=https://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/sociedade/2016-12-06-Testes-PISA-Portugal-supera-media-da-OCDE |publisher=[[Visão]] |language=pt |access-date=29 July 2018 |archive-date=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917113126/http://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/sociedade/2016-12-06-Testes-PISA-Portugal-supera-media-da-OCDE |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=E agora no PISA: alunos portugueses melhoram a ciências, leitura e matemática |url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-06-E-agora-no-PISA-alunos-portugueses-melhoram-a-ciencias-leitura-e-matematica |work=[[Expresso (newspaper)|Expresso]] |language=pt |access-date=29 July 2018 |archive-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213064034/https://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-06-E-agora-no-PISA-alunos-portugueses-melhoram-a-ciencias-leitura-e-matematica |url-status=dead }}</ref> In reading and mathematics, mean performance in 2018 was close to the level observed in 2009 to 2015; in science, mean performance in 2018 was below that of 2015, and returned close to the level observed in 2009 and 2012, near below average.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/sociedade/2016-12-06-Testes-PISA-Portugal-supera-media-da-OCDE|title=Testes PISA: Portugal supera média da OCDE|magazine=[[Visão]]|language=pt|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917113126/http://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/sociedade/2016-12-06-Testes-PISA-Portugal-supera-media-da-OCDE|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-06-E-agora-no-PISA-alunos-portugueses-melhoram-a-ciencias-leitura-e-matematica|title=E agora no PISA: alunos portugueses melhoram a ciências, leitura e matemática|work=[[Expresso (newspaper)|Expresso]]|language=pt|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-date=13 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213064034/https://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-06-E-agora-no-PISA-alunos-portugueses-melhoram-a-ciencias-leitura-e-matematica|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Viana |first=Clara |date=5 December 2023 |title=PISA 2022: queda "sem precedentes" nas médias dos alunos da OCDE. Portugal acompanha trambolhão |url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/12/05/sociedade/noticia/pisa-2022-queda-precedentes-medias-alunos-ocde-portugal-acompanha-trambolhao-2072556 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=Público |language=pt |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110140041/https://www.publico.pt/2023/12/05/sociedade/noticia/pisa-2022-queda-precedentes-medias-alunos-ocde-portugal-acompanha-trambolhao-2072556 |url-status=live }}</ref>

About 47.6% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of Portugal's higher education institutions<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/GC18/Governo/Ministerios/MCTES/Intervencoes/Pages/20100111_MCTES_Int_Contrato_Confianca_EnsSup.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724173015/http://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/GC18/Governo/Ministerios/MCTES/Intervencoes/Pages/20100111_MCTES_Int_Contrato_Confianca_EnsSup.aspx |archive-date=24 July 2011 |title=Um Contrato de confiança no Ensino Superior para o futuro de Portugal |publisher=[[Government of Portugal]], Portugal.gov.pt |language=pt |date=11 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnedu.pt/content/noticias/CNE/ensino_superior.pdf|title=Ensino Superior|website=Cnedu.pt|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016222806/http://www.cnedu.pt/content/noticias/CNE/ensino_superior.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor-2022/en/country-reports/portugal.html|title=European Commission Education and Training Monitor 2022|date=19 January 2024|access-date=19 January 2024|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203847/https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor-2022/en/country-reports/portugal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD on average). In addition to being a destination for [[international student]]s, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totalled 448,235 in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Número de alunos inscritos no superior atingiu um novo máximo, mas subida desacelerou  |url=https://www.publico.pt/2024/09/27/sociedade/noticia/numero-alunos-inscritos-superior-atingiu-novo-maximo-subida-desacelerou-2105762 |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=Público |date= 27 September 2024|language=pt }}</ref>
[[Image:Coimbra BW 2018-10-06 10-11-56.jpg|thumb|[[University of Coimbra]], the first university in Portugal founded in 1290 by [[Denis of Portugal|King Denis]]]]
Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The [[University of Coimbra|oldest Portuguese university]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-coimbra|title=University of Coimbra|date=16 July 2015|website=Top Universities|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=7 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307221441/https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-coimbra|url-status=live}}</ref> was first established in Lisbon before moving to [[Coimbra]]. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the [[Americas]] (the ''[[Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho]]'' of [[Rio de Janeiro]]) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the ''[[Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Goa|Escola Médico-Cirúrgica]]'' of [[Goa]]) in 1842. Presently, the largest university in Portugal is the [[University of Lisbon]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Sobre Nós |url=https://www.ulisboa.pt/sobre-nos |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=Lisbon University |language=pt }}</ref>

The [[Bologna process]] has been adopted by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes in 2006. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of ''[[numerus clausus]]'' is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), [[international students]], foreign students from the [[Lusosphere]], degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions ([[Transfer admissions in the United States|academic transfer]]), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Processo de Bolonha |url=https://aquila.iseg.ulisboa.pt/aquila/unidade/SecLic/questoes-frequentes-(faqs)/processo-de-bolonha |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=Lisbon School of Economics & Management |language=pt }}</ref>

Most student costs are supported with public money. Portugal has entered into [[Higher education in Portugal#International partnership agreements|cooperation agreements with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and other US institutions]] to further develop and increase the effectiveness of Portuguese higher education and research.<ref name="Carvalho et al 2020">{{cite book |last1=Carvalho |first1=Luís |last2=Camacho |first2=Nuno |last3=Amorim |first3=Gonçalo |last4=Esperança |first4=José Paulo |editor1-last=Information Resources Management Association |title=Foreign Direct Investments: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications |date=2020 |publisher=IGI Global |isbn=978-1-7998-2449-7 |page=1921 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22V2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1921 |access-date=25 December 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225204525/https://books.google.com/books?id=22V2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1921 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Portugal}}
In 2025, Portugal ranked as 23rd best healthcare system in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.numbeo.com/health-care/rankings_by_country.jsp|title=Healthcare Index by Country in 2025|publisher=NUMBEO}}</ref> which was visibly lower than the previous [[World Health Organization ranking of health systems in 2000|12th place in the 2000 World Health Organisation ranking of best public health systems in the world]]. The health system is characterised by three coexisting systems: the National Health Service (''Serviço Nacional de Saúde'', SNS), special social health insurance schemes for certain professions (health subsystems) and voluntary private health insurance. The SNS provides universal coverage. In addition, about 55% of the population is covered by the health subsystems,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eco.sapo.pt/2024/10/16/estudo-medis-acesso-digital-melhora-a-percecao-dos-portugueses-quanto-ao-sns/|title=Estudo Médis: Acesso digital melhora a perceção dos portugueses quanto ao SNS |website=eco.sapo.pt|access-date=19 October 2024|date=16 October 2024}}</ref> 43% by private insurance schemes and another 12% by mutual funds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://expresso.pt/economia/2024-03-07-Maioria-dos-beneficiarios-da-ADSE-sao-mulheres-e-tem-mais-de-50-anos-f2f706f5|title=Maioria dos beneficiários da ADSE são mulheres e têm mais de 50 anos|website=expresso.pt|date=7 March 2024|access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/Beneficiarios+da+ADSE-612|title=Beneficiários da ADSE|website=pordata.pt|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928104312/https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/beneficiarios+da+adse-612|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra - main entrance.JPG|thumb|[[Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra]]]]The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralisation efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care. The SNS is predominantly funded through general taxation. Employer (including the state) and employee contributions represent the main funding sources of the health subsystems. In addition, direct payments by the patient and voluntary health insurance premiums account for a large proportion of funding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/legislacao-consolidada/decreto-lei/2022-187129978|title=Estatuto do Serviço Nacional de Saúde|website=Diário da República|access-date=6 December 2025|date=4 August 2022}}</ref>

Similarly to other 'Eur-A countries', (Western Europe), most Portuguese die from [[noncommunicable diseases]].<ref name="Saude">{{cite web|url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/obitos+por+algumas+causas+de+morte+(percentagem)-758|title=Óbitos por algumas causas de morte (%)|website=pordata.pt|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328092519/https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/obitos+por+algumas+causas+de+morte+(percentagem)-758|url-status=live}}</ref> Mortality from [[cardiovascular diseases]] (CVD) is around 30,000 deaths per year, a third of all annual deaths,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sicnoticias.pt/saude-e-bem-estar/2023-05-11-A-cada-15-minutos-morre-uma-pessoa-por-doenca-cardiovascular-em-Portugal-721ef0b0|title=A cada 15 minutos, morre uma pessoa por doença cardiovascular em Portugal|website=sicnoticias.pt|date=11 May 2023|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606152335/https://sicnoticias.pt/saude-e-bem-estar/2023-05-11-A-cada-15-minutos-morre-uma-pessoa-por-doenca-cardiovascular-em-Portugal-721ef0b0|url-status=live}}</ref> but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with [[cerebrovascular disease]] being the single biggest killer in Portugal, with more than 11,000 deaths per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://expresso.pt/sociedade/2022-05-17-Por-que-morreram-mais-pessoas-por-AVC-em-Portugal--O-grande-fator-deste-aumento-e-a-pandemia-dizem-especialistas-6ce5a103|title=Por que morreram mais pessoas por AVC em Portugal? "O grande fator deste aumento é a pandemia", dizem especialistas|website=expresso.pt|date=17 May 2022|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115005343/https://expresso.pt/sociedade/2022-05-17-Por-que-morreram-mais-pessoas-por-AVC-em-Portugal--O-grande-fator-deste-aumento-e-a-pandemia-dizem-especialistas-6ce5a103|url-status=live}}</ref> Oncological diseases represent 22% of all deaths in the country,<ref name="Saude" /> with lung and breast cancer cases being lower, and cervical and prostate cancer being more frequent. Diabetes mortality rates have been decreasing, from 4.5% in 2010 down to 2.8% in 2021.<ref name="Saude" />

Portugal's [[infant mortality rate]] (IMR) stood at 2,25 deaths per 1,000 live births as of 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PRT/portugal/infant-mortality-rate#:~:text=The%20infant%20mortality%20rate%20for,a%204.88%25%20decline%20from%202021|title=Portugal Infant Mortality Rate 1950-2024|access-date=19 January 2024|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119011122/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PRT/portugal/infant-mortality-rate#:~:text=The%20infant%20mortality%20rate%20for,a%204.88%25%20decline%20from%202021|url-status=live}}</ref> A Eurostat opinion-poll in 2023 found that 55.4% of adults rated their health as good or very good, the third lowest rate collected in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Self-perceived_health_statistics|title=Self-perceived health statistics|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> The largest university hospital in the country is [[Hospital de Santa Maria]], Lisbon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Area of expertise |url=https://ern-cranio.eu/network-partners/ern-cranio-centres/hospital-de-santa-maria-centro-hospitalar-lisboa-norte/ |website=European Reference Networks |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604124407/https://ern-cranio.eu/network-partners/ern-cranio-centres/hospital-de-santa-maria-centro-hospitalar-lisboa-norte/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Despite good economic development, the average Portuguese, along with Italians, have been among the shortest in Europe since around 1890 and still are.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://landgeist.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/europe-male-height.png|title=europe male height|publisher=Landgeist|date=2024}}</ref> A driving factor was modest real wage growth, given late industrialisation and economic growth compared to the European core. Another determinant was delayed [[human capital]] formation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stolz |first1=Yvonne |last2=Baten |first2=Jörg |author-link2=Jörg Baten |last3=Reis |first3=Jaime |year=2013 |title=Portuguese living standards, 1720–1980, in European comparison: heights, income, and human capital |journal=Economic History Review |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=545–578 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2012.00658.x |s2cid=73565474 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10451/20518}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Portugal|Mass media in Portugal}}
[[File:Feira de Barcelos (05Set) 040.jpg|thumb|250px|upright|[[Rooster of Barcelos]], the iconic Portuguese souvenir and symbol]]
Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilisations that have crossed the European continent and Mediterranean,<ref>{{Cite web |title=A influência dos romanos e dos mouros na cultura Portuguesa |url=https://soprasi.com/os-povos-que-influenciaram-portugal/ |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=Só pra Si |language=pt }}</ref> or were introduced when it played an active role during the [[Portugal in the Age of Discovery|Age of Discovery]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Influências de Portugal no mundo |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/influencias-de-portugal-no-mundo/ |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=RTP Ensina |language=pt }}</ref> In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernised its public cultural facilities, in addition to the [[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]] established in 1956 in Lisbon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1991 |title=Calouste Gulbenkian, uma paixão por Portugal |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/gulbekian/ |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=RTP Ensina |language=pt }}</ref>

These include the [[Belém Cultural Centre]] in Lisbon,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centro Cultural de Belém |url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/colecoes/centro-cultural-de-belem/ |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=RTP Arquivos |language=pt }}</ref> [[Serralves Foundation]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Fundação Serralves nasceu há 35 anos |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/cultura/fundacao-serralves-nasceu-ha-35-anos_v1545620 |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=RTP |language=pt }}</ref> and the [[Casa da Música]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2025 |title=20 anos da Casa da Música. O mais importante legado da Porto 2001  |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/cultura/20-anos-da-casa-da-musica-o-mais-importante-legado-da-porto-2001_v1647604 |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=RTP |language=pt }}</ref> both in [[Porto]], as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to [[List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal|17]] UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s, ranking it [[World Heritage Sites by country|9th in Europe and 18th in the world]].{{cn|date=December 2025}}

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of Portugal}}
[[File:Casa da Música - Porto, Portugal, 2012 - 001.jpg|thumb|[[Casa da Música]] is an example of modern architecture]]
Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the [[Manueline]], also known as Portuguese late [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century, followed by [[Pombaline style]] of the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1985 |title=Arte Manuelina |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/manuelino/ |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=RTP Ensina |language=pt }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A breve história de um edifício pombalino |url=https://journals.openedition.org/cidades/8415?lang=en |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=OpenEdition Journals |language=en }}</ref>

A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, [[Soft Portuguese style]], appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like [[Eduardo Souto de Moura]], [[Álvaro Siza Vieira]] (both [[Pritzker Prize]] winners) and [[Gonçalo Byrne]]. In Portugal [[Tomás Taveira]] is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [https://www.dn.pt/Inicio/interior.aspx?content_id=615671 Estádios de Tomás Taveira e Souto Moura premiados] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429003508/http://www.dn.pt/Inicio/interior.aspx?content_id=615671 |date=29 April 2011 }}, [[Diário de Notícias]] (8 July 2005)</ref><ref>[[Tomás Taveira]], ''Architectural Works and Designs'', introduction by [[Geoffrey Broadbent]], New York: [[St. Martin's Press]], 1990.</ref> The [[azulejo]] is a mainstream, typical element among Portugal's traditional building materials and construction techniques.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2017 |title=A história do azulejo português |url=https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/a-historia-do-azulejo-portugues |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=Comunidade Cultura e Arte |language=pt |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516000147/https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/a-historia-do-azulejo-portugues/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Life |first=Portugal the Simple |date=21 May 2021 |title=Azulejos – Get to know the famous Portuguese tiles |url=https://www.portugal-the-simple-life.com/post/azulejos-portuguese-tiles |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=Portugal Simple Life |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516001643/https://www.portugal-the-simple-life.com/post/azulejos-portuguese-tiles |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Portuguese cuisine}}
{{See also|Portuguese wine}}
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Portuguese cuisine is diverse, part of the [[Atlantic diet]]. A significant ingredient in the Portuguese diet is dry [[cod]] (''[[bacalhau]]'' in Portuguese). They say that the Portuguese have mastered 365 different ways to prepare codfish, meaning a cod dish for each day of the year, to name a few [[Bacalhau#Bacalhau dishes|recipes]]: [[bacalhau à Brás]], [[bacalhau à Gomes de Sá]], [[bacalhau com natas]], bacalhau à Minhota, bacalhau espiritual, bacalhau à Lagareiro, bacalhau assado, [[bacalhau à Zé do Pipo]], [[pastéis de bacalhau]]. Other fish recipes include grilled [[sardines]], [[mackerel]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jn.pt/4287431595/peixes-dos-mais-pescados-aos-mais-consumidos/|publisher=Jornal de Notícias|title=peixes dos mais pescados aos mais consumidos|date=24 July 2024 |language=pt}}</ref> [[sea bream]], and [[caldeirada]], a tomato-based [[stew]] that can be made from several types of fish or shellfish, with a mix of onion, garlic, bay leaf, potatoes, peppers, parsley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.feastingathome.com/portuguese-fish-stew-caldeirada/ |title=Portuguese Fish Stew (Caldeirada) |author=Sylvia Fountaine |date=3 June 2020 |website=Feasting At Home |access-date=25 December 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225163848/https://www.feastingathome.com/portuguese-fish-stew-caldeirada/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Typical Portuguese meat recipes made out of the customary beef, pork, chicken, goat, lamb or duck meat, include ''[[cozido à portuguesa]]'', ''[[feijoada]]'', ''[[frango de churrasco]]'', ''leitão'' (roast [[suckling pig]]), ''[[chanfana]]'' and ''[[carne de porco à alentejana]]''. Typical fast food dishes include the [[Francesinha]] (Frenchie) from Porto and ''bifanas'' (grilled pork) or ''prego'' (grilled beef) [[sandwich]]es.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://simply-delicious-food.com/easy-portuguese-prego-rolls/|title=Easy Portuguese prego rolls|first=Alida|last=Ryder|date=18 May 2019|website=Simply Delicious|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225163848/https://simply-delicious-food.com/easy-portuguese-prego-rolls/|url-status=live}}</ref> An egg custard tart pastry, the [[pastel de nata]], typical and popular among the Portuguese, became popular abroad and among foreign tourists visiting the country as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese custard tarts (Pastéis de nata) |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/pasteis-de-nata |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=BBC Good Food |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128142950/https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/pasteis-de-nata |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oliveira |first1=Sónia |last2=Fradinho |first2=Patrícia |last3=Mata |first3=Paulina |last4=Moreira-Leite |first4=Bruno |last5=Raymundo |first5=Anabela |date=1 October 2019 |title=Exploring innovation in a traditional sweet pastry: Pastel de Nata |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878450X19300320 |journal=International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science |volume=17 |article-number=100160 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgfs.2019.100160 |s2cid=194348439 |issn=1878-450X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Portuguese wines have enjoyed recognition since the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god [[Dionysus|Bacchus]], due to its climate.<ref>Corks and Forks ''"[http://www.corksandforks.com/portugal.htm Portuguese wine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918083156/http://www.corksandforks.com/portugal.htm |date=18 September 2009 }}"'' Retrieved: 9 December 2025</ref> Some of the most well known Portuguese wines are [[Vinho Verde]], [[Alvarinho]], [[Vinho do Douro]], [[Vinho do Alentejo]], [[Vinho do Dão]], [[Vinho da Bairrada]], [[Port Wine]], [[Madeira Wine]], [[Moscatel]] from [[Setúbal]] and [[Favaios]].{{cn|date=December 2025}}

=== Visual art ===
{{main|Portuguese art}}

[[File:A Adoração dos Magos (1828) - Domingos Sequeira.png|thumb|right|''Adoration of the Magi'' by [[Domingos Sequeira]] in 1828, an example of a [[neoclassicism|neoclassical]] painting]]

Portugal has a [[List of Portuguese artists|rich history in painting]]. The first well-known painters dating back to the 15th century&nbsp;– like [[Nuno Gonçalves]] and [[Grão Vasco|Vasco Fernandes]]&nbsp;– were part of the late Gothic painting period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/nuno-goncalves/|title=O mítico Nuno Gonçalves|date=2012|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/nuno-goncalves/|title=Grão Vasco, o lendário pintor de Viseu|date=2012|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> During the Renaissance, Portuguese painting was highly influenced by Northern European painting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://estudoemcasaapoia.dge.mec.pt/recurso/producao-artistica-em-portugal-manuelino-e-tendencias-do-renascimento|title=Produção Artística em Portugal: Manuelino e tendências do Renascimento|website=[[Ministry of Education (Portugal)|Ministry of Education]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> In the Baroque period [[Josefa de Óbidos]] and [[Vieira Lusitano]] were the most prolific painters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/josefa-de-obidos-1630-ou1634-1684/|title=Josefa de Óbidos, a pintora das naturezas mortas|date=2012|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>
[[José Malhoa]], known for his work ''Fado'', and [[Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro]] (who painted the portraits of [[Teófilo Braga]] and [[Antero de Quental]]) were both references in [[Naturalist school of painting|naturalist painting]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/jose-malhoa-1855-1933/|title=José Malhoa, pintor de costumes e tradições|date=2012|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/columbano-bordalo-pinheiro-1857-1929/|title=Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, mestre do retrato|date=2012|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>

The 20th century saw the arrival of [[Modernism]], and along with it came Portuguese painters such as [[Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso]], who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly the Delaunays ([[Robert Delaunay|Robert]] and [[Sonia Delaunay|Sonia]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.pt/historia/amadeo-souza-cardoso-biografia-o-genio_4346|title=Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso: O génio que viveu furiosamente|date=5 June 2024|website=National Geographic Portugal|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> Among his best-known works is ''Canção Popular – a Russa e o Fígaro''. Other modernist painters/writers include [[Carlos Botelho]] and [[Almada Negreiros]], friend to the poet [[Fernando Pessoa]], who painted Pessoa's portrait. He was deeply influenced by both [[Cubist]] and [[Futurism (art)|Futurist]] trends.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/jose-de-almada-negreiros/|title=José de Almada Negreiros: artista multimédia|date=1999|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/botelho-um-olhar-na-cidade/|title=Botelho: um Olhar na Cidade|date=5 May 1982|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>

Other international figures in visual arts today include painters [[Vieira da Silva]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/cam/artist/maria-helena-vieira-da-silva/|title=Maria Helena Vieira da Silva|website=[[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Júlio Pomar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/cam/artist/julio-pomar/|title=Júlio Pomar|website=[[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Joana Vasconcelos]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/programa/tv/p44926/e5|title=Joana Vasconcelos|date=2024|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Julião Sarmento]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/cam/artist/juliao-sarmento/|title=Julião Sarmento |website=[[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> and [[Paula Rego]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/uma-biografia-de-paula-rego/|title=Uma biografia de Paula Rego|date=2022|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Portuguese literature}}
[[File:Camões, por Fernão Gomes.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Luís Vaz de Camões]], legendary poet of the [[Portuguese Renaissance]]]]
Portuguese literature, one of the earliest Western literatures, developed through text as well as song. Until 1350, the [[Portuguese-Galician]] [[troubadour]]s spread their literary influence to most of the Iberian Peninsula,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ferreira |first=Maria Ema |title=Poesia e prosa medievais |date=1998 |publisher=Editora Ulisseia |isbn=972-568-124-X |page=9 |oclc=52071315 }}</ref> like King [[Denis of Portugal|D. Dinis]] (1261–1325) who became famous for his poetry. Other kings would write and sponsor works of literature across Portuguese history, like [[Ferdinand I of Portugal|D. Fernando]] (1367–1383) who supported Pêro Menino in writing o ''Livro da Falcoaria''.<ref name="Carvalho 2014" />

Adventurer and poet [[Luís de Camões]] (c. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem ''[[Os Lusíadas]]'' (''The Lusiads''), with [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]'' as his main influence.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |date=1800–1882 |title=The Lusiads |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11198/ |access-date=31 August 2013 |website=[[World Digital Library]] |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014103951/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11198/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by [[Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage|Bocage]] (1765–1805), [[Antero de Quental]] (1842–1891) and [[Fernando Pessoa]] (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as [[Almeida Garrett]], [[Camilo Castelo Branco]], [[José Maria de Eça de Queirós|Eça de Queirós]], [[Fernando Pessoa]], [[Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen]], [[António Lobo Antunes]], [[Miguel Torga]] and [[Agustina Bessa-Luís]]. Particularly popular and distinguished is [[José Saramago]], recipient of the 1998 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{cite web|website=NobelPrize.org|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1998 - NobelPrize.org|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1998/summary/|access-date=December 27, 2025}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Portugal}}
[[File:AmaliaRodrigues1969 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Amália Rodrigues]] performing in 1969]]
The Music of Portugal encompasses a wide variety of genres. The traditional one is the Portuguese folk music which has deep roots in local customs, utilising instruments such as [[bagpipes]] (''[[Gaita (bagpipe)|gaita]]''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/o-gaiteiro-mirandes/|title=O gaiteiro mirandês|date=2000|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> drums, flutes, tambourines, accordions and ukuleles (''[[cavaquinho]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/o-cavaquinho-para-o-mundo/|title=O "Cavaquinho" para o mundo|date=2013|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> Within Portuguese folk music is the renowned genre of [[Fado]], a melancholic urban music that originated in [[Lisbon]] in the 19th century, probably inside bohemian environments, and is usually associated with the [[Portuguese guitar]] and ''saudade'', or longing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.museudofado.pt/en/fado-history-en|title=Fado History|website=Museu do Fado|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Coimbra fado]], a unique type of "[[troubadour]] serenading" fado, is also noteworthy. Internationally notable performers include [[Amália Rodrigues]], [[Carlos Paredes]], [[José Afonso]], [[Mariza]], [[Carlos do Carmo]], [[António Chainho]], [[Mísia]], [[Dulce Pontes]] and [[Madredeus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/colecoes/amalia-rodrigues/|title=Amália Rodrigues|date=2013|website=Museu do Fado|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/programa/tv/p32352|title=Carlos do Carmo: Um Homem no Mundo|date=2013|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>

In addition to [[Folk music|Folk]], Fado and Classical music, other genres are present at Portugal like pop and other types of modern music, particularly from North America and the United Kingdom, as well as a wide range of Portuguese, Caribbean, Lusophone African and Brazilian [[List of Portuguese bands|artists and bands]]. Artists with international recognition include [[Dulce Pontes]],{{citation needed|date=December 2025}} [[Moonspell]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2024/10/25/culturaipsilon/entrevista/principio-morbid-god-sonho-vieram-moonspell-sucesso-2108716|title=No princípio havia os Morbid God e um sonho, depois vieram os Moonspell e o sucesso|date=25 October 2024|website=Público|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Buraka Som Sistema]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://media.rtp.pt/festivaldacancao/autores/blasted/|title=Blasted Mechanism|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Blasted Mechanism]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2016/03/11/culturaipsilon/noticia/terminar-porque-1725625|title=Buraka Som Sistema: dez anos da história mais surpreendente da música portuguesa |website=Público|date=11 March 2016|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[David Carreira]] and [[The Gift (band)|The Gift]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$the-gift|title=The Gift|date=2013|website=infopédia|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> with the three latter being nominees for a [[MTV Europe Music Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/cultura/premios-europeus-da-mtv_n155279|title=Prémios Europeus da MTV|website=RTP|date=3 November 2005|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/cultura/david-carreira-venceu-premio-da-mtv_v960106|title=David Carreira venceu prémio da MTV|website=RTP|date=7 November 2016|access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>

Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as ''[[Festival Sudoeste]]'' in [[Zambujeira do Mar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabado.pt/gps/musica/detalhe/o-que-slow-j-gostaria-de-ver-no-meo-sudoeste|title=O que Slow J gostaria de ver no MEO Sudoeste|date=1 July 2023|website=Sábado|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> ''[[Festival de Paredes de Coura]]'' in [[Paredes de Coura]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/vodafone-paredes-de-coura/2023-08-15-30-anos-do-Paredes-de-Coura-quatro-amigos-sonharam-pegaram-em-160-contos-e-fizeram-um-festival-0ea8f863|title=30 anos do Paredes de Coura: quatro amigos sonharam, pegaram em 160 contos e fizeram um festival|date=15 August 2023|website=SIC Notícias|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> ''[[Festival Vilar de Mouros]]'' near [[Caminha]], ''[[Boom Festival]]'' in [[Idanha-a-Nova|Idanha-a-Nova municipality]], ''[[NOS Alive]]'', ''Sumol Summer Fest'' in [[Ericeira]], ''[[Rock in Rio#Lisboa, Portugal, and Madrid, Spain|Rock in Rio Lisboa]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2024/06/23/culturaipsilon/noticia/rock-in-rio-lisboa-regressa-parque-tejo-2026-2095016|title=Rock in Rio Lisboa regressa ao Parque Tejo em 2026|date=23 June 2024|website=Público|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> and ''[[Super Bock Super Rock]]'' in [[Grande Lisboa|Greater Lisbon]], plus [[:pt:Primavera Sound (Portugal)|''Primavera Sound Porto'']] and [[:pt:MEO Marés Vivas|''MEO Marés Vivas'']] in the [[Grande Porto|Greater Porto area]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://expresso.pt/blitz/2025-01-06-todos-os-concertos-marcados-para-2025-em-portugal-53436cea|title=Todos os concertos marcados para 2025 em Portugal|date=6 January 2025|website=Expresso Blitz|access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref>
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The student festivals of ''[[Queima das Fitas]],'' which are major events in a number of cities across Portugal, show every year a selection of well-established, high-profile musicians and bands to the public as well as newer, on the rise, upcoming success artists seeking definite recognition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Queima das Fitas: A Festa dos Universitários em Portugal |url=https://atlanticbridge.com.br/artigos/queima-das-fitas |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=Atlantic Bridge |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525234154/https://atlanticbridge.com.br/artigos/queima-das-fitas |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, Portugal held the [[MTV Europe Music Awards]], in [[Pavilhão Atlântico]], [[Lisbon]].<ref>{{cite web|website=PÚBLICO|url=https://www.publico.pt/n1237742|first=Sílvia|last=Pereira|title=MTV Europe Music Awards entregues esta noite em Lisboa|trans-title=MTV Europe Music Awards awarded this evening in Lisbon|language=pt|date=November 3, 2005|access-date=December 27, 2025}}</ref> Furthermore, Portugal won the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]] in [[Kyiv]] with the song "[[Amar pelos dois]]" presented by [[Salvador Sobral]], and subsequently hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2018|2018 contest]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 May 2017 |title=Portugal Wins the 2017 Eurovision Song Contest! |url=https://eurovision.tv/story/portugal-salvador-sobral-winner-eurovision-2017 |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Eurovision Song Contest |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014103948/https://eurovision.tv/story/portugal-salvador-sobral-winner-eurovision-2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2017 |title=Lisbon revealed as Host City of the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest! |url=https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-2018-dates-and-host-city-confirmed |access-date=20 April 2021 |publisher=Eurovision Song Contest |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804042227/https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-2018-dates-and-host-city-confirmed |url-status=live }}</ref>

Portuguese classical music constitutes an important chapter of Western music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$musica-classica-portuguesa-(sec.-xviii)|title=Música Clássica Portuguesa (séc. XVIII)|website=Infopédia|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> Over the centuries, names of composers and performers have stood out, such as the troubadours [[Martim Codax]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$martin-codax|title=Martin Codax|website=Infopédia|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> and [[Denis of Portugal|King Denis I]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/dom-dinis/|title=Dom Dinis |website=RTP|date=24 October 2008|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> the polyphonists [[Duarte Lobo]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kennedy-center.org/artists/l/lo-lz/duarte-lobo/|title=Duarte Lobo |website=[[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts|The Kennedy Center]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Filipe de Magalhães]], [[Manuel Cardoso (composer)|Manuel Cardoso]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpmp.pt/manuel-cardoso|title=Manuel Cardoso|website=MPMP Património Musical Vivo|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> and [[Pedro de Cristo]], the organist [[Manuel Rodrigues Coelho]], the composer and harpsichordist [[Carlos Seixas]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/carlos-de-seixas/|title=Carlos de Seixas|date=14 August 1991|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> the singer [[Luísa Todi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/luisa-todi/|title=Luísa Todi|date=3 September 1991|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> symphonist and pianist [[João Domingos Bomtempo]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/domingos-bomtempo/|title=Domingos Bomtempo|date=30 November 1986|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> or composer and musicologist [[Fernando Lopes Graça]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/no-som-de-fernando-lopes-graca/|title=No som de Fernando Lopes-Graça|date=2006|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>

The golden period of Portuguese music coincided, arguably, with the heyday of classical polyphony in the 17th century (Escola de [[Évora]], [[Santa Cruz de Coimbra]]). Among the great current references, the names of pianists [[Artur Pizarro]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/musica/biography/artur-pizarro/|title=Artur Pizarro|website=[[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Maria João Pires]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2024/09/10/culturaipsilon/noticia/pianista-maria-joao-pires-distinguida-praemium-imperiale-japao-2103581|title=Pianista Maria João Pires distinguida com Praemium Imperiale do Japão|date=10 September 2024|website=Público|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> and [[Sequeira Costa]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/musica/noticias/sequeira-costa/|title=Sequeira Costa (1929-2019) |website=[[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]]|date=22 February 2019|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> violinist [[Carlos Damas]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cesem.fcsh.unl.pt/pessoa/carlos-alexandre-mourao-de-carvalho-e-damas/|title=Carlos Alexandre Mourão de Carvalho e Damas|website=CESEM|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> composer [[Emmanuel Nunes]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/emanuel-nunes-no-principio-era-o-som/|title=Emanuel Nunes – No Princípio Era o Som…|date=5 January 1994|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> composer and conductor [[Álvaro Cassuto]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/alvaro-cassuto/|title=Álvaro Cassuto|date=28 February 2006|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> stand out. The most important symphony orchestras are the [[Fundação Gulbenkian]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/musica/coro-e-orquestra/orquestra-gulbenkian/|title=Orquestra Gulbenkian|website=[[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> the Porto National Orchestra and the Portuguese Symphony Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orquestrasinfonicaportuguesa.pt/en/|title=Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa|website=[[Teatro Nacional de São Carlos]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> When it comes to opera, the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon is the most representative.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saocarlos.pt/sobre/|title=TNSC Sobre|website=[[Teatro Nacional de São Carlos]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>

=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in Portugal}}
[[File:Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cristiano Ronaldo]] is widely considered one of the greatest football players of all time]]

[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. All-time greats [[Eusébio]], [[Luís Figo]] and [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] are major symbols of [[Portuguese football]] history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eusébio, Figo e CR7 na história da Bola de Ouro - Internacional - Jornal Record |url=https://www.record.pt/internacional/detalhe/eusebio-figo-e-cr7-na-historia-da-bola-de-ouro-734571 |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=Record}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2020 |title=Encontrar a melhor equipa de todos os tempos. Ronaldo, Figo e Eusébio nomeados |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/desporto/2020-10-19-Encontrar-a-melhor-equipa-de-todos-os-tempos.Ronaldo-Figo-e-Eusebio-nomeados |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=SIC Notícias |language=pt}}</ref> Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with [[José Mourinho]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFHS |url=https://iffhs.com/posts/964 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=iffhs.com |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203954/https://iffhs.com/posts/964 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SIC International Distribution JOSÉ MOURINHO - THE BEST COACH IN THE WORLD |url=https://internationaldistribution.sic.pt/catalogue/lifestyle/2017-02-23-JOSE-MOURINHO---THE-BEST-COACH-IN-THE-WORLD |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=SIC International Distribution |language=pt-PT |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180717/https://internationaldistribution.sic.pt/catalogue/lifestyle/2017-02-23-JOSE-MOURINHO---THE-BEST-COACH-IN-THE-WORLD |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Abel Ferreira]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abel vence Campeonato Paulista e é o treinador estrangeiro com mais títulos do Brasil |url=https://www.dn.pt/arquivo/diario-de-noticias/abel-vence-campeonato-paulista-e-e-o-treinador-estrangeiro-com-mais-titulos-do-brasil-16149727.html |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=dn.pt |date=9 April 2023 |language=pt-PT |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410135028/https://www.dn.pt/desporto/abel-vence-campeonato-paulista-e-e-o-treinador-estrangeiro-com-mais-titulos-do-brasil-16149727.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abel para a eternidade: Palmeiras revalida título do Brasileirão e português consolida estatuto lendário |url=https://tribuna.expresso.pt/futebol-internacional/2023-12-07-Abel-para-a-eternidade-Palmeiras-revalida-titulo-do-Brasileirao-e-portugues-consolida-estatuto-lendario-f3afeeed |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Tribuna Expresso |date=7 December 2023 |language=pt-PT |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180709/https://tribuna.expresso.pt/futebol-internacional/2023-12-07-Abel-para-a-eternidade-Palmeiras-revalida-titulo-do-Brasileirao-e-portugues-consolida-estatuto-lendario-f3afeeed |url-status=live }}</ref> among the most renowned.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

The [[Portugal national football team]] has won one [[UEFA European Championship]] title: the [[UEFA Euro 2016]], with a 1–0 victory in the [[UEFA Euro 2016 final|final]] over [[France national football team|France]], the tournament hosts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmarés na UEFA: clubes com mais títulos |url=https://pt.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2017907--portugal-vs-france/ |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=UEFA.com |date=2016 |language=pt}}</ref> In addition, Portugal finished first in the [[2018–19 UEFA Nations League|2018–19]] and [[2024–25 UEFA Nations League]], second in the [[UEFA Euro 2004|Euro 2004]], third in the [[1966 FIFA World Cup]] and fourth in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]]. At youth level, Portugal have won two [[FIFA World Youth Championship]]s.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

[[S.L. Benfica]], [[Sporting CP]] and [[FC Porto]] are the largest [[sports clubs]] by popularity and number of trophies, often known as "''os três grandes''" ([[Big Three (Portugal)|"the big three"]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Os três grandes pelos quatro cantos |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/noticias/interior/os-tres-grandes-pelos-quatro-cantos-4894770.html/ |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=O Jogo |date=20 November 2015 |language=pt}}</ref> They have won eight titles in the European [[UEFA]] club competitions and present in 21 finals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmarés na UEFA: clubes com mais títulos |url=https://pt.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/023d-0e97b175ee2d-090504adece2-1000--palmares-na-uefa-clubes-com-mais-titulos/ |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=UEFA.com |date=28 May 2025 |language=pt}}</ref> The [[Portuguese Football Federation]] (FPF) – ''Federação Portuguesa de Futebol''&nbsp;– annually hosts the [[Algarve Cup]], a [[Women's association football|women's football]] tournament.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the "big three", compete in other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity, these include [[roller hockey (quad)|roller hockey]], [[basketball]], [[futsal]], [[Team handball|handball]], [[volleyball]] and [[Sport of athletics|athletics]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quais são os desportos mais populares em Portugal? |url=https://portugalstore.fpf.pt/pt/editorial/tipos-de-desporto-mais-populares |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=portugalstore.fpf.pt |date=6 January 2023 |language=pt}}</ref> The [[Portugal national rugby union team|Portuguese national rugby union team]] qualified for the [[2027 Men's Rugby World Cup|2027 Rugby World Cup]] and the [[Portugal national rugby sevens team|Portuguese national rugby sevens team]] has played in the [[World Rugby Sevens Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal no Grupo D do RWC 2027 |url=https://www.fpr.pt/noticias/detalhe/portugal-no-grupo-d-do-rwc-2027 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=www.fpr.pt |date=3 December 2025 |language=pt}}</ref>

[[Road bicycle racing|Road cycling]], with [[Volta a Portugal]] the most important race, is a popular sports event and includes professional cycling teams such as [[Sporting CP]], [[Boavista (cycling team)|Boavista]], [[Clube de Ciclismo de Tavira]] and [[União Ciclista da Maia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Volta a Portugal (2.1), Portugal  Winners, podium, distance, average speed|url=http://bikeraceinfo.com/stageraces/portugal-volta/portugal-volta-index.html|website=bikeraceinfo.com|access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref> In motorsport, Portugal is noted for the [[Rally of Portugal]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uma história com meio século |url=https://www.rallydeportugal.pt/content.aspx?menuid=4&eid=60 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=www.rallydeportugal.pt |language=pt}}</ref> and the [[Estoril Circuit|Estoril]] and [[Algarve Circuit]]s as well as the revived [[Porto Street Circuit]] which held a stage of the WTCC for two years,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Automobilismo: Circuito da Boavista (Porto) |url=https://www.rtp.pt/programa/tv/p22623 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=www.rtp.pt |language=pt}}</ref> as well as for a number of internationally noted racers such as [[Miguel Oliveira]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/219435/1/moto3-mugello-historic-victory-for-oliveira-in-italian-thriller.html|title=Historic victory for Oliveira|first=Lisa|last=Lewis|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|date=31 May 2015|access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref> [[Tiago Monteiro]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-19|title=Tiago Monteiro: the only man who cheered at the 2005 US Grand Prix|url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/articles/single-seaters/f1/tiago-monteiro-the-only-man-who-cheered-at-the-2005-us-grand-prix|access-date=2025-12-07|website=Motor Sport Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[António Félix da Costa]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.racecar.com/Motorsport/News/Antonio-Felix-da-Costa-gets-first-International-Title/30868.htm|title=Antonio Felix da Costa gets first International Title|work=Racecar|publisher=Racecar New Media Services Ltd|date=24 September 2009|access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref> [[Filipe Albuquerque]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=Albuquerque will defend LMP2 WEC crown in 2021 with United Autosports|url=https://www.autosport.com/wec/news/albuquerque-will-defend-lmp2-wec-crown-in-2021-with-united-autosports-4976201/4976201/|access-date=2025-12-07|website=Gary Watkins, Autosport|language=en}}</ref> [[Pedro Lamy]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pedro Lamy |url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/drivers/pedro-lamy/ |access-date=7 December 2025 |publisher=[[Motor Sport (magazine)|Motor Sport]]}}</ref> [[Armindo Araújo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armindo Araújo é o primeiro português a ganhar uma classificativa no WRC |url=https://www.publico.pt/2007/10/27/jornal/armindo-araujo-e-o-primeiro-portugues--a-ganhar-uma-classificativa-no-wrc-235207 |access-date=7 December 2025 |publisher=Público |date=27 October 2007}}</ref> and others in a range of varied [[motorsports]].{{cn|date=December 2025}}

In water, Portugal has three major sports: [[swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[water polo]] and [[surfing]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=História |url=https://www.surfingportugal.com/historia/ |access-date=7 December 2025 |publisher=Federação Portuguesa de Surf }}</ref> Portugal had success in [[canoeing]] with several world and European champions, such as olympic medalist [[Fernando Pimenta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fernando Pimenta (Por) |url=https://www.canoeicf.com/athlete/fernando-pimenta |access-date=7 December 2025 |publisher=canoeicf.com }}</ref> Annually, the country hosts one of the stages of the [[World Surf League]] men's and women's ''Championship Tour'', the [[MEO Rip Curl Pro Portugal]] at the [[Supertubos]] in [[Peniche, Portugal|Peniche]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peniche: um paraíso para surfistas! |url=https://www.centerofportugal.com/pt/artigo/peniche-um-paraiso-para-surfistas |access-date=7 December 2025 |publisher=Center of Portugal }}</ref> Northern Portugal has its own original [[martial art]], ''[[Jogo do Pau]]'', in which fighters use staffs to confront one or several opponents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=31. O jogo do pau em Portugal - Etnográfica Press |url=https://www.books.openedition.org/etnograficapress/6078 |access-date=7 December 2025 |publisher=OpenEdition Books}}</ref> Other popular sport-related recreational outdoor activities include [[airsoft]], fishing, [[golf]], hiking, hunting and [[orienteering]]. Portugal is one of the world's leading [[golf]] destinations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Portugal is still Europe's #1 golf destination |url=http://www.globalgolfermag.com/matthewmooreblogspot/why-portugal-is-still-europes-1-golf-destination/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082330/http://www.globalgolfermag.com/matthewmooreblogspot/why-portugal-is-still-europes-1-golf-destination/ |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=2 August 2017 |website=Globalgolfermag.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=World Golf Awards 2016: Portugal Voted the Best Golf Destination in the World |url=http://tripwix.com/2016/12/world-golf-awards-2016-portugal-voted-the-best-golf-destination-in-the-world/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803011446/https://tripwix.com/2016/12/world-golf-awards-2016-portugal-voted-the-best-golf-destination-in-the-world/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |access-date=2 August 2017 |website=Tripwix.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Portugal|European Union}}
* [[Outline of Portugal]]{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |last=Disney |first=A.&nbsp;R. |year=2009 |title=A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, vol. 1: Portugal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-60397-3 }}
*{{cite book |last=Livermore |first=Harold V. |year=1969 |title=A New History of Portugal |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
* {{Cite book |title=Grande Enciclopédia Universal |publisher=Durclub |year=2004}}
* {{Cite book |title=Constituição da República Portuguesa |year=2004 |edition=VI Revisão Constitucional |language=pt |trans-title=Constitution of the Portuguese Republic}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
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{{Wikivoyage}}
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* {{OSM relation|295480}}
* [http://www.theportugalnews.com/ National English language newspaper]
* [http://www.winesofportugal.info/?market=2 National Wine Website]
* [http://portuguese-american-journal.com/?s=portugal&x=0&y=0 News about Portugal] from the Portuguese American Journal
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080727024243/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/portugal.htm Portugal] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17758217 Portugal profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/portugal/ Portugal]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Portugal |volume=22 |last1=Prestage |first1=Edgar |author1-link=Edgar Prestage |last2=Jayne |first2=Kingsley Garland |page=134&ndash;163 |short=1}}
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/portpam.html Portuguese Pamphlets Collection] from the [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress]
* {{Wikiatlas|Portugal}}

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* [http://www.en.parlamento.pt/ Official Parliament website]
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* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/PRT/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Portugal]
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