View source for Portable oxygen concentrator

{{short description|Device used to provide oxygen therapy}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
[[File:Portable Oxygen Concentrator by Inogen.jpg|alt=Inogen G3 portable oxygen concentrator 2.2kg|thumb|A lightweight portable oxygen concentrator: Inogen One G3 (2,2 kg)]]
[[File:Sequal Equinox.jpg|alt=Sequal Equinox|thumb|Sequal Equinox, transportable concentrator with a high oxygen flow rate]]
A '''portable oxygen concentrator''' (POC) is a device used to provide [[oxygen therapy]] to people that require greater oxygen concentrations than the levels of ambient air. It is similar to a home [[oxygen concentrator]] (OC), but is smaller in size and more mobile. They are small enough to carry and many are now [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]]-approved for use on airplanes.

== Development ==
Medical [[oxygen concentrator]]s were developed in the late [[1970s]]. Early manufacturers included [[Union Carbide]] and [[Bendix Corporation]].{{R|"History1"}} They were initially conceived of as a method of providing a continuous source of home oxygen without the use of heavy tanks and frequent deliveries.{{R|"History3"}}

Beginning in the [[2000s]], manufacturers developed portable versions.{{R|"History2"}} Since their initial development, reliability has been improved, and POCs have between one and six settings which are not the same as liters per minute (LPM).{{R|"Issues"}}

The latest models of intermittent flow only products have weighed in the range of from 2.8 to 9.9 pounds (1.3 to 4.5&nbsp;kg), and continuous flow (CF) units have been between 10 and 20 pounds (4.5 to 9.0&nbsp;kg).{{R|"Guide"}}

== Operation ==

{{Further|Pressure swing adsorption|Oxygen concentrator#How oxygen concentrators work|l2=How oxygen concentrators work}}
[[File:Portable Oxygen Concentrator (front).png|thumb|Portable oxygen concentrator used with bottle humidifier]]
POCs operate on the same principle as a home concentrator, [[pressure swing adsorption]].{{R|"Sircar"}} The basic set up of a POC is a miniaturized [[air compressor]], a cylinder filled containing the sieve, a pressure equalizing reservoir and valves and tubes.

During the first half of the first cycle the internal compressor forces this air through a system of chemical filters known as a [[molecular sieve]]. Filter surfaces are [[zeolite]] (microporous, crystalline aluminosilicate) that attract (via [[adsorption]]) nitrogen molecules more strongly than oxygen molecules – this takes the nitrogen out of the air leaving more concentrated oxygen behind. When the desired purity is reached and the first cylinder reaches roughly 20 psi the oxygen and small amounts of other gases are released into the pressure equalizing reservoir. As the pressure in the first cylinder drops the nitrogen is desorbed, the valve is closed, and the gas is vented into the ambient air. Most of the oxygen produced is delivered to the patient; part is fed back into the sieves (at greatly reduced pressure) to flush away left over nitrogen, and prepare the zeolite for the next cycle.{{R|"Patent1"}}{{R|"Patent2"}}{{R|"Function1"}}{{R|"Function2"}} The atmosphere contains around 21% oxygen and 78% [[nitrogen]]; the 1% remainder is a mixture of other gases which pass through this process. A POC system is functionally a nitrogen scrubber capable of consistently producing medical-grade oxygen of up to 90%.{{R|"Function2"}}

[[File:Zen-O portable oxygen concentrator.jpeg|thumb|A Zen-O portable oxygen concentrator; it is capable of pulse and continuous flow operation]]

The most important consideration for a POC is its ability to supply adequate supplementary oxygen to relieve [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] (oxygen deficiency) during normal activities and based on the patient's breathing cycles.{{R|"Delivery"}}{{R|"Jindal"}} Other variables include maximum oxygen purity, the number and increment of settings for adjusting oxygen flow, and battery capacity (or number of add-on batteries) and power cord options for recharging.

=== Pulse dose ===

Pulse dose (also called intermittent-flow or on-demand) POCs are the smallest units, often weighing as little as 5 pounds (2.2&nbsp;kg). Their small size enables the patient to not waste energy gained from the treatment on carrying them. Here the unit intermittently administers a volume (or bolus) of oxygen in milliliters per breath (mL/breath). Their ability to conserve oxygen is key to keeping the units so compact without sacrificing the duration of oxygen supply.{{R|"Pulse"}} Most of the current POC systems provide oxygen on a pulse (on-demand) delivery and are used with a [[nasal cannula]] to deliver the oxygen to the patient.

=== Continuous flow ===

With continuous flow units, oxygen delivery is measured in LPM (liters per minute). Providing continuous flow requires a larger molecular sieve and pump/motor assembly, and additional electronics. This increases the device’s size and weight (approximately 18–20&nbsp;lbs).{{R|"Pulse"}}

With on-demand or pulse flow, delivery is measured by the size (in milliliters) of the "bolus" of oxygen per breath.

Some Portable Oxygen Concentrator units offer both continuous flow as well as pulse flow oxygen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Different Types of Oxygen Concentrators |url=https://abcboutiquemedical.com/blogs/articles/types-of-oxygen-concentrators |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=ABC Boutique Medical Equipment |date=28 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Some uses ==

Medical:

:Allows patients to utilize oxygen therapy 24/7 and reduce mortality as much 1.94 times less than for just overnight use.{{R|"Stoller"}}{{R|"Nocturnal"}}
:Helps improve exercise tolerance, by allowing the user to exercise longer.{{R|"Emtner"}}
:Helps increase stamina throughout day-to-day activities.{{R|"Supplemental"}}
:A POC is a safer option than carrying around an oxygen tank since it makes the purer gas on demand.{{R|"Safety"}}
:POC units are consistently smaller and lighter than tank-based systems and can provide a longer supply of oxygen.{{R|"Guide"}}

Commercial:

:Glass blowing industry{{R|"Torch"}}
:Skin care{{R|"Wenborg"}}
:Non-pressurized aircraft{{R|"Oxy"}}
:Nightclub [[Oxygen Bar|oxygen bars]]{{R|"Meek"}} although doctors and the FDA have expressed some concern with this.{{R|"Thomas"}}

==FAA approval==
On 13 May 2009, the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) ruled that air carriers conducting passenger flights of greater capacity than 19 seats must allow travelers with a disability to use an [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]]-approved POC. The DOT rules have been adopted by many international airlines. A list of POCs approved for air travel is on the FAA website.{{R|"FAA"}}

== Nighttime use ==
On-demand units are not advised for patients who experience oxygen desaturation due to sleep apnea, and a [[Continuous Positive Airway Pressure|CPAP]] mask is generally advised for them.{{R|"Pulse"}}

For patients whose desaturation is due to shallow breathing, the nighttime use of POCs is a useful therapy.{{R|"Stoller"}}

Nighttime use has been facilitated by the advent of alarms and technology that detects a patient's slower breathing during sleep and adjusts the flow or bolus size accordingly.{{R|"Waters"}}

== See also ==
*{{annotated link|Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy}}
*{{annotated link|Oxygen bar}}
*{{annotated link|Oxygen concentrator#Portable oxygen concentrators|Oxygen concentrator}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Wenborg">{{cite web|last1=Wenborg M.D.|first1=Craig|title=The Esthetic Benefits of Oxygen Skin Care|url=http://www.skininc.com/treatments/equipment/2535501.html|website=Skin Inc. Magazine|date=6 August 2008|access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Thomas">{{cite web|last1=Thomas|first1=Jennifer|title=Oxygen Bars Not a Breath of Fresh Air|url=https://consumer.healthday.com/respiratory-and-allergy-information-2/misc-respiratory-problem-news-580/oxygen-bars-not-a-breath-of-fresh-air-512850.html|website=Health Day|date=23 May 2003|access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Meek">{{cite news|last1=Meek|first1=James|title=It's a gas|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2001/jun/28/healthandwellbeing.health|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=26 April 2018|date=2001-06-28}}</ref>

<ref name="Nocturnal">{{cite journal|title=Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial. Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group.|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=September 1980|volume=93|issue=3|pages=391–98|pmid=6776858|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-93-3-391}}</ref>

<ref name="Jindal">{{cite journal|last1=Jindal|first1=S.K.|title=Oxygen Therapy: Important Considerations|journal=Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci|date=2008|volume=50|issue=1|pages=97–107|url=http://medind.nic.in/iae/t08/i1/iaet08i1p97.pdf|access-date=26 April 2018|pmid=18610694|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712123612/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t08/i1/iaet08i1p97.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-12|url-status=dead|oclc=02594075|issn=0377-9343}}</ref>

<ref name="Function1">{{cite web|title=How do Portable Oxygen Concentrators work?|url=http://oxygensolutions.com.au/how-do-portable-oxygen-concentrators-work/|website=Oxygensolutions.com|access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Function2">{{cite web|title=How Does My Oxygen Concentrator Work?|url=https://www.oxygenworldwide.com/news/articles-and-information/622-how-does-my-oxygen-concentrator-work.html|website=oxygenworldwide.com|date=18 March 2015 |access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Patent1">{{cite patent|country=United States|number=US4477264A|status=Grant|title=Pressure swing adsorption process for a medical oxygen generator for home use|pubdate=16 October 1984|gdate=|fdate=|pridate=|inventor=Wilbur C. Kratz|inventor2=Shivaji Sircar|invent1=|invent2=|assign1=|assign2=|class=|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4477264A/en}}</ref>

<ref name="Patent2">{{cite patent|country=United States|number=US5827358A|status=Grant|title=Rapid cycle pressure swing adsorption oxygen concentration method and apparatus|pubdate=27 October 1998|gdate=|fdate=|pridate=|inventor=Stanley Kulish|inventor2=Robert P. Swank|invent1=|invent2=|assign1=|assign2=|class=|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5827358A/en}}</ref>

<ref name="Sircar">{{cite journal|last1=Sircar|first1=Shivaji|title=Pressure Swing Adsorption|journal=Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.|date=2002|volume=41|issue=6|pages=1389–92|doi=10.1021/ie0109758}}</ref>

<ref name="Issues">{{cite web|title=Key Issues in Oxygen Therapy with Conserving Devices: Part II|url=http://www.inspiredrc.com/products/key-issues2.html|website=Inspired Respiratory Care|access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="Canada">{{cite journal|last1=Friesen|first1=R.M.|last2=Raber|first2=M.B.|last3=Reimer|first3=D.H.|title=Oxygen concentrators: a primary oxygen supply source.|journal=Canadian Journal of Anesthesia|date=December 1999|volume=46|issue=12|pages=1185–90|doi=10.1007/BF03015531|pmid=10608216|doi-access=free}}</ref> -->

<ref name="History1">{{cite web|title=The History of Oxygen Concentrators & Their Future!|url=http://dmelibrary.com/history-oxygen-concentrators/|website=DME Library|access-date=26 April 2018|date=2016-05-11}}</ref>

<ref name="History2">{{cite web|title=History of Oxygen Concentrators|url=https://www.inogen.com/resources/oxygen-concentrators/history-of-oxygen-concentrators/|website=Inogen.com|access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="History3">{{cite web|title=A Short History of Long Term Oxygen Therapy|url=http://www.inspiredrc.com/products/short-history.html|website=Inspired Respiratory Care|access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Stoller">{{cite journal|last1=Stoller|first1=J.K.|last2=Panos|first2=R.J.|last3=Krachman|first3=S.|last4=Doherty|first4=D.E.|last5=Make|first5=B.|title=Oxygen therapy for patients with COPD: current evidence and the long-term oxygen treatment trial.|journal=Chest|date=July 2010|volume=138|issue=1|pages=179–87|pmid=20605816|pmc=2897694|doi=10.1378/chest.09-2555}}</ref>

<ref name="Emtner">{{cite journal|last1=Emtner|first1=M.|last2=Porszasz|first2=J.|last3=Burns|first3=M.|last4=Somfay|first4=A.|last5=Casaburi|first5=R.|title=Benefits of supplemental oxygen in exercise training in nonhypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|date=1 November 2003|volume=168|issue=9|pages=1034–42|pmid=12869359|doi=10.1164/rccm.200212-1525OC}}</ref>

<ref name="Supplemental">{{cite web|title=Supplemental Oxygen|url=http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/copd/treating-copd/supplemental-oxygen.html|website=The Wayback Machine|publisher=American Lung Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906001006/http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/copd/treating-copd/supplemental-oxygen.html|access-date=26 April 2018|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Safety">{{cite web|title=Top Ten Safety Musts for Portable Oxygen Therapy|url=https://www.1stclassmed.com/top-10-safety-musts-portable-oxygen-therapy|website=1st Class Medical|access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Oxy">{{cite web|title=Continuous oxygen supply for non-pressurised cabins|url=http://www.oxyfly.com/oxyfly-286.html|website=The Wayback Machine|publisher=Oxyfly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610013906/http://www.oxyfly.com/oxyfly-286.html|access-date=26 April 2018|archive-date=10 June 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Torch">{{cite web|title=Oxygen Concentrators Make your own Oxygen for Torches|url=http://sundanceglass.com/oxygen-concentrator.php|website=Sundance Art Glass|access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Pulse">{{cite web|url=http://hme-business.com/Articles/2009/09/01/Continuous-Flow-vs-Pulse-Dose.aspx|title=Continuous Flow vs. Pulse Dose|website=business.com|date=September 2009 |publisher=Home Medical Equipment Business|access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Delivery">{{cite web|title=Oxygen Delivery Fundamentals|url=http://www.inspiredrc.com/products/oxygen-delivery-fundamentals.html|website=Inspired Respiratory Care|access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Waters">{{Cite web|last=Waters|first=Allison|date=7 November 2012|title=Choosing the Best Portable Oxygen Concentrator: Start with the Flow|periodical=POC News & More|url=http://www.portableoxygenconcentratornews.org/2012/11/choosing-the-best-portable-oxygen-concentrator-start-with-the-flow/|access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="FAA">[http://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/cabin_safety/portable_oxygen/ ''FAA Approves Portable Oxygen Concentrators'']</ref>

<ref name="Guide">{{Citation|year=2013|title=A Guide to Portable Oxygen Concentrators|publisher=American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC)|url=http://www.aarc.org/education/online-courses/a-guide-to-portable-oxygen-concentrators/|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>

}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Portable Oxygen Concentrator}}
[[Category:Medical equipment]]
[[Category:Oxygen therapy]]