View source for Port state control

{{Short description|Mechanism for international shipping inspection}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
[[File:portstatecontrol.svg|thumb|right|500px|Signatories to the Paris MOU (blue), Tokyo MOU (red), Indian Ocean MOU (green), Mediterranean MOU (dark green), Acuerdo de Viña del Mar (yellow),<ref>{{cite book|title=Viña del Mar Agreement: Latin American Agreement on Port State Control of Vessels |publisher=Acuerdo de Viña del Mar |via=Центр Морского Бизнеса |url=http://www.marine-centre.org/Docs/MOU/LATIN_AMERICA_MOU.pdf|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> Caribbean MOU (olive), Abuja MOU (dark red), Black Sea MOU (cyan) and Riyadh MOU (navy).]]
'''Port state control''' (PSC) is an inspection regime for countries to inspect [[Ship registration|foreign-registered ships]] in port other than those of the [[flag state]] and take action against ships that are not in compliance. Inspectors for PSC are called PSC officers (PSCOs), and are required to investigate compliance with the requirements of international conventions, such as [[SOLAS Convention|SOLAS]], [[MARPOL]], [[STCW]], and the [[Maritime Labour Convention|MLC]]. Inspections can involve checking that the vessel is crewed and operated in compliance with applicable international law, and verifying the competency of the ship's master and officers, and the ship's condition and equipment.<ref>''Port State Control – The achievements of the Paris MoU'' – Marcella Lazzarini – [[Liverpool John Moores University|LJMU]] 2015</ref>

== History ==
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|+ {{big|Port state control, 2022}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ics-shipping.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Shipping-Industry-Flag-State-Performance-Table-2023-2024.pdf |title=Shipping Industry Flag State Performance Table 2023/2024 |publisher=International Chamber of Shipping |date=January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itfseafarers.org/en/focs/current-registries-listed-as-focs |title=Current Registries Listed as FOCs |publisher=International Transport Workers' Federation |date=January 2024}}</ref>
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In '''1978''', a number of European countries agreed in The Hague on a memorandum for the audit of labour conditions on board vessels as to whether they were in accordance with the rules of the [[ILO]]. After the ''[[Amoco Cadiz]]'' sank that year, it was decided to also audit safety and pollution practices. To this end, in 1982 fourteen European countries agreed on the '''Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control''' (Paris MoU) to establish port state control. Currently, 26 European countries and Canada are signatories of Paris MoU. PSC was a reaction to the failure of those [[flag state]]s{{snd}} especially [[flag of convenience]] states{{snd}} that had delegated their survey and certification responsibilities to [[Classification society|classification societies]].

Modeled on the Paris MOU, several other regional MOUs have been signed, including the Tokyo MOU (Pacific Ocean),<ref name=TokyoMOU>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tokyo-mou.org/|title=Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control in the Asia-Pacific|website=www.tokyo-mou.org}}</ref> Acuerdo Latino or Acuerdo de Viña del Mar (South and Central America),<ref name=Acuerdo>{{Cite web|url=https://alvm.prefecturanaval.gob.ar/cs/ciala/home?Lang=1374097586979|title=:: Acuerdo Viña del Mar 1992 ::|website=alvm.prefecturanaval.gob.ar}}</ref> the [[Caribbean MOU]],<ref name=CaribbeanMOU>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caribbeanmou.org/|title=Home &#124; CaribbeanMOU|website=www.caribbeanmou.org}}</ref> the Mediterranean MOU,<ref name=MedMOU>{{cite web |url=http://www.medmou.org/ |title=Home |website=medmou.org}}</ref> the Indian Ocean MOU,<ref name=IOMOU>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iomou.org/|title=Home- Welcome to Indian Ocean Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control|website=www.iomou.org}}</ref> the Abuja MOU (West and Central Atlantic Africa),<ref name=AbujaMOU>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abujamou.org/|title=Abuja MOU|website=www.abujamou.org}}</ref> the Black Sea MOU,<ref name=BSMOU>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bsmou.org/|title=Black Sea MOU|website=www.bsmou.org}}</ref> and the Riyadh MOU (Persian Gulf).<ref name=RiyadhMOU>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riyadhmou.org/|title=Riyadh MoU|website=www.riyadhmou.org}}</ref>

==Inspection and enforcement==
The port state control (PSC) makes inspection of ships in port, taken by a port state control officer (PSCO). Annual report of Paris MoU reported that a total of 74,713 deficiencies were recorded during port state control inspections in 2007, which deficiencies resulted in 1,250 detentions that year.<ref name=ParisMoU2007>Paris Mou (2007), "Deficiencies per major category", Annual Report 2007 – Paris MoU on Port State Control, Month Date, pp.&nbsp;22–23.</ref> Detention of the ship is the last course of action that a PSCO would take upon finding deficiencies aboard the vessel.

Courses of action a PSCO may impose on a ship with deficiencies (in order of ascending gravity) are:<ref name=ZO>Özçayir, Z.O. (2004), "Practical Implication of Port State Control: The Contractual Effect of Port State Control Detentions". In Mitropoulos, E.E. Port State Control, 2nd ed, LLP, London, pp.&nbsp;509, 520–521</ref>
# Deficiencies can be rectified within 14 days for minor infractions.
# Under specific conditions, deficiencies can be rectified when the ship arrives at the next port.
# Deficiencies must be rectified before the ship can depart the port.
# Detention of the ship occurs.

==Jurisdiction==
The countries that implement PSC are referred to as '''port states'''. This term was established in [[UNCLOS]], but the approach had been applied since ancient times.{{sfn | Marten | 2013 | p=2}}

Port states effectively establish jurisdiction over foreign-flagged seagoing vessels visiting the ports of a port state. This jurisdiction is distinct from the one set up by the [[coastal state]]s in their [[maritime zone]]s,{{sfn | Marten | 2013 | pp=1-2}} primarily due to two considerations:{{sfn | Marten | 2013 | p=2}}
* from the legal point of view, vessels that voluntarily entered a port can no longer claim the right of [[innocent passage]];
* at the practical level, port represents a convenient point of control.

Port states can, in addition to detention, sanction violations with fines. Port states can also in certain cases, for example if a ship violates the 0.5% sulphur limit of [[MARPOL 73/78|MARPOL Annex VI]], assert jurisdiction for such violations which occur on the [[high seas]]. The extraterritorial jurisdictional basis for such enforcement and sanctioning is found within the special provisions of part XII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ([[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|UNCLOS]]).<ref>Jesper Jarl Fanø (2019). ''Enforcing International Maritime Legislation on Air Pollution through UNCLOS''. Hart Publishing.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book | last=Marten | first=B. | title=Port State Jurisdiction and the Regulation of International Merchant Shipping | publisher=Springer International Publishing | series=Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs | year=2013 | isbn=978-3-319-00351-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kq_CBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 | access-date=2023-08-19}}

==External links==
* [http://www.parismou.org/ Paris MoU on Port State Control] (official website)
* [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090707103852/http://www.imo.org/Safety/mainframe.asp?topic_id=159 Port State Control] (7 July 2009 archive of International Maritime Organization website)

{{Ports and harbors}}

[[Category:Port authorities|*]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours]]
[[Category:Law of the sea]]
[[Category:International law]]
[[Category:Ship registration]]