View source for Port of New York and New Jersey

{{short description|Port in New York and New Jersey, United States}}
{{Distinguish|Port Authority of New York and New Jersey}}
{{For|the 1949 film|Port of New York (film)}}
{{Infobox port
| name = Port of New York and New Jersey
| image = Manhattan.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_caption = [[Port Newark–Elizabeth Marine Terminal]] on [[Newark Bay]] is the busiest container terminal on the [[East Coast of the United States]].
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The '''Port of New York and New Jersey''' is the [[port district]] of the [[New York metropolitan area|New York-Newark metropolitan area]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Latitude and longitude of Port of New York and New Jersey In United States |url=https://latitude.to/articles-by-country/us/united-states/7811/port-of-new-york-and-new-jersey |website=LATITUDE}}</ref> encompassing the region within approximately a {{convert|25|mi|km|adj=on}} [[radius]] of the [[Statue of Liberty National Monument]].

It includes the system of navigable waterways in the [[New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary]], which runs along over {{convert|770|mi|km}} of shoreline in the vicinity of [[New York City]] and [[Gateway Region|northeastern New Jersey]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QR69izwr9dcC&dq=river+walk+bergen+point&pg=PA51|title=Waterfront: A Walk Around Manhattan|first=Phillip|last=Lopate|date=December 18, 2008|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-49296-8|via=Google Books}}</ref> and is considered one of the largest [[natural harbor]]s in the world.

Having long been the busiest port on the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/port-of-ny-nj-becomes-country-s-second-largest-container-port|title = Port of NY/NJ Becomes Country's Second Largest Container Port}}</ref> it became the busiest port by [[maritime transport|maritime]] [[cargo]] volume in the United States in 2022<ref>{{cite web | url=https://njbiz.com/port-of-ny-and-nj-is-now-busiest-nationwide/ | title=Port of NY and NJ is now busiest nationwide | date=5 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Ann LoRocco |first=Lori |date=September 24, 2022 |title=New York is now the nation's busiest port in a historic tipping point for U.S.-bound trade |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/24/new-york-now-no-1-port-in-us-as-sea-change-in-trade-hits-west-coast.html |access-date=November 7, 2022 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref>  and is a major economic engine for the region.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=December 10, 2022|title=Port of New York and New Jersey Monthly Cargo Volumes|url= https://www.panynj.gov/port/en/our-port/facts-and-figures.html|publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/09/business/port-los-angeles-new-york-supply-chain/index.html|title=The busiest port in America is no longer on the West Coast|author=Vanessa Yurkevich|publisher=CNN|date=December 9, 2022|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref>

The [[Aviation in the New York metropolitan area|region's airports]] make the port the nation's top gateway for international flights and its busiest center for overall passenger and [[air freight]] flights. There are two [[Foreign trade zones of the United States|foreign-trade zone]]s (FTZ) within the port.

==Geography==
[[File:PortNewYorkNewJersey.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|right|NASA image of the greater Newark and New York area, including the port district]]

===Port district===
Encompassing an area within an approximate {{convert|25|mi|km|adj=on}} radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, the port district comprises all or part of seventeen counties in the region. The nine that are completely within the district are [[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson]], [[Bergen County|Bergen]], [[Essex County, New Jersey|Essex]], [[Union County, New Jersey|Union]] (in New Jersey), and the [[five boroughs]] of New York City, which are coterminous with the counties of [[Manhattan|New York]], [[The Bronx|Bronx]], [[Brooklyn|Kings]], [[Queens]], and [[Staten Island|Richmond]]. Abutting sections of [[Passaic County, New Jersey|Passaic]], [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex]], [[Monmouth County, New Jersey|Monmouth]], [[Morris County, New Jersey|Morris]], and [[Somerset County, New Jersey|Somerset]] in New Jersey, and [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau]], [[Westchester County|Westchester]], and [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland]] in New York are also within the district.<ref>{{citation |title=2012 Port Map |publisher=PANYNJ |date=January 2012}}{{dead link|date=July 2017}}</ref>

===Waterways===
{{see also|New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary}}

====Bodies of water====
[[New York Harbor]] is one of the world's largest [[natural harbor]]s.<ref name="nysm_wwii">[https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/research_collections/research/history/hisportofnewyork.html "Port in a Storm: The Port of New York in World War II"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429044423/https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/research_collections/research/history/hisportofnewyork.html |date=2014-04-29 }}, Joseph F. Meany Jr. ''& al.'', NY State Museum, 1992–1998.</ref>

The [[Atlantic Ocean]] is to the southeast of the port. The sea at the entrance to the port is called the [[New York Bight]]; it lies between the [[peninsulas]] of [[Sandy Hook, New Jersey|Sandy Hook]] and [[Rockaway, Queens|Rockaway]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBsv2XKa2J0C&dq=shoreline+mileage+port+of+new+york+new+jersey&pg=PA217|title=United States Coast Pilot: Atlantic Coast. Cape Cod to Sandy Hook|date=October 8, 1992|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|via=Google Books}}</ref>

In [[Lower New York Bay]] and its western arm, [[Raritan Bay]], vessels orient themselves for passage to the west into [[Arthur Kill]] or [[Raritan River]] or to the north to [[The Narrows]]. To the east lies the [[Rockaway Inlet]], which leads to [[Jamaica Bay]]. The Narrows connects to the [[Upper New York Bay]] at the mouth of the [[Hudson River]],<ref name="auto"/> which is sometimes (particularly in navigation) called the [[North River (Hudson River)|North River]]. Large ships are able to [[navigability|navigate]] upstream to the [[Port of Albany-Rensselaer]]. To the west lies [[Kill van Kull]], the [[strait]] leading to [[Newark Bay]], fed by the [[Passaic River]] and [[Hackensack River]], and the northern entrance of Arthur Kill.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

The [[Gowanus Canal]] and [[Buttermilk Channel]] are entered from the east. The [[East River]] is a broad strait that travels north to [[Newtown Creek]] and the [[Harlem River]], turning east at [[Hell Gate]] before opening to [[Long Island Sound]], which provides an outlet to the open sea.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

====Channels====
[[File:Deepening the Kill Van Kull channel.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Deepening of [[Kill van Kull]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dredgingtoday.com/2010/11/23/dredging-operations-to-continue-in-kill-van-kull-usa/ |title=Dredging Today – Dredging Operations to Continue in Kill van Kull (USA) |publisher=Dredgingtoday.com |date=2010-11-23 |access-date=2012-08-03}}</ref>]]
{{see also|Hudson Canyon}}
The port consists of a complex of approximately {{convert|240|mi|km|0}} of [[Channel (geography)|shipping channels]], as well as [[Anchorage (shipping)|anchorages]] and [[seaport|port]] facilities.<ref name="nyh_pilot">[https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/nsd/CP2/CP2-35ed-Ch11_2.pdf Chapter 11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005173744/https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/nsd/CP2/CP2-35ed-Ch11_2.pdf |date=2006-10-05 }}, New York Harbor and Approaches, [https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/nsd/coastpilot2.htm ''Coast Pilot 2''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813205943/https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/nsd/coastpilot2.htm |date=2020-08-13 }}, 35th Edition, 2006, [https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/ Office of Coast Survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711071630/http://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/ |date=2022-07-11 }}, [[NOAA]].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nan.usace.army.mil/images/map4.jpg |title=US Army Corps of Engineers map of channels |access-date=2010-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613224209/http://www.nan.usace.army.mil/images/map4.jpg |archive-date=2011-06-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Controlling Depth Reports and Surveys |publisher=United States Army Corps of Engineers (New York District) |url=https://www.nan.usace.army.mil/Missions/Navigation/Controlling-Depth-Reports/ |access-date=2013-03-15}}</ref> Most vessels require [[Maritime pilot|pilotage]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sandyhookpilots.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527042615/https://www.sandyhookpilots.com/|title=Sandy Hook Pilots Association – Home Page|archive-date=May 27, 2006|website=www.sandyhookpilots.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wertenbaker |first=William |url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1968/09/14/1968_09_14_135_TNY_CARDS_000292437 |title=A Reporter at Large: THE SANDY HOOK PILOTS. |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=2012-08-03|date=1968-09-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Wertenbaker |first=William |title=Reporter at Large |work=The Sandy Hook Pilots |publisher=The New Yorker |date=September 14, 1968 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1968/09/14/1968_09_14_135_TNY_CARDS_000292437 |access-date=2011-02-14}}</ref> and larger vessels require [[tugboat]] assistance for the sharper channel turns.

The [[Ambrose Channel|Ambrose]] leads from the sea to the Upper Bay, where it becomes the Anchorage Channel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ambrose Federal Navigation Channel |publisher=US Army Corps of Engineers |url=https://www.nan.usace.army.mil/Missions/Navigation/New-York-New-Jersey-Harbor/Ambrose-Channel-Deepening/ }}</ref> Connecting channels are the Bay Ridge, the Red Hook, the Buttermilk, the Claremont, the Port Jersey, the Kill Van Kull, the Newark Bay, the Port Newark, the Elizabeth, and the Arthur Kill. Anchorages are known as Stapleton, Bay Ridge and Gravesend.<ref>{{cite web |title=Intent To Prepare a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for the New York and New Jersey Harbor Navigation Study: Feasibility Phase |work=Federal Register Volume 63 |publisher=Government Printing Office |date=March 24, 1998 |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1998-03-24/html/98-7621.htm |access-date=2014-08-31}}</ref>

The natural depth of the harbor is about {{convert|17|ft|m|0}}, but it was deepened over the years, to a controlling depth of about {{convert|24|ft|m|0}} in 1880.<ref name="gg_ascher">[https://www.gothamgazette.com/article//20060213/202/1755 Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926055830/https://www.gothamgazette.com/article//20060213/202/1755 |date=2010-09-26 }} with [[Kate Ascher]] on her book, ''The Works: Anatomy of a City'' {{Cite web |url=https://www.gothamgazette.com/article/20060213/202/1755 |title=Loving the City's Infrastructure -- and Explaining How It Works (Gotham Gazette, Feb 13, 2006) |access-date=2020-05-09 |archive-date=2010-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926055830/http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/20060213/202/1755 |url-status=bot: unknown }}, GothamGazette.com, February 13, 2006.</ref> By 1891, the Main Ship Channel was minimally {{convert|30|ft|m|0}} deep. Following the [[Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899]] over $1.2 million of initial funding was appropriated for the dredging of 40&nbsp;ft (12.2 m)-deep channels at [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn|Bay Ridge]], [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]], and [[Sandy Hook, New Jersey|Sandy Hook]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/55th-congress/session-3/c55s3ch425.pdf|title=The Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from March, 1897, to March, 1899... |publisher=Government Printing Office  |via=[[US Library of Congress]]|year=1899|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|volume=30 |pages=1123–1124|chapter=425 – Appropriations for Rivers and Harbors|access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref>  In 1914, Ambrose Channel became the main entrance to the port, at {{convert|40|ft|m|0}} deep and {{convert|2000|ft|m|-2}} wide. During World War II the main channel was dredged to {{convert|45|ft|m|0}} deep to accommodate larger ships up to [[Panamax]] size.

In 2016, the Army Corps of Engineers completed a $2.1 billion dredging project, deepening harbor channels to {{convert|50|ft|m|0}} in order to accommodate Post-Panamax container vessels, which can pass through the widened [[Panama Canal]] as well as the [[Suez Canal]].<ref name="usace_deep">
[https://www.nan.usace.army.mil/Missions/Navigation/New-York-New-Jersey-Harbor/deep/ Why Deepen the Port?] , USACE.</ref><ref name="panynj_deep">[https://www.panynj.gov/DoingBusinessWith/seaport/pdfs/02_01_05_01c_LG.pdf Dredging Fleet Deepening NY/NJ Harbor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129142545/http://www.panynj.gov/DoingBusinessWith/seaport/pdfs/02_01_05_01c_LG.pdf |date=2018-11-29 }}, PortViews, Vol. 2, No. 3 October 2003, PANYNJ.</ref><ref>[https://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2016/09/in_major_milestone_port_authority_army_corps_compl.html In major milestone, Port Authority, Army Corps complete $2.1B harbor deepening project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107163750/http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2016/09/in_major_milestone_port_authority_army_corps_compl.html |date=2016-11-07 }}, Jonathan Lin, The Jersey Journal, September 1, 2016</ref>

This has been a source of environmental concern along channels connecting the container facilities in [[Port Newark]] to the Atlantic. [[PCBs]] and other pollutants lay in a blanket just underneath the soil.<ref name="gg_deep">[http://www.gothamgazette.com/article//20060418/18/1824 Dredging In New York Harbor – Economy vs. Environment?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926063704/http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/20060418/18/1824 |date=2010-09-26 }}, ''Gotham Gazette'', April 2006.</ref> In June 2009 it was announced that 200,000 cubic yards of dredged PCBs would be "cleaned" and stored en masse at the site of the former Yankee Stadium and at Brooklyn Bridge Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2009/06/thompson_city_d.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530202642/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2009/06/thompson_city_d.php|title=Thompson: City Dumping Tons of Possibly Toxic Sludge in Parks, Elsewh…|date=30 May 2012|archive-date=30 May 2012|website=archive.is|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>

In many areas the sandy bottom has been excavated down to rock and now requires blasting. Dredging equipment then picks up the rock and disposes of it. At one point in 2005, there were 70 pieces of dredging equipment working to deepen channels, the largest fleet of dredging equipment anywhere in the world.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

The channel of the Hudson is the Anchorage Channel and is approximately 50 feet deep in the midpoint of Upper Bay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clarksons.net/wfr/dredgers|title=World Fleet Register|website=www.clarksons.net|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> A project to replace two water mains between Brooklyn and Staten Island, which will eventually allowing for dredging of the channel to nearly {{convert|100|ft|m}}, was begun in April 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=NY Mayor Bloomberg Helps Launch New York Harbor Siphons Project |newspaper=Tunnel Business Magazine |page=7 |date=June 2012 |url=http://www.tunnelingonline.com/pdfs/2012/2012-06-01.pdf |access-date=2013-10-15 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019145419/http://www.tunnelingonline.com/pdfs/2012/2012-06-01.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Replacement of Anchorage Channel Water Siphons |publisher=New York City Economic Development Commission |date=February 13, 2013 |url=http://www.nycedc.com/project/replacement-anchorage-channel-water-siphons |access-date=2012-03-15}}</ref> The Army Corps has recommended that most channels in the port be maintained at 50 feet deep.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usace.army.mil/Portals/2/docs/civilworks/Chiefs_Report/ny_nj_harbor.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916052051/http://www.usace.army.mil/Portals/2/docs/civilworks/Chiefs_Report/ny_nj_harbor.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 16, 2012 |title=Chiefs report |publisher=www.usace.army.mil |access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> Dredging of the canals to 50 feet was completed in August 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.joc.com/port-news/us-ports/port-new-york-and-new-jersey/ny-nj-port-completes-50-foot-channel-project_20160902.html,%20/port-news/us-ports/port-new-york-and-new-jersey/ny-nj-port-completes-50-foot-channel-project_20160902.html|title=NY-NJ port completes 50-foot channel project - JOC.com|date=2 September 2016|website=www.joc.com|access-date=21 January 2019}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panynj.gov/port/harbor-deepening.html|title=Harbor Deepening – Port Redevelopment – Port of New York and New Jersey – The Port Authority of NY & NJ|website=www.panynj.gov|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>

The channels also include bridges that limit the heights of vessels that can use the harbor. The [[Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge]] has a clearance of {{convert|228|ft|m|1}} at mean high water.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/verrazano-narrows/ | access-date=May 28, 2007 | title=Verrazano-Narrows Bridge (I-278)}}</ref> The [[Brooklyn Bridge]] has {{convert|135|ft|m|1}} of clearance, while the [[Bayonne Bridge]] has been raised from {{convert|155|ft|m|1}} to {{convert|215|ft|m|1}}.

====Pilotage====
[[File:Downtown Manhattan From Aeroplane.jpg|thumb|right|The Port of New York and New Jersey grew from the original harbor at the convergence of the [[North River (Hudson River)|Hudson River]] and the [[East River]] at the [[Upper New York Bay]].]]
The [[Sandy Hook Pilots]] are licensed [[maritime pilot]]s that go aboard oceangoing vessels, [[passenger liner]]s, [[Cargo ship|freighters]], and [[tanker (ship)|tanker]]s and are responsible for the navigation of larger ships through port district.<ref name="auto"/>

==History==
{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2019}}
[[File:Lower Manhattan 1999 New York City.gif|thumb|left|New York Harbor at Upper Bay in 1999: [[Manhattan]] (left), [[Brooklyn]] (top), [[Jersey City]] (bottom), [[Ellis Island]] (left) and [[Liberty Island]] (right), [[Governors Island]] (the largest at center)]]
[[File:ISS-43 Jersey City.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of [[Upper New York Bay]]-[[Port Jersey]] and [[Newark Bay]]-[[Port Newark-Elizabeth]]]]

=== Early history ===
The [[estuary]] was originally the territory of the [[Lenape]], a seasonally migrational people who would relocate summer encampments along its shore and use its waterways for transport and fishing. Many of the [[tide|tidal]] [[salt marshes]] supported vast [[oyster|oyster banks]] that remained a major source of food for the region until the end of the 19th century, by which time contamination and [[land reclamation|landfilling]] had obliterated most of them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kurlansky |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Kurlansky |title=The Big Oyster |publisher=Random House Trade paperbacks |year=2006 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-345-47639-5|title-link=The Big Oyster }}</ref>

The first recorded European visit was that of [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]], who anchored in [[The Narrows]] in 1524. For the next hundred years, the region was visited sporadically by ships on fishing trips and [[Slave raiding|slave raids]].{{dubious|date=May 2019}}

European colonization began after [[Henry Hudson]]'s 1609 exploration of the region with the establishment of [[New Amsterdam]], the capital of the Dutch province of [[New Netherland]] at the tip of [[Manhattan]]. The British colonial era saw a concerted effort to expand the port in the [[triangular trade]] between [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[North America]] with a concentration of [[wharves]] along the mouth of the [[East River]]. After the [[Battle of Long Island|Battle of Brooklyn]], the [[United Kingdom|British]] controlled the harbor for the duration of [[American Revolutionary War]], and [[prison ship]]s housed thousands at [[Wallabout Bay]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

=== 19th century ===
In the early 19th century, the [[Erie Canal]] (often used for [[grain]]) and [[Morris Canal]] (mostly used for [[anthracite]]) gave the port access to the American interior, leading to [[transshipment]] operations, manufacturing, and [[industrialization]]. The invention of the [[steam engine]] led to expansion of the railroads and vast terminals along the western banks of the [[North River (Hudson River)|Hudson River]], complemented by an extensive network of [[ferry|ferries]] and [[carfloat]]s, with a large cluster along the [[Harlem River]]. The era of the [[ocean liner]] around the turn of the 20th century led to the creation of [[berth (moorings)|berths]] at [[North River piers]] and [[South Waterfront Hoboken|Hoboken]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/7239012/Shoreline-Guide-To-New-Yorks-Working-wbr-Waterfront-Saturday/ |title=Working Waterfront |access-date=2010-05-01 |archive-date=2022-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222210659/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/7239012/Shoreline-Guide-To-New-Yorks-Working-wbr-Waterfront-Saturday/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This coincided with the [[immigration]] of millions, processed at [[Castle Clinton]] and later at [[Ellis Island]], some staying in the region, others boarding barges, ships, and trains to points across the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=John T. |title=Ellis Island: Immigration's Shining Center |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7385-2428-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OyL6JatN5KwC&q=Island+of+Hope%2C+Island+of+Tears}}</ref> In 1910, the port was the busiest in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/04/03/104928276.pdf |work=The New York Times |title=WATER FRONTAGE AROUND NEW YORK; Values and Needs for Better Shipping Facilities Explained by Floyd S. Corbin |date=1910-04-03}}</ref>

=== 20th century ===
During the [[World Wars]] the waterfront supported  [[shipyards]]  and [[military installations]] such as the [[Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company]] and the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]] and played an important role in [[Troopship|troop transport]] as a [[New York Port of Embarkation|Port of Embarkation]]. The mid-century also saw the construction of major highways such as the [[Belt Parkway]], [[East River Drive]], and [[Major Deegan Expressway]] along parts of the shoreline.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

After the end of [[World War I]], the [[1919 New York City Harbor Strike]] shut down the port for weeks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Squires |first=Benjamin M. |date=1919 |title=The Marine Workers Affiliation of the Port of New York |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=840–874 |doi=10.1086/253233 |jstor=1820680 |s2cid=154763364 |issn=0022-3808}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1919-06-17 |title=MORE FOR PORT WORKERS.; Arbitration Board, Unionists and Employers, Announces Agreement. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1919/06/17/archives/more-for-port-workers-arbitration-board-unionists-and-employers.html |access-date=2023-05-22 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=J. Davis |first1=James |url=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/national-war-labor-board-a-history-formation-activities-together-awards-documents-importance-record-development-december-1921-3897 |title=National War Labor Board; A History of Its Formation and Activities, Together with Its Awards and the Documents of Importance in the Record of Its Development. |last2=Ethelbert |first2=Stewart |date=December 1921 |publisher=[[United States Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |isbn=978-1-314-62140-2 |series=287 |pages=126–132 |language=en}}</ref>

The era of the [[longshoreman]], captured in the classic film ''[[On the Waterfront]]'', faded by the 1970s as much of the waterfront became obsolete due to changing transportation patterns. The nation's first facility for [[container shipping]], which became the [[prototype]], opened in 1962. Expanded [[intermodal freight transport|intermodal freight transport systems]] and the [[Interstate Highway System]] effected a shift to new terminals at [[Newark Bay]].<ref name="History of the Port Authority"/>

Since the 1980s, sections of waterfront in the traditional harbor have been being redeveloped to include public access to the water's edge, with the creation of [[linear park]] [[greenway (landscape)|greenways]] such as [[Hudson River Park]], [[Hudson River Waterfront Walkway]], and [[Brooklyn Bridge Park]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/realestate/07cov.html?pagewanted=3&sq=sixth%20borough&st=cse&scp=15 |work=The New York Times |first=Marc |last=Santora |title=New York's Next Frontier: The Waterfront |date=2010-11-05}}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
The ''[[CMA CGM]]'' ''[[List of largest container ships|Theodore Roosevelt]],'' the largest ship to call at an [[United States container ports|East Coast port]]'','' passed under the raised [[Bayonne Bridge]] in July 2017.<ref>{{cite news      | last = Morley   | first = Hugh R.   | title = Largest ship to call US East Coast passes under Bayonne Bridge   | publisher = JOC   | date = July 17, 2017   | url = http://www.joc.com/port-news/us-ports/port-new-york-and-new-jersey/largest-ship-call-us-east-coast-passes-under-bayonne-bridge_20170717.html   | access-date = 17 July 2017}}</ref> Two larger ships [[Mediterranean Shipping Company|MSC]] Cristina and the MSC Virgo landed in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portbreakingwaves.com/port-newark-welcomes-msc-virgo/|title=Port Newark Welcomes MSC Virgo|date=May 4, 2021}}</ref>

==Jurisdiction and regulation==
Responsibilities within the port are divided among all levels of government, from municipal to federal, as well as public and private agencies.

Established in 1921, the bi-state [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]], in addition to overseeing maritime facilities, is responsible for the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey#interstate crossings|vehicular crossings]] and the [[rapid transit]] system between [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[New Jersey]], several of the region's airports, and other transportation and real estate development projects.<ref name="History of the Port Authority">{{cite web|url=http://www.panynj.gov/about/history-port-authority.html|title=History of the Port Authority – About the Port Authority – The Port Authority of NY & NJ|website=www.panynj.gov|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>

The Port Authority maintains its own [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department|police force]], as does the [[Waterfront Commission]], created in 1953 to investigate, prosecute, and prevent criminal activity.<ref name="wcnyh">[http://www.wcnyh.org/ Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060919022356/http://www.wcnyh.org/ |date=2006-09-19 }} (WCNYH)</ref>

The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]], which has been involved in harbor maintenance since about 1826, when Congress passed an omnibus rivers and harbors act,<ref name="usace">{{cite web |url=http://www.nan.usace.army.mil/business/buslinks/navig/cdr.htm |title=Controlling Depth Reports for navigation channels |website=United States Army Corps of Engineers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723000959/http://www.nan.usace.army.mil/business/buslinks/navig/cdr.htm |archive-date=2009-07-23 |access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="usace_c3">[http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/misc/nws83-10/c-3.pdf Chapter 3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218202326/http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/misc/nws83-10/c-3.pdf |date=2008-12-18 }}, River and Harbor Improvement, [http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/misc/nws83-10/  ''History of the Waterways of the Atlantic Coast of the United States''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203021741/http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/misc/nws83-10/ |date=2007-12-03 }}, Publication Number NWS 83-10, January 1983, USACE.</ref> is responsible for [[Bulkhead (barrier)|bulkhead]] and [[Channel (geography)|channel]] maintenance.<ref name="usace"/><ref name="usace_c3"/>

The [[United States Coast Guard]] deals with issues such as [[Marine debris|floatable debris]],<ref>[http://library.marist.edu/diglib/EnvSci/archives/hudsmgmt/ny-njharborestuaryprogram/debris.html Floatable Debris] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050524210352/http://library.marist.edu/diglib/EnvSci/archives/hudsmgmt/ny-njharborestuaryprogram/debris.html |date=2005-05-24 }}, accessed 2010-05-01</ref> spills, vessel rescues, and counter-terrorism.<ref name="uscg_ny">[https://www.uscg.mil/d1/sectNY/default.asp U.S. Coast Guard Sector New York Homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919151638/https://www.uscg.mil/d1/sectNY/default.asp |date=2016-09-19 }}.</ref>

Both states, and some municipal governments (New York City, in particular), maintain [[Water police|maritime police units]].
The [[United States Park Police]] monitors federal properties. The [[National Park Service]] oversees some of the region's [[historic site]]s, [[nature reserve]]s, and [[parks]].

The port is a [[port of entry]]. The United States [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection|Customs and Border Protection]] (CBP) and [[Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] (ICE) regulate international imports and passenger arrivals. The "green lane" program, in which trusted shippers have fewer containers inspected.<ref name="tnyr_dny">[http://www.newyorker.com/online/content/articles/060619on_onlineonly01 The Docks of New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609042705/http://www.newyorker.com/online/content/articles/060619on_onlineonly01 |date=2013-06-09 }}, ''The New Yorker'', June 19, 2006.</ref> There are two foreign trade zones in the port: FTZ 1, the first in the nation, established in 1937, on the New York side of the port; and FTZ 49, on the New Jersey side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panynj.gov/port/ftz-49.html|title=Foreign-Trade Zone 49 – Services – Port of New York and New Jersey – Port Authority of New York & New Jersey|website=www.panynj.gov|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Foreign-Trade Zones |work=Import Administration |publisher=International Trade Administration |date=January 13, 2013 |url=http://ia.ita.doc.gov/ftzpage/letters/ftzlist-map.html |access-date=2013-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113084141/http://ia.ita.doc.gov/ftzpage/letters/ftzlist-map.html |archive-date=January 13, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign-Trade Zone 49 |publisher=PANYNJ |url=http://www.panynj.gov/port/ftz-49.html |access-date=2013-01-20}}</ref>

In March 2006, some of the passenger facilities management was to be transferred to [[Dubai Ports World]].<ref>{{cite news |title=New York's Port, Beyond Dubai |first1=Mark |last1=Berkey-Gerard |first2=Pat |last2=Arnow |newspaper=Gotham Gazette |date=March 2003 |url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/waterfront/20060313/18/1787 |access-date=2007-02-19}}</ref> There was [[Dubai Ports World controversy|considerable controversy]] over security and ownership by a foreign corporation, particularly one of Arab origin, of a U.S. port operation, despite the fact that the operator was British-based [[P&O Ferries|P&O Ports]].<ref name="aapa_dpw">[http://aapa-ports.org/pressroom/dpworldacq_fact_sheet.htm Fact Sheet on Acquisition of P&O Ports by DP World] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825062021/http://aapa-ports.org/pressroom/dpworldacq_fact_sheet.htm |date=2006-08-25 }}, American Association of Port Authorities, 2006.</ref> DP World later sold P&O's American operations to [[American International Group]]'s asset management division, Global Investment Group, for an undisclosed sum.<ref name="wsj_20061211_dpw_aig">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116584567567746444 |title=Dubai Ports World Sells U.S. Assets |last=King Jr. |first=N. |author2=Hitt, G. |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |date=2006-12-11}}</ref>

The [[Seamen's Church Institute of New York and New Jersey]], the [[Teamsters]], and the [[International Longshoremen's Association]] assist and represent some of the port's [[sailor|mariner]]s and [[dockworkers]].<ref>[http://www.thelaborers.net/documents/rico_trusteeships_jacobs.htm The RICO Trusteeships after Twenty Years] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060810160210/http://www.thelaborers.net/documents/rico_trusteeships_jacobs.htm |date=2006-08-10 }}, 2004, ABA, republished by Laborers for JUSTICE. [http://www.thelaborers.net/court_cases/us_v_teamsters_581_fsupp_279.htm US v. Local 560, et al.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813115516/http://www.thelaborers.net/court_cases/us_v_teamsters_581_fsupp_279.htm |date=2006-08-13 }}, Civil Action No. 82-689, US District of New Jersey, February 8, 1984.</ref>

==Cargo infrastructure==

===Airports===
{{main|Aviation in the New York metropolitan area}}
The airports in the Port of New York and New Jersey combine to create the largest airport system in the United States, the second in the world in terms of passenger traffic, and the first in the world in terms of total flight operations. [[John F. Kennedy International Airport#Cargo|JFK air freight cargo operations]] make it the busiest in the US. [[FedEx Express]], the world's busiest [[cargo airline]], uses [[Newark Liberty International Airport]] as its regional hub.

===Container terminals===
{{OSM Location map           <!--There are only two essential parameters: -->
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| zoom = 11                         <!--zoom 0=whole world, 18=a street.-->
| width = 325
| height = 250
| caption = Port of New York and New Jersey container terminals
| auto-caption=1
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|40.6836|-74.1531}}
| mark-title1 = Port Newark/Elizabeth Marine Terminal
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|40.6726|-74.0813}}
| mark-title2 = Port Jersey Marine Terminal/GCT Bayonne
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|40.6385|-74.1866}}
| mark-title3 = Howland Hook Marine Terminal/GCT New York
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|40.6879|-74.0040}}
| mark-title4 = Red Hook Marine Terminal
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[[File:Flight to Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) with view to Newark Bay - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Port Newark on Newark Bay (foreground) and Port Jersey on Upper New York Bay]]
[[File:Container Ship CMA CGM Theodore Roosevelt in NY Harbor on Sept 7, 2017 (36415318053).jpg|thumb|CMA CGM ''Theodore Roosevelt'', the largest container ship to enter the port as of on Sept 7, 2017]]
There are four [[container terminal]]s in the port:
*[[Howland Hook Marine Terminal]]
*[[Port Jersey Marine Terminal]]
*[[Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal]]
*[[Red Hook Marine Terminal]]

Terminals are leased to different [[port operator]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panynj.gov/port/ocean-shipping-schedules.cfm|title=Ocean Shipping Schedules – Port of New York and New Jersey – Port Authority of New York & New Jersey|website=www.panynj.gov|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> such as [[A. P. Moller-Maersk Group]], American Stevedoring,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiterminals.com/ |title=American Stevedoring Inc |publisher=Asiterminals.com |access-date=2012-08-03}}</ref> NYCT,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nycterminal.com/ |title=New York Container Terminal, Inc. |access-date=2010-05-01 |archive-date=2008-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819190417/http://www.nycterminal.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Global Marine Terminal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.global-terminal.com/t3/index.php?id=glbl_index |title=Global Terminal |publisher=Global Terminal |access-date=2012-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731065028/http://www.global-terminal.com/t3/index.php?id=glbl_index |archive-date=2012-07-31 }}</ref>

In June 2010, the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] agreed to purchase from [[Bayonne, New Jersey|Bayonne]] {{convert|128|acre|km2}} of land at the [[Military Ocean Terminal at Bayonne]], indicating that additional container port facilities would be created.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jersey Journal file photo |url=http://www.nj.com/bayonne/index.ssf/2010/06/bayonne_board_votes_to_sell_la.html |title=Bayonne board votes to sell land at Harbor to Port Authority |publisher=NJ.com |access-date=2012-08-03|date=2010-06-25 }}</ref> The agency is expected to develop a terminal capable of handling the larger container ships to be in service once the new, wider [[Panama Canal]] opens in 2014, some of which would not have passed under the original [[Bayonne Bridge]] at the [[Kill van Kull]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hudsonreporter.com/view/full_stories_home/8990036/article-Will-open-a-port--not-new-housing-BLRA-sells-waterfront-property-to-Port-Authority-for--235M-?instance=bayonne_story_left_column |title=Will open a port not new housing BLRA sells waterfront property to Port Authority for 235M |publisher=Hudson Reporter |date=2010-08-04 |access-date=2012-08-03 |archive-date=2012-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227102408/http://www.hudsonreporter.com/view/full_stories_home/8990036/article-Will-open-a-port--not-new-housing-BLRA-sells-waterfront-property-to-Port-Authority-for--235M-?instance=bayonne_story_left_column }}</ref> A project to raise to the roadway of the bridge within the existing arch was completed in May, 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bayonne Bridge Navigational Clearance Program |publisher=PANYNJ |url=http://www.panynj.gov/bayonnebridge/ |access-date=2013-04-12 |archive-date=2011-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628052710/http://www.panynj.gov/bayonnebridge/ }}</ref>

[[File:New York - New Jersey container port traffic.webp|thumb|center|New York - New Jersey container port traffic
{{legend-line|#B51700 solid 3px|Loaded [[Import]]s}}
{{legend-line|#017100 solid 3px|Empty [[Export]]s}}
{{legend-line|#61D836 solid 3px|Loaded Exports}}
{{legend-line|#FF644E solid 3px|Empty Imports}}
]]

The terminal's combined volume makes it the largest on the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]],<ref>{{Citation |last=American Association of Port Authorities |title=Port Industry Statistics |year=2008 |url=http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=900&navItemNumber=551 |access-date=2010-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/22/nyregion/22port.html |work=The New York Times |first=Eric |last=Lipton |title=New York Port Hums Again, With Asian Trade |date=2004-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Finnegan |first=William |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/06/19/060619fa_fact_finnegan |title=A Reporter at Large: Watching the Waterfront |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=2012-08-03|date=2006-06-12 }}</ref> and the third busiest in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Shafran|first=Dmitry|date=January 28, 2024|title=Top 10 Busiest and Largest Container Ports in the US in 2024 - 4. Port of Savannah|website=Maritime Page - All about Maritime World|url=https://maritimepage.com/top-10-busiest-and-largest-container-ports-in-the-us/ }}</ref> In 2023, it handled a cargo volume of over 7.8&nbsp;million [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.panynj.gov/port/en/our-port/facts-and-figures.html|title=Facts and Figures Information - Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|website=www.panynj.gov|access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> benefitting [[Panamax|post-Panamax]] from the expansion of the [[Panama Canal]]. As of 2023, the terminals experienced a more severe reduction in cargo volume compared to California seaports, resulting in the [[Port of Los Angeles]] reclaiming its position as the nation's busiest.

===ExpressRail===
{{main|ExpressRail}}
[[File:ElizabethNJIndustry.JPG|thumb|right|Along the [[Arthur Kill]], the [[Staten Island Railway#Freight|Staten Island Railway North Shore Branch]] line (foreground) connects the  [[Howland Hook Marine Terminal]] to the [[Chemical Coast]]]]
[[ExpressRail]] is the rail network supporting [[intermodal freight transport]] at the major [[container terminals]] of the port. The development of dockside trackage and [[railyard]]s for [[transloading]] has been overseen by the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] which works in partnership other public and private [[Project stakeholder|stakeholder]]s. Various [[switching and terminal railroad]]s, including the [[Conrail Shared Assets Operations]] (CRCX) on the [[Chemical Coast|Chemical Coast Secondary]] connect to the East Coast [[rail freight]] network carriers [[Norfolk Southern]] (NS), [[CSX Transportation]] (CSX), and [[Canadian Pacific]] (CP).<ref name = localrail>{{cite news |title=Local Rail |publisher=PANYNJ |url=http://www.panynj.gov/about/pdf/cpip/CPIP_Toolkit/Toolkit_Ch_11.pdf |access-date=2014-12-11 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924064039/http://www.panynj.gov/about/pdf/cpip/CPIP_Toolkit/Toolkit_Ch_11.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Port Authority ExpressRail System |publisher=PANYNJ |url=http://www.panynj.gov/port/express-rail.html |access-date=2014-12-09}}</ref> The network is partially financed by a surcharge on all containers passing through the port by train or truck.<ref name = record2014/><ref>{{cite web |title=Loaded Containers in TEUs and Total ExpressRail Lifts by Month |publisher=PANYNJ |date=October 2014 |url=http://www.panynj.gov/port/monthly-loaded-containers.html |access-date=2014-12-09}}</ref>

===Bulk cargo and marine transfer===
[[File:Small tankers unload in Newtown Creek jeh.jpg|thumb|[[Newtown Creek]]]]
While most [[consumer goods]] are transported in [[Shipping container|containers]], other [[commodities]] such as [[petroleum]] and [[scrap metal]] are handled at facilities for [[marine transfer operations]], [[bulk cargo]], and [[break bulk cargo]] throughout the port, many along its [[straits]] and [[canals]]. At some locations, [[water pollution]] has led to inclusion on the [[list of Superfund sites in the United States]].
* [[Arthur Kill]], along its shore the [[Bayway Refinery]] and the [[Chemical Coast]]
* [[Kill van Kull]] at [[Constable Hook]]
* [[Gowanus Canal]] in [[South Brooklyn]]
* [[Newtown Creek]], [[East River]] at [[Greenpoint, Brooklyn|Greenpoint]] and [[Hunters Point, Queens|Hunter's Point]]
* [[Passaic River]] from [[Newark Bay]] to [[Passaic, New Jersey|Passaic]]
* [[South Brooklyn Marine Terminal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seaportsinfo.com/panynj/portfacilities/?page=southbrooklyn |title=The Port Authority of NY & NJ Port Guide |publisher=Seaportsinfo.com |access-date=2012-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211144857/http://www.seaportsinfo.com/panynj/portfacilities/?page=southbrooklyn |archive-date=2011-12-11 }}</ref>

===Car float and Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel===
{{main|New York New Jersey Rail}}
[[File:Bay Ridge Float Dock jeh.JPG|thumb|right|[[New York New Jersey Rail, LLC|NYNJ Rail]] western end]]
At one time, nearly 600,000 railcars were transferred annually by barge between the region's extensive rail facilities. Today, approximately 1,600 cars are "floated" on the remaining [[car float]] in the port. The [[New York New Jersey Rail, LLC]] transfers freight cars across the [[Upper New York Bay|Upper Bay]] between the [[Greenville Yard]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]] and the [[65th Street Yard]] and the  [[Bush Terminal Yard]] in [[Brooklyn]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nynjr.com/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930095203/http://www.nynjr.com/index.php|title=New York New Jersey Rail, LLC|archive-date=September 30, 2007|website=www.nynjr.com}}</ref>

At the Greenville end, [[CSX Transportation]] operates through Conrail's [[North Jersey Shared Assets Area]] along the [[National Docks Secondary]]. At [[Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn]], end connections are made to the [[New York and Atlantic Railway]]'s [[Bay Ridge Branch]] and the [[South Brooklyn Railway]]. The {{convert|2.5|mi|km|adj=on}} crossing takes approximately 45 minutes. The equivalent truck trip would be 35 to {{convert|50|mi|km}} long.<ref name=nyrr10k2003>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1020173/000117266504000117/form10ksb.txt|title=NYRR 10-K SEC filing for 2003|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>

[[Rail freight|Freight rail]] has never used the [[New York Tunnel Extension]] under the [[Bergen Hill|Hudson Palisades]], [[North River (Hudson River)|Hudson River]], [[Manhattan]], and  [[East River]] due to [[Railway electrification system|electrified lines]] and lack of [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]]. Overland travel crosses the [[Hudson River]] 140 miles (225&nbsp;km) to the north using a right of way known as the [[Selkirk hurdle]].

The [[Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel]] is a proposed rail [[tunnel]] under the [[Upper New York Bay|Upper Bay]]. The western portal would be located at the Greenville Yard, while the eastern portal is undetermined and a source of controversy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crossharborstudy.com/ |title=Cross Harbor Freight Program – Studies & Reports – The Port Authority of NY & NJ |publisher=Crossharborstudy.com |date=2001-09-11 |access-date=2012-08-03 |archive-date=2019-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818095516/http://crossharborstudy.com/ }}</ref>

In May 2010, the Port Authority announced that it would purchase the Greenville Yard and build a new barge-to-rail facility there, as well as improve the existing railcar float system. The barge-to-rail facility is expected to handle an estimated 60,000 to 90,000 containers of solid waste per year from New York City, eliminating up to 360,000 trash truck trips a year. The authority's board authorized $118.1&nbsp;million for the project.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=PORT AUTHORITY BOARD APPROVES PURCHASE AND REDEVELOPMENT OF GREENVILLE YARDS, INCLUDING A BARGE-TO-RAIL FACILITY TO TAKE TRUCKS OFF THE ROAD |publisher=PANYNJ |date=May 18, 2010 |url=http://www.panynj.gov/press-room/press-item.cfm?headLine_id=1281 |access-date=2010-12-02 |archive-date=2010-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227185147/http://www.panynj.gov/press-room/press-item.cfm?headLine_id=1281 }}</ref> The [[National Docks Secondary]] rail line is being upgraded in anticipation of expanded volumes.

In September 2014, the PANYNJ announced a $356 million capital project to upgrade and expand the facility, including [[Roll-on/roll-off]] operations. Expected to be operational about July 2016, an initial capacity of at least 125,000 cargo container lifts a year is projected.<ref>{{cite news |title=PANYNJ board approves Greenville Yard redevelopment |publisher=RT&S |date=September 18, 2014 |url=http://www.rtands.com/index.php/freight/yards-terminals/panynj-board-approves-greenville-yard-redevelopment.html |access-date=2014-12-05}}</ref>

===Port Inland Distribution Network===
The Port Inland Distribution Network involves new or expanded transportation systems for redistribution by barge and rail for the shipped goods and containers that are delivered at area ports in an effort to curtail the use of trucks and their burden on the environment, traffic, and highway systems. The [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] (PANYNJ), [[New Jersey Department of Transportation]] (NJDOT), and [[Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission]] (DVRPC), are involved in initiatives to review and develop this network.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet Port Inland Distribution Network |publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |date=July 2004 |url=http://www.webstercc.biz/PIDN.pdf |access-date=2013-07-31 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Port Authority Launches Unique Cargo Distribution System by Establishing First Regional Port in Upstate New York |publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |date=December 13, 2002 |url=http://www.panynj.gov/press-room/press-item.cfm?headLine_id=251 |access-date=2013-07-31 |archive-date=2013-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501031527/http://www.panynj.gov/press-room/press-item.cfm?headLine_id=251 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rodrigue |first=Jean-Paul |title=Port Inland Distribution Network of the Port of New York and New Jersey |work=Geography of Transport Systems |publisher=Hofstra University |url=http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch4en/appl4en/map_PIDN.html |access-date=2013-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007080903/http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch4en/appl4en/map_PIDN.html |archive-date=2013-10-07 }}</ref> To instantiate PIDN, the PANYNJ signed an agreement November 29, 2003 with the Port of Albany to provide twice weekly barge service. By 2014, the service had been discontinued.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Anderson|first1=Eric|title=Barges could bring new cargo traffic to Albany port|url=http://www.timesunion.com/business/article/Barges-could-bring-new-cargo-traffic-to-Albany-5450933.php|publisher=Albany Times Union|date=May 23, 2014}}</ref>

In 2018, service between [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] and Brooklyn to [[Davisville, Rhode Island|Port of Davisville]] in Rhode Island was initiated.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/marad-awards-4-8-million-in-marine-highway-grants |title = MARAD Awards $4.8 Million in Marine Highway Grants}}</ref>

===America's Marine Highway===

[[America's Marine Highway]] is a similar [[United States Department of Transportation]] initiative to capitalize on U.S. waterways for the transport of goods.<ref>{{cite press release |title=U.S. Transportation Secretary LaHood Announces Corridors, Projects and Initiatives Eligible for Funding as Part of America's Marine Highway |publisher=UDDOT Maritime Administration |date=August 22, 2010 |url=http://www.marad.dot.gov/news_room_landing_page/news_releases_summary/news_release/MARAD_13-10_Marine_highway_Projects_release.htm |access-date=2013-07-31}}</ref><ref name = application>{{cite web |title=Application for the Designation of the New Jersey Marine Highway Platform as a Marine Highway Project |publisher=New Jersey Department of Transportation |date=June 11, 2010 |url=http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/airwater/maritime/documents/njdotmarinehighwayprojectapplication06-11-10.pdf |access-date=2013-07-31}}</ref> In 2016, MARAD made a grant of $1.6 million to improve the terminal at Red Hook as part of the Marine Highway program.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Strong|first1=Kim|title=New York Harbor and Container and Trailer on Barge Service (Awarded $1,632,296)|url=https://www.marad.dot.gov/search/highway/|website=marad.dot.gov|publisher=DOT MARAD|access-date=27 July 2017|date=Oct 26, 2016}}</ref>  Barges carrying containers on a route between Red Hook and Newark began operation in September 2016.<ref>{{cite news      | last = Morley   | first = Hugh R.   | title = Container-on-barge launches across NY-NJ port harbor   | publisher = JOC   | date = September 14, 2016   | url = http://www.joc.com/port-news/us-ports/port-new-york-and-new-jersey/container-barge-launches-across-ny-nj-port-harbor_20160914.html   | access-date = 20 June 2017}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

In 2010, a private sector service provider began [[short sea shipping]] of [[aggregate (composite)|aggregate]] products with a [[barge]] service between [[Linden, New Jersey|Tremley Point, Linden]] on the [[Arthur Kill]] and the [[Port of Salem]] to address a critical, yet weak link in freight transport with ports in the [[Delaware Valley]].<ref name = application/>

==Cruise terminals and ferries==

===Cruise terminals===
[[File:NY Passenger Ship Terminal 2007 jeh.jpg|thumb|Cruise terminal on the [[North River (Hudson River)|Hudson]]]]
The golden age of the [[North Atlantic]] [[ocean liner]] lasted from the end of the 19th century to the post–[[World War II]] period, after which innovations in air travel became commercially viable. Many [[berth (moorings)|berths]] for the great ships that lined the [[North River (Hudson River)]] were more or less abandoned by the 1970s.

Nowadays most travel is recreational. While many cruises are to points in the [[Caribbean]] and to the [[Southern Hemisphere]], there are also ships calling at the port that sail [[Transatlantic crossing|transatlantically]], notably {{RMS|Queen Mary 2}} with a scheduled service to Southampton, England. The passenger [[cruise ship]] terminals in the port are located in the traditional, or "inner", harbor. Collectively the cruise terminals in the Port of New York and New Jersey are the [[List of busiest cruise ports by passengers|sixth busiest in the United States and 16th busiest in the world]] for passenger travel.
* [[Cape Liberty Cruise Port]], [[MOTBY]], [[Upper New York Bay|Upper Bay]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cruiseliberty.com/|title=CruiseLiberty.com – Home|website=www.cruiseliberty.com|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>
* [[Brooklyn Cruise Terminal]], [[Buttermilk Channel]], [[Upper New York Bay|Upper Bay]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nycruise.com/histBKN.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823072501/http://www.nycruise.com/histBKN.html|title=Brooklyn Cruise Terminal|archive-date=August 23, 2010}}</ref>
* [[New York Passenger Ship Terminal]], [[North River (Hudson River)|Hudson River]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nycruise.com/histNYC.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107033408/http://www.nycruise.com/histNYC.html|title=New York Passenger Terminal|archive-date=November 7, 2011}}</ref>

===Ferries and sightseeing===
[[File:Water Taxi parking Erie Basin jeh.JPG|thumb|[[New York Water Taxi]] ferries moored at [[Erie Basin (Brooklyn)|Erie Basin]] in [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]], [[Brooklyn]]]]

There has been continuous [[ferry]] service between [[Staten Island]] and [[Lower Manhattan]] since the 18th century. Travelling across the [[Upper New York Bay|Upper Bay]] between [[South Ferry (Manhattan)|South Ferry]] and [[St. George Ferry Terminal]], the free [[Staten Island Ferry]] transports on average 75,000 passengers per day.

Service on the East River ended in the early 20th century and on the Hudson River in the 1960s. It has been restored and grown significantly since the 1980s providing regular service to points in [[Manhattan]], mostly below [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]]. Major terminals are [[Hoboken Terminal]], [[Battery Park City Ferry Terminal]] at [[Brookfield Place (New York City)|World Financial Center]], [[Exchange Place (Jersey City)|Paulus Hook Ferry Terminal]], [[Weehawken Port Imperial]], [[Pier 11/Wall Street]], [[West Midtown Ferry Terminal]], and the [[East 34th Street Ferry Landing]]. There also are numerous [[ferry slip]]s that each serve one route only, including the historic [[Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn|Fulton Ferry]]. In addition to regular and [[rush hour]] routes, there are excursions, trips, and seasonal service to [[Gateway National Recreation Area]] beaches. Sightseeing boats [[circumnavigate]] [[Manhattan]] or make excursions into the [[Upper New York Bay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldshipny.com/nyferries.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105094555/http://www.worldshipny.com/nyferries.htm|title=Brief history of ferries in Port of New York|archive-date=January 5, 2006}}</ref>
* [[Circle Line Downtown]]<ref>*[http://www.circlelinedowntown.com/ Circle Line Downtown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106145231/http://www.circlelinedowntown.com/ |date=2015-01-06 }}</ref>
* [[Circle Line Sightseeing]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.circleline.com/|title=Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises NYC – Guided Boat Tours Of New York|website=www.circleline.com|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>
* [[Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island|Ellis Island and Liberty Island]]<ref name="nps.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/planyourvisit/ferry-system-map.htm|title=Ferry System Map – Statue Of Liberty National Monument |website=National Park Service |access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref>[http://www.statuecruises.com/ferry-service/welcome.aspx Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901190703/http://www.statuecruises.com/ferry-service/welcome.aspx |date=2010-09-01 }} information at Star Cruises; Accessed August 31, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://statuecruises.com/ferry-service/welcome.aspx |title=Hornblower Cruises |website=Statue Cruises |access-date=June 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129032636/http://www.statuecruises.com/ferry-service/welcome.aspx |archive-date=January 29, 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Governor's Island|Governor's Island Ferry]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/gois/planyourvisit/hours.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501192721/http://www.nps.gov/gois/planyourvisit/hours.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 1, 2007|title=Governor's Island Ferry|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> (seasonal)
* [[Liberty Water Taxi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statuecruises.com/commuter-service.aspx|title=Welcome to Statue Cruises! |website=Statue Cruises |access-date=21 January 2019|archive-date=2009-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409044809/https://www.statuecruises.com/commuter-service.aspx}}</ref>
* [[New York Water Taxi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nywatertaxi.com/|title=New York Water Taxi – New York City Sightseeing Boat Tours|website=www.nywatertaxi.com|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>
* [[NYC Ferry]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ferry.nyc/routes-and-schedules/|title=NYC Ferry|website=ferry.nyc|access-date=14 May 2024}}</ref>
* [[NY Waterway]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nywaterway.com/|title=New York Attractions – NY Waterway|website=www.nywaterway.com|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>
* [[New York Beach Ferry]]
* [[SeaStreak]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://seastreak.com/|title=Seastreak Ferries – Servicing New York, New Jersey, and Massachusetts|website=seastreak.com|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>
* [[Staten Island Ferry]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/ferrybus/statfery.shtml|title=NYC DOT|website=www.nyc.gov|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>

==Lights and lighthouses==
[[File:SANDY HOOK LIGHTHOUSE 72 500.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Sandy Hook Light, the oldest continuously operating and standing lighthouse in the United States]]
[[File:Stepping Stones Light 2006.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Stepping Stones Lighthouse]]
There are both historic and modern lighthouses throughout the port, some of which have been decommissioned<ref>{{cite uscghist|NJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite uscghist|NY}}</ref>
* [[Ambrose Light]], [[Lower New York Bay|Lower Bay]] (dismantled 2008)
* [[Bergen Point|Bergen Point Light]], [[Newark Bay]] (replaced)
* [[Blackwell Island Light]], [[Roosevelt Island]], [[East River]] (retired 1940)
* [[Chapel Hill Rear Range Light]], [[Sandy Hook Bay]] (deactivated 1957)
* [[Conover Beacon]] (front range light), [[Leonardo, New Jersey|Leonardo]]
* [[Coney Island (Nortons Point) Light]], [[Lower New York Bay]], [[Sea Gate, Brooklyn]]
* [[Elm Tree Beacon Light]], [[The Narrows]], [[New Dorp, Staten Island]]
* [[Execution Rocks Lighthouse|Execution Rocks Light]], [[Long Island Sound]]
* [[Fort Tompkins Light]], [[The Narrows]], [[Staten Island]] (retired)
* [[Fort Wadsworth Light]], [[The Narrows]], [[Brooklyn]]
* [[Great Beds Light]], [[Raritan Bay]], [[South Amboy, New Jersey|South Amboy]]
* [[Kings Point Light]], [[Long Island Sound]], [[Great Neck, New York|Great Neck]]
* [[Kingsborough Community College|Kingsborough Community College Light]], [[Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn]]
* [[Little Gull Island Light]], [[Long Island Sound]]
* [[Little Red Lighthouse]] (Jeffrey's Hook Lighthouse), [[Fort Washington (New York)|Fort Washington]], [[Manhattan]]
* [[Navesink Twin Lights]], [[Sandy Hook Bay]], [[Highlands, New Jersey|Highlands]]
* [[New Dorp Light]], [[The Narrows]], [[Staten Island]] Swash Channel (retired)
* [[North Brother Island Light]], [[East River]]
* [[Old Orchard Shoal Light]], Gedney Channel, [[Lower New York Bay|Lower Bay]]
* [[Princes Bay Light]], [[Staten Island]]
* [[Robbins Reef Light]], [[Constable Hook]], [[Upper New York Bay|Upper Bay]]
* [[Romer Shoal Light]], [[Lower New York Bay|Lower Bay]] near [[Sandy Hook Bay]]
* [[Sandy Hook Light]], [[Sandy Hook (New Jersey)|Sandy Hook]]
* [[Staten Island Light]] [[Lighthouse Hill, Staten Island]]
* [[Statue of Liberty]], [[Liberty Island]], [[Upper New York Bay|Upper Bay]] (until 1902)
* [[Stepping Stones Lighthouse|Stepping Stones Light]], [[Long Island Sound]], near [[City Island, Bronx|City Island]]
* [[Stony Point Lighthouse|Stony Point light]], [[Hudson River]]
* [[Throgs Neck Light]], [[Throggs Neck]], [[East River]] (decommissioned)
* [[Titanic Memorial (New York City)|Titanic Memorial]], [[South Street Seaport]], [[East River]]
* [[West Bank Light]], [[Ambrose Channel]], [[Lower New York Bay|Lower Bay]] (range front)
* [[Whitestone Point Light]], Whitestone Point, southerly side of [[East River]]

==Land reclamation and ocean dumping==
[[File:Nycmap-batteryparkcity.jpg|thumb|right|[[Battery Park City]] is one of many sites throughout the port built on land fill]]

[[Channelization (river)|Channelization]] and [[Land reclamation|landfilling]] began in the colonial era and continued well into the 20th century.<ref>Lobell, Jarrett A.. (2010-07-13) [http://archive.archaeology.org/1011/etc/wtc.html Archaeology Magazine – The Hidden History of New York's Harbor – Archaeology Magazine Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731075959/http://archive.archaeology.org/1011/etc/wtc.html |date=2013-07-31 }}. Archive.archaeology.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.</ref> The [[Lower Manhattan expansion|expansion of the land area of Lower Manhattan]] through encroachment began in the 17th-century Dutch settlement of [[New Amsterdam]] and continued into 20th century.<ref name = DM2013>{{cite news |last = Farberov |first = Snejana |title = How Hurricane Sandy flooded New York back to its 17th century shape as it inundated 400 years of reclaimed land |newspaper = The Daily Mail |date = June 16, 2013}}</ref>

Early materials were [[shellfish]] and other refuse, and later construction debris from projects such as the [[New York City Subway]] and [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Pennsylvania Station]]. [[Rubble]] from the [[bombing of London]] was transported for [[ballast weight|ballast]] during [[World War II]]. New land has been created throughout the port, including large swaths that are now [[Battery Park City]], [[Ellis Island]], [[Liberty State Park]], [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]], and the [[Meadowlands Sports Complex]].<ref>{{cite news |title=HISTORIC FILL OF THE JERSEY CITY QUADRANGLE HISTORIC FILL MAP HFM-53 |newspaper=New State Department of Environmental Protection |year=2004 |url=http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/geodata/historicfill/jersey.pdf |access-date=2014-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Is Liberty a Jersey Girl |publisher=New Jersey Society of Professional Land Surveyors |date=February 4, 2014 |url=http://www.njspls.org/?130 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://untappedcities.com/2013/10/09/the-man-made-areas-of-nyc-governors-island-ellis-island-freshkills-park-battery-park-marble-hill-u-thant-island/|title=10 Man-Made Areas of NYC: Governor's Island, Ellis Island, Freshkills Park, Battery Park, Marble Hill, U Thant Island|date=9 October 2013|website=Untapped Cities|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>

From 1924 until 1986, sewerage [[sludge]] was hauled by [[tugboat]] and barge to a point {{convert|12|mi|km}} offshore in the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]. From 1986 to 1992 it was dumped at a site 106 nautical miles from [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], after which [[ocean dumping]] was banned.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reilly in New York to Mark End of Sewage Sludge Dumping |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |date=June 30, 1992 |url=http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/reilly-new-york-mark-end-sewage-sludge-dumping |access-date=2013-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422212543/http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/reilly-new-york-mark-end-sewage-sludge-dumping |archive-date=April 22, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.bookrags.com/research/ocean-dumping-ban-act-1988-enve-02/ |title=Research & Articles on Ocean Dumping Ban Act (1988) by |publisher=BookRags.com |access-date=2012-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/18/nyregion/new-jersey-ends-practice-of-dumping-sludge-in-sea.html?gwh=76B478C95C5C1999F25EA0A3F8823ED7 |work=The New York Times |first=Allan R. |last=Gold |title=New Jersey Ends Practice Of Dumping Sludge in Sea |date=1991-03-18}}</ref>

Barges were also used to transport waste to [[Fresh Kills Landfill]], the world's largest, which operated from 1948 to 1991. Both operations were known to be detrimental to [[Long Island]] and [[Jersey Shore]] beaches, notably the 1987 [[Syringe Tide]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFD81439F93BA35751C1A961948260 |title=New York City to Pay Jersey Town $1&nbsp;Million Over Shore Pollution |access-date=2008-06-25 |date=8 December 1987 |author=Alfonso Narvaez |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.marist.edu/diglib/EnvSci/archives/hudsmgmt/ny-njharborestuaryprogram/debris.html |title=A Summary of the Proposed Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan |access-date=2008-06-25 |date=February 1995 |publisher=New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050524210352/http://library.marist.edu/diglib/EnvSci/archives/hudsmgmt/ny-njharborestuaryprogram/debris.html |archive-date=2005-05-24 }}</ref>

==Shipwrecks and abandoned boats==
The port has many sunken ships, some of which can be seen, others that lie on the floor of the ports waterways.<ref>Andrea Valentino, bbc [https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks How climate change …] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127023248/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks |date=2022-01-27 }}  (Hidden from sight beneath the waves, the seabed around New York's harbour is littered with historic sunken vessels that met a variety of fates in the waters around the great city. Now they face a new threat to their existence from the changing climate.) bbc - future, 18th October 2021</ref>

The [[Staten Island boat graveyard]] is a [[Ship graveyard|marine scrapyard]] located in the [[Arthur Kill]] near the [[Fresh Kills Landfill]], on the [[West Shore, Staten Island|West Shore]] of [[Staten Island]].

==Tourism and recreation==
[[File:0328Jersey City Statue of Liberty.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Statue of Liberty]] and [[Ellis Island]] recall the era of transatlantic immigration to America]]
Harbor-related [[historic site]]s, [[promenades]], and [[nature preserve]]s within the port district include:
* [[South Street Seaport]]
* USS [[Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum|''Intrepid'' Sea, Air & Space Museum]] (Pier 86)
* [[Gateway National Recreation Area]]
* [[Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island]] and [[Governor's Island]]
* [[Hudson River Park]], [[Hudson River Waterfront Walkway]], [[Brooklyn Bridge Park]]
* [[Liberty State Park]] and [[Communipaw Terminal]]
* [[Battery Park]] and [[Castle Clinton]]
* [[Hackensack Meadowlands]], [[Hackensack RiverWalk|Riverwalk]], and [[Meadowlands Environment Center|Environment Center]]
* [[Pier 63]], [[New York Central Railroad 69th Street Transfer Bridge]], and [[79th Street Boat Basin]]
* [[Gantry Plaza State Park]]
* [[Manhattan Waterfront Greenway]]
* [[Hoboken Terminal]]
* [[City Island, Bronx|City Island]]

==Economy==
In 2010, 4,811 ships entered the harbor carrying over 32.2 million metric tons of [[cargo]] valued at over $175&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Citation |last=Walsh |first=Kevin J. |title=The Port of New York and New Jersey, a critical Hub of Global Commerce |newspaper=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gcaptain/2011/10/25/the-port-of-new-york-and-new-jersey-a-critical-hub-of-global-commerce/ |access-date=2011-10-27 }}</ref>
In 2010, the New York-New Jersey Port industry supported:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panynj.gov/about/pdf/port-economic-impact-2011.pdf |title=In 2010, the New York-New Jersey Port Industry |publisher=A. Strauss-Wieder, Inc. |access-date=28 March 2019 |archive-date=26 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126112745/https://www.panynj.gov/about/pdf/port-economic-impact-2011.pdf }}</ref>
# 170,770 direct jobs
# 279,200 total jobs in the NY-NJ region
# Nearly $11.6 billion in personal income
# Over $37.1 billion in business income
# Almost $5.2 billion in federal, state and local tax revenues
# Local and State Tax Revenue: $1.6 billion
# Federal Tax Revenue: $3.6 billion

Approximately 3.2 million [[twenty-foot equivalent units]] (TEU) of containers and 700,000 automobiles are handled per year.<ref>{{cite web |last=LaRocco |first=Lori Ann |title='Container Cliff' Talks Race to Avert Crippling Feb. Strike |publisher=CNBC |date=January 14, 2013 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2013/01/14/container-cliff-talks-race-to-avert-crippling-feb-strike.html |access-date=2013-01-16}}</ref> In the first half of 2014, the port handled 1,583,449 containers, a 35,000-container increase above the six-month record set in 2012,<ref name = record2014>{{cite news |last=Strunsky |first=Steve |title=Port reports record container volume for first half of 2014 |newspaper=The Star-Ledger |date=August 5, 2014 |url=http://www.nj.com/business/index.ssf/2014/08/port_reports_record_container_volume_for_first_half_of_2014.html#incart_river |access-date=2014-12-16}}</ref> while the port handled a monthly record of 306,805 containers in October 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/ny-new-jersey-cargo-sets-record-for-october-1.1147331 |title=NY-New Jersey cargo sets record for October |publisher=North Jersey Media Group |date=December 5, 2014 |access-date=December 5, 2014}}</ref> In 2014, the port handled 3,342,286 containers and 393,931 automobiles.<ref>{{cite news |last=Strunsky |first=Steve |title=Port of N.Y. and N.J. handled record cargo volume in 2014 |publisher=The Star-Ledger |date=February 2, 2015 |url=http://www.nj.com/business/index.ssf/2015/02/port_handled_record_cargo_volume_in_2014.html |access-date=2015-04-15}}</ref>

In January through June 2015, the top 10 imports that went through the port of New York and New Jersey were:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2015/09/the_top_10_imports_that_come_through_nj_and_ny_ports.html|title=Can you guess the top 10 imports that come through N.J., N.Y.?|first=NJ Advance Media for|last=NJ.com|website=NJ.com|access-date=21 January 2019|date=2015-09-18}}</ref>
# Petroleum: $6.78 billion
# Appliances: $3.80 billion
# Vehicles: $2.59 billion
# Plastics: $1.72 billion
# Electronics: $1.46 billion
# Chemicals: $1.45 billion
# Oils and perfumes: $928.7 million 
# Pharmaceuticals: $897.5 million
# Optical and photographic: $801.8 million
# Pearls and precious gems and metals: $562.4 million

==See also==
* [[List of bridges, tunnels, and cuts in Hudson County, New Jersey]]
* [[List of North American ports]]
* [[List of ports in the United States]]
* [[List of world's busiest container ports]]
* [[Collector of the Port of New York]]
* [[Marine life of New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary]]
* [[New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier]]
* [[Port of Paulsboro]]
* [[Rail freight transportation in New York City and Long Island]]
* [[Timeline of Jersey City, New Jersey-area railroads]]
* [[United States container ports]]
* [[United States Custom House (New York City)]] – the custom house at the Port of New York and New Jersey
* [[Vision 2020: New York City Comprehensive Waterfront Plan]]
* [[Houseboats in New York City]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.panynj.gov/ Official homepage]
* [http://www.panynj.gov/about/pdf/cpip/CPIP_Plan/V1_App_C.pdf PANYNJ Rail terminal and intermodal facilities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829060757/http://www.panynj.gov/about/pdf/cpip/CPIP_Plan/V1_App_C.pdf |date=2019-08-29 }}
* [http://www.panynj.gov/port/pdf/port-master-plan-2050.pdf Port Master Plan 2050] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711004345/http://www.panynj.gov/port/pdf/port-master-plan-2050.pdf |date=2019-07-11 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061207071408/https://homeport.uscg.mil/mycg/portal/ep/portDirectory.do?tabId=1&cotpId=2 New York Sector for US Coast Guard (Home Port website)]
* {{Citation |title=2012 Port Guide |publisher=PANYNJ |url=http://seaportsinfo.com/panynj/pdf/PANYNJ_2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723164149/http://www.seaportsinfo.com/panynj/pdf/PANYNJ_2012.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2012}}
* {{cite report |title=Economic Impact of New York-New Jersey Port/Maritime Industry for 2010 |publisher=PANYNJ |date=October 2011 |url=http://www.panynj.gov/about/pdf/port-economic-impact-2011.pdf |access-date=2013-01-19 |archive-date=2017-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126112745/https://www.panynj.gov/about/pdf/port-economic-impact-2011.pdf }}
* [http://www.harborestuary.org New York-New Jersey Harbor & Estuary Program]
* [http://www.nymaritime.org/ Maritime Association of the Port of New York and New Jersey] (Schedule of latest ship departures and related information)
* [http://wirednewyork.com/forum/showthread.php?t=4868&page=1 NY Times 2004 slide show of port facilities and activities]
* {{cite web | title = Infrastructure Report Card   | publisher = American Society of Civil Engineers   | date = April 2017   | url = http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/americas-grades}}
* [http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2018/06/money_for_nothing_working_the_docks_sometimes_mean.html Where can you get paid $466K a year to wash trucks? Special deals, union clout at N.J. port]
* {{cite web|url=https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=9527|title=The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|date=20 February 2018|access-date=21 January 2019}}
*{{Citation  |last = Gastil |first = Raymon |title = Beyond the Edge: New York's New Waterfront|publisher = Princeton Architectural Press |year = 2002 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ELsujLaaTdcC&q=Beyond+the+Edge%3A+New+York%27s+New+Waterfront |isbn = 978-1-56898-327-1}}

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'''[[CRRNJ Newark Bay Bridge]]'''<br />''(demolished)''
|upstream        =

[[Newark and New York Railroad Bridge]]<br />([[Hackensack River]] & [[Passaic River]])<br />''(demolished)''
----
[[Lincoln Highway]]<br />([[Hackensack River]] & [[Passaic River]])<br />[[File:US 1-9 Truck.svg|20px]]
|downstream      =

[[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]]<br />([[Arthur Kill]])
----
[[Bayonne Bridge]]<br />([[Kill Van Kull]])<br />[[File:NY-440.svg|25px]] [[File:Ellipse sign 440.svg|25px]]
|downstream signs =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Port Of New York And New Jersey}}
[[Category:Port of New York and New Jersey| ]]
[[Category:Ferry transportation in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Geography of New Jersey]]
[[Category:Geography of New York City]]
[[Category:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]
[[Category:Ports and harbors of New Jersey|New York And New Jersey]]
[[Category:Ports and harbors of New York (state)|New York And New Jersey]]
[[Category:Ports and harbors of the United States Atlantic coast|New York And New Jersey]]
[[Category:Regions of New Jersey]]
[[Category:Tourism in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Water transportation in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Water transportation in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Water transportation in New York City]]
[[Category:Foreign trade zones of the United States]]
[[Category:Air pollution in New York City]]