View source for Pope Martin V

{{refimprove|date=March 2025}}
{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1417 to 1431}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Pope
| honorific-prefix = [[List of popes|Pope]]
| name = Martin V
| title = [[Bishop of Rome]]
| image = Papa Martino V.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Martin V after [[Pisanello]]
| birth_name = Oddone Colonna
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| elected = 11 November 1417
| term_start = 14 November 1417
| term_end = 20 February 1431
| predecessor = [[Gregory XII]]
| successor = [[Eugene IV]]
| ordination = 13 November 1417
| ordinated_by = 
| consecration = 14 November 1417
| consecrated_by = [[Jean Franczon Allarmet de Brogny]]
| cardinal = 12 June 1405
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Innocent VII|Innocent VII]]
| birth_date = January/February 1369
| birth_place = [[Genazzano]], [[Papal States]]
| death_date = 20 February 1431 (aged 61–62)
| death_place = Rome, Papal States
| other = Martin
| coat_of_arms = C o a Martinus V.svg
}}
{{Infobox popestyles
|image            = File: C o a Martinus V.svg
|dipstyle         = [[His Holiness]]
|offstyle         = Your Holiness
|relstyle         = Holy Father
|deathstyle       = None
}}

'''Pope Martin V''' ({{langx|la|Martinus V}}; {{langx|it|Martino V}}; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born '''Oddone Colonna''',<!--TO INCLUDE OTTO, ADD A CITATION. NONE APPEARING SUPPORT THIS.--> was the head of the [[Catholic Church]] and ruler of the [[Papal States]] from 11 November 1417 to his death in February 1431.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kelly|first=J.N.D.. | date = 1986 | chapter = Martin V (11 Nov. 1417–20 Feb. 1431). | title=The Oxford Dictionary of Popes|location=Oxford, England | publisher = Oxford University Press | page = 239-241 | isbn = 0192139649 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00kell/page/238/mode/2up | access-date = 16 March 2025 | chapter-url-access = registration}}</ref> His election effectively ended the [[Western Schism]] of 1378–1417.{{citation needed lead|date=March 2025}} As of 2025, he remains the last pope to have taken the pontifical name "Martin".

==Biography==
Oddone Colonna was born between 26 January and 20 February 1369 at [[Genazzano]], the son of Agapito [[Colonna family|Colonna]], Lord of Genazzano, [[Capranica Prenestina]], [[San Vito Romano|San Vito]] and [[Ciciliano]] from 1374, who died after 23 May 1398, and wife Caterina [[Conti di Segni|Conti]].{{cn|date=March 2025}}<!--Citation needed clearly supporting place of birth, parents, and their details.--><ref>His date of birth can be established basing on the following contemporary reports:
*In a document issued on January 25, 1391 by Pope Boniface IX, Colonna is reported as being in the 22nd year of his life, see Bianca (2008) ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'', op. cit.
*According to [[Bartolomeo Platina]], 15th-century librarian of the [[Vatican Library]] (and author of ''Liber de Vita Christi ac Omnium Pontificum [The Lives of the Popes]''), Martin V died in the 63rd year of his life, see {{cite book | author = Platina, B. | author-link = Bartolomeo Platina | year = 1890 | orig-year = 1552 | chapter = Martin V. 1417-1431. | title = Liber de Vita Christi ac Omnium Pontificum | trans-title = The Lives of the Popes | editor = Benham, W. | location = London, England | publisher = Griffith, Farran, Okenden & Welsh | pages = 200-212, esp. 212 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/livesofpopes00platuoft/page/212/mode/2up | access-date = 16 March 2025}}
{{primary source inline|date=March 2025}} See also {{cite encyclopedia | author = Bauer, Stefan | date = July 2013 | orig-date = 2008 | chapter = Bartolomeo Sacchi (Platina) | title = Repertorium Pomponianum | editor = Pade, Marianne [chair]; Abbamonte, Giancarlo; Bianca, Concetta; Gaisser, Julia; Modigliani, Anna; Osmond, Patricia & Ramminger, Johann | url = https://www.repertoriumpomponianum.it/pomponiani/platina.htm | access-date = 16 March 2025}}</ref>{{OR|date=March 2025}} He belonged to one of the oldest and most distinguished families of [[Rome]].{{cn|date=March 2025}} His brother Giordano, Lord of Genazzano, Capranica Prenestina, San Vito and Ciciliano, a Neapolitan General, Patrician of Naples in 1417, was shortly Prince of [[Salerno]] and Duke of [[Venosa]] from 3 August 1419, dying of plague on 16 August 1422, having married Mascia Annibaldi, who died in 1423, without issue, while his sister [[Paola Colonna|Paola]] was [[prince of Piombino|Lady of Piombino]] between 1441 and 1445.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

Oddone studied law at the [[University of Pavia]]; he became [[apostolic protonotary]] under [[Pope Urban VI]] (1378–1389), and was created [[Cardinal-Deacon]] of [[San Giorgio in Velabro]] by [[Pope Innocent VII]] in 1405.<ref name=Miranda>{{cite book| author = Miranda, Salvador | date = 2015 | title = The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church | format = Biographical Dictionary | chapter = Innocent VII (1404-1406); Consistory of June 12, 1405 (I); 9. Colonna, Oddone (1368-1431) | url = https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1405.htm#Colonna | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004842/https://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1405.htm#Colonna | access-date = 16 March 2025 | archive-date = 2016-03-05 | location = Miami, FL | publisher = Florida Atlantic University and Salvador Miranda | quote = <small>'''Education.''' Studied law at the University of Pavia. / '''Early life.''' Referendary and protonotary apostolic in the pontificate of Pope Urban VI. Named auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota and apostolic nuncio in Italy by Pope Boniface IX. / '''Episcopate.''' Elected bishop of Urbino in 1380; occupied the see until 1409; he never received the episcopal consecration until his election to the papacy. Administrator of the suburbicarian see of Palestrina, December 15, 1401 until 1405. / '''Cardinalate.''' Created cardinal deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro in the consistory of June 12, 1405... / '''Papacy.''' Elected pope on November 11, 1417. Took the name Martin V. Ordained to the priesthood on Saturday November 13, 1417, in the ''presbyterium'' of the cathedral of Constance, by Cardinal Jean Allarmet de Brogny, bishop of Ostia and Velletri, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. Consecrated bishop on Sunday November 14, 1417, in the same ''presbyterium'', also by Cardinal Allarmet de Brogny... </small>}}</ref> 

In 1409 he took part in the [[Council of Pisa]], and was one of the supporters of [[Antipope Alexander V]]. Later he confirmed his allegiance to Alexander's successor, [[Antipope John XXIII|John XXIII]], by whom his family obtained several privileges, while Oddone obtained for himself the vicariate of [[Todi]], [[Orvieto]], [[Perugia]] and [[Umbria]]; He was excommunicated for this in 1411 by Pope [[Gregory XII]].<ref name=MartinTrecc/> Oddone was with John XXIII's entourage at the [[Council of Constance]] [Costanza] and followed him in his escape at [[Schaffhausen]] [Sciaffusa] on 21 March 1415; later he returned to [[Konstanz|Constance]] and took part in the process leading to the deposition of John XXIII.<ref name=MartinTrecc>{{cite encyclopedia | author = Bianca, Concetta | date = 2008 | chapter = Martino V, Papa | title = Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani | volume = 71 | location = Rome, Italy | publisher = Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana fondata da Giovanni Treccani | language = it | url = http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-martino-v_(Dizionario-Biografico) | quote = <small> Il 25 marzo 1409 partecipò alla processione che aprì il concilio di Pisa; qui Oddone abbandonò Gregorio XII per eleggere il 26 giugno 1409 Alessandro V; questi il 21 maggio 1410 concesse ai fratelli di Oddone, Giordano e Lorenzo, il vicariato su Castro e Ripi, che sarebbe stato riconfermato dal successore. Alla morte di Alessandro V partecipò a Bologna, il 17 maggio 1410, all’elezione di Giovanni XXIII, che si appoggiò su di lui e sulla sua famiglia per il prestigio che essi godevano a Roma: il fratello Giordano fu infatti incaricato di scortare a Roma il 15 giugno il cardinale Pietro de Frias, legato pontificio di Giovanni XXIII. Per l’adesione all’obbedienza pisana Oddone fu nel 1411 scomunicato da Gregorio XII; numerosi benefici e incarichi furono invece a lui concessi da Giovanni XXIII, come l’esenzione dalle imposte del sale e del focatico per Pisoniano e Ciciliano, privilegio riguardante i fratelli, ma direttamente concesso a Oddone. Nel febbraio 1411 fu nominato vicario generale in Perugia, Todi, Orvieto e Umbria; nel maggio 1411 anche Terni fece atto di sottomissione al cardinale Colonna. / Dopo la partenza di Giovanni XXIII da Roma, Oddone divenne con tutta probabilità legato dell’Urbe e del Patrimonio. Al seguito di Giovanni XXIII si recò poi al concilio di Costanza e seguì nella fuga il papa a Sciaffusa il 21 marzo 1415, ma ben presto fece ritorno a Costanza, dove divenne testimone del processo che portò alla deposizione del pontefice.</small>}}</ref>

==Papacy==

===Election===
After deposing [[Antipope John XXIII]] in 1415, the Council of Constance (1417) was long divided by the conflicting claims of [[Pope Gregory XII]] (1406–15) and [[Antipope Benedict XIII]] (1394–1423); eventually Gregory resigned and Benedict was deposed, ending the schism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCoy {{!}} 01/05/2024 |first=Debra Booton |title=ANTIPOPE BENEDICT XIII, A STUBBORN OLD MAN |url=https://www.catholic365.com/article/35024/antipope-benedict-xiii-a-stubborn-old-man.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Catholic365 |language=en}}</ref> Age 48,{{cn|date=March 2025}} Martin was elected pope at the Council on 11 November 1417, taking his pontifical name in honour of [[St. Martin's Day|Martin of Tours]], whose feast fell on the day of his election.<ref name=Ott>{{cite encyclopedia | author = Ott, M. | year = 1910 | chapter = Pope Martin V | title = The Catholic Encyclopedia | volume = 9 | location =  New York, NY | publisher = Robert Appleton Co. | url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09725a.htm | access-date = 16 March 2025}}</ref> Participants in the conclave included 23 [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]s and 30 delegates of the council.{{cn|date=March 2025}} He was ordained a priest on 13 November 1417, and consecrated bishop the next day.<ref name=Miranda/>

Martin left Constance at the close of the council (May 1418), but travelled slowly through Italy and lingered at [[Florence, Italy|Florence]]. His authority in Rome was represented by his brother Giordano, who had fought under [[Muzio Attendolo]] against the [[condottiero]] [[Braccio da Montone]]. The Pope at the time ruled only Rome (when not rebellious) and its environs: Braccio held [[Umbria]], [[Bologna]] as an independent commune, while much of [[Romagna]] and the [[Marche]] was held by local "vicars", who were in fact petty hereditary lords.<ref name=MartinTrecc/> In particular, Martin confirmed [[Giorgio Ordelaffi]] in [[Forlì]], [[Ludovico Alidosi]] in [[Imola]], [[Malatesta IV Malatesta]] in [[Rimini]], and [[Guidantonio da Montefeltro]] in [[Spoleto]], who would later marry the pope's niece Caterina Colonna. 
[[Image:Konstanzer Richental Chronik Die Nachricht der erfolgten Papstwahl wird bekanntgegeben 96r.jpg|thumb|260px|Pope Martin's election is announced. Chronicle of [[Ulrich of Richenthal]].]]
In exchange for the recognition of [[Joanna II of Naples]], Martin obtained the restitution of [[Benevento]], several fiefs in the Kingdom of Naples for his relatives and, most important of all, an agreement that Muzio Attendolo, then hired by the Neapolitans, should leave Rome.<ref name=Ott/>

After a long stay in Florence while these matters were arranged, Martin was able to enter Rome in September 1420. He at once set to work establishing order and restoring the dilapidated churches, palaces, bridges, and other public structures. For this reconstruction he engaged some famous masters of the Tuscan school and helped instigate the Roman Renaissance.<ref name=Ott/>

Faced with competing plans for general reform offered by various nations, Martin V submitted a counter-scheme and entered into negotiations for [[Concordats of 1418|separate concordats]], for the most part vague and illusory, with the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[England]], [[France]] and [[Spain]].

===Hussite Wars===
By 1415 [[Bohemia]] was in turmoil and the subject of much discussion at the Council of Constance. Adherents of [[Jan Hus]], who had been previously [[Death by burning|burned at the stake]] as a [[Heresy|heretic]] by the council, adopted the practice of [[Communion under both kinds]]. The Council sent letters to the civil and ecclesiastical authorities in Bohemia, insisting they deal with the heresy. Bohemian and Moravian nobles responded that the sentence on Hus was unjust and insulting to their country, and promised to protect priests against episcopal prosecutions for heresy. 

{{langx|nl|[[:nl:Begarden|Beghards]]}}—community-gathered semi-religious laymen, generally tradesmen, bound if by vow, only temporary ones of chastity and obedience (but not poverty)<ref name=EB_Beghard>{{cite encyclopedia | author = Barzun, Jacques & Sørensen, Marie-Louise Stig | date = January 17, 2025 | chapter = Devotional Life [in History of Europe: The Middle Ages] | title = Encyclopædia Britannica | edition = online | location =  Chicago, IL | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Beghards | access-date = 16 March 2025 | quote = <small>During the 13th and 14th centuries, devotional movements arose that were neither monastic nor clerical in any other sense. The most notable of these was the Beguines, an order of devout women (and occasionally, but more rarely, men, who lived in all-male communities and were called Beghards) who lived together in devotional communities within towns, especially in the Low Countries and the Rhineland, followed no rule, and took no vow. They worked in the towns but lived collectively and might leave for marriage or another form of life at any time. Some of the most important devotional literature of the period was written by and for Beguines.</small> }}</ref>—arrived in Bohemia, attracted by its reputation for religious liberty.<ref name=Wilhelm>{{cite encyclopedia | author = Wilhelm, J. | year = 1910 | chapter = Hussites | title = The Catholic Encyclopedia | volume = 7 | location =  New York, NY | publisher = Robert Appleton Co. | url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07585a.htm | access-date = 17 March 2025}}</ref> Prague was placed under interdict for sheltering the excommunicated {{langx|cs|[[:cs:Jan z Jesenice|Jan of Jesenice]]}}.  

In 1419 [[Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia|King Wenceslaus IV]], who had resisted what he considered interference in his kingdom, commanded that all ejected Catholic beneficiaries should be reinstated in their offices and revenues. Prague prepared for armed resistance. [[Jan Želivský]], an extreme anti-Catholic preacher of Prague, led a procession to the town hall, where under the leadership of [[Jan Žižka|Jan Žižka of Trocnov]], a noble of southern Bohemia, the building was stormed and people found inside were thrown out of the windows on to the spears and swords of the processionists, and hacked to pieces. In Kuttenberg, hundreds of captured [[Hussite Wars|Hussites]] were thrown by the miners into the shafts of disused silver mines. King Wenceslaus swore death to all the rebels, but died of a stroke in August, 1419. The next months were marked by deeds of violence; many citizens, especially Germans, had to flee.<ref name=Wilhelm/>

Wenceslaus was succeeded by his brother [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund, King of the Romans and King of Hungary]], who prepared to restore order. On 1 March 1420, Pope Martin V issued a Bull inviting all Christians to unite in a crusade against the Wycliffites ([[Lollardy|Lollards]]), Hussites, and other heretics.<ref name=Wilhelm/> In 1428, the pope commanded that the remains of [[John Wycliffe|Wycliffe]], who was posthumously declared a heretic in 1415, be dug up and burned. The crusades against the Lollards, however, were ultimately unsuccessful.

===Crusades===
According to Burton, Pope Martin authorized a crusade against Africa in 1418 in relation to the [[#Position on slavery|slave trade]].<ref name=Burton-p197/>

In addition to the Hussite Crusades, Martin declared a Crusade against the Ottoman Empire in 1420 in response to the rising pressure from the Ottoman Turks. In 1419–1420 Martin had diplomatic contacts with the Byzantine emperor [[Manuel II Palaiologos|Manuel II]], who was invoking a council in Constantinople. On 12 July 1420 the Pope conceded to attach an indulgence to anyone who would contribute to a crusade against the latter, which would be led by [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], King of the Romans.<ref name=MartinTrecc/>

===War against Braccio da Montone===
The main concern of Martin's pontificate from 1423 was the resumed war against Braccio da Montone. The following year, the combined Papal-Neapolitan army, led by [[Giacomo Caldora]] and [[Francesco Sforza]], defeated him at the [[Battle of L'Aquila]] (2 June 1424); Braccio died a few days later.<ref name=MartinTrecc/>

In the same year Martin obtained a reduction of the autonomy of the commune of Bologna, whose finances would be thenceforth under the authority of a papal treasurer.<ref name=MartinTrecc/> He also ended the war with Braccio da Montone in exchange for his recognition as vicar<ref name=MartinTrecc/> and reconciled with the deposed John XXIII, to whom he gave the title of Cardinal of Tusculum.

===Annuity contracts===
Canon law prohibited interest upon a loan. To avoid this, annuities were paid, interest in effect but not in name. The dispute as to the legality of annuity contracts was brought before Martin V in 1423. He held that purchased annuities, which were redeemable at the option of the seller, were lawful.<ref>Lumley's Treatise upon the Law of Annuities and Rent Charges, 1st ed, 1833</ref><ref>Affirmed by [[Pope Calixtus III]], preserved 25 ATR 388 in the Corp Jur Canon Extra III tit 5.</ref> When the lawfulness of annuities was established, they were widely used in commerce; it seems that city states used them to raise compulsory loans from their citizens.

===Periodic ecumenical councils===
A decree of the Council of Constance (''[[Frequens]]'') ordered that councils should be held every five years. Martin V summoned a council in 1423 that met first at [[Pavia]] and later at [[Siena]] (the "[[Council of Siena]]"). It was rather poorly attended, which gave the Pope a pretext for dissolving it, as soon as it had come to the resolution that "internal church union by reform ought to take precedence over external union". It was [[prorogued]] for seven years. The seventeenth council then met as the "[[Council of Basel]]" in February 1431 shortly before Martin's death.

===Founding of the University of Louvain===
On December 9, 1425, Martin founded the [[University of Louvain]] or Universitas Lovaniensis in [[Leuven]] (also known as "Louvain" in both English and French), a town in what was then the Duchy of Brabant, and what is modern day [[Belgium]].

==Death==
Martin V died in Rome of a [[stroke]] on 20 February 1431 at the age of 62. He is buried at [[St. John Lateran Basilica]].<ref name=MartinTrecc/>

==Personal views==

===Position on Jews===
The excitement of the Church during the Hussite movement rendered the Jews apprehensive, and through [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Sigismund]], they obtained from Pope Martin V various bulls (1418 and 1422) in which their former privileges were confirmed and in which he exhorted the friars to use moderate language. In the last years of his pontificate, however, he repealed several of his ordinances. A gathering, convoked by the [[Jews]] in [[Forlì]], sent a deputation asking Pope Martin V to abolish the oppressive laws promulgated by [[Antipope]] [[Avignon Pope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]]. The deputation succeeded in its mission.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12273-popes-the| title = "Popes, The", ''Jewish Encyclopedia'', 1906}}</ref>

===Position on slavery===
 
During the Middle Ages, slavery had fallen out of usage in Europe, with the Church denouncing enslavement of Christians;{{cn|date=March 2025}} however, voyages and discoveries brought other continents, where slavery still existed, into European contact, raising the question of whether slavery of unbelievers and outside of Europe was permitted.{{cn|date=March 2025}} According to Burton, Pope Martin V authorized a crusade against Africa in 1418, and this, coupled with a later bull of [[Pope Eugene IV]] (1441), sanctioned the Portuguese trade in African slaves.<ref name=Burton-p197>{{Harvnb|Burton|2007|p=197}}.</ref>  In March 1425, Davis notes that a bull was issued that threatened excommunication for any dealers in Christian slaves and ordered Jews to wear a "badge of infamy" to deter, in part, the buying of Christians.<ref>{{Harvnb|Davis|1988|p=100}}.</ref> Setton states that in June 1425 Martin [[anathema]]tized those who sold Christian slaves to Muslims.<ref name="The Papacy and the Levant, p. 46">{{Harvnb|Setton|1978|p=46}}.</ref> Maxwell states that traffic in Christian slaves was not banned, instead it was purely sales to non-Christian owners.<ref>{{cite book |title=Slavery and the Catholic Church |first=John Francis |last=Maxwell |page=49 |publisher=Barry Rose |location=Chichester |year=1975 |isbn=9780859920155 }}</ref> Davidson argues that the papal bull of excommunication issued to the Genoese merchants of [[Caffa]] related to the buying and selling of Christians, but was considered ineffectual, as prior injunctions against the Viennese—including the Laws of Gazaria—made allowances for the sale of both Christian and Muslim slaves.<ref>{{Harvnb|Davidson|1961|p=41}}.</ref> Semmes states that ten black African slaves were presented to Martin by [[Prince Henry of Portugal]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Semmes|1996}}{{page needed|date=March 2025}} citing {{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Vincent Bakpetu|title=The Making of the African Diaspora in the Americas, 1441-1900|year=1987|publisher=Longman|location=New York, NY}}{{page needed|date=March 2025}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2025}} Other scholarly sources argue that Martin supported colonial expansion.<ref>{{cite book | editor = Koschorke, Klaus; Ludwig, Frieder; Delgado, Mariano & Spliesgart, Roland | year=2007 | chapter = Africa: Africa 1450-1600. B. European Expansion and New Discoveries. 113. The Papal Privileges of Portugal | title=A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450–1990: A Documentary Sourcebook | page=144 | location=Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=W.B. Eerdmans |isbn=9780802828897 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dbq6fkyp698C | access-date = 16 March 2025 }} Note, the Google Books entry for this errantly states Roland Spliesgart as lead author (rather than fourth editor) of this edited work. Note also, the referenced content in this WP article is not available using this URL.</ref> Davidson argues that Martin's injunction against slavery was not a condemnation of slavery itself, but rather driven through fear of "infidel power".<ref>{{Harvnb|Davidson|1961|p=100 fn 8}}.</ref>

Norman Housley states that "political weakness compelled the Renaissance Papacy to adopt an acquiescent and unchallenging position when approached for requests for privileges in favour of these ventures", and that he viewed it "hard to avoid the conclusion that the pope was agreeing to whatever was asked of him by the king".{{what|date=March 2025}}<ref name=Housley>{{cite book| author = Housley, Norman | date = 2002 | title = Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536 | page = 182 | location = Oxford, England | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 9780198208112 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2QYdZlGcNpQC | access-date = 16 March 2025}} Note, the referenced content is not available using this URL.</ref>

==Residences==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
During his permanence in Rome, Martin moved his residence from the Lateran to [[Santa Maria Maggiore]] and, from 1424, the [[Basilica of Santi Apostoli]] near the [[Palazzo Colonna]]. He also frequently sojourned in towns held by his family in the [[Latium]] ([[Tivoli, Italy|Tivoli]], [[Vicovaro]], [[Marino, Italy|Marino]], [[Gallicano]] and others).

==Numbering==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
When the second Pope to take the name Martin was elected in 1281, there was confusion over how many Popes had taken the name before. It was believed then that there were three, so the new Pope of 1281 became [[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]]. But, in reality, those believed to be Martin II and Martin III were actually named [[Pope Marinus I|Marinus I]] and [[Pope Marinus II|Marinus II]], although they are sometimes still referred to as "Martin II" and "Martin III". This has advanced the numbering of all subsequent Popes Martin by two. Popes Martin IV–V were actually the second and third popes by that name.

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Christianity|History}}
*[[Cardinals created by Martin V]]
*[[List of popes]]

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Martin (popes)|display=Martin V}}
* {{cite book |title=The Papacy and the Levant |first=Kenneth M. |last=Setton|publisher= DIANE Publishing|year= 1978|isbn= 978-0-87169-127-9  }} [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/23/obituaries/kenneth-m-setton-80-scholar-and-author-on-medieval-europe.html Review]
* {{cite book|title=The blessing of Africa|first=Keith Augustus|last= Burton|publisher= InterVarsity Press|year=2007|isbn= 978-0-8308-2762-6 }}
* {{cite book|title=The problem of slavery in Western culture|first=David Brion|last= Davis|publisher= Oxford University Press US|year= 1988|isbn= 978-0-19-505639-6 }}
* {{cite book|title=The African Slave Trade|first=Basil |last=Davidson|publisher= James Currey Publishers|year=1961|isbn= 978-0-85255-798-3 }}
* {{cite book|title=Racism, health, and post-industrialism|first= Clovis E.|last= Semmes|publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group|year= 1996|isbn= 978-0-275-95428-4 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pope Gregory XII|Gregory XII]] <br> [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]] <br><small>(Avignon claiment)</small> <br> [[Antipope John XXIII|John XXIII]] <br><small>(Pisan claiment)</small>}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Pope]]|years=14 November 1417 – 20 February 1431}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pope Eugene IV|Eugene IV]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Popes}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin 5}}
[[Category:1369 births]]
[[Category:1431 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Genazzano]]
[[Category:Popes]]
[[Category:Italian popes]]
[[Category:University of Pavia alumni]]
[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina]]
[[Category:15th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:People of the Hussite Wars]]
[[Category:Western Schism]]
[[Category:Colonna family]]
[[Category:Renaissance Papacy]]
[[Category:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:15th-century popes]]
[[Category:15th-century Italian cardinals]]
[[Category:Burials at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]]