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{{Short description|Book with moving parts, commonly directed at children}}
[[File:Fox man.png|thumb|A page from a pop-up book, with a character "popping up" out of the book]]
[[File:PopupCinderella.gif|thumb|Demonstration of the action of a pop-up book.]]

A '''pop-up book''' is any book with [[three-dimensional space|three-dimensional]] pages, often with elements that ''pop up'' as a page is turned. The terminology serves as an [[umbrella term]] for '''movable book''', '''pop-ups''', '''tunnel books''', '''transformations''', '''volvelles''', '''flaps''', '''pull-tabs''', '''pop-outs''', '''pull-downs''', and other features each performing in a different manner. Three-dimensional [[greeting card]]s use the same principles.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pop-up books: a guide for teachers and librarians|last1=Bluemel |first1=Nancy |date=2012|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|last2=Taylor |first2= Rhonda Lynette Harris |isbn=9781591583981|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|oclc=758844521}}</ref>
Design and creation of such books in arts is sometimes called "paper engineering". This usage should not be confused with traditional [[paper engineering]], the engineering of systems to mass-produce paper products.

== Animated books ==
Animated books combine three elements: story, colored illustrations which include text, and "two or more animated illustrations with their movement mechanisms working between a doubled page".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wehr|first1=Paul|title=Moving Illustrations: The Paper Engineering of Julian Wehr|url=http://www.wehranimations.com/moving.pdf|access-date=12 December 2016|page=2|date=September 17, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501150315/http://wehranimations.com/moving.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> In 1938, [[Julian Wehr]]'s animations for children's books were patented as "moving illustrations" that move the picture up and down and horizontally at the same time with a single movement.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Guide to the Papers of Julian Wehr, 1885-2004, n.d. (bulk 1943-1949)Wehr, Julian, Papers12250|url=http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu03967.xml|website=ead.lib.virginia.edu|access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wehr|first1=Julian|title=Animated illustration|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2384662|access-date=12 December 2016|date=1945}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wehr|first1=Julian|title=Moving illustration|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2192763|access-date=12 December 2016|date=1940}}</ref>

== Transformations ==
'''Transformations''' show a scene made up of vertical slats. When a reader pulls a tab on the side, the slats slide under and over one another to "transform" into a totally different scene. [[Ernest Nister]], one of the early English children's book authors, often produced books solely of transformations. Many of these have been reproduced by the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}

== Tunnel books ==
[[File:Lane's Telescopic View - The Ceremony of Her Majesty Opening the Great Exhibition (open).jpg|thumb|upright|Tunnel book]]

'''Tunnel books''' (also called '''peepshow books''') consist of a set of pages bound with two folded concertina strips on each side and viewed through a hole in the cover. Openings in each page allow the viewer to see through the entire book to the back, and images on each page work together to create a dimensional scene inside. This type of book dates from the mid-18th century and was inspired by theatrical stage sets. Traditionally, these books were often created to commemorate special events or sold as souvenirs of tourist attractions. The term "tunnel book" derives from the fact that many of these books were made to commemorate the building of the tunnel under the [[Thames River]] in London in the mid-19th century. In the United States, tunnel books were made for such attractions as [[World's Fair]]s and the [[New York Botanical Gardens]].

Recently the tunnel book format has been resurrected by book artist [[Carol Barton]] and others as a sculptural book form. Artists are interested not only in the book's interior views, but also in treating the side accordions and covers as informational and visual surfaces.
A selection of tunnel books by [[Carol Barton]] is archived in the special collections of [[Virginia Commonwealth University]]'s James Branch Cabell Library.

== Volvelles ==
{{main|Volvelle}}
'''Volvelles''' are paper constructions with rotating parts. An early example is the ''[[Astronomicum Caesareum]]'', by [[Petrus Apianus]], which was made for the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles]] in 1540. The book is full of nested circular pieces revolving on grommets.

== Harlequinades and turn-up books ==
[[File:1 Metamorphosis 1814 Benjamin Sands.jpg|thumb|Metamorphosis (a Harlequinades booklet), 1814 by Benjamin Sands]]
[[File:Comparison of two of Benjamin Sands' transformation books- Metamorphosis, oder, eine Verwandlung von Bildern mit poetischen Erklärungen zur Unterhaltung der Jungend (2919840061).jpg|thumb|Comparison of two of Benjamin Sands's transformation books: Metamorphosis]]
About 1765, English printer [[Robert Sayer]] began experimenting with a novelty format for the juvenile book market, an early forerunner to interactive movable books, according to book historian Peter Haining. The outcome was the creation of the "metamorphoses" format, "a thin book of four sections each with two flaps which folded over, and on each section an interchangeable picture. Beneath those pictures appeared some descriptive lines of verse, and as the reader turned up the flaps in the correct order in the text difference scenes were revealed".<ref name="Haining">{{cite book |last1=Haining |first1=Peter |title=Movable books: an illustrated history |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-450-03949-2 |page=10 |oclc=8172362 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8172362 |access-date=9 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Sayer created books featuring the "[[Harlequin]]s" from popular theater [[pantomimes]]. The black and white publications, which were also called Harlequinades or turn-up books, sold for sixpence and the hand-colored ones for one shilling.<ref name="Haining" />

By late 1770, Sayer had published four turn-up or metamorphosis books, which became a "craze with children".<ref name="Quayle">{{cite book |last1=Quayle |first1=Eric |title=The collector's book of children's books |date=1971 |publisher=C.N. Potter; distributed by Crown Publishers |pages=129–130 |oclc=577286008 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/577286008 |access-date=15 May 2021 |language=English}}</ref> Rival booksellers, such as Thomas Hughes and George Martin soon copied the "turn-up" format.<ref name="Quayle" /> In the United States, Joseph Rakestraw published "Metamorphosis; or, a Transformation of Pictures, with Poetical Explanations, for the Amusement of Young Persons", by Benjamin Sands.

== History ==
The audience for early movable books were adults, not children.<ref name="Ideas in Motion">{{cite book |title=Ideas in motion: the history of pop-up and movable books : books & ephemera from the collection of Ellen G.K. Rubin. |date=2005 |publisher=State University of New York, New Paltz |oclc=60524750 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60524750 |language=en}}</ref> The first known movable in a book was created by Benedictine monk [[Matthew Paris]] in his ''[[Chronica Majora]]'', which covers a period beginning in 1240. Paris attached volvelles onto some of the pages which were used by the monks to help calculate holy days. It is speculated that the Catalan mystic and poet [[Ramon Llull]], of Majorca, also used volvelles to illustrate his theories in the early 14th century,<ref name=AllTIME>Allie Townsend, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110219114724/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2049243_2048646_2048993,00.html Pop-Up Book], in "All-TIME 100 Greatest Toys", ''Time'', February 16, 2011.</ref> but no physical example of a paper volvelle created by him has ever been documented. Throughout the centuries volvelles have been used for such diverse purposes as teaching [[anatomy]], making [[astronomical]] predictions, creating secret code, and [[fortune-telling|telling fortunes]]. By 1564 another movable [[astrological]] book titled ''Cosmographia Petri Apiani'' had been published. In the following years, the medical profession made use of this format, illustrating anatomical books with layers and flaps showing the human body. The English landscape designer [[Capability Brown]] made use of flaps to illustrate "before and after" views of his designs.

[[File:Close-up of pop-up from Thomas Malton the Elder's book Treatise on Perspective.jpg|thumb|Page with pop-up part in [[Thomas Malton the Elder]]'s book ''[[Treatise on Perspective]]'' (1775).]]
While it can be documented that books with movable parts had been used for centuries, they were almost always used in scholarly works. In 1775 [[Thomas Malton, the elder]] published ''A Compleat Treatise on Perspective in Theory and Practice, on the Principles of Dr. Brook Taylor''. ''A Compleat Treatise on Perspective'' is the earliest known commercially produced pop-up book since it contains three-dimensional paper mechanisms. The pop-ups are activated by pulling string and form geometric shapes used to aid the reader in understanding the concept of perspective.

It was not until the very late 18th century that these techniques were applied to books designed for entertainment, particularly for children.<ref name="Bibliography">{{cite book |last1=Montanaro |first1=Ann R |title=Pop-up and movable books: a bibliography |date=1993 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Metuchen, NJ |isbn=978-0-8108-2650-2 |page=xiii |oclc=1031620828 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1031620828 |access-date=4 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Some of the first three-dimensional and tab activated books were produced by Ernest Nister and [[Lothar Meggendorfer]]. These books were popular in Germany and Britain during the 19th century.

[[File:Popup-diagram.svg|thumb|A geometric diagram of the basic principle of a pop-up book: the [[parallelogram]]]]
A significant development in the field of pop-up books came in 1929 with the publication of the ''Daily Express Children's Annual'' Number 1, "with pictures that spring up in model form". This was produced by Louis Giraud and Theodore Brown. Four more ''Daily Express Annuals'' followed, and Giraud set up his own publishing house, Strand Publications, which produced the groundbreaking series of Bookano books. The Bookano books are considered the first, true pop-up books for children{{cn|date=January 2025}} because the pop-ups can be viewed from a full 360 degrees, not just the front side facing the viewer. There were seventeen Bookanos before the series came to an end with the death of Giraud in 1949.

One of the notable early examples of movable books in the United States is [[The Moving Picture Books]], published in the early 20th century. These books featured mechanical illustrations that could move or change scenes with the pull of a tab. Initially published by Sully and Kleinteich, and later by The New York Book Company and the Pictorial Color Book Company, they became popular for their interactive storytelling and vibrant illustrations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tisinger |first=Jo |title=The Moving Picture Book Company and The Pictorial Color Book Company |url=https://www.vintagepopupbooks.com/category-s/1860.htm |website=Vintage Pop-Up Books |access-date=September 4, 2024}}</ref>

Another unusual type of pop-up during this time was the tissue paper honeycomb style introduced by United States publisher [[Bernard Wilmsen]], often known by the publishing name B. Wilmsen, in his Tunnel Books.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tisinger |first=Jo |title=B. Wilmsen and his Wonderful Honeycomb 'Pop-up' Books |url=https://www.vintagepopupbooks.com/category-s/1860.htm |website=Vintage Pop-Up Books |access-date=September 4, 2024}}</ref>

In the United States, in the 1930s, Harold Lentz followed Giraud's lead with the production of the Blue Ribbon books in New York. <ref name=KingWSJ>Steven Miller, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125902884513660749 Waldo Hunt, 1920-2009; The 'King of the Pop-Ups' Made Books Spring to Life], ''The Wall Street Journal'', November 24, 2009.</ref><ref name=Montanaro>Ann Montanaro, [http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/scua/montanar/p-intro.htm "A Concise History of Pop-up and Movable Books"], ''The Pop-up World of Ann Montanaro'' (exhibition), Rutgers University Libraries.</ref> In the United States, in the 1930s, [[Blue Ribbon Books]] in New York was the first publisher to use the term ''pop-up'' to describe their movable illustrations, and they became well known for their collaboration with [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], producing popular pop-up editions such as ''The "Pop-Up" Mickey Mouse'' and ''The "Pop-Up" Donald Duck''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tisinger |first=Jo |title=Disney's Blue Ribbon Pop-Up Books - Exploring the Magic |url=https://www.vintagepopupbooks.com/category-s/1864.htm |website=Vintage Pop-Up Books |access-date=September 4, 2024}}</ref>

The next advance in the field was made by [[Vojtěch Kubašta]] working in Prague in the 1960s. His lead was followed by [[Waldo Hunt]] in the US with his founding of Graphics International.<ref name=KingWSJ/><ref name=LATimes/> He and two companies he established, Graphics International and Intervisual Communications (which also produced pop-up advertisements),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barmash |first=Isadore |date=1986-09-08 |title=ADVERTISING; Preparing A 'Pop-Up' For Time |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/08/business/advertising-preparing-a-pop-up-for-time.html |access-date=2025-01-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> produced hundreds of pop-up books for children between the 1960s and 1990s. Although intended for US audiences, these books were assembled in areas with lower labor costs, initially Japan and later Singapore and Latin American countries such as Colombia and Mexico.  Hunt's first pop-up book was ''Bennett Cerf's Pop-Up Riddle Book'', published by [[Random House]] as a promotion for [[Maxwell House|Maxwell House Coffee]] and showcasing the work of humorist [[Bennett Cerf]], who was then president of Random House.<ref name=KingWSJ/><ref name=LATimes/> The team of Waldo Hunt and [[Christopher Cerf (musician and television producer)|Christopher Cerf]] created a total of 30 more children's pop-up books for publication by Random House, including books that featured ''[[Sesame Street]]'' characters. According to Bennett Cerf (in his book ''At Random''), pop-up books were profitable for Random House.<ref name=KingWSJ/>

In addition to his collaborations with Christopher Cerf at Random House, Hunt produced pop-up books for [[Walt Disney]], a series of pop-up books based on [[Babar the Elephant|Babar]], and titles such as ''Haunted House'' by [[Jan Pienkowski]] and ''The Human Body'' by David Pelham.<ref name=KingWSJ/><ref name=LATimes>Valerie J. Nelson, [http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-waldo-hunt22-2009nov22,0,4609543.story "Waldo Hunt dies at 88; entrepreneur revived the pop-up book as art form"], ''Los Angeles Times'', November 22, 2009.</ref>

==Notable works==
Some pop-up books receive attention as literary works for the degree of artistry or sophistication which they entail. The 1967 Random House publication ''Andy Warhol's Index'', was produced by [[Andy Warhol]], Chris Cerf and Alan Rinzler, and included photos of celebrities together with pop-up versions of Warholesque images such as a cardboard [[tin can|can]] of [[tomato paste]],<ref name=KingWSJ/> as well as a plastic tear-out recording, an inflatable silver balloon, and other novelties. Pop-up book artist [[Colette Fu]] designed China's largest pop-up book. In 2008, she was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to create pop-up books of the 25 ethnic minorities residing in Yunnan Province, China. Her work can be found in the [[Library of Congress]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] and [[National Museum of Women in the Arts]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/11/an-elaborate-pop-up-book-about-life-in-china/|title=A Mind-Blowing Pop-Up Book Shows China's Vanishing Tribes|last=Stinson|first=Liz|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2017-08-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[David A. Carter]], who created many bug themed pop-ups, and [[Robert Sabuda]] are other prominent pop-up book authors. ''Star Wars: A Pop-Up Guide to the Galaxy'', by [[Matthew Reinhart]]. This book received literary attention for its elaborate pop-ups, and the skill of its imagery, with ''[[The New York Times]]'' saying that "calling this sophisticated piece of engineering a 'pop-up book' is like calling the Great Wall of China a partition".<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/books/review/Pogue-t.html?_r=1&ref=authors&oref=slogin "A Galaxy in Your Face"], ''[[The New York Times Book Review]]'', November 11, 2007, children's book section.</ref>

==Collections==
===Library collections===
* [[Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library]] at Yale University.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=Gay |title=Eccentric books: Arts of the Book, Yale University Library January-March 1988, an exhibit : eccentric books from the Yale University Library collections |date=1988 |publisher=Yale University Library |pages=62 |oclc=18039509 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18039509 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bowdoin College]], the George J. Mitchell Department of Special Collections & Archives in Brunswick, Maine holds the Harold M. Goralnick Pop-up Book Collection, which contains 1,900 volumes.<ref>{{cite web |title=(Bowdoin, Library, Harold M. Goralnick Pop-up Book Collection) |url=https://library.bowdoin.edu/arch/exhibits/popup/menu.shtml |website=library.bowdoin.edu |access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref>
* The [[North Carolina State University]] Libraries Research and Study Collection of Pop-Up Books 1960–2009 contains 7.5 linear feet of pop-up books, catalogs, newspaper clippings and other related ephemera pop-up book materials, many donated by Sara Frooman.<ref>{{cite web |title=NC State University Libraries Research and Study Collection of Pop-Up Books, 1960-2009 {{!}} NC State University Libraries Collection Guides |url=https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/findingaids/rbc00010 |website=www.lib.ncsu.edu |access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref>
* The [[University of Iowa]] Special Collections Library in Iowa City includes the [[Matthew Reinhart]] Pop-up Book Collection<ref>{{cite web |title=Collection: Matthew Reinhart Pop-Up Book Collection {{!}} ArchivesSpace at the University of Iowa |url=http://aspace.lib.uiowa.edu/repositories/2/resources/3324 |website=aspace.lib.uiowa.edu |access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref> and the Emily Martin Collection,<ref>{{cite web |title=Collection: Emily Martin Collection {{!}} ArchivesSpace at the University of Iowa |url=http://aspace.lib.uiowa.edu/repositories/2/resources/904 |website=aspace.lib.uiowa.edu |access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref> two noted paper engineers.
* The [[University of New Hampshire]] Dimond Library in Durham, New Hampshire holds the Carel Chapman Movable Book Collection, which contains over 1,800 pop-up and movable books.<ref>{{cite web |title=Carel Chapman {{!}} Library |url=https://www.library.unh.edu/find/archives/collections/carel-chapman |website=www.library.unh.edu |access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[File:Le Chateau d'Edinbourg Das Schloss zu Edinburg The Castle of Edinburgh 01.jpg|thumb|Le Chateau d'Edinbourg Das Schloss zu Edinburg The Castle of Edinburgh from Edinburgh University Heritage Collections]][[File:Peep hole in the Le Chateau d'Edinbourg Das Schloss zu Edinburg The Castle of Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|Peep hole in the Le Chateau d'Edinbourg Das Schloss zu Edinburg The Castle of Edinburgh from Edinburgh University Heritage Collections]]Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries Special Collections and Archives holds the [https://vcu.exposure.co/pop-art Betty Tisinger Collection] and many other examples of pop-up and movable books.

===Museum collections===
* [[Cooper-Hewitt]], Smithsonian Design Museum has over 1,700 titles in its Pop-Up Book Collection.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Collections |url=https://library.si.edu/libraries/cooper-hewitt/collections |website=library.si.edu |access-date=22 November 2020 |language=en|date=2012}}</ref>
* [[Rosenbach Museum and Library]] in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania includes 643 books from illustrator [[Maurice Sendak|Maurice Sendak's]] bequeath of his [[Lothar Meggendorfer]] collection of movable books.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Sara |title=The Marvelous World of Meggendorfer's Moving Books |url=https://rosenbach.org/blog/the-marvelous-world-of-meggendorfers/ |website=The Rosenbach |access-date=22 November 2020 |date=11 February 2017}}</ref>

== Associations ==
Since 1993, the [[Movable Book Society]] has provided a forum for artists, book sellers, book producers, collectors, curators, and others to share enthusiasm and exchange information about pop-up and movable books. The organization also awards industry prizes for best paper engineer (trade and artists’ book) and excellence in paper engineering by an undergraduate or graduate student.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Movable Book Society|url=http://www.movablebooksociety.org/|website=www.movablebooksociety.org|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hicks |first1=Kyra E |title=The Movable Book Society Meggendorfer Awards: celebrating paper engineers, book artists & pop-up books, 1998-2018 |date=27 October 2019 |isbn=978-0-9746775-1-4 |oclc=1127650879 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1127650879 |access-date=22 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* The central plot of the film ''[[Paddington 2]]'' (2017) revolves around trying to retrieve 'Mrs. Kozlovas Pop-Up Book', a pop-up book containing clues that lead to a treasure.
* The children's animated television series ''[[Zack and Quack]]'' takes place in a world on the pages of a pop-up book. The nine-year-old boy Zack and his duck friend Quack go on adventures involving paper and pulling tabs to transform scenes.

== See also ==
{{Portal |Children's literature |Books}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Alphabet book]]
* [[Altered book]]
* [[Art diary]]
* [[Artist's book]]
* [[Bookbinding]]
* [[Chapbook]]
* [[Concealing objects in a book]]
* [[Copybook (education)|Copybook]]
* [[Doujinshi]]
* [[Ezine]]
* [[Fine press]]
* [[Interactive children's book]]
* [[Miniature book]]
* [[Minicomic]]
* [[Origami]]
* [[Pamphlet]]
* [[Paper craft]]
* [[Paper fortune teller]]
* [[Paper plane]]
* [[Toy book]]
* [[Visual poetry]]
* [[Volvelle]]
* [[Zine]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist |25em}}

== Further reading ==
* ''Pop-Up! A Manual of Paper Mechanisms'' by Duncan Birmingham, 1997. {{ISBN|1899618090}}
* ''The Elements of Pop Ups'' by James Diaz and David A. Carter, 1999. {{ISBN|0689822243}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=((Hinshaw, Craig)) |date=November 1999 |title=Looking into Tunnel Books |journal=Arts & Activities |volume=126 |issue=3 |pages=34–35 |oclc=425444586}}
* ''The Pocket Paper Engineer, Volume 1, Basic Forms'' by Carol Barton, 2005. {{ISBN|0962775207}}
* ''The Pocket Paper Engineer, Volume 2, Platforms and Props'' by Carol Barton, 2008. {{ISBN|0962775223}}
* ''The Pocket Paper Engineer, Volume 3, V-Folds'' by Carol Barton, 2012. {{ISBN|0962775231}}
* {{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Janet M. |date=2013 |title=Exploring Artistic Learning Through the Creation of Tunnel Books |publisher=Boston University College of Fine Arts |hdl=2144/4523}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pop-up books}}
* [http://www.library.unt.edu/rarebooks/exhibits/popup2/default.htm Pop-Up and Movable Books, A Tour through Their History] {{--}} An online exhibit by [[University of North Texas]] Libraries
:From the nineteenth century to the present, featuring examples from the Weaver collection
* [https://explore.lib.virginia.edu/exhibits/show/popgoesthepage/ Pop Goes the Page: Movable and Mechanical Books from the Brenda Forman Collection (2000)] {{--}} An exhibit from [[University of Virginia]] Library
* [http://www.movablebooksociety.org/ The Movable Book Society]
* [https://www.loc.gov/aba/cyac/toys.html Toy and Movable (T&M) Books: Subject & Descriptive Cataloging] — Instruction on use of this [[Library of Congress Subject Heading]] for current acquisitions
* [https://www.vintagepopupbooks.com/Movable-Book-History-s/1851.htm Movable Book History] – VintagePopUpBooks.com

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