View source for Polysorbate 80

{{short description|Nonionic surfactant and emulsifier used in food and cosmetics}}
{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields  = changed
| verifiedrevid  = 476998951
| Reference      = <ref>''[[Merck Index]]'', 13th Edition, '''7664'''.</ref>
| Name           = Polysorbate 80
| ImageFile      = Polysorbate 80.png
| ImageSize      = 275px
| ImageName      = 
| ImageFile2     = Polysorbate 80 Food additive E433.jpg
| ImageAlt2      = A vial containing Polysorbate 80
| IUPACName      = Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate
| OtherNames     = {{Unbulleted list
  | Kolliphor PS 80
  | Montanox 80
  | Alkest TW 80
  | Tween 80
  | PS 80
  | Kotilen-80
  }}
| Section1       = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 9005-65-6
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 1697847
| RTECS = WG2932500
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 6OZP39ZG8H
| KEGG = D01067
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = none
  }}
| Section2       = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula = C<sub>64</sub>H<sub>124</sub>O<sub>26</sub>
| MolarMass = 1310 g/mol
| Appearance = Amber colored oil
| Density = 1.102 g/mL
| Viscosity = 300–500 [[centistoke]]s (@25°C)
| Solubility = 100 mL/L <ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Sigma/Product_Information_Sheet/1/p8466pis.pdf |title=Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate Product Information |publisher=Sigma |date=1996-10-28|access-date=2024-07-11}}</ref>
| Solvent = other solvents
| SolubleOther = soluble in ethanol, cottonseed oil, corn oil, ethyl acetate, methanol, toluene
| MeltingPt =
| BoilingPt = > 100°C
  }}
| Section7       = {{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards = Irritant
| NFPA-H = 1
| NFPA-F = 1
| NFPA-R = 0
| FlashPtC = 113
  }}
}}

'''Polysorbate 80''' is a nonionic [[surfactant]] and [[emulsifier]] often used in pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics. This synthetic compound is a viscous, [[water-soluble]] yellow liquid.

==Chemistry==
Polysorbate 80 is derived from [[ethoxylation|polyethoxylated]] [[sorbitan]] and [[oleic acid]]. The [[hydrophilic]] groups in this compound are poly[[ether]]s also known as polyoxyethylene groups, which are polymers of [[ethylene oxide]]. In the nomenclature of polysorbates, the numeric designation following polysorbate refers to the [[lipophilic]] group, in this case, the oleic acid (see [[polysorbate]] for more detail).

The full chemical names for polysorbate 80 are:
*Polyoxyethylene (80) sorbitan monooleate
*(x)-sorbitan mono-9-octadecenoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)

The [[critical micelle concentration]] of polysorbate 80 in pure water is reported as 0.012&nbsp;mM.<ref name="DannyK">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chou DK, Krishnamurthy R, Randolph TW, Carpenter JF, Manning MC |title=Effects of Tween 20 and Tween 80 on the stability of Albutropin during agitation |journal=[[J Pharm Sci]] |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=1368–81 |date=June 2005 |pmid=15858848 |doi=10.1002/jps.20365 }}</ref>

==Other names==
[[E number]]: E433

Brand names:
*Kolliphor PS 80<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polysorbates and Sorbitan Esters for Pharmaceutical Applications |url=https://pharma.basf.com/chemistry/polysorbates-and-sorbitan-esters |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=BASF Pharma |language=en-US}}</ref> - Kolliphor is a registered trademark of [[BASF]]
*Alkest TW 80
*Scattics
*Canarcel
*Poegasorb 80
*Montanox 80 – Montanox is a registered trademark of [[SEPPIC|Seppic]]
*Tween 80 – Tween is a registered trademark of [[Croda International|Croda]] Americas, Inc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=2885675&caseType=US_REGISTRATION_NO&searchType=statusSearch|title=Trademark Status & Document Retrieval|website=tsdr.uspto.gov}}</ref>
*Kotilen-80 - Kotilen is a registered trademark of [[Kolb AG]]

==Uses==

===Food===
Polysorbate 80 is used as an emulsifier in foods, though research suggests it may "profoundly impact intestinal microbiota in a manner that promotes gut inflammation and associated disease states."<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1186/s40168-020-00996-6 | vauthors=Naimi, S, Viennois, E, Gewirtz, A T, Chassaing, B |title = Direct impact of commonly used dietary emulsifiers on human gut microbiota |journal= Microbiome  | year= 2021 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 | page= 66 | pmid= 33752754 | pmc= 7986288 | doi-access= free }}</ref>

For example, in ice cream, polysorbate is added up to 0.5% ([[v/v]]) concentration to make the ice cream smoother and easier to handle, as well as increasing its resistance to melting.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/S0958-6946(97)00040-X| issn = 0958-6946| volume = 7| issue = 6–7| pages = 363–373| last = Goff| first = H. Douglas| title = Colloidal aspects of ice cream—A review| journal = International Dairy Journal| year = 1997}}</ref> Adding polysorbate prevents [[milk]] proteins from completely coating the [[fat]] droplets. This allows them to join in chains and nets, which hold air in the mixture, and provide a firmer texture that holds its shape as the ice cream melts.

===Health and beauty===
Polysorbate 80 is also used as a surfactant in soaps and cosmetics (including eyedrops), or a [[solubilizer]], such as in a mouthwash. The [[cosmetic grade]] of polysorbate 80 may have more impurities than the food grade.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Polysorbate 80?|url=http://blog.honest.com/polysorbate-80/|work=The Honest Company Blog|publisher=The Honest Company|access-date=24 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227065449/http://blog.honest.com/polysorbate-80/|archive-date=27 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Medical===
Polysorbate 80 is a surfactant and [[solubilizer]] used in a variety of oral and topical pharmaceutical products.

Polysorbate 80 is also an [[excipient]] that is used to stabilize aqueous formulations of medications for [[parenteral]] administration, and used as an emulsifier in the making of the antiarrhythmic [[amiodarone]].<ref>{{cite web|last = Gautier & Bellamy|title = Pharmaceutical amiodarone composition for parenteral delivery|url = http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6143778.html|access-date = 2008-04-06|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090620133424/http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6143778.html|archive-date = 2009-06-20}}</ref> It is also used as an excipient in some European and Canadian [[influenza vaccine]]s.<ref name="H1N1">[http://www.wrha.mb.ca/professionals/influenza/files/orientation/Orientation_4-A.pdf Pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) Influenza Vaccine Quick Reference Guide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011082256/http://www.wrha.mb.ca/professionals/influenza/files/orientation/Orientation_4-A.pdf |date=2010-10-11}} ''Winnipeg Regional Health Authority'' 2009</ref> Influenza vaccines contain 2.5&nbsp;μg of polysorbate 80 per dose.<ref name="H1N1" /> Polysorbate 80 is found in many vaccines used in the United States,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/appendices/B/excipient-table-2.pdf |title=Vaccine Excipient & Media Summary |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=June 2018}}</ref> including the [[Janssen COVID-19 vaccine]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Janssen Standing Orders for Covid-19|url=https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/104719 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=March 15, 2021}}</ref> It is used in the culture of ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' in Middlebrook 7H9 broth. It is also used as an emulsifier in the estrogen-regulating drug [[Estradiol (medication)|Estrasorb]].<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2003/21371_estrasorb_lbl.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615170638/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2003/21371_estrasorb_lbl.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 15, 2010 |title=Estrasorb Prescribing Information |publisher=Novavax, Inc.}}</ref>

Polysorbate 80 is also used in granulation for stabilization of drugs and excipients when [[Isopropyl alcohol|IPA]] binding.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atamanchemicals.com/polysorbate-80_u26652/#:~:text=Middlebrook%207H9%20broth.-,Polysorbate%2080%20is%20also%20used%20as%20an%20emulsifier%20in%20the,%2Fgolden%2Dcolored%20viscous%20liquid |title=Polysorbate 80 |publisher=Ataman Checmicals |access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref>

===Laboratory===
Some [[mycobacteria]] contain a type of [[lipase]] (enzyme that breaks up [[lipid]] molecules); when these species are added to a mixture of polysorbate 80 and [[phenol red]], they cause the solution to change color, so this is used as a test to identify the [[phenotypic testing of Mycobacteria|phenotype]] of a strain or isolate.
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.capecrystalbrands.com/blogs/cape-crystal-brands/what-is-food-grade-polysorbate-80#:~:text=phenol%20red%2C%20lipase,producing%20bacteria |title=Laboratory Use of Polysorbate 80 |publisher=Cape Crystal Brands  |date=November 26, 2023 |access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref>

On [[Petri dish|RODAC agar]] plates used in microbiological control, polysorbate 80 counteracts disinfectants often found on sampled surfaces, thereby allowing the microbes found on these surfaces to grow.
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.capecrystalbrands.com/blogs/cape-crystal-brands/what-is-food-grade-polysorbate-80#:~:text=RODAC%20agar%20plates%2C%20another%20application,microbes%20present%20on%20those%20surfaces |title=Application of Polysorbate 80 in Laboratory Settings |publisher=Cape Crystal Brands |date=November 26, 2023 |access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Polysorbate 20]], used as a wetting agent in mouth drops
*[[Polysorbate 40]]
*[[Polysorbate 60]], used as an emulsifier in powdered drink preparations such as hot cocoa mix
*[[Polysorbate 65]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

.

[[Category:Non-ionic surfactants]]
[[Category:E-number additives]]
[[Category:Adjuvants]]