View source for Politics of Ukraine

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Infobox political system
| name                          = Politics of Ukraine
| native_name                   = Державний лад України ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]])<br />{{small|''Derzhavnyi lad Ukrainy'' ([[Romanization]])}}
| image                         = Coat of arms of Ukraine.svg
| image_size                    = 100
| caption                       = Coat of arms of Ukraine
| government                    = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] constitutional republic
| constitution                  = [[Constitution of Ukraine]]
| formation                     = [[Ukrainian Declaration of Independence|24 August 1991]] (independence){{-}}28 June 1996 (constitution in force)
| dissolution                   =
| website                       =
| legislature                   = [[Verkhovna Rada]]
| legislature_type              = [[Unicameralism|Unicameral]]
| legislature_place             = [[Verkhovna Rada building|Verkhovna Rada Building]], [[Kyiv]]
| legislature_speaker           =
| legislature_speaker_title     =
| title_hos                     = [[President of Ukraine|President]]
| current_hos                   = [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]
| appointer_hos                 = [[Ukrainian presidential elections|Direct popular vote]]
| title_hog                     = [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]
| current_hog                   = [[Yulia Svyrydenko]]
| appointer_hog                 = Verkhovna Rada
| cabinet                       = [[Government of Ukraine]]
| cabinet_appointer             = Verkhovna Rada
| current_cabinet               = [[Shmyhal Government]]
| cabinet_ministries            = 19
| judiciary                     = [[Judiciary of Ukraine]]
| judiciary_head                =
| law                           = [[Law of Ukraine]]
| court                         = [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine|Constitutional Court]]
| chief_judge                   = Nataliya Shaptala
| court_seat                    = 14 Zhylianska St., Kyiv
| court1                        = [[Supreme Court of Ukraine|Supreme Court]]
| chief_judge1                  = [[Yaroslav Romanyuk]]
| seat1                         = [[Klov Palace]]
}}
{{Politics of Ukraine}}

The '''politics of Ukraine''' take place in a framework of a [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] and a [[multi-party system]]. A [[Government of Ukraine|Cabinet of Ministers]] exercises [[executive power]] (jointly with the [[President of Ukraine|president]] until 1996). [[Legislative power]] is vested in Ukraine's [[parliament]], the [[Verkhovna Rada]] ({{langx|uk|Верховна Рада|translation=Supreme Council}}).

As part of the [[Soviet Union]] as the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] until 1991, the political system featured a [[single-party]] [[Socialist state|socialist-republic]] framework characterized by the superior role of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)|Communist Party of Ukraine]] (CPU), the sole-governing party then permitted by the Ukrainian SSR's [[Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR|constitution]]. In 1996, the [[Constitution of Ukraine|current constitution]] replaced the previous constitution that was introduced in 1978.

The [[International reactions to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|condemned Russian annexations]] of [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Crimea]] in 2014 and of [[Donetsk People's Republic|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk]] [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/4|in 2022]] have complicated the ''de facto'' political situation associated with those areas.

==Constitution and fundamental freedoms==
{{see also|Constitution of Ukraine}}
Shortly after becoming [[independent (nation)|independent]] in 1991, Ukraine named a parliamentary commission to prepare a new [[constitution]], adopted a [[multi-party system]], and adopted legislative guarantees of [[civil rights|civil and political rights]] for national minorities. A new, democratic constitution was adopted on 28 June 1996, which mandates a pluralistic political system with protection of basic [[human rights]] and [[civil liberties|liberties]], and a [[presidentialism|semi-presidential form of government]].

The Constitution was amended in December 2004<ref>{{Cite Ukrainian law|type=Verkhovna Rada decree|number=2222-IV|law=2222-15|name=About the amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine|date=2004-12-08}}</ref> to ease the resolution of the [[2004 Ukrainian presidential election|2004 presidential election crisis]]. The [[consociationalist]] agreement transformed the [[form of government]] in a [[semi-presidentialism]] in which the [[president of Ukraine]] had to [[Cohabitation (government)|cohabit]] with a powerful [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|prime minister]]. The Constitutional Amendments took force between January and May 2006.

The [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]] in October 2010 overturned the 2004 amendments, considering them unconstitutional.<ref>[https://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/84619/ Update: Return to 1996 Constitution strengthens president, raises legal questions], [[Kyiv Post]] (1 October 2010)</ref> On 18 November 2010, The [[Venice Commission]] published its report titled ''The Opinion of the Constitutional Situation in Ukraine in Review of the Judgement of Ukraine's Constitutional Court'', in which it stated "It also considers highly unusual that far-reaching constitutional amendments, including the change of the political system of the country - from a parliamentary system to a parliamentary presidential one - are declared unconstitutional by a decision of the Constitutional Court after a period of 6 years. ... As Constitutional Courts are bound by the Constitution and do not stand above it, such decisions raise important questions of democratic legitimacy and the rule of law".<ref>Opinion on the constitutional situation in Ukraine dated 20 December 2010 - Source [[Venice Commission]] http://www.venice.coe.int/WebForms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2010)044-e</ref>

On 21 February 2014, the parliament passed a law that reinstated the 8 December 2004 amendments of the constitution.<ref name="bt2004UCIU21214"/> This was passed under simplified procedure without any decision of the relevant committee and was passed in the first and the second reading in one voting by 386 deputies.<ref name="bt2004UCIU21214"/> The law was approved by 140 MPs of the [[Party of Regions]], 89 MPs of [[Batkivshchyna]], 40 MPs of [[UDAR]], 32 of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine|Communist Party]], and 50 independent lawmakers.<ref name="bt2004UCIU21214">[https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/191727.html Ukrainian parliament reinstates 2004 Constitution], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (21 February 2014)</ref>  According to [[Radio Free Europe]], however, the measure was not signed by the then-president [[Viktor Yanukovych]], who was subsequently removed from office.<ref name=RadioFreeEurope>{{cite web|last=Sindelar |first=Daisy |url=https://www.rferl.org/content/was-yanukovychs-ouster-constitutional/25274346.html |title=Was Yanukovych's Ouster Constitutional? |publisher=Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty (Rferl.org) |date=23 February 2014 |access-date=25 February 2014 |quote=Yanukovych, however, failed to sign the measure.}}</ref>

On 3 September 2019, new amendments to the Constitution were passed which abolished the [[parliamentary immunity]] for the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada, with the exception that they were immune for the results of voting or their statements in the parliament, but they are liable for insult or defamation.<ref>[https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/volodimir-zelenskij-pidpisav-zakon-pro-skasuvannya-deputatsk-57181 "Volodymyr Zelenskyy signed the law abolishing parliamentary immunity"] (11 September 2019). Official website of the President of Ukraine.</ref> New revision came into force on 1 January 2020.<ref>[https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/27-20/ed20221101#Text "Regarding the immunity of people's deputies of Ukraine"] (2019-09-03) (in Ukrainian). [https://www.rada.gov.ua/en Official webportal of the Parliament of Ukraine]</ref>

===Fundamental Freedoms and basic elements of constitutional system===
Article 1 of the Constitution establishes Ukraine as a sovereign and independent, democratic, social, law-based state.<ref name="UAConstitutionENG">[https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/en/254к/96-вр/ed20200101#Text Constitution of Ukraine] (2020-01-01 revision). Official translation (2021-05-27 version). [https://www.rada.gov.ua/en Official webportal of the Parliament of Ukraine]</ref>

Article 5 of the Constitution defines Ukraine as a republic. The people are the bearer of sovereignty and the sole source of power in Ukraine, and exercise power directly and through the government authorities and local government. No one must usurp state power.<ref name="UAConstitutionENG" />

Article 15 of the Constitution states that social life in Ukraine must be based on the principles of political, economic, and ideological diversity. No ideology is recognised as mandatory by the State. Censorship is prohibited. The State guarantees the freedom of political activities not prohibited by the Constitution and the laws of Ukraine.<ref name="UAConstitutionENG" />

[[Freedom of religion]] is guaranteed by law, although religious organizations are required to register with local authorities and with the central government. Article 35 of the Constitution defines that no religion may be recognized by the state as mandatory,<ref name="UAConstitutionENG" /> while church and religious organizations in Ukraine are separated from the state.

Minority rights are respected in accordance with a 1991 law guaranteeing ethnic minorities the right to [[schools]], educational buildings, and cultural facilities and the use of national languages in conducting personal business.
11 Article of the Constitution states that State must promote the consolidation and development of the Ukrainian nation, its historical consciousness, traditions, and culture, as well as the development of ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious identity of all indigenous peoples and national minorities of Ukraine.<ref name="UAConstitutionENG" />

According to Article 10 of Ukrainian constitution, [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] is the only official state language.<ref name="UAConstitutionENG" /> However, in [[Crimea]] and some parts of eastern Ukraine – areas which also include substantial ethnic Russian minorities – the use of [[Russian language|Russian]] is widespread.

[[Freedom of speech|Freedom of speech and press]] are guaranteed by law, but authorities sometimes interfere with the news media through different forms of pressure (see [[Freedom of the press in Ukraine]]). In particular, the failure of the government to conduct a thorough, credible, and transparent investigation into the 2000 disappearance and murder of independent journalist [[Georgiy Gongadze]] has had a negative effect on Ukraine's international image. Over half of Ukrainians polled by the [[Razumkov Center]] in early October 2010 (56.6%) believed political censorship existed in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/85683/ | title=Over half of Ukrainians feel political censorship - Oct. 09, 2010 | date=9 October 2010 }}</ref>

Official [[trade union|labor union]]s have been grouped under the Federation of Labor Unions. A number of independent unions, which emerged in 1992, among them the Independent Union of Miners of Ukraine, have formed the Consultative Council of Free Labor Unions. While the right to [[strike action|strike]] is legally guaranteed by the Constitution,<ref name="UAConstitutionENG" /> strikes based solely on political demands are prohibited.

Article 157 of the Constitution prohibits amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine "under conditions of martial law or a state of emergency."<ref name="UAConstitutionENG" /> Elections, referendums, strikes, mass gatherings and protests are prohibited during martial law.<ref>[https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/389-19/ed20240630#Text Law on the legal status of martial law] (2024-06-30 revision) (in Ukrainian). Article 19. [https://www.rada.gov.ua/en Official webportal of the Parliament of Ukraine]</ref>

==Executive branch==
{{office-table}}
|[[President of Ukraine|President]]
|[[Volodymyr Zelensky]]
|[[Servant of the People (political party)|Servant of the People]]
|20 May 2019
|-
|[[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]
||[[Yulia Svyrydenko]]
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|17 July 2025
|}

The president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term.<ref name="New Ukrainian president 5-year term">{{cite news|agency=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/205114.html|title=New Ukrainian president will be elected for 5-year term – Constitutional Court|date=16 May 2014|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517121006/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/205114.html|archive-date=17 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[President of Ukraine|president]] nominates the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|prime minister]], who must be confirmed by parliament. The prime minister and cabinet are ''de jure'' appointed by the Parliament on submission of the president and prime minister, respectively. [[s:Constitution of Ukraine#Article 114|Pursuant to Article 114]] of the [[Constitution of Ukraine]].

==Legislative branch==
The [[Verkhovna Rada]] (Parliament of Ukraine) has 450 members, elected for a five-year term. Prior to 2006, half of the members were elected by [[proportional representation]], and the other half by single-seat [[constituency|constituencies]]. In the [[2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election|2006]] and [[2007 Ukrainian parliamentary election]]s, all 450 members of the Verkhovna Rada were elected by party-list proportional representation, but the system returned to [[parallel voting]] in [[2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election|2012]]. In 2019 the Electoral Code was adopted, according to which, all members of parliament will be elected exclusively on [[Open list|open party lists]].<ref>[https://www.dw.com/uk/що-треба-знати-про-новий-виборчий-кодекс/a-49552898 "What you need to know about the new Electoral Code"] (in Ukrainian) by Олександр Савицький, DW (11 July 2019) </ref>

The [[Verkhovna Rada]] initiates legislation, ratifies [[treaty|international agreements]], and approves the [[budget]].

==Political parties and elections==
{{see also|Political parties in Ukraine|Elections in Ukraine}}

Ukrainian parties tend not to have clear-cut ideologies<ref name="Max Bader Center">[https://books.google.com/books?id=uD-9tyD2KrMC&pg=PA82 Against All Odds:Aiding Political Parties in Georgia and Ukraine] by Max Bader, [[Vossiuspers UvA]], 2010, {{ISBN|978-90-5629-631-5}} (page 82)
</ref> but are incline to centre around [[civilization]]al and [[Geostrategy|geostrategic]] orientations (rather than [[economic]] and [[socio-political]] agendas, as in [[Western world|Western politics]]),<ref name=Umland>[http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle?], [[openDemocracy.net]] (3 January 2011)
</ref> around personalities and business interests.<ref>{{multiref2
|1=[https://books.google.com/books?id=D8_o-F6-_VYC&pg=PA41 Black Sea Politics:Political Culture and Civil Society in an Unstable Region], [[I. B. Tauris]], 2005, {{ISBN|978-1-84511-035-2}} (page 45)
|2=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LzChTG9xYJcC&pg=PA140 State-Building:A Comparative Study of Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, and Russia] by Verena Fritz, [[Central European University Press]], 2008, {{ISBN|978-963-7326-99-8}} (page 189)
|3=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9gGKtLTQlUcC&pg=PA928 Political Parties of Eastern Europe:A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era] by [[Janusz Bugajski]], [[M.E. Sharpe]], 2002, {{ISBN|978-1-56324-676-0}} (page 829)
|4=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eieDJoACc1YC&pg=PA36 Ukraine and European Society (Chatham House Papers)] by Tor Bukkvoll, [[Pinter]], 1998, {{ISBN|978-1-85567-465-3}} (page 36)
|5=[https://books.google.com/books?id=C8C3xuqd6aMC&pg=PA160 How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy] by [[Anders Åslund]], [[Peterson Institute for International Economics]], 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-88132-427-3}}
|6=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fHl1Y-OYyMYC&pg=PA146 The Rebirth of Europe] by Elizabeth Pond, [[Brookings Institution Press]], 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-8157-7159-3}} (page 146)
|7=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H23Pv4Ik3vMC&pg=PA383 Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe] by [[Uwe Backes]] and [[Patrick Moreau (political scientist)|Patrick Moreau]], [[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]], 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-525-36912-8}} (page 383 and 396)
|8=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FHn6GavS9c0C&pg=PA110 The Crisis of Russian Democracy:The Dual State, Factionalism and the Medvedev Succession] by [[Richard Sakwa]], [[Cambridge University Press]], 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-521-14522-0}} (page 110)
|9=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MTSQi1vLFU4C&pg=PA129 To Balance or Not to Balance:Alignment Theory And the Commonwealth of Independent States by Eric A. Miller], [[Ashgate Publishing]], {{ISBN|978-0-7546-4334-0}} (page 129)
|10=[http://www.dni.gov/nic/confreports_ukrainechlnge.html Ukraine:Challenges of the Continuing Transition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034823/http://www.dni.gov/nic/confreports_ukrainechlnge.html |date=2011-07-21 }}, [[National Intelligence Council]] (Conference Report August 1999)
|11=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp7VKL4p7kQC&pg=PA190 Understanding Ukrainian Politics:Power, Politics, And Institutional Design] by [[Paul D'Anieri]], [[M. E. Sharpe]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-7656-1811-5}} (page 189)
|12=[https://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/55635/ Former German Ambassador Studemann views superiority of personality factor as fundamental defect of Ukrainian politics], [[Kyiv Post]] (21 December 2009)
}}</ref>

Party membership is lower than 1% of the population eligible to vote (compared to an average of 4.7% in the [[European Union]]).<ref>[http://www.eui.eu/Projects/EUDO-OPPR/Research.aspx Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116021632/http://www.eui.eu/Projects/EUDO-OPPR/Research.aspx|date=2012-01-16}}, [[European Union Democracy Observatory]]</ref><ref>[https://www.cipe.org/essay/Ukraine%20-%20Comprehensive%20partnership%20for%20a%20real%20democracy.pdf Ukraine: Comprehensive Partnership for a Real Democracy], Center for International Private Enterprise, 2010
</ref><ref>
[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/112656/ Poll: Ukrainians unhappy with domestic economic situation, their own lives], [[Kyiv Post]] (12 September 2011)
</ref>

==Judicial branch==
{{main|Judiciary of Ukraine}}

''constitutional jurisdiction'':
* the [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]].
''general jurisdiction'':
*

Laws, acts of the parliament and the Cabinet, presidential edicts, and acts of the Crimean parliament ([[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]]) may be nullified by the [[Constitutional Court of Ukraine]] when they are found to violate the [[Constitution of Ukraine]]. Other normative acts are subject to judicial review. The [[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] is the main body in the system of courts of general jurisdiction.

The Constitution of Ukraine provides for trials by jury. This has not yet been implemented in practice. Moreover, some courts provided for by legislation as still in project, as is the case for, e.g., the Court of Appeals of Ukraine. The reform of the judicial branch is presently underway.
Important is also the Office of the [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine]], granted the broad rights of control and supervision.

==Administrative divisions==
{{main|Administrative divisions of Ukraine}}

[[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Ukraine is divided into]] 24 [[Oblasts of Ukraine|oblast]]s (regions). Each oblast is divided into [[Raions of Ukraine|raions]] (districts). The current administrative divisions [[Administrative divisions of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|remain the same as]] the local administrations of [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]]. The heads of the oblasts and raions are appointed and dismissed by the [[president of Ukraine]]. They serve as representatives of the central government in Kyiv. They govern over locally elected assemblies. This system encourages regional elites to compete fiercely for control over the central government and the position of the president.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Politics of Regionalism|url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/03082014-politics-regionalism-decentralisation-ukraine-analysis/|website=Eurasia Review|access-date=3 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805212738/http://www.eurasiareview.com/03082014-politics-regionalism-decentralisation-ukraine-analysis/|archive-date=5 August 2014}}</ref>

==Autonomous Republic of Crimea==
{{main|Politics of Crimea}}
In 1992, a number of pro-Russian political organizations in [[Crimea]] advocated the secession of Crimea and annexation into [[Russia]]. During [[Soviet Union|USSR]] times Crimea was ceded from Russia to Ukraine in 1954 by First Secretary [[Nikita Khrushchev]] to mark the 300th anniversary of the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]]. In July 1992, the Crimean and Ukrainian parliaments determined that Crimea would remain under Ukrainian jurisdiction while retaining significant cultural and economic autonomy, thus creating the [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]].

The Crimean peninsula—while under Ukrainian sovereignty, served as a site for major military bases of both Ukrainian and Russian forces, and was heavily populated by ethnic Russians.

In early 2014, Ukraine's pro-Russian president, [[Viktor Yanukovich|Viktor Yanukovych]], was ousted by Ukrainians over his refusal to ally Ukraine with the European Union, rather than Russia. In response, Russia invaded Crimea in February 2014 and occupied it.

In March 2014,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.vice.com/video/russian-roulette-the-invasion-of-ukraine-dispatch-one|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505141515/https://news.vice.com/video/russian-roulette-the-invasion-of-ukraine-dispatch-one|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2014|title=Russian Roulette: The Invasion of Ukraine (Dispatch One)|publisher=vicenews.com|date=5 March 2014|access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref> during occupation [[Crimean referendum, 2014|a controversial referendum]] was held in Crimea with 97% of voters backing joining Russia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/official-results-97-of-crimea-voters-back-joining-russia/|title=Official results: 97 percent of Crimea voters back joining Russia|publisher=cbsnews.com|date=17 March 2014|access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref>

On 18 March 2014, Russia and the new, self-proclaimed [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]] signed a [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation#Accession treaty and aftermath|treaty of accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol]] in the Russian Federation. In response, the UN General Assembly passed non-binding [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262|resolution 68/262]] declaring the referendum invalid and officially supporting Ukraine's claim to Crimea. Although Russia administers the peninsula as two federal subjects, Ukraine and the majority of countries do not recognise Russia's annexation.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Alex Felton|author2=Marie-Louise Gumuchian|url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/03/27/world/europe/ukraine-crisis/|title=U.N. General Assembly resolution calls Crimean referendum invalid|publisher=cnn.com|date=27 March 2014|access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="crime_of_century_2015_03_04_new_republic">Michel, Casey, [one-year-after-russias-annexation-world-has-forgotten-crimea "The Crime of the Century,"], 4 March 2015, ''The New Republic''</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Ukrainian politicians]]
*[[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Declaration of Independence]]
*[[Proclamation of Ukrainian Independence|Proclamation of Independence]]
*[[Corruption in Ukraine]]
*[[Cassette Scandal]]
*[[Ukraine without Kuchma]]
*[[Orange Revolution]]
*[[Russia-Ukraine gas dispute]]
*[[Universal of National Unity]]
*[[2007 Ukrainian political crisis]]
*[[Ukraine–European Union relations]]
*[[Ukraine–NATO relations]]
*[[Ukrainian nationalism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Politics of Ukraine}}
* [https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2012/11/2012112261029228352.html Ukraine: State of Chaos]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061012084512/http://www.aegee.tv/movies/archive/movies/307.html Short film: AEGEE Election Observation Mission]
* Kupatadze, Alexander: "Similar Events, Different Outcomes: Accounting for Diverging Corruption Patterns in Post-Revolution Georgia and Ukraine" in the [https://www.laender-analysen.de/cad/pdf/CaucasusAnalyticalDigest26.pdf Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 26]

{{Politics of Ukraine footer}}
{{Ukrainian Elections}}
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{{Ukraine topics}}
{{Politics of Europe}}
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