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{{Infobox political system
| name                          = Politics of Slovakia
| native_name                   = {{lang|sk|Politika Slovenska}}
| image                         = Coat of arms of Slovakia.svg
| image_size                    = 101
| caption                       = [[Coat of arms of Slovakia]]
| type                          = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[republic]]
| constitution                  = [[Constitution of the Slovak Republic]] (1992)
| formation = [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|1 January 1993]]
| legislature                   = [[National Council of Slovakia|National Council]]
| legislature_type              = [[Unicameral]]
| legislature_place             = Parliament Building, [[Bratislava]]
| legislature_speaker           = [[Richard Raši]]
| legislature_speaker_title     = [[List of speakers of Slovak parliaments|Speaker of the National Council of Slovakia]]
| upperhouse                    =
| upperhouse_speaker            =
| upperhouse_speaker_title      =
| upperhouse_appointer          =
| lowerhouse                    =
| lowerhouse_speaker            =
| lowerhouse_speaker_title      =
| lowerhouse_appointer          = [[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with a 5% [[electoral threshold]] (7% for two-, three-party alliances; 10% for four-or-more party alliance) allocated under the [[largest remainder method]] with [[Hagenbach-Bischoff quota]]<ref>[https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2014-180/znenie-20230604#p68 Slovak law 180/2014 § 68]</ref>
| title_hos                     = [[President of Slovakia|President]]
| current_hos                   = [[Peter Pellegrini]]
| appointer_hos                 = [[Direct popular vote]], [[two-round system]]
| title_hog                     = [[Prime Minister of Slovakia|Prime Minister]]
| current_hog                   = [[Robert Fico]]
| appointer_hog                 = National Council
| title_hosag                   =
| current_hosag                 =
| appointer_hosag               =
| cabinet                       = [[Government of Slovakia]]
| current_cabinet               = [[Fico's Fourth Cabinet]]
| cabinet_leader                = Prime Minister
| cabinet_deputyleader          = [[Robert Kaliňák]], Deputy Prime Minister{{-}}[[Denisa Saková]], Deputy Prime Minister{{-}}[[Tomáš Taraba]], Deputy Prime Minister{{-}}Peter Kmec, Deputy Prime Minister
| cabinet_appointer             = National Council
| cabinet_hq                    = [[Episcopal Summer Palace, Bratislava]]
| cabinet_ministries            = [[Fico's Fourth Cabinet#Composition|17]]
| judiciary                     =
| judiciary_head                =
| courts                        =
| court                         = [[Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic]]
| chief_judge                   = [[Ján Šikuta]]
| court_seat                    = [[Bratislava]]
| court1                        = [[Constitutional Court of Slovakia]]
| chief_judge1                  = Ivan Fiačan
| court_seat1                   = [[Košice]]
| civil_service                 =
| leader_cs                     =
| chief_cs                      =
| membership_cs                 =
| auditory                      =
| leader_auditory               =
| chief_auditory                =
| membership_auditory           = 
}}
{{Politics of Slovakia}}
'''Politics of [[Slovakia]]''' takes place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]], with a [[multi-party system]]. [[Legislative power]] is vested in the parliament and it can be exercised in some cases also by the government or directly by citizens.

[[Executive power]] is exercised by the government led by the [[List of Prime Ministers of Slovakia|Prime Minister]]. The [[Judiciary]] is independent of the executive and the legislature. The [[List of Presidents of Slovakia|President]] is the head of the state. {{Democracy Index rating|Slovakia|flawed democracy|2022}} According to the [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] Slovakia was 2023 the 18th most electoral democratic country in the world.<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{Cite web|title=The V-Dem Dataset|url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/|publisher=V-Dem Institute|access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>

==History==
Before the [[Velvet Revolution]], [[Czechoslovakia]] was a socialist dictatorship ruled by the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]], technically together with the coalition of the so-called [[National Front (Czechoslovakia)|National Front]]. Before the free democratic elections could take place after the revolution, a [[transitional government]] was created.

In 1989, [[President of Czechoslovakia]] [[Gustáv Husák]] was sworn in the [[Government of National Understanding]] ({{langx|cs|Vláda národního porozumění}}, {{langx|sk|Vláda národného porozumenia}}) led by [[Marián Čalfa]] with the former being [[abdicated]]. It consisted of ten communists and nine non-communists with the aim to prepare for democratic elections, establish [[market economy]] in the country, and start preparing a new constitution.

Between 8 and 9 June 1990, the [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1990|Czechoslovak parliamentary election of 1990]] took place. Čalfa's second government disbanded on 27 June 1990 when it was replaced by the [[Government of National Sacrifice]] ({{langx|cs|Vláda národní oběti}}, {{langx|sk|Vláda národnej obete}}), also headed by Marián Čalfa. From 5 until 6 June 1992, the last elections in Czechoslovakia, the [[1992 Czechoslovak parliamentary election|Czechoslovak parliamentary election of 1992]] took place. Čalfa's third government disbanded on 2 July 1992, when it was replaced by the [[Caretaker Government of Jan Stráský]] (''Vláda Jana Stráského''), headed by [[Jan Stráský]]. The [[caretaker government]] disbanded on 31 December 1992 together with the [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia]].

Due to [[federalism]] after the Velvet Revolution, two national governments (one for the [[Czech Republic]], one for Slovakia) were created as well under the federal Czechoslovak government. In Slovakia it was headed by [[Milan Čič]] and it was established on 12 December 1989 and disbanded on 26 June 1990. Between 8 and 9 June 1990, the [[1990 Slovak parliamentary election]] took place together with the federal Czechoslovak elections. Čič's government was followed by the First Government of [[Vladimír Mečiar]] (1990–1991), Government of [[Ján Čarnogurský]] (1991–1992) and the Second Government of [[Vladimír Mečiar]] (1992–1994).

===Recent developments===
In September 2023, populist left-wing [[Direction – Social Democracy|Smer-SSD]], led by former prime minister [[Robert Fico]], won the [[2023 Slovak parliamentary election|general election]], taking 79 seats in a 150-seat parliament with its allies, the centre-left [[Voice – Social Democracy|Hlas]] and nationalist [[Slovak National Party|SNS]] parties. The three parties agreed to form a coalition government.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Slovakia elections: Populist winner signs deal to form coalition government|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67085070|publisher=BBC News|date=10 November 2023|access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> On 25 October 2023, Robert Fico became new prime minister of Slovakia, announcing that the new government will stop Slovakia's military aid to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news|title=What are Slovaks expecting from Robert Fico's new government?|url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/10/25/what-are-slovaks-expecting-from-robert-ficos-new-government|publisher=[[EuroNews]]|date=25 October 2023|access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref>  At his first [[European Union|EU]] leaders meeting  in Brussels, Prime Minister Robert Fico  stated that Slovakia will not support further military aid for Ukraine nor support further [[Sanctions against Russia for the invasion of Ukraine|sanctions against Russia]] due to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Slovakia's Fico will not support more military aid to Ukraine at EU summit|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/slovakias-fico-will-not-support-more-military-aid-ukraine-eu-summit-slovak-media-2023-10-26/|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=26 October 2023|access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref>

==Legal system==
The [[Constitution of the Slovak Republic]] was ratified on 1 September 1992 and became effective 1 October the same year (1 January 1993 in some parts). It was amended in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president and again in February 2001 due to EU admission requirements.

The civil law system is based on Austro-Hungarian codes. The legal code was modified to comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and to expunge the Marxist–Leninist legal theory. Slovakia accepts the compulsory [[International Court of Justice]] jurisdiction with reservations.

==Executive branch==
[[File:Robert Fico, Nov 2023.jpg|thumb|right|Fico in 2023]]
{{Office-table}}
|[[President of Slovakia|President]]
|[[Peter Pellegrini]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|15 June 2024
|-
|[[Prime Minister of Slovakia|Prime Minister]]
|[[Robert Fico]]
|[[Direction – Social Democracy|Smer]]
|25 October 2023
|}

The president is the head of state and the formal head of the executive, though with very limited powers. The president is elected by direct, popular vote, under the [[Two-round system|two round system]], for a five-year term. In March 2019, [[Zuzana Čaputová]] was elected as the first female [[President of Slovakia]]. She was a member of the liberal Progressive Slovakia party, which did not have seats in parliament.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zuzana Caputova becomes Slovakia's first female president|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47756368|publisher=BBC News|date=31 March 2019}}</ref>

Following National Council elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president. Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister has to receive the majority in the parliament. From July 2006 till July 2010 the coalition consisted of [[Direction – Social Democracy|Smer]], [[Slovak National Party|SNS]] and [[People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia|HZDS]]. After the 2010 elections, a coalition was formed by the former opposition parties [[Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party|SDKÚ]], [[Christian Democratic Movement|KDH]] [[Most–Híd]], and newcomer [[Freedom and Solidarity]]. After the major elections from 2012 until 2016, the whole government consisted of members and nominees of the party SMER-SD, which also had majority in the parliament. The [[2016 Slovak parliamentary election]] gave a coalition of parties SMER-SD, SNS, and Most-Híd. After the [[2020 Slovak parliamentary election]], the [[Ordinary People and Independent Personalities]] won the election and [[Igor Matovič]] became the Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Slovakia's Ordinary PM takes over amid coronavirus crisis|url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/22364638/matovic-government-appointed.html|website=[[The Slovak Spectator]]|date=21 March 2020}}</ref> In April 2021, prime minister [[Eduard Heger]] was sworn in two days after the resignation of his predecessor Igor Matovič. Heger was a close ally of Matovic and deputy head of his Ordinary People party.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Slovak president appoints Heger prime minister, ending political crisis|url=https://www.metro.us/slovak-president-appoints-heger/|website=Metro US|date=1 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first1=Peter|last1=Laca|first2=Krystof|last2=Chamonikolas|title=Slovakia Names Eduard Heger New PM After Matovic Resigns on Russia Vaccine Feud|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-30/slovakia-has-new-leader-as-russia-vaccine-feud-ousts-premier|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=30 March 2021|access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref>

Since 25 October 2023, the prime minister of Slovakia has been [[Robert Fico]]. Fico is the longest serving prime minister, if the years are counted cumulatively, with 11 years in total as of 2025.

==Legislative branch==
{{office-table}}
|[[List of speakers of Slovak parliaments|Speaker of the National Council]]
|[[Richard Raši]]
|[[Voice – Social Democracy|Hlas]]
|26 March 2025
|}
Slovakia's sole constitutional and legislative body is the 150-seat unicameral [[National Council of the Slovak Republic]]. Delegates are elected for 4-year terms on the basis of [[proportional representation]].

The National Council considers and approves the Constitution, constitutional statutes and other legal acts. It also approves the state budget. It elects some officials specified by law as well as the candidates for the position of a Justice of the [[Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic]] and the Prosecutor General. Prior to their ratification, the parliament should approve all important international treaties. Moreover, it gives consent for dispatching of military forces outside of Slovakia's territory and for the presence of foreign military forces on the territory of the country.

==Political parties and elections==
===Suffrage===
18 years of age; universal, equal, and direct suffrage by secret ballot.

===Presidential election===
The president is elected by direct, popular vote, under the [[two-round system]], for a five-year term. Two rounds of the last election occurred on 16 and 30 March 2019.

===Parliamentary election===
Members of the National Council of the Slovak Republic ({{Langx|sk|Národná rada Slovenskej Republiky}}), are elected directly for a four-year term, under the [[Proportional representation|proportional representation system]]. Like [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]], the country is a single multi-member constituency. Voters may indicate their preferences within the [[Open list|semi-open list]]. The [[election threshold]] is 5%.

====2020 parliamentary election====
{{Main|2020 Slovak parliamentary election}}
{{#section-h:2020 Slovak parliamentary election|Results}}

====Other election results====
* EU parliament, see [[2019 European Parliament election in Slovakia]]
* Older elections, see [[Elections in Slovakia]]

===Political parties===
{{Further|List of political parties in Slovakia}}
The Slovak political scene supports a wide spectrum of political parties including the communists ([[Communist Party of Slovakia|KSS]]) and the nationalists ([[Slovak National Party|SNS]]). New parties arise and old parties cease to exist or merge at a frequent rate. Major parties are members of the [[European political party|European political parties]]. Some parties have regional strongholds, for example [[Party of the Hungarian Coalition|SMK]] is supported mainly by the [[Hungarians in Slovakia|Hungarian]] minority living in southern Slovakia. Although the main political cleavage in the 1990s concerned the somewhat authoritarian policy of [[HZDS]], the left-right conflict over economic reforms (principally between [[Direction – Social Democracy]] and [[Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party]]) has recently become the dominant power in Slovakia's politics.

==Judicial branch==
The country's highest appellate forum is the [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]] (''Najvyšší súd''), the judges of which are elected by the National Council; below that are regional, district, and military courts. In certain cases the law provides for decisions of tribunals of judges to be attended by lay judges from the citizenry. Slovakia also has the [[Constitutional Court of Slovakia]] (''Ústavný súd Slovenskej Republiky''), which rules on constitutional issues. The 13 members of this court are appointed by the president from a slate of candidates nominated by Parliament.

Parliament passed legislation which created a 18-member Judicial Council in 2002 consisting of judges, law professors, and other legal experts, is responsible for the nomination of judges. All judges except those of the Constitutional Court are appointed by the president from a list proposed by the Judicial Council. The council also is responsible for appointing Disciplinary Senates in cases of judicial misconduct.

==Minority politics==
{{See also|Hungarians in Slovakia|Roma in Slovakia|Language law of Slovakia}}

==International organization participation==
Slovakia is member of [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique|ACCT]] (observer), [[Australia Group]], [[Bank for International Settlements|BIS]], [[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation|BSEC]] (observer), [[Council of Europe|CE]], [[Central European Initiative|CEI]], [[CERN]], [[European Audiovisual Observatory]], [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council|EAPC]], [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development|EBRD]], [[European Investment Bank|EIB]], [[European Union|EU]], [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]], [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]], [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development|IBRD]], [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]], ICC{{Clarify|date=February 2009}}, [[International Criminal Court|ICCt]], [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|ICRM]], [[International Development Association|IDA]], [[International Energy Agency|IEA]], [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]], [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|IFRCS]], [[International Labour Organization|ILO]], [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], [[International Maritime Organization|IMO]], [[Interpol (organization)|Interpol]], [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]], [[International Organization for Migration|IOM]], [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]], [[International Telecommunication Union|ITU]], [[International Trade Union Confederation|ITUC]], [[Multilateral Investment Geographic Agency|MIGA]], [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]] (guest), [[NATO]], [[Nuclear Energy Agency|NEA]], [[Nuclear Suppliers Group|NSG]], OAS{{Clarify|date=February 2009}} (observer), [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons|OPCW]], [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[Permanent Court of Arbitration|PCA]], [[United Nations|UN]], [[United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone|UNAMSIL]], [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development|UNCTAD]], [[United Nations Disengagement Observer Force Zone|UNDOF]], [[UNESCO]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]], [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization|UNIDO]], [[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization|UNTSO]], [[Universal Postal Union|UPU]], [[Visegrád Group]], [[World Customs Organization|WCO]], [[Western European Union|WEU]] (associate partner), [[World Federation of Trade Unions|WFTU]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]], [[World Intellectual Property Organization|WIPO]], [[World Meteorological Organization|WMO]], [[World Tourism Organization|WToO]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[Zangger Committee|ZC]]

==Political pressure groups and leaders==
* Federation of Employers' Associations of the Slovak Republic ({{langx|sk|Asociácia zamestnávateľských zväzov a združení}}) (AZZZ) (President: Rastislav Machunka)
* Association of Employers of Slovakia (AZS)
* Association of Towns and Villages of Slovakia ({{langx|sk|Združenie miest a obcí Slovenska}}) (ZMOS) (Chairman: Jozef Dvonč) – pressure group consisting of almost all Slovak towns.
* [[Confederation of Trade Unions of the Slovak Republic]] ({{langx|sk|Konfederácia odborových zväzov}}) (KOZ) (President: Miroslav Gazdík)
* Club 500 ({{langx|sk|Klub 500}}) (Chairman: Vladimír Soták) – union of Slovak companies employing more than 500 employees.
* Metal Workers Unions ({{langx|sk|Odborový zväz KOVO}}) (KOVO) (Chairman: Emil Machyna) – merged with OZ METALURG on 1. January 2010.
* Republic Union of Employers ({{langx|sk|Republiková únia zamestnávateľov}}) (RÚZ) (President: Marián Jusko)
* [[Slovak Academy of Sciences]] ({{langx|sk|Slovenská akadémia vied}}) (SAV) (Chairman: Jaromír Pastorek) – the highest scientific institution in Slovakia.
* Slovak Merchant and Industrial Chamber ({{langx|sk|Slovenská obchodná a priemyselná komora}}) (SOPK)
* Union of Slovak Pensioners ({{langx|sk|Jednota dôchodcov Slovenska}}) (Chairman: Kamil Vajnorský)
* Slovenská živnostenská komora (Chairman: Vojtech Gottschall) (SŽK) – created by Law No. 126/1998 Z. z. from 12. December 1998.
* Slovenský živnostenský zväz (Chairman: Čižmárik Stanislav) (SŽZ)
* General Bishop's Office ({{langx|sk|Generálny biskupský úrad}}) (Director: Dušan Vagaský)

==See also==
* [[List of political parties in Slovakia]]
* [[List of Slovak politicians]]
* [[Slovak political scandals]]
* [[Privatization in Slovakia]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Slovakia topics}}
{{Politics of Europe}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Politics Of Slovakia}}
[[Category:Politics of Slovakia]]