View source for Polikarpov I-15

{{Short description|Soviet fighter aircraft}}
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{{Infobox aircraft
|name = I-15 and I-15bis
|image = File:Polikarpov I-15bis.jpg
|caption = I-15bis
|type = Fighter
|manufacturer = [[Polikarpov]]
|designer = [[Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov]]
|first_flight = October 1933
|introduction = 1934
|retired =
|status = Retired 
|primary_user = [[Soviet Air Force]]
|more_users = [[Spanish Republican Air Force]]<br>[[Chinese Nationalist Air Force]]<br>[[Mongolian People's Army|Mongolian People's Army Air Force]]
|produced = 1934–1937<ref name=wio>[http://www.wio.ru/tacftr/polikarp.htm "Polikarpov fighters."] ''wio.ru.'' Retrieved: 8 October 2012.</ref>
|number_built = 3,313 (plus 3,437 I-153)<ref name=wio/>
|developed_from = [[Polikarpov I-5]]
|variants = [[Polikarpov I-153]]
}}

The '''Polikarpov I-15''' ({{langx|ru|И-15}}) was a Soviet [[biplane]] [[fighter aircraft]] of the 1930s. Nicknamed ''Chaika'' (''{{langx|ru|Чайка}}'', "gull") because of its [[gull wing|gulled]] upper wings,<ref name="Gunston Russian p299">Gunston 1995, p. 299.</ref><ref name="Chaika p10">Green and Swanborough 1979, p. 10.</ref> it was operated in large numbers by the Soviet Air Force, and together with the [[Polikarpov I-16]] monoplane, was one of the standard fighters of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republicans]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]], where it was called Chato (snub-nose).<ref>Lannon 2002, p. 46.</ref>

==Design and development==
[[File:Polikarpov I-15 front quarter.jpg|thumb|Polikarpov I-15 showing gulled top wing]]
The design for the 14th fighter for the [[Soviet Air Forces|VVS]], the I-14, started as an advanced (for the era) monoplane under the direction of [[Andrei Tupolev]]. He grew concerned that the design would not mature, and ordered two backup biplane designs as the I-14A and B just to be safe. [[Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov|Polikarpov]] had just been released from prison in August 1932, and was handed the I-14A project. When both the I-14 and I-14A were ordered into production, Polikarpov's design, a development of the [[Polikarpov I-5|I-5]] fighter became the famous '''I-15'''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The first flight was made in October 1933 with [[Valery Chkalov|V.P. Chkalov]] at the controls, powered by an imported [[Wright R-1820 Cyclone]] engine.<ref name="Chaika p9">Green and Swanborough 1979, p. 9.</ref> The I-15, also known by its development name '''TsKB-3''', was a small biplane fighter with a gulled upper wing. The single bay wings were of wooden construction, while the fuselage was of mixed steel and duralumin construction, with a fabric covered rear fuselage.<ref name="Chaika p10"/>

Production started in 1934, initially being powered by the [[Shvetsov]] M-22, a licence-built version of the [[Bristol Jupiter]] [[radial engine]].<ref name="Smith">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Peter |title=Combat Biplanes of World War II |date=2014 |publisher=Pen & Sword |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1783400546 |pages=635}}</ref> While less powerful than the Cyclone, the M-22 powered aircraft were still superior to the I-5 which it replaced, demonstrating excellent manoeuvrability.<ref name="Chaika p10"/> Production switched to the {{cvt|515|kW}} [[Shvetsov M-25]] engine (a license-built, [[Metrication|metricified]] Cyclone) in late 1936.<ref name="Gunston Russian p299"/> A total of 671 I-15s were built, 284 in the Soviet Union and a further 287 under license by [[Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA|CASA]] in Spain.<ref name="Variants p120">Gordon and Dexter 1999, p. 120.</ref>

The gulled upper wing of the I-15 was unpopular with some pilots, as it was felt to restrict visibility, so Polikarpov's [[OKB|design bureau]] produced a revised version, again powered by the M-25, with a longer span un-gulled upper wing.<ref name="Smith" /><ref name="Gunston Russian p299"/> This version, the I-15bis, commenced production in 1937,<ref name="Chaika p18">Green and Swanborough 1979, p. 18.</ref> a total of 2,408 I-15bis' being delivered by the time production finished in 1940.<ref name="Gunston Russian p299"/>

==Operational history==
[[File:Chinese Polikarpov I-15bis.jpg|thumb|Chinese Polikarpov I-15bis with pilot Xu Jixiang of the [[Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)#Units of the Chinese Nationalist Air Force 1937–1945|17th PS, 5th PG]] who fought the new [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service|IJNAF]] [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero|A6M ''Zero-sen'']] air-superiority fighter on 13 September 1940 in the I-15bis during the [[Bombing of Chongqing|Battle of Chongqing]]<ref>Cheung, 2015, pp. 76, 80-81. Hsu Chi-hsiang (徐吉驤-Xu Jixiang) was shot down in his I-15bis in the air-combat debut of the A6M Zero on 13 September 1940... a 20mm shell went through his amenities kit blowing all the bristles off his toothbrush... Hsu would exact some personal revenge on 04 March 1944 over the Japanese airbase at Chiung-Shan (Qiongshan) on Hainan island... shooting down the lead Zero in a flight of three... the flight leader or perhaps the instructor</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=蔡|first=乔治|date=|title=九一三壁山空戰|url=http://www.flyingtiger-cacw.com/new_page_739.htm|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-23|website=www.flyingtiger-cacw.com|quote=他的性能遠在伊-152(bid)、伊-16-10之上，可以認為，敵我雙方的戰機性能差了一個數量級還多，如此之下，如何還能奢談“取勝”？在戰鬥中，徐吉驤的座機被莫名日機連續咬尾多次，遭受了十幾次攻擊，已經被打得體無完膚，敵機射彈密集，徐吉驤座機上連細細的翼間張線都被打得卷起來了。徐吉驤感到自己四周的防彈鋼板被子彈敲得叮叮作響，所幸他還沒有中彈。最後，他座機發動機的潤滑油漏光了，這架伊-152在璧山上空停車。徐吉驤迅速判斷了一下形勢，決定不跳傘，以免被兇殘的日機沖傘射擊。他躲掉日機攻擊後奇跡般的迫降在一片稻田裡，飛機被摔得七零八落。幸好燃油、滑油均已耗盡，飛機沒有燃燒。徐吉驤機智地躲在座機殘骸內，等盤旋在頭頂的兩架日機離去後，才爬出完全損壞的座機。}}</ref>]]

===China===
In August 1937, the Chinese [[Kuomintang]] Government signed a non-aggression pact with the USSR, and in autumn of the same year, the Soviet Union commenced to ship I-15s as a part of a programme of military aid to the [[Republic of China Air Force|Chinese Air Force]] (CAF) in its defensive war against Japan. More than 250 Soviet pilots volunteered to fly the 255 I-15s supplied to China in autumn 1937. By 1939, the total number of Polikarpov biplanes delivered to CAF reached 347 I-15/I-15bis.<ref name="Maslov p. 33">Maslov 2010, p. 33.</ref> The I-15bis also saw a great amount of action in the [[Soviet–Japanese border conflicts]] along the [[China–Mongolia border]]. From 1938 to 1941, I-15s in the [[Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)|Nationalist Air Force of China]], fought many major battles, and skirmishes against invading and occupying Japanese forces, including the [[Battle of Taierzhuang]], the [[Battle of Wuhan]], the [[Battle of South Guangxi]], the [[Bombing of Chongqing|Battle of Chongqing-Chengdu]], etc. The tough [[biplane]] was quite clearly outmatched during the debut dogfight against the new [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero]] fighter over [[Chongqing]] on 13 September 1940, although I-15bis pilots Maj. [[Zheng Shaoyu]], Lt. [[Gao Youxin]], and Lt. Xu Jixiang were able to target and damage some of the Zeroes, with Lt. Gao believing he had shot one down (all Zeroes returned to base in [[Wuhan]], with four Zeroes suffering some damage); all three of those pilots survived the battle.<ref>Cheung, 2015, pp. 74-75. Lt. Gao had shot A6M Zeroes of the tails of other Chinese fighters in the melee over Chongqing on 13 September 1940, closing in to 160 ft of one... claiming one shot down...</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chen|first=C. Peter|title=Gao Youxin|url=https://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=965|access-date=2020-11-27|website=WW2DB|quote=<In Sep 1940 (9/13/1940), Lt. Gao Youxin flew against the new A6M Zero fighters, damaging one... he had claimed a victory but no A6M fighters were lost in that action.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=萨沙|first=资深中国近代军事历史作家|date=2019-05-09|title=永不归航的红色年轻战鹰：1位"八路军"青年战士的抗日空战|url=https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/65241552|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-21|website=知乎专栏|language=zh|quote=<郑少愚在此战中第五次受伤，他的右手和左足均中弹负伤，座机更被击成重伤。他虽然受伤，但依旧表现英勇。根据《空军第一路司令官毛邦初关于敌我空军交战情况的战斗要报》（1940年9月13日）中记载：“总领队郑大队长虽手足均受弹伤，但仍奋勇迎敌，援救友机多架，战斗终结，掩护各机飞返遂宁。}}</ref>

Pilot Captain Shen Tse-Liu is credited with 4 victories in his I-15bis, the most with the aircraft in the war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese biplane fighter aces - Shen Tse-Liu |url=http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/china_tse-liu.htm |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=surfcity.kund.dalnet.se}}</ref>

===Mongolia===
In 1939 Polikarpov fighters were extensively used during the [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol]] fought around the [[Khalkha River]] in [[Dornod Province]]. The battles were fought during 11 May–16 September 1939, and involved more than 600 planes. When hostilities commenced, the only I-15bis in the area were 14 aircraft of 70th IAP. Their number increased in the following weeks: on 23 May, 35 I-15bis from 22nd IAP arrived from the Trans-Baikal region.<ref name="Smith" /> However the Mongolian Polikarpov pilots had been hastily trained and they suffered heavy losses against the more experienced Japanese pilots. During this conflict, the Soviet Union, Mongolia and Japan lost more than 200 aircraft each.<ref name="Maslov p. 42">Maslov 2010, p. 42.</ref> 10 aircraft were delivered to the [[Mongolian People's Army|Mongolian People's Army Air Force]] in mid-July 1939 and flight personnel were trained for [[Rear (military)|rear]] air defence. Afterwards, they received more than 30 aircraft in March 1942.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

===Spain===
The I-15 was used extensively in combat by the Republicans in the [[Spanish Civil War]] and proved to be one of the best fighter biplanes of its time. The Nationalists called the fighter "Curtiss", apparently believing it to be the [[Curtiss F9C Sparrowhawk]].
The first batch of 25 Polikarpovs arrived in [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]], Spain, on 28 October 1936,<ref name="Smith" /> with 15 pilots, led by future ace [[Pavel Rychagov]]. A few days later a further group of 10 pilots and 15 aircraft arrived in [[Bilbao]].<ref name="Maslov p. 16">Maslov 2010, p. 16.</ref><ref name="Smith" />

The Soviet pilots first went into action 4 November, when I-15s shot down two [[Junkers Ju 52]]/3ms and two CR.32s over Madrid, and forced a third Ju 52 and a Heinkel two-seater to crash-land.<ref name="Smith" /><!--was this attributed to the Red AF pilots, or Spaniards?--> No losses were reported among the Soviet pilots. During the next two days, ''Chato'' pilots claimed 12 more victories, at the cost of two I-15s lost.<ref name="Maslov p. 18">Maslov 2010, p. 18.</ref>

On 16 November, while dogfighting with [[Fiat CR.32]]s over Madrid, future ace Rychagov was shot down <ref name="Maslov p. 17">Maslov 2010, p. 17.</ref> and four days later the number of combat-ready Polikarpov in the central area had fallen to 15 aircraft: seven had been lost in combat, two had force-landed and one was undergoing repair.<ref name="Maslov p. 18"/>

In December 1936 and January 1937, two more shipments of 30 aircraft arrived in Spain, making it possible to form four full-strength I-15 squadrons.<!--Were they organized under a superior command? That's suggested by "4-squadron combat unit"--> Until the spring of 1937, central Spain was the main war theatre for I-15s. And in May 1937, another batch of 31 Polikarpov landed in Spain, taking the total number of I-15s delivered to 116.<ref name="Maslov p. 21">Maslov 2010, p. 21.</ref>

''Chato'' losses in the Spanish Civil War were comparable to those of its principal rival, the [[Fiat CR.32]]. By 1 January 1939, 197 Polikarpovs had been lost: 88 shot down by enemy aircraft and nine by anti-aircraft artillery, 27 destroyed on the ground and 67 written off in accidents.<ref name="Maslov p. 24">Maslov 2010, p. 24.</ref>

===World War II===
More than 1,000 I-15bis fighters were still in Soviet use during the German invasion when the biplane was employed in the ground attack role. Many were destroyed in the opening hours of the invasion sitting in neat rows on their runways.<ref name="Smith" /> By November 1943, all examples still in service had been relegated to second line duties.<ref name="Smith" />

==Variants==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:I-15bis.ogg|thumb|Polikarpov I-15bis in flight]]

;TsKB-3bis
:Prototype.
;TsKB-3ter
:Prototype fitted with the more powerful M-25V radial piston engine.
;I-15
:First production series.
;I-15bis
:Single-seat fighter biplane, armed with four {{cvt|7.62|mm|2}} PV-1 or ShKAS machine guns, plus up to {{cvt|150|kg}} of bombs. The I-15bis was powered by the more powerful {{cvt|570|kW|hp PS}} [[Shvetsov M-25]]V radial piston engine. It had a straight upper wing. A total of 2,408 machines were built.
;I-152
:Modernised version of I-15bis. One built in 1938. Series production was not undertaken, since it was decided to build I-153 instead.
;I-152GK
:(''Germetichyeskoi Kabine'' – hermetic (pressure) cabin) – One aircraft fitted with a pressure cabin.
;I-152TK
:(Turbo Kompressor – turbo-charged) – One aircraft fitted with two turbochargers.
;[[Polikarpov I-153|I-15ter (I-153)]]
:Development of the I-15 with retractable landing gear, see [[Polikarpov I-153]].
;UTI-1
:(''Oochebno Trenirovochnyy Istrebitel' '' – fighter trainer) – Factory-built two-seat trainer version, front cockpit moved forwards, dual controls fitted, 20 built in 1934 but not used by VVS<ref name="Smith" />
;Chung 28B
:China product version. base on I-152,equip with 712hp Wright R-1820-F3 engine,armed with four .30 [[Browning machine gun]],total 30 built.
;A.4
:[[Spanish Air Force]] designation for the I-15.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spanish Military Aircraft Designations |url=https://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/spain.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=www.designation-systems.net}}</ref>

==Operators==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:I-15 Polikarpov Tinker.jpg|thumb|Spanish Republican Air Force ''"Chato"'']]
;{{flagcountry|Nationalist government}}
*[[Chinese Nationalist Air Force]]
;{{FIN}}
*[[Finnish Air Force]] (captured)
;{{flag|Nazi Germany}}
*''[[Luftwaffe]]'' (captured)
;{{flagicon|Mongolia|1924}} [[Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolia]]
*[[Mongolian People's Army Air Force]]- received more than 40 aircraft in July 1939 – 1942
;{{USSR}}
*[[Soviet Air Force]]
*[[Soviet Naval Aviation]]
;{{flagicon|Spain|1931}} [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]]
*[[Spanish Republican Air Force]]
;{{Flagcountry|Francoist Spain}}
*[[Spanish Air Force]] – Post civil war.

==Specifications (I-15 M-25)==
[[File:Polikarpov I-15.svg|thumb|Polikarpov I-15 drawing]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Of Chaika and Chato…<ref name="Chaika p12">Green and Swanborough 1979, p. 12.</ref>
|prime units?=met
<!--General characteristics-->
|crew=One
|length m=6.10
|length note=(tail up)
|upper span m=9.75
|lower span m=7.50
|height m=2.20
|height note=(tail down)
|wing area sqm=21.90
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=[[Clark YH ]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight kg=1012
|gross weight kg=1385
|max takeoff weight kg=1689
|fuel capacity={{cvt|260|L|impgal USgal}}
<!--Powerplant-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Shvetsov M-25]]
|eng1 type=9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine
|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines -->
|eng1 hp=700<!-- prop engines -->
|eng1 note=at {{cvt|2300|m|}}

|prop blade number=2
|prop name=variable-pitch propeller
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=367
|max speed note=at {{convert|3000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|cruise speed kmh=285
|cruise speed note=at {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}} (max. continuous cruise)
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|range km=510
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=9800
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=<br/>
**1.1 min to {{convert|1000|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}}
**6.1 min to {{convert|5000|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}}
<!--Armament-->
|armament=
* 4 x[[7.62×54mmR]] [[PV-1 machine gun]]s 
* Up to 100 kg (220 lb) of bombs 
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent|
|related=
*[[Polikarpov I-5]]
*[[Polikarpov I-153]]
|similar aircraft=
*[[Blériot-SPAD S.91]]/5
*[[Curtiss F11C Goshawk]]
*[[Fiat CR.32]]
*[[Fokker D.XVI]]
*[[Gloster Gauntlet]]
*[[Grumman F2F]]
*[[Heinkel He 51]]
*[[Nakajima A4N]]
|lists=
*[[List of interwar military aircraft]]
*[[List of aircraft of the Spanish Republican Air Force]]
*[[List of aircraft of World War II]]
}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* Abanshin, Michael E. and Nina Gut. ''Fighting Polikarpov, Eagles of the East No. 2''. Lynnwood, Washington: Aviation International, 1994. {{ISBN|1-884909-01-9}}.
* Cheung, Raymond. ''OSPREY AIRCRAFT OF THE ACES 126: Aces of the Republic of China Air Force''. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2015. {{ISBN|978 14728 05614}}.
* Drabkin, Artem. ''The Red Air Force at War: Barbarossa and the Retreat to Moscow – Recollections of Fighter Pilots on the Eastern Front''.  Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Military, 2007. {{ISBN|1-84415-563-3}}.
* Gordon, Yefim and A. Dexter. "Polikarpov Biplane Fighter Variants". ''Wings of Fame'', Volume 17. London:Aerospace Publishing, 1999, pp.&nbsp;106–129. {{ISBN|1-86184-041-1}}.
* Gordon, Yefim and Keith Dexter. ''Polikarpov's Biplane Fighters'' (Red Star, vol.6). Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2002. {{ISBN|1-85780-141-5}}.
* Gordon, Yefim and Dmitri Khazanov. ''Soviet Combat Aircraft of the Second World War, Volume One: Single-Engined Fighters''. Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 1998. {{ISBN|1-85780-083-4}}.
* Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Of Chaika and Chato... Polikarpov's Fighting Biplanes". ''[[Air Enthusiast]]''. Issue 11, November 1979 – February 1980, pp.&nbsp;9–29. ISSN 0143-5450.
* [[Bill Gunston|Gunston, Bill]]. ''The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995''. London: Osprey, 1995. {{ISBN|1-85532-405-9}}.
* Lannon, Frances. ''The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 (Essential Histories 37)''. London: Osprey Publishing, 2002. {{ISBN|9781841763699}}. 
*{{cite journal |last1=Laureau|first1=Patrick|title=Polikarpov I-15 "Chato": Un chasseur russe au destin exotique..., partie 1 |journal=Le Fana de l'Aviation |date=May 1978 |issue=102 |pages=34–41 |issn=0757-4169 |language=fr |trans-title=Polkarpov I-15 "Chato": A Russian Fighter in an Exotic Destination, Part 1}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Laureau|first1=Patrick|title=Polikarpov I-15 "Chato": Un chasseur russe au destin exotique..., partie 2 |journal=Le Fana de l'Aviation |date=June 1978 |issue=103 |pages=42–45 |issn=0757-4169 |language=fr |trans-title=Polkarpov I-15 "Chato": A Russian Fighter in an Exotic Destination, Part 2}}
* {{cite book |last = Lawrence |first = Joseph |title = The Observer's Book Of Airplanes |location = London and New York |publisher = Frederick Warne & Co |year = 1945}}
* Léonard, Herbert. ''Les avions de chasse Polikarpov'' (in French). Rennes, France: Editions Ouest-France, 1981. {{ISBN|2-85882-322-7}}.
* Léonard, Herbert. ''Les chasseurs Polikarpov'' (in French). Clichy, France: Éditions Larivière, 2004. {{ISBN|2-914205-07-4}}.
* Maslov, Mikhail A. ''Polikarpov I-15bis (Wydawnictwo Militaria 199)'' (in Polish). Warsawa, Poland: Wydawnictwo Militaria, 2004. {{ISBN|83-7219-178-6}}.
* Maslov, Mikhail A. ''Polikarpov I-15, I-16 and I-153''. Oxford, UK: Osprey  Publishing, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-84603-981-2}}.
* Stapfer, Hans-Heiri. ''Polikarpov Fighters in Action, Part 1 (Aircraft in Action number 157)''. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1995. {{ISBN|0-89747-343-4}}.
* 徐 (Xú), 露梅 (Lùméi). ''隕落 (Fallen): 682位空军英烈的生死档案 - 抗战空军英烈档案大解密 (A Decryption of 682 Air Force Heroes of The War of Resistance-WWII and Their Martyrdom)''. 东城区, 北京， 中国: 团结出版社, 2016. {{ISBN|978-7-5126-4433-5}}.
* 黄孝慈. ''中國飛機尋根(之三十六)抗戰時期俄援戰機之I-152及I-153式戰鬥機(Polikarpov I-152, I-153, Jung-28B)'' http://cwlam2000.epizy.com/caf36.html.

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Falco|first1=José|title=Mes derniers victoires; Villajuiga, Février 1939|journal=Le Fana de l'Aviation |date=February 1989 |issue=231|pages=18–19 |issn=0757-4169 |language=fr|trans-title=My Last Victories; Villajuiga, February 1939}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070727063151/http://www.aviation.ru/Po/#15
* http://www.wio.ru/tacftr/polikarp.htm
* http://cwlam2000.epizy.com/caf36.htm
{{Polikarpov aircraft}}
{{Soviet fighter designations}}
{{Soviet trainer designations}}
{{Spanish attack aircraft}}
{{Spanish fighters}}
{{WWIIUSSRAF}}

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