View source for Podolia Governorate

{{Short description|1793–1925 unit of Russia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Podolia Governorate
| native_name             = Подольская губерния
| native_name_lang        = ru
| settlement_type         = [[Governorate (Russia)|Governorate]]
| image_shield             = Coat of arms of Podolye Governorate 1856.svg
| image_map               = Podolia in Russian Empire (1914).svg
| mapsize                 = 225px
| map_caption             = Location in the Russian Empire
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = [[Russian Empire]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Krais of the Russian Empire|Krai]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Southwestern Krai|Southwestern]]
| established_title       = Established
| established_date        = 1793
| extinct_title           = Abolished
| extinct_date            = 1925
| seat_type               = Capital
| seat                    = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamenets-Podolsky]] (until 1914)
* [[Vinnytsia|Vinnitsa]] (1914–1925)
}}
| area_total_km2          = 42017
| population_as_of        = 1897
| population_total        = 3,018,299
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_urban               = 7.35%
| population_rural               = 92.65%
| total_type               = Total
}}

'''Podolia Governorate'''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{Langx|ru|Подо́льская губе́рния, [[Reforms of Russian orthography#Post-revolution reform|pre-1918]]: Подо́льская губе́рнія, [[Romanization of Russian|romanized:]] Podólʼskaya gubérniya}}|{{Langx|uk|Поді́льська губе́рнія|Podílʼsʼka hubérniia}}}}}} was an administrative-territorial unit (''[[guberniya]]'') of the [[Southwestern Krai]] of the [[Russian Empire]]. It bordered [[Volhynian Governorate]] to the north, [[Kiev Governorate]] to the east, [[Kherson Governorate]] to the southeast, [[Bessarabia Governorate]] to the south, and [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Austria]] to the west. Its administrative centre was Kamenets-Podolsky ([[Kamianets-Podilskyi]]), which later moved to Vinnitsa ([[Vinnytsia]]). The governorate covered areas of [[Ukraine]]'s partially [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnytskyi]] and most of [[Vinnytsia Oblast]]s, along with the fractionally recognised state of [[Transnistria]].

It was created from the [[Second Partition of Poland]], which was formed from the former [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish]] [[Bracław Voivodeship|Bracław]] and [[Podolian Voivodeship|Podole voivodeships]], which are part of the [[Southwestern Krai]] along with [[Volhynian Governorate|Volhynia]] and [[Kiev Governorate|Kiev]]. Its capital was located in Kamenets-Podolsky, which later moved to Vinnitsa. The governorate still existed until the administrative reforms of the [[Ukrainian SSR]], which dissolved it into five okruhas.

== History ==
[[File:Podolany. J. Kossak. Jarmarok 1864.jpg|thumb|260px|A market scene in Podolia, c. 1864]]
The Government of Podolia was established right after the [[Second Partition of Poland]] in place of the former [[Podole Voivodeship|Podole]] and [[Bracław Voivodeship]]s in 1793.

== Location ==
The Podolia Governorate occupied the southwestern frontier of the former Russian empire, bordering [[Austria-Hungary]], and had an area of about 42,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. The administrative centre was [[Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamenets-Podolskiy]] until 1914 when it moved to [[Vinnytsia]].

Podolia Governorate was one of the three governorates of the [[Southwestern Krai]] administration. In 1917 it was recognized by the [[Russian Provisional Government]] to be governed by the [[General Secretariat of Ukraine]] as the representative of the [[Russian Provisional Government]] in the region.
[[File:Podoliskaia gubernia.jpg|thumb|Old map of Podolia Governorate, Russian Empire.]]

== Administrative division ==

=== Uyezd subdivision ===
Until 1918 the governorate consisted of 12 [[uyezd]]s (counties):

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan=2| [[Uezd|County]] !! rowspan=2| County Town !! rowspan=2| Arms of County Town !! rowspan=2| Area !! rowspan=2| Population<br />([[Russian Empire Census|1897 census]])
|-
! [[Romanization of Russian|Transliteration name]] !! Russian Cyrillic
|-
| [[Balta uezd|Baltsky]] || Балтский || [[Balta, Ukraine|Balta]] || [[File:Balta COA (Podolia Governorate) (1852).gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|7766.25|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 391,018
|-
| [[Bratslav uezd|Bratslavsky]] || Брацлавский || [[Bratslav]] || [[File:Bratslav COA (Podolia Governorate) (1796).png|42px|center]] || {{convert|3079.93|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 241,868
|-
| [[Vinnitsa uezd|Vinnitsky]] || Винницкий || [[Vinnytsia|Vinnitsa]] || [[File:Vinnitsa COA (Podolia Governorate) (1796).png|42px|center]] || {{convert|2980.92|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 248,314
|-
| [[Gaysin uezd|Gaysinsky]] || Гайсинский || [[Haisyn|Gaysin]] || [[File:Gaysin COA (Podolia Governorate) (1796).gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|3383.11|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 248,142
|-
| [[Kamenets-Podolsky uezd|Kamenets-Podolsky]] || Каменец-Подольский || [[Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamenets-Podolsky]] || [[File:Kamenets-Podolskiy COA (Podolia Governorate) (1796).gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|2884.19|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 266,350
|-
| [[Letichev uezd|Letichevsky]] || Летичевский || [[Letychiv|Letichev]] || [[File:Letichev COA (Podolia Governorate) (1796).gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|2699.14|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 184,477
|-
| [[Litin uezd|Litinsky]] || Литинский || [[Lityn|Litin]] || [[File:Litin COA (Podolia Governorate) (1796).gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|3322|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 210,502
|-
| [[Mogilev uezd (Podolia Governorate)|Mogilyovsky]] || Могилёвский || [[Mohyliv-Podilskyi|Mogilyov]] || [[File:Mogilev COA (Podolia Governorate) (1796).gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|2746.14|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 227,672
|-
| [[Ushitsa uezd|Novoushitsky]] || Новоушицкий || [[Nova Ushytsia|Novaya Ushitsa]] || [[File:Novaya Ushitsa COA (Podolia Governorate) (1838).gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|2840.26|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 223,312
|-
| [[Olgopol uezd|Olgopolsky]] || Ольгопольский || [[Olhopil, Vinnytsia Oblast|Olgopol]] || [[File:Olgopol COA (Podolia Governorate) (1820).gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|4008.14|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 284,253
|-
| [[Proskurov uezd|Proskurovsky]] || 	Проскуровский || [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Proskurov]] || [[File:Proskurov COA (Podolia Governorate) (1796).gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|2691.06|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 226,091
|-
| [[Yampol uezd|Yampolsky]] || Ямпольский || [[Yampil, Vinnytsia Oblast|Yampol]] || [[File:Yampol COA (Podolia Governorate) (1796).gif|42px|center]] || {{convert|3618.01|km2|mi2|disp=br()|abbr=on}} || 266,300
|}
[[File:MaszkowskiJan.WKarczmieNaPodolu.jpg|thumb|170px|Podolian korchma]]

=== Okruha subdivision ===

On 12 April 1923 all uyezds (counties) were transformed into [[Okruhas of Ukraine|okruhas]] (counties), while volosts (districts) – into raions (districts). Okruhas served as a subdivision of government until it was abolished on 1 August 1925. Together with the government of Podilia, the Haisyn okruha was dissolved as well. Some territory of Tulchyn okruha were included into the newly formed [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]].

* Vinnytsia
* Haisyn
* [[Kamianets Okruha|Kamianets]]
* Mohyliv
* Proskuriv
* Tulchyn

== Principal cities ==
Russian Census of 1897:
[[File:Kamieniec Podolski.jpg|thumb|Kamenets/Podolsky]]
* [[Kamenets/Podolsky]] – 35 934 (Jewish – 16 112, Ukrainian – 9 755, Russian – 7 420)
* [[Vinnitsa]] – 30 563 (Jewish – 11 456, Ukrainian – 10 862, Russian – 5 206)
* [[Balta, Ukraine|Balta]] – 23 363 (Jewish – 13 164, Russian – 5 385, Ukrainian – 4 124)
* [[Proskurov]] – 22 855 (Jewish – 11 369, Ukrainian – 4 425, Russian – 3 483)
* [[Mogilev/Dnestr]] – 22 315 (Jewish – 12 188, Ukrainian – 6 512, Russian – 2 668)
* [[Zhmerinka]] – 12 908
* [[Khmelnik]] – 11 657 (Jewish – 5 979, Ukrainian – 5 375, Polish – 150)

=== Smaller cities ===
* [[Bar, Vinnytsia Oblast|Bar]] – 9 982 (Jewish – 5 764, Ukrainian – 3 332, Russian – 485)
* [[Lityn]] – 9 420 (Jewish – 3 828, Ukrainian – 3 047, Russian – 2 126)
* [[Haisyn|Gaysin]] – 9 374 (Jewish – 4 322, Ukrainian – 3 946, Russian – 884)
* [[Olhopil, Vinnytsia Oblast|Olgopol]] – 8 134 (Ukrainian – 4 837, Jewish – 2 465, Russian – 625)
* [[Bratslav]] – 7 863 (Jewish – 3 275, Ukrainian – 2 608, Russian – 1 782)
* [[Letichev]] – 7 248 (Jewish – 4 105, Ukrainian – 1 719, Polish – 741)
* [[Yampil, Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Yampol]] – 6 605 (Ukrainian – 3 282, Jewish – 2 819, Russian – 275)
* [[Novaya Ushytsa]] – 6 371 (Jewish – 2 214, Russian – 2 120, Ukrainian – 1 836)
* [[Staraya Ushytsa]] – 4 176 (Ukrainian – 2 488, Jewish – 1 584, Polish – 57)
* [[Salnitsa]] – 3 699 (Ukrainian – 2 758, Jewish – 899, Polish – 19)
* [[Verbovets]] – 2 311 (Ukrainian – 1 282, Jewish – 661, Polish – 326)

== Language ==
[[File:1897 Gov Podil ethno.jpg|thumb|280px|{{center|Imperial census of 1897.}}]]
According to the [[Russian Empire Census]] on {{OldStyleDate|28 January|1897|15 January}}, the Podolia Governorate had a population of 3,018,299, including 1,505,940 men and 1,512,359 women. The majority of the population indicated [[Ukrainian language|Little Russian]]{{efn|name=Russians}} to be their mother tongue, with a significant [[Jewish languages|Jewish]] speaking minority.<ref name="demoscope" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Linguistic composition of the Podolia Governorate in 1897<ref name="demoscope">{{Cite web |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd_eng.php?reg=1104 |title=Demoscope Weekly – Annex. Statistical indicators reference |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=demoscape.ru}}</ref>
|-
! Language !! Native speakers !! Percentage
|-
| [[Ukrainian language|Little Russian]]{{efn|name=Russians}} || align="right" |2,442,819 || align="right" |80.93
|-
| [[Yiddish|Jewish]] || align="right" |369,306 || align="right" |12.24
|-
| [[Russian language|Great Russian]]{{efn|name=Russians}} || align="right" |98,984 || align="right" |3.28
|-
| [[Polish language|Polish]] || align="right" |69,156 || align="right" |2.29
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]] || align="right" |26,764 || align="right" |0.89
|-
| [[German language|German]] || align="right" |4,069 || align="right" |0.13
|-
| [[Tatar language|Tatar]] || align="right" |2,296 || align="right" |0.08
|-
| [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] || align="right" |1,113 || align="right" |0.04
|-
| [[Czech language|Czech]] || align="right" |886 || align="right" |0.03
|-
| [[Belarusian language|White Russian]]{{efn|name=Russians|Prior to 1918, the Imperial Russian government classified [[Russians]] as the Great Russians, [[Ukrainians]] as the Little Russians, and [[Belarusians]] as the White Russians. After the creation of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] in 1918, the Little Russians identified themselves as "Ukrainian".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Kiev: A Portrait, 1800–1917 |last=Hamm |first=Michael F. |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4008-5151-5 |pages=83}}</ref> Also, the [[Belarusian Democratic Republic]] which the White Russians identified themselves as "Belarusian".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction |last=Fortson IV |first=Benjamin W. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4443-5968-8 |pages=429 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSxHgej4tKMC&pg=PA429}}</ref>}} || align="right" |834 || align="right" |0.03
|-
| [[Romani language|Roma]] || align="right" |510 || align="right" |0.02
|-
| [[Udmurt language|Votyak]] || align="right" |254 || align="right" |0.01
|-
| [[French language|French]] || align="right" |245 || align="right" |0.01
|-
| [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] || align="right" |137 || align="right" |0.00
|-
| [[Mordvinic languages|Mordovian]] || align="right" |136 || align="right" |0.00
|-
| [[Latvian language|Latvian]] || align="right" |112 || align="right" |0.00
|-
| [[Mari language|Cheremis]] || align="right" |101 || align="right" |0.00
|-
| Other languages || align="right" |577 || align="right" |0.02
|-
! TOTAL !! align="right" |3,018,299 !! align="right" |100.00
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious composition of the Podolia Governorate in 1897<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_rel_97.php?reg=56 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=demoscope.ru |language=ru |script-title=ru:Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей.}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2|Faith !! rowspan=2|Male !! rowspan=2|Female !! colspan=2|Both
|-
! Number !! Percentage
|-
| [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] || align="right" |1,180,148 || align="right" |1,178,349 || align="right" |2,358,497 || align="right" |78.14 
|-
| [[Judaism]] || align="right" |179,612 || align="right" |191,000 || align="right" |370,612 || align="right" |12.28 
|-
| [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] || align="right" |131,145 || align="right" |131,593 || align="right" |262,738 || align="right" |8.70 
|-
| [[Old Believers|Old Believer]] || align="right" |9,357 || align="right" |9,492 || align="right" |18,849 || align="right" |0.62 
|-
| [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] || align="right" |2,020 || align="right" |1,795 || align="right" |3,815 || align="right" |0.13 
|-
| [[Islam]] || align="right" |3,427 || align="right" |33 || align="right" |3,460 || align="right" |0.11 
|-
| [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Apostolic]] || align="right" |65 || align="right" |29 || align="right" |94 || align="right" |0.00 
|-
| [[Calvinism|Reformed]] || align="right" |30 || align="right" |26 || align="right" |56 || align="right" |0.00 
|-
| [[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenian Catholic]] || align="right" |23 || align="right" |14 || align="right" |37 || align="right" |0.00 
|-
| [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite]] || align="right" |11 || align="right" |13 || align="right" |24 || align="right" |0.00 
|-
| [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] || align="right" |3 || align="right" |4 || align="right" |7 || align="right" |0.00 
|-
| [[Mennonites|Mennonite]] || align="right" |2 || align="right" |1 || align="right" |3 || align="right" |0.00 
|-
| [[Baptists|Baptist]] || align="right" |1 || align="right" |1 || align="right" |2 || align="right" |0.00 
|-
| Other Christian denomination || align="right" |12 || align="right" |9 || align="right" |21 || align="right" |0.00 
|-
| Other non-Christian denomination || align="right" |84 || align="right" |0 || align="right" |84 || align="right" |0.00 
|-
! Total !! 1,505,940 !! 1,512,359 !! 3,018,299 !! 100.00
|}

[[File:Besht Shul1 Medzhibozh.jpg|right|150px|thumb|The [[Baal Shem Tov]]'s shul in [[Medzhybizh]], [[Ukraine]] (c. 1915). The shul no longer exists.]]

;Religious structures
* Churches
** [[Eastern Orthodox]] 1645
** Roman Catholic ([[kosciol]]) 202
** [[Lutheran]] 4
*Monasteries
** [[Eastern Orthodox]] 7 (male), 4 (female)
*Synagogues 89
** other Shul(s) 438
*Mosque(s) 1

== See also ==
*[[Podolia]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Governorates of Ukraine 1917–1921}}
{{Divisions of the Russian Empire}}
{{Ukrainian historical regions}}
{{Okruhas of Ukraine}}
{{coord|48.6806|N|26.5806|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Podolia Governorate| ]]
[[Category:Governorates of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Governorates of Ukraine]]
[[Category:1790s establishments in the Russian Empire]]