View source for Pitheciidae

{{Short description|Family of mammals}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Pitheciidae<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=141–148}}</ref>
| fossil_range = [[Miocene]] to [[Present]]  
| image = Pithecia pithecia.jpg
| image_caption = [[White-faced saki]] (''Pithecia pithecia'')
| image2 = Callicebus nigrifrons Minas Gerais.jpg
| image2_caption = [[Black-fronted titi]] (''Callicebus nigrifrons'')
| taxon = Pitheciidae
| authority = [[George Jackson Mivart|Mivart]], 1865
| type_genus = ''[[Saki monkey|Pithecia]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest|Desmarest]], 1804
| subdivision_ranks = Genera (extant)
| subdivision = {{plainlist|
*''[[Pithecia]]''
*''[[Chiropotes]]''
*''[[Cacajao]]''
*''[[Plecturocebus]]''
*''[[Cheracebus]]''
*''[[Callicebus]]''}}
}}

The '''Pitheciidae''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ɪ|θ|ᵻ|'|s|aɪ|.|ᵻ|d|iː}}) are one of the five [[family (biology)|families]] of [[New World monkey]]s now recognised. Formerly, they were included in the family [[Atelidae]]. The family includes the [[titi]]s, [[saki monkey]]s and [[uakari]]s. Most species are native to the [[Amazon region]] of [[Brazil]], with some being found from [[Colombia]] in the north to [[Bolivia]] in the south.

==Characteristics==
Pitheciids are small to medium-sized [[monkey]]s, ranging from 23&nbsp;cm in head-body length for the smaller titis, to 44–49&nbsp;cm for the uakaris. They have medium to long fur, in a wide range of colors, often with contrasting patches, especially on the face.

They are [[Diurnality|diurnal]] and [[arboreal]] animals, found in tropical forests from low-lying swamp to mountain slopes. They are predominantly [[herbivore|herbivorous]], eating mostly fruit and seeds, although some species will also eat a small number of insects. Sakis and uakaris have a [[diastema (dentistry)|diastema]] between the [[canine (tooth)|canine]] and [[premolar]] teeth, but the titis, which have unusually small canines for New World monkeys, do not.<ref name=EoM>{{cite book|editor= Macdonald, D.|year= 1984|title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location= New York|pages= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/358 358–361]|isbn= 0-87196-871-1|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/358}}</ref> All species have the [[dentition|dental formula]]: {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.3.3|lower=2.1.3.3}}

Females give birth to a single young after a [[gestation]] period of between four and six months, depending on species. The uakaris and bearded sakis are [[Animal sexual behaviour#Polygamy|polygamous]], living in groups of 8-30 individuals. Each group has multiple males, which establish a dominance hierarchy amongst themselves. The titis and ''Pithecia'' sakis, by contrast, are [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]] and live in much smaller family groups.<ref name=EoM/>

==Classification==
{{See also|List of platyrrhines}}
There are 54 currently recognized [[extant taxon|extant]] species of pitheciid monkey, grouped into two [[subfamily|subfamilies]] and six [[genus|genera]].<ref name=msw3/><ref name=Boubli2008>{{cite journal |author=Boubli, J. P. |author2=M. N. F. Da Silva |author3=M. V. Amado |author4=T. Hrbek |author5=F. B. Pontual |author6=I. P. Farias | year = 2008| title =A Taxonomic Reassessment of ''Cacajao melanocephalus'' Humboldt (1811), with the Description of Two New Species | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 29|issue=3 | pages = 723–741 | doi = 10.1007/s10764-008-9248-7| s2cid = 26561719}}</ref> Eleven extinct genera known from the fossil record are placed in the family, extending the age of the family to the Miocene.<ref name="TPBDB">[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=64835 The Paleobiology Database Pitheciidae entry] accessed on 6 April 2010</ref><ref name=Silvestro>{{cite bioRxiv |last1=Silvestro |first1=Daniele |last2=Tejedor |first2=Marcelo F. |last3=Serrano Serrano |first3=Martha L. |last4=Loiseau |first4=Oriane |last5=Rossier |first5=Victor |last6=Rolland |first6=Jonathan |last7=Zizka |first7=Alexander |last8=Antonelli |first8=Alexandre |last9=Salamin |first9=Nicolas |year=2017 |title=Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data |biorxiv=10.1101/178111}}</ref>

* '''Family Pitheciidae''': titis, sakis and uakaris
** Subfamily [[Callicebinae]], titis
*** Genus ''[[Plecturocebus]]''
**** [[White-eared titi]], ''Plecturocebus donacophilus''
**** [[Rio Beni titi]], ''Plecturocebus modestus''
**** [[Rio Mayo titi]], ''Plecturocebus oenanthe''
**** [[Ollala brothers's titi]], ''Plecturocebus olallae''
**** [[White-coated titi]], ''Plecturocebus pallescens''
****[[Urubamba brown titi]], ''Plecturocebus urubambensis''
**** [[Baptista Lake titi]], ''Plecturocebus baptista''
**** [[Prince Bernhard's titi]], ''Plecturocebus bernhardi''
**** [[Brown titi]], ''Plecturocebus brunneus''
****[[Parecis titi]], ''Plecturocebus parecis''
**** [[Ashy black titi]], ''Plecturocebus cinerascens''
**** [[Hoffmanns's titi]], ''Plecturocebus hoffmannsi''
**** [[Red-bellied titi]], ''Plecturocebus moloch''
**** [[Vieira's titi]], ''Plecturocebus vieirai''
**** [[Milton's titi]], ''Plecturocebus miltoni''
**** [[Chestnut-bellied titi]], ''Plecturocebus caligatus''
**** [[Coppery titi]], ''Plecturocebus cupreus''
**** [[Toppin's titi]], ''Plecturocebus toppini''
**** [[Madidi titi]], ''Plecturocebus aureipalatii''
**** [[Caquetá titi]], ''Plecturocebus caquetensis''
**** [[White-tailed titi]], ''Plecturocebus discolor''
**** [[Hershkovitz's titi]], ''Plecturocebus dubius''
**** [[Ornate titi]], ''Plecturocebus ornatus''
**** [[Stephen Nash's titi]], ''Plecturocebus stephennashi''
**** [[Alta Floresta titi]], ''Plecturocebus grovesi''
*** Genus ''[[Callicebus]]''
**** [[Barbara Brown's titi]], ''Callicebus barbarabrownae''
**** [[Coimbra Filho's titi]], ''Callicebus coimbrai''
**** [[Coastal black-handed titi]], ''Callicebus melanochir''
**** [[Black-fronted titi]], ''Callicebus nigrifrons''
**** [[Atlantic titi]], ''Callicebus personatus''
***Genus †''[[Miocallicebus]]''
****†''[[Miocallicebus villaviejai]]''
*** Genus ''[[Cheracebus]]''
**** [[Lucifer titi]], ''Cheracebus lucifer''
**** [[Black titi]], ''Cheracebus lugens''
**** [[Colombian black-handed titi]], ''Cheracebus medemi''
**** [[Red-headed titi]], ''Cheracebus regulus''
**** [[Collared titi]], ''Cheracebus torquatus''
***Genus †''[[Carlocebus]]''
****†''[[Carlocebus carmenensis]]''
****†''[[Carlocebus intermedius]]''
***Genus †''[[Homunculus (genus)|Homunculus]]''
****†''[[Homunculus patagonicus]]''
** Subfamily [[Pitheciinae]]
*** Genus ''[[uakari|Cacajao]]'', uakaris
**** [[Black-headed uakari]], ''Cacajao melanocephalus''
**** [[Bald uakari]], ''Cacajao calvus''
**** [[Aracá uakari]], ''Cacajao ayresii<ref name="Boubli2008" />''
**** [[Neblina uakari]], ''Cacajao hosomi<ref name="Boubli2008" />''
***Genus †''[[Cebupithecia]]''
****†''Cebupithecia sarmientoi''
*** Genus ''[[Chiropotes]]'', bearded sakis
**** [[Black bearded saki]], ''Chiropotes satanas''
**** [[Red-backed bearded saki]], ''Chiropotes chiropotes''
**** [[Brown-backed bearded saki]], ''Chiropotes israelita''
**** [[Uta Hick's bearded saki]], ''Chiropotes utahickae''
**** [[White-nosed saki]], ''Chiropotes albinasus''
***Genus †''[[Nuciruptor]]''
****†''Nuciruptor rubricae''
***Genus †''[[Mazzonicebus]]''
****†''Mazzonicebus almendrae''
*** Genus ''[[Pithecia]]'', sakis
**** [[Equatorial saki]], ''Pithecia aequatorialis'' 
**** [[White-footed saki]] or [[buffy saki]], ''Pithecia albicans'' 
**** [[Cazuza's saki]], ''Pithecia cazuzai'' 
**** [[Golden-faced saki]], ''Pithecia chrysocephala'' 
**** [[Hairy saki]], ''Pithecia hirsuta'' 
**** [[Burnished saki]], ''Pithecia inusta'' 
**** [[Rio Tapajós saki]] or [[Gray's bald-faced saki]], ''Pithecia irrorata''
**** [[Isabel's saki]], ''Pithecia isabela'' 
**** [[Monk saki]], ''Pithecia monachus'' 
**** [[Miller's saki]], ''Pithecia milleri''
**** [[Mittermeier's Tapajós saki]], ''Pithecia mittermeieri'' (disputed)<ref name="Serrano20192">{{cite journal|last1=Serrano-Villavicencio|first1=J.E.|last2=Murtado|first2=C.M.|last3=Vendramel|first3=R.L.|last4=Oliveira do Nascimento|first4=F.|date=January 2019|title=Reconsidering the taxonomy of the ''Pithecia irrorata'' species group (Primates: Pitheciidae)|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=100|issue=1|pages=130–141|doi=10.1093/jmammal/gyy167|doi-access=free}}</ref>
**** [[Napo saki]], ''Pithecia napensis''
****[[Pissinatti's saki]], ''Pithecia pissinattii'' (disputed)<ref name="Serrano20192" />
**** [[White-faced saki]], ''Pithecia pithecia'' 
**** [[Rylands' bald-faced saki]], ''Pithecia rylandsi'' (disputed)<ref name="Serrano20192" />
**** [[Vanzolini's bald-faced saki]], ''Pithecia vanzolinii'' 
***Genus †''[[Proteropithecia]]''
****†''Proteropithecia neuquenensis''
***Genus †''[[Soriacebus]]''
****†''Soriacebus ameghinorum''
****†''Soriacebus adrianae''
***†Genus ''Xenothrix''
****†[[Jamaican monkey]], ''Xenothrix mcgregori''
***†Genus ''[[Antillothrix]]''
****†Hispaniolan monkey, ''Antillothrix bernensis''
***†Genus ''[[Insulacebus]]''
****†''Insulacebus toussentiana''

<nowiki>*</nowiki><small>Newly described species.<ref name=Boubli2008/></small>
†<small>[[Extinct]] taxa.</small>

Silvestro etal 2017 showed the relationship among the extinct and extant pitheciid genera:<ref name=Silvestro/>
{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;
|label1=stem Pitheciidae
|1={{clade
   |label1=stem Callicebinae
   |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1=''Homunculus''
         |2=''Carlocebus''
         }}
      |label2=Callicebinae
      |2={{clade
         |1=''Cheracebus''
         |2={{clade
            |1=''Miocallicebus''
            |2={{clade
               |1=''Callicebus''
               |2=''Plecturocebus''
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |label2=stem Pitheciinae
   |2={{clade
      |label1=Xenothrini
      |1={{clade
         |1=''Antillothrix''
         |2={{clade
            |1=''Xenothrix''
            |2=''Insulacebus''
            }}
         }}
      |label2=Pitheciinae
      |2={{clade
         |1=''Mazzonicebus''
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=''Nuciruptor''
               |2=''Soriacebus''
               }}
            |2={{clade
               |1=''Pithecia''
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''Cebupithecia''
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''Proteropithecia''
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=''Chiropotes''
                        |2=''Cacajao''
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikispecies|Pitheciidae}}
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2064216.stm New monkeys in Brazil]

{{Primates}}
{{Pitheciidae nav}}
{{Haplorhini|S.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q10860343}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pitheciidae| ]]
[[Category:New World monkeys]]
[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Primate families]]
[[Category:Taxa named by St. George Jackson Mivart]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1865]]