View source for Pipe and tabor

{{More citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox Instrument
|name=Pipe and tabor
|names=
|image=Humphriespipeandtabor.png
|classification=
*[[Wind instrument|Wind]]
*[[Woodwind instrument|Woodwind]]
*[[Percussion instrument|Percussion]]
|range=1-2 octaves
|related=
*[[Tinwhistle]]
*[[Snare drum]]
*[[Ancient Fife and Drum Corps|Fife and drum]]
|musicians=
|articles=
}}

'''Pipe and tabor''' is a pair of instruments played by a single player, consisting of a  [[three-hole pipe]] played with one hand, and a small drum played with the other. The [[Tabor (instrument)|tabor]] hangs on the performer's left arm or around the neck, leaving the hands free to beat the drum with a stick in the right hand and play the pipe with thumb and first two fingers of the left hand.

The pipe is made out of wood, metal or plastic and consists of a cylindrical tube of narrow bore (1:40 diameter:length ratio) pierced with three holes near one end, two in front and one in back. At the opposite end is a fipple or block, similar to that used in a [[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]].

Tabor pipes are widespread throughout the globe, found on most continents and in many countries.  Each culture has developed a different style of pipe, so a different method of playing and a different range of notes.  The smallest of the family is the [[Picco pipe]], while the largest is the [[fujara]].

In Europe there are many variations of instrument.  The pipe and tabor is depicted in illuminated manuscripts, carvings on ecclesiastical buildings in stone and wood, stained glass windows and early printed books.

==Early descriptions==
Although there had been flutes in Europe in prehistoric times, in more recent millennia the flute was absent from Europe until its arrival from Asia, by way of "North Africa, Hungary, and Bohemia."<ref name=pichistory>{{cite book |last= Buchner |first= Alexander |title= Colour Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments |publisher= Hamlyn |place= New York | date= 1980 | isbn= 0-600-36421-6|pages=64–65}}</ref> It began to be seen in illustration in the 11th century.<ref name=pichistory/> The pipe and tabor combination is illustrated in a plate in the 13th century work, [[Cantigas de Santa Maria]].<ref name=pichistory/>
In the 17th century, [[Mersenne]] mentions a virtuoso, [[John Price (musician)|John Price]], who could rise to the twenty-second on the [[Pipe (instrument)|galoubet]]. [[Michael Praetorius|Praetorius]], author of the 1618 book ''De Organographia'', mentions and illustrates three sizes of the ''Stamentienpfeiff'', the treble 20 in. long, the tenor 26 in. and the bass 30, the last being played by means of a crook about 23 in. long. A specimen of the bass in the museum of the [[Koninklijk Conservatorium (Brussels)|Brussels Conservatory]] has middle C for its lowest note.

<gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="5" caption="Early descriptions">
File:Cantiga pipe and tabor.jpg|13th century, [[Crown of Castile]]. Plate from the Cantigas de Santa Maria.
File:Andrea Mantegna 112.jpg|''Triumph of [[Scipio Africanus|Scipio]]'' from [[The Introduction of the Cult of Cybele at Rome]] ([[Andrea Mantegna]])
File:Bear tabor.png|Whimsical depiction of a [[bear]] playing pipe and tabor, from a [[prayer book]] of the mid 15th century.
File:Praetoriuspipeandtabor.gif|Tabor with soprano and bass pipe as depicted by [[Michael Praetorius]]
File:Fra Angelico - Angel beating a Drum detail from the Linaivoli Triptych 1433 brightened cropped.jpg|1433, Italy. Angel with pipe and tabor. The pipe is very short, possibly like a [[flabiol]]
File:Fltaborandpipes1897.png|19th-century English pipes and tabors
</gallery>

We can see medieval representations of pipe and tabor in [http://musiconis.huma-num.fr/fiche/27/Musicien+jouant+du+fl%C3%BBtet-tabor sculptures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130125302/http://musiconis.huma-num.fr/fiche/27/Musicien+jouant+du+fl%C3%BBtet-tabor |date=2018-11-30 }} and [http://musiconis.huma-num.fr/fiche/430/Joueur+de+cornemuse%2C+joueur+de+rommelpot%2C+hybride+jouant+du+fl%C3%BBtet-tabor+et+acrobate illuminations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130121827/http://musiconis.huma-num.fr/fiche/430/Joueur+de+cornemuse%2C+joueur+de+rommelpot%2C+hybride+jouant+du+fl%C3%BBtet-tabor+et+acrobate |date=2018-11-30 }} from XIII century.

== English tradition and comparison with fife and drum ==
Fife, drum, pipe, and tabor are both combinations of a wind instrument played in its upper register accompanied by a drums. The [[fife (instrument)|fife]], however, is a transverse (side-blown) flute, whereas the pipe is a fipple flute. The fife requires two hands, and thus the drummer must be a separate person.
The fife and drum are associated with military marching. The pipe and tabor has a much longer history and is associated with civilian music and Court etiquette.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shakespeare|first1=William|title=Much Ado About Nothing|date=1598|page=Act II, Scene 3}}</ref> It was used for dancing (for all classes of society), ceremonies and processions, folk customs and street entertainment.

Three-hole pipes made from bone and dating to the [[early Middle Ages]] have been found in England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamborileros.com/pdf/gau01.pdf |title=Musical Report 1 |website=Tamborileros.com |date= |accessdate=2017-02-22}}</ref> There are images of medieval taborers in buildings, for example [[York Minster]], [[Lincoln Cathedral|Lincoln]] and [[Gloucester Cathedral|Gloucester]] cathedrals, and [[Tewkesbury Abbey]].

In the plays of [[Shakespeare]]'s time clowns performed between acts, often dancing to the music of pipe and tabor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13469/13469-h/13469-h.htm|title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of A History of Pantomime, by R. J. Broadbent|work=gutenberg.org}}</ref>

The pipe and tabor are also known as ''whittle and dub'' and ''whit and dub'' (also spelled ''dubb'') in some parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12926/12926-8.txt |format=TXT |title=?? |website=Gutenberg.org |accessdate=2017-02-22}}</ref> Pipe and tabor playing survived into the 20th century. It was close to extinction in the early part of the century, but a revival of interest occurred and the English pipe and tabor tradition remains alive in [[Morris dance|morris dancing]], early music and all manner of cultural displays.

In the 20th century, the makers of Generation [[pennywhistle]]s introduced an economical English tabor pipe made of metal and with a plastic mouthpiece. The English tabor has changed shape through its history and is now seen in a range of sizes and shapes according to the whim of the player. Traditionally it is played with a snare on the upper face, but today is sometimes played without.

==European tradition==
[[File:Txistu.jpg|thumb|A [[txistu]].]]

===Iberian Peninsula and Pyrenees===
The pipe and tabor, in various local forms, is popular in the [[Basque Country (historical territory)|Basque region]]. The [[txirula]] (high pitched flute) and the [[txistu]] are the two Basque forms of the three-hole tabor pipes tuned to the [[dorian mode]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.susato.com/susatotaborpipes.html|title=Susato Tabor Pipes|date=24 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070724045021/http://www.susato.com/susatotaborpipes.html|accessdate=9 January 2021|archive-date=2007-07-24}}</ref> The pipe and tabor (''danbolin'' in Basque, ''flauta tamborileira'' or ''flauta pastoril'' in Portuguese, ''fraita'' in [[Mirandês]] - the second official language of [[Portugal]] -  ''tamboril'' in Spanish) is often played by groups of players in the Basque country.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pipeandtabor.org/worldwide.htm|title=The Taborers' Society|date=8 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908235641/http://www.pipeandtabor.org/worldwide.htm|accessdate=9 January 2021|archive-date=2007-09-08}}</ref>

Aside from its importance in the Basque region, in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] the pipe and tabor remains an important part of various regional traditions. The ''flauta'' and ''tamboril'' are typically used in the regions of León and Castille (most notably in León and Salamanca), Extremadura and Andalucía. The ''flauta'' or ''gaita'' and the ''tambor'' or ''tamboril'' are played in Huelva in celebrations, ''Cruces de Mayo'', sword dances and ''romerías''; in the music used around ''Romería'' of ''El Rocío'' (Huelva, Andalucía) this same pipe is denominated ''flauta rociera'', ''gaita rociera'' or sometimes ''pito rociero'' (a higher pitched whistle).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://postmusicas-e.blogspot.com.es/2014/01/flauta-y-tamboril.html|title=Flauta y tamboril. Gaita de Huelva, gaita rociera, gaita andaluza|last=|website=postmusicas|access-date=2016-05-31}}</ref>

[[Balearic Islands]] folklore also features a flute and a drum played together, as seen in the folk music and dances of islands [[Ibiza]], [[Formentera]] and [[Majorca]].

===Provence===
In Provence a form of tabor pipe called the galoubet is played. Its scale begins a third below that of the English tabor pipe. The galoubet is accompanied on an exceptionally deep tabor known as the tambourin.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

==American tradition==
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
 | align = left
 | image1 = Thegaloubet.png
 | width1 = 175
 | alt1 = 18th century tambourinaire with galoubet.
 | caption1  =18th century tambourinaire with galoubet.

 | image2 = Pinkullo flute.jpg
 | width2 = 115
 | alt2 = Pinkullo flute with tinya drum
 | caption2 = Pinkullo flute with tinya drum, Peru.
}}

===Latin America===
From Spain, the pipe and tabor was carried to the Americas, where it continues to be used in some folk traditions.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The [[Yaqui people|Yaqui]] nation in Arizona and Mexico has its "Tamboristas",
and the [[Tarahumara]] in the mountains of Chihuahua play a three-hole whistle  (there is no back thumb hole) made from Arundo donax Cane.  The tambor used with the whistle is a large diameter, double-headed skin drum.
However, its wood frame, or shell, is very narrow, perhaps to save on total weight.

In the area of the [[Andes mountains]]  in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru, the combination of one-handed flute and drum exists as well. The [[Pinkillu]] flute and the [[Tinya]] drum have been adopted to the tradition. The drum is also played with a panflute, the [[antara (instrument)|antara]].

===United States and Canada===
The revival of the English pipe and tabor occurred to some extent throughout the [[Anglophone]] world, including the United States and Canada. One of the largest manufacturers of tabor pipes today is the Kelischeck Workshop, in [[North Carolina]], makers of the Susato line of instruments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mit.edu/~ijs/ptab/tab-pipe-rev.html|title=Tabor Pipe Reviews|work=mit.edu|access-date=2019-08-26|archive-date=2012-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206215139/http://www.mit.edu/~ijs/ptab/tab-pipe-rev.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A similar tradition existed in the United States of playing the [[panpipes]] together with a tambourine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lyon.edu/wolfcollection/songs/alphasongs.html|title=Wolf Folklore Collection: Ozark Folksongs By Singer|date=24 October 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031024191055/http://www.lyon.edu/wolfcollection/songs/alphasongs.html|accessdate=9 January 2021|archive-date=2003-10-24}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==See also==
* [[Fipple]]
* [[Flabiol]]
* [[Flageolet]]
* [[Jacques de Vaucanson]]
* [[Morris dance]]
* [[Psalterium (instrument)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiversity}}
{{Commons category|Pipe and tabor}}
{{EB1911 poster|Pipe and Tabor}}
*[https://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/instrument/pipeandtabor Sound file online].''Antiqua''
*[http://www.pipeandtabor.org The Taborer's Society]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040604232715/http://www.sussexbrew.freeuk.com/intropt.htm A Plain and Easy Introduction to the English Pipe and Tabor], with instructions for making the pipe from a [[pennywhistle]].
*[http://chrisbrady.itgo.com/pipntab/pipntab.htm Address to a Society of Morris Dancers, 1914] by Sir Francis Darwin
*[http://www.tamborileirosnoalentejo.com The pipe and tambor in Alentejo, Portugal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206185930/http://tamborileirosnoalentejo.com/ |date=2009-02-06 }} {{in lang|pt}}
*[http://www.attambur.com/Recolhas/Tocadores/documento_encontro_de_tocadores_flauta_de_tamborileiro.htm About the pipe and tambor in Portugal] {{in lang|pt}}
*[http://alfarrabio.di.uminho.pt/arqevo/textospa/html/flautasn/flautase.htm Portuguese parts] {{in lang|pt}}
*[http://www.tamborileros.com/pdf/tamboril%20y%20flauta%20-%20iniciacion%20a%20la%20practica%20instrumental.pdf Introductory Method for Tamborilero's Pipe] {{in lang|es}}
*[http://www.tamborileros.com tamborileros.com] {{in lang|es}}
*[http://www.es-aqui.com/payno/arti/flauta3.htm Construction of 3-hole pipe] {{in lang|es}}
*[http://www.txistulari.com txistulari.com] {{in lang|eu}}
*[https://huelvapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Flauta_rociera Flauta rociera] {{in lang|es}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:European percussion instruments]]
[[Category:English musical instruments]]
[[Category:Welsh musical instruments]]
[[Category:Cornish musical instruments]]
[[Category:Early musical instruments]]
[[Category:Fipple flutes]]