View source for Pink tide

{{Short description|21st century success of left-leaning Latin American leaders}}
{{hatnote group|
{{distinguish|Red tide|Crimson Tide (disambiguation){{!}}Crimson Tide}}
{{For|the right wing equivalent|Conservative wave}}
}}
{{use Oxford spelling|date=June 2022}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{multiple image
| image1            = Foro.svg
| image2            = Foro sao paulo members (June 2018).svg
| image3            = Foro sao paulo members.svg
| footer            = A map of Latin America shows countries with members of the [[São Paulo Forum]] ruling parties (red) and non-São Paulo Forum ruling parties (blue) in 2011 (left), 2018 (center), and 2024 (right).
| total_width       = 400
}}
The '''pink tide''' ({{langx|es|marea rosa}}; {{langx|pt|onda rosa}}; {{langx|fr|marée rose}}), or the '''turn to the left''' ({{langx|es|giro a la izquierda|link=no}}; {{langx|pt|virada à esquerda|link=no}}; {{langx|fr|tournant à gauche|link=no}}), is a political wave and turn towards [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] governments in [[Latin America]] throughout the 21st century. As a term, both phrases are used in [[Political science|political analysis]] in the [[news media]] and elsewhere to refer to a move toward more [[Economic progressivism|economically progressive]] or [[Progressivism|socially progressive]] policies in the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lopes |first1=Dawisson Belém |last2=de Faria |first2=Carlos Aurélio Pimenta |date=January–April 2016 |title=When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America |journal=Contexto Internacional |type=[[Literature review]] |publisher=[[Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=11–53|doi=10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001 |quote=No matter the shades of pink in the Latin American 'pink tide', and recalling that political change was not the norm for the whole region during that period, there seems to be greater agreement when it comes to explaining its emergence. In terms of this canonical interpretation, the left turn should be understood as a feature of general redemocratisation in the region, which is widely regarded as an inevitable result of the high levels of inequality in the region. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Jared2">{{cite web |last1=Abbott |first1=Jared |title=Will the Pink Tide Lift All Boats? Latin American Socialisms and Their Discontents |url=http://www.dsausa.org/will_the_pink_tide_lift_all_boats |access-date=5 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406111124/http://www.dsausa.org/will_the_pink_tide_lift_all_boats|archive-date=6 April 2017 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Democratic Socialists of America]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Oikonomakis |first1=Leonidas |title=Europe's pink tide? Heeding the Latin American experience |date=16 March 2015 |url=https://www.thepressproject.gr/endetails.php?aid=74480 |access-date=5 April 2017 |website=The Press Project}}</ref> Such governments have been referred to as "[[Centre-left politics|left-of-centre]]", "left-leaning", and "radical [[Social democracy|social-democratic]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=McLean |first1=Ian |last2=McMillan |first2=Allistair |year=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199207800.001.0001/acref-9780199207800-e-1571 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |isbn=9780199207800 |access-date=14 June 2022 |via=Oxford Reference}}</ref> They are also members of the [[São Paulo Forum]], a conference of left-wing political parties and other organizations from the Americas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The São Paulo Forum's Modus Operandi |url=https://impunityobserver.com/2020/06/23/the-sao-paulo-forums-modus-operandi/ |last=Gómez |first=Paz |date=June 23, 2020 |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=impunityobserver.com}}</ref>

The Latin American countries viewed as part of this ideological trend have been referred to as pink tide nations,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sustainabilitank.info/category/latin-america/central-america/guatemala/ |title=COHA Statement on the Ongoing Stress in Venezuela |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120132020/http://www.sustainabilitank.info/category/latin-america/central-america/guatemala/ |archive-date=2008-11-20}}</ref> with the term ''[[Socialism of the 21st century#Post-neoliberalism|post-neoliberalism]]'' or ''[[socialism of the 21st century]]'' also being used to describe the movement.<ref name="pimenta">{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes Pimenta |first1=Gabriel |last2=Casas V M Arantes |first2=Pedro |title=Rethinking Integration in Latin America: The "Pink Tide" and the Post-Neoliberal Regionalism |journal=FLACSO |date=2014 |url=http://web.isanet.org/Web/Conferences/FLACSO-ISA%20BuenosAires%202014/Archive/19e10599-bf80-42fa-a9e1-accb107de234.pdf |access-date=28 December 2017 |quote=In general, one must say that these governments have as defining common feature ample and generous social inclusion policies that link effectively for social investments that certainly had an impact on regional social indicators (LIMA apud SILVA, 2010a). In this sense, so far, all of these countries had positive improvements. As a result, it was observed the reduction in social inequality, as well as the reduction of poverty and other social problems (SILVA, 2010a)}}</ref> Elements of the movement have included a rejection of the [[Washington Consensus]].<ref name="bbc2">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4311957.stm |title=South America's leftward sweep |date=2 March 2005 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=30 October 2018}}</ref> At the same time, some pink tide governments, such as those of [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], and [[Venezuela]],<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last=Lopes |first=Arthur |date=Spring 2016 |title=¿Viva la Contrarrevolución? South America's Left Begins to Wave Goodbye |journal=[[Harvard International Review]] |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=12–14 |quote=South America, a historical bastion of populism, has always had a penchant for the left, but the continent's predilection for unsustainable welfarism might be approaching a dramatic end. ... This 'pink tide' also included the rise of populist ideologies in some of these countries, such as Kirchnerismo in Argentina, Chavismo in Venezuela, and Lulopetismo in Brazil.}}</ref> have been varyingly characterized as being "[[Anti-Americanism|anti-American]]",<ref name="boston2">{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/01/14/the_many_stripes_of_anti_americanism/ |title=The many stripes of anti-Americanism |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |first=Neil |last=Gross |date=January 14, 2007 |access-date=30 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="NOVA2">{{cite journal |last1=da Cruz |first1=Jose de Arimateia |date=2015 |title=Strategic Insights: From Ideology to Geopolitics: Russian Interests in Latin America |journal=Current Politics and Economics of Russia, Eastern and Central Europe |publisher=[[Nova Science Publishers]] |volume=30 |issue=1/2 |pages=175–185}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lopes |first1=Dawisson Belém |last2=de Faria |first2=Carlos Aurélio Pimenta |date=January–April 2016 |title=When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America |journal=Contexto Internacional |type=[[Literature review]] |publisher=[[Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=11–53 |doi=10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001 |quote=... one finds as many local left-leaning governments as there are countries making up the so-called left turn, because they emerged from distinct institutional settings ... espoused distinct degrees of anti-Americanism ... |doi-access=free}}</ref> prone to [[populism]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lopes |first1=Dawisson Belém |last2=de Faria |first2=Carlos Aurélio Pimenta |date=Jan–Apr 2016 |title=When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America |journal=Contexto Internacional |type=[[Literature review]] |publisher=[[Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=11–53 |doi=10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001 |quote=The wrong left, by contrast, was said to be populist, old-fashioned, and irresponsible ... |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ISBESTER2">{{cite book |title=The Paradox of Democracy in Latin America: Ten Country Studies of Division and Resilience |last1=Isbester |first1=Katherine |date=2011 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=978-1442601802 |location=Toronto |page=xiii |quote=... the populous of Latin America are voting in the Pink Tide governments that struggle with reform while being prone to populism and authoritarianism.}}</ref><ref name="pitts2">{{cite news |url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_310062.html |title=Latin America's 'pragmatic' pink tide |archive-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516065906/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_310062.html |date=16 May 2016 |work=Pittsburgh Tribune-Herald}}</ref> as well as [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]],<ref name="ISBESTER2"/> particularly in the case of [[Nicaragua]] and Venezuela by the 2010s, although many others remained democratic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lopes |first1=Dawisson Belém |last2=de Faria |first2=Carlos Aurélio Pimenta |date=January–April 2016 |title=When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America |journal=Contexto Internacional |type=[[Literature review]] |publisher=[[Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=11–53 |doi=10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001 |quote=However, these analytical and taxonomic efforts often led to new dichotomies ... democrats and authoritarians ... |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The pink tide was followed by the [[conservative wave]], a political phenomenon that emerged in the early 2010s as a direct reaction to the pink tide. Some authors have proposed that there are multiple distinct pink tides rather than a single one, with the first pink tide happening during the late 1990s and early 2000s<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moraes |first1=Juan A. |last2=Luján |first2=Diego |year=2020 |title=The Electoral Success of the Left in Latin America: Is There Any Room for Spatial Models of Voting? |journal=Latin American Research Review |volume=55 |issue=4 |page=691 |doi=10.25222/larr.466 |s2cid=233392799|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schmidt |first1=Samantha |last2=Sheridan |first2=Mary Beth |date=December 6, 2021 |title=Do recent elections indicate a shift in Latin American politics? Post correspondents answered your questions |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/12/06/live-chat-latin-america-politics/ |access-date=December 29, 2021}}</ref> and a second pink tide encompassing the elections of the late 2010s to early 2020s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aquino |first=Marco |date=2021-06-21 |title=Another pink tide? Latin America's left galvanized by rising star in Peru |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/another-pink-tide-latin-americas-left-galvanized-by-rising-star-peru-2021-06-21/ |access-date=2021-12-21}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |last=Arsenault |first=Chris |date=2021-12-14 |title=How left-wing forces are regaining ground in Latin America |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/14/how-left-wing-forces-are-regaining-ground-in-latin-america |access-date=2021-12-21 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> A resurgence of the pink tide was kicked off by [[2018 Mexican general election|Mexico in 2018]] and [[2019 Argentine general election|Argentina in 2019]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Araujo |first1=Gabriel |last2=Vargas|first2=Carlos |last3=Woodford |first3=Isabel |date=22 June 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-americas-new-pink-tide-gains-pace-colombia-shifts-left-brazil-up-next-2022-06-22/ |title=Latin America's new 'pink tide' gains pace as Colombia shifts left; Brazil up next |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref> and further established by [[2020 Bolivian general election|Bolivia in 2020]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Taher |first=Rahib |title=A Miraculous MAS Victory in Bolivia and the Resurgence of the Pink Tide |date=9 January 2021 |url=https://thesciencesurvey.com/editorial/2021/01/09/a-miraculous-mas-victory-in-bolivia-and-the-resurgence-of-the-pink-tide/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=The Science Survey}}</ref> along with [[2021 Peruvian general election|Peru]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Aquino |first=Marco |date=21 June 2021 |title=Another pink tide? Latin America's left galvanized by rising star in Peru |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/another-pink-tide-latin-americas-left-galvanized-by-rising-star-peru-2021-06-21/ |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> [[2021 Honduran general election|Honduras]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Garcia |first1=David Alire |last2=Palencia |first2=Gustavo |date=2021-12-01 |title=Honduras' ruling party concedes presidential election to leftist |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/hondurans-wait-slow-vote-count-triumph-leftist-candidate-2021-11-30/ |access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref> and [[2021 Chilean general election|Chile in 2021]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Gabriel Boric, a Former Student Activist, Is Elected Chile's Youngest President|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/19/world/americas/chile-president-election.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |first1=Pascale |last1=Bonnefoy |first2=Ernesto |last2=Londoño |date=19 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref> and then [[2022 Colombian presidential election|Colombia]] and [[2022 Brazilian general election|Brazil in 2022]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Dyer |first=Gwynne |date=15 June 2022 |url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/2022-06-15/latin-america-the-pink-tide-is-rising/67888 |title=Latin America: The Pink Tide Is Rising |website=The Portugal News |access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=31 October 2022 |title=Lula's leftist triumph: Is this Latin America's second 'pink tide'? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221031-lula-s-leftist-triumph-is-this-latin-america-s-second-pink-tide|access-date=31 October 2022 |website=[[France 24]] |publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grattan |first=Steven |date=31 October 2022 |title=Latin America's 'pink tide' leaders congratulate Brazil's Lula on election win |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-americas-pink-tide-leaders-congratulate-brazils-lula-election-win-2022-10-31/ |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> with Colombia electing [[Gustavo Petro|the first left-wing president in their history]].<ref>{{cite news |date=19 June 2022 |title=Leftist Gustavo Petro wins Colombian presidency |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/33d30a93-0f48-41ee-9847-4503c79ca7d9 |access-date=19 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620074307/https://www.ft.com/content/33d30a93-0f48-41ee-9847-4503c79ca7d9 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bocanegra |first1=Nelson |last2=Griffin |first2=Oliver |last3=Vargas |first3=Carlos |date=19 June 2022 |title=Colombia elects former guerrilla Petro as first leftist president |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/colombians-head-polls-tightest-election-recent-memory-2022-06-19/ |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620074307/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/colombians-head-polls-tightest-election-recent-memory-2022-06-19/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Garavito |first1=Tatiana |last2=Thanki |first2=Nathan |date=23 June 2022 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/6/23/colombias-shift-to-the-left-a-new-pink-tide-in-latin-america |title=Colombia's shift to the left: A new 'pink tide' in Latin America? |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref> In 2023, centre-left [[Bernardo Arévalo]] secured [[2023 Guatemalan general election|a surprise victory]] in [[Guatemala]].<ref>{{cite news |last=McKenzie |first=Roger |date=21 August 2023 |title=Guatemala elects leftwinger Arevalo as new president |url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/w/guatemala-elects-left-wing-arevalo-new-president |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Morning Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Blue |first=Victor J. |date=2023-09-10 |title=Guatemalans Guarded the Memory of Democracy Through Years of War and Corruption. Now They See an Opening. |url=https://theintercept.com/2023/09/10/bernardo-arevalo-guatemala-election/ |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, [[Claudia Sheinbaum]] won the [[2024 Mexican general election|Mexican presidency]] in a landslide, a continuation of [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]'s left-wing government,<ref name="SheinbaumCNN">{{Cite web |last=John |first=Tara |date=2024-06-03 |title=Preliminary results project Claudia Sheinbaum to become Mexico's first female president |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/03/americas/mexico-election-result-first-female-president-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SheinbaumLeMonde">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-03 |title=Mexico elects Claudia Sheinbaum as first female president in landslide win |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/06/03/mexico-set-to-elect-first-woman-president-with-polls-pointing-to-sheinbaum-landslide-victory_6673571_4.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=Le Monde.fr |language=en}}</ref> and [[Yamandú Orsi]]'s [[2024 Uruguayan general election|victory]] in [[Uruguay]] marked a return to power for the [[Broad Front (Uruguay)|Broad Front]].<ref name="OrsiAP">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/uruguay-yamadu-orsi-elected-president-ab071b5afb2f94bcba8877d5e47c91cf |title=Uruguay's leftist opposition candidate Yamandú Orsi becomes country's new president |date=25 November 2024|access-date=25 November 2024|website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s ===
{{see also|Latin American debt crisis|La Década Perdida}}
Following the [[third wave of democratization]] in the 1980s, the institutionalisation of electoral competition in Latin America opened up the possibility for the left to ascend to power. For much of the region's history, formal electoral contestation excluded leftist movements, first through limited suffrage and later through military intervention and repression during the second half of the 20th century.<ref>Levitsky, Steven; Roberts, Kenneth. [https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/394272/mod_resource/content/1/The%20Resurgence%20of%20the%20Latin%20Ame%20-%20Steven%20Levitsky%20Intro.pdf "The Resurgence of the Latin American Left"] (PDF). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.</ref> The [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and the end of the [[Cold War]] changed the geopolitical environment, as many revolutionary movements vanished, and the left embraced the core tenets of capitalism. In turn, the United States no longer perceived leftist governments as a security threat, creating a political opening for the left.<ref name="auto">Levitsky, Ibid.</ref>

In the 1990s, as the Latin American elite no longer feared a communist takeover of their assets, the left exploited this opportunity to solidify their base, run for local offices, and gain experience governing on the local level. At the end of the 1990s and early 2000s, the region's initial unsuccessful attempts with the [[neoliberal]] policies of [[privatisation]], cuts in [[social spending]], and foreign investment left countries with high levels of [[unemployment]], [[inflation]], and rising [[social inequality]].<ref>Rodriguez, Robert G. (2014). "Re-Assessing the Rise of the Latin American Left" (PDF). The Midsouth Political Science Review. Arkansas Political Science Association. 15 (1): 59. {{ISSN|2330-6882}}.</ref>

This period saw increasing numbers of people working in the [[informal economy]] and suffering material insecurity, and ties between the working classes and the traditional political parties weakening, resulting in a growth of mass protest against the negative social effects of these policies, such as the ''[[piquetero]]s'' in Argentina, and in Bolivia indigenous and peasant movements rooted among small [[coca]] farmers, or ''[[cocalero]]s'', whose activism culminated in the [[Bolivian gas conflict]] of the early-to-mid 2000s.<ref name=rojas /> The left's social platforms, which were centered on economic change and [[redistributive policies]], offered an attractive alternative that mobilized large sectors of the population across the region, who voted leftist leaders into office.<ref name="auto"/>

[[File:Mandatario, Rafael Correa expresa su total apoyo a Manuel Zelaya durante la reunión de Jefes de Estado del ALBA en Nicaragua (3672312149).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[ALBA]] was founded by left-wing populist leaders such as Nicaraguan revolutionary [[Daniel Ortega]], Venezuelan president [[Hugo Chávez]], and Bolivian president [[Evo Morales]].]]
The pink tide was led by [[Hugo Chávez]] of Venezuela, who was elected into the presidency in 1998.<ref name=":3">{{cite book|title=Latin America's Pink Tide Crashes On The Rocks|last=McMaken|first=Ryan|date=2016|publisher=[[Mises Institute]]|ref=MISES16}}</ref> National policies among the left in Latin America are divided between the styles of Chávez and Lula as the latter not only focused on those affected by inequality, but also catered to private enterprises and global capital.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/28/colombia-latin-america-political-shift|title=Latin America's political right in decline as leftist governments move to middle|first=Nick|last=Miroff|date=28 January 2014|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

==== Commodities boom and growth ====
{{further|2000s commodities boom}}

With the difficulties facing emerging markets across the world at the time, Latin Americans turned away from [[liberal economics]] and elected leftist leaders who had recently turned toward more democratic processes.<ref name="PROMISING22">{{cite journal|last1=Reid|first1=Michael|date=September–October 2015|title=Obama and Latin America: A Promising Day in the Neighborhood|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=94|issue=5|pages=45–53|quote=... half a dozen countries, led by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, formed a hard-left anti-American bloc with authoritarian tendencies...}}</ref> The popularity of such leftist governments relied upon by their ability to use the [[2000s commodities boom]] to initiate populist policies,<ref name="RIO1">{{cite journal|last1=Lopes|first1=Dawisson Belém|last2=de Faria|first2=Carlos Aurélio Pimenta|date=Jan–Apr 2016|title=When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America|journal=Contexto Internacional|type=[[Literature review]]|publisher=[[Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro]]|volume=38|issue=1|pages=11–53|doi=10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001|quote=The fate of Latin America's left turn has been closely associated with the commodities boom (or supercycle) of the 2000s, largely due to rising demand from emerging markets, notably China.|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{cite journal|last=Lansberg-Rodríguez|first=Daniel|date=Fall 2016|title=Life after Populism? Reforms in the Wake of the Receding Pink Tide|journal=[[Georgetown Journal of International Affairs]]|publisher=[[Georgetown University Press]]|volume=17|issue=2|pages=56–65|doi=10.1353/gia.2016.0025|s2cid=157788674}}</ref> such as those used by the Bolivarian government in Venezuela.<ref name="NYTpopCHAVEZ">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/01/world/americas/venezuela-populism-authoritarianism.html|title=How Does Populism Turn Authoritarian? Venezuela Is a Case in Point|last1=Fisher|first1=Max|last2=Taub|first2=Amanda|date=1 April 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402005743/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/01/world/americas/venezuela-populism-authoritarianism.html|archive-date=2 April 2017|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to Daniel Lansberg, this resulted in "high public expectations in regard to continuing economic growth, subsidies, and social services".<ref name=":42"/> With China becoming a more industrialized nation at the same time and requiring resources for its growing economy, it took advantage of the strained relations with the United States and [[Sino-Latin America relations|partnered with the leftist governments in Latin America]].<ref name="RIO1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=Michael|date=2015|title=Obama and Latin America: A Promising Day in the Neighborhood|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=94|issue=5|pages=45–53|quote=As China industrialized in the first decade of the century, its demand for raw materials rose, pushing up the prices of South American minerals, fuels, and oilseeds. From 2000 to 2013, Chinese trade with Latin America rocketed from $12 billion to over $275 billion. ... Its loans have helped sustain leftist governments pursuing otherwise unsustainable policies in Argentina, Ecuador, and Venezuela, whose leaders welcomed Chinese aid as an alternative to the strict conditions imposed by the International Monetary Fund or the financial markets. ... The Chinese-fueled commodity boom, which ended only recently, lifted Latin America to new heights. The region – and especially South America – enjoyed faster economic growth, a steep fall in poverty, a decline in extreme income inequality, and a swelling of the middle class.}}</ref> South America in particular initially saw a drop in inequality and a growth in its economy as a result of Chinese commodity trade.<ref name=":0"/>

As the prices of commodities lowered into the 2010s, coupled with welfare overspending with little savings by pink tide governments, policies became unsustainable and supporters became disenchanted, eventually leading to the rejection of leftist governments.<ref name=":42"/><ref name=":2">{{cite journal|date=8 December 2015|title=Americas Economy: Is the "Pink Tide" Turning?|journal=[[The Economist Intelligence Unit|The Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd]]|quote=In 2004-13 many pink tide countries benefited from strong economic growth, with exceptionally high commodities prices driving exports, owing to robust demand from China. These conditions brought regional growth ... However, the negative impact of expansionary policy on inflation, fiscal deficits and non-commodity exports in many countries soon began to prove that this boom period was unsustainable, even before international oil prices plummeted alongside prices of other key commodities at the end of 2014. ... These challenging economic conditions have exposed the negative consequences of years of policy mismanagement in various countries, most notably in Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela.}}</ref> Analysts state that such unsustainable policies were more apparent in Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, and Venezuela,<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2"/> who received Chinese funds without any oversight.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Piccone|first=Ted|date=November 2016|title=The Geopolitics of China's Rise in Latin America|journal=Geoeconomics and Global Issues|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|pages=5–6|quote=[China] promised to impose no political conditions on its economic and technical assistance, in contrast to the usual strings-attached approach from Washington, Europe, and the international financial institutions, and committed to debt cancellation 'as China's ability permits.' ... As one South American diplomat put it, given the choice between the onerous conditions of the neoliberal Washington consensus and the no-strings-attached largesse of the Chinese, elevating relations with Beijing was a no-brainer.}}</ref> As a result, some scholars have stated that the pink tide's rise and fall was "a byproduct of the commodity cycle's acceleration and decadence".<ref name="RIO1"/>

Some pink tide governments, such as Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, allegedly ignored [[List of United Nations resolutions concerning Iran|international sanctions against Iran]], allowing the Iranian government access to funds bypassing sanctions as well as resources such as [[uranium]] for the [[Iranian nuclear program]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Piccone|first=Ted|date=November 2016|title=The Geopolitics of China's Rise in Latin America|journal=Geoeconomics and Global Issues|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|pages=11–12|quote=Countries that are part of the so-called "pink tide" in Latin America, most notably Venezuela, have tended to defy international sanctions and partner with Iran. Venezuela's economic ties to Iran reportedly have helped Tehran to skirt international sanctions through the establishment of joint companies and nancial entities. Other ALBA countries such as Ecuador and Bolivia have also been important strategic partners to Iran, allowing the regime to extract uranium needed for its nuclear program.}}</ref>

=== End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s ===
{{main|Conservative wave}}
[[File:Dilma Rousseff lendo sua mensagem de 2016 ao Congresso Nacional (2) (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[impeachment of Dilma Rousseff]] gave rise to the [[conservative wave]] in the 2010s.]]
The US government said Chávez had "dreams of continental domination", was a threat to his own people. According to Michael Reid writing in the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] magazine, ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', Chávez' regional influence peaked in 2007 and interest in him waned after Venezuela's dependence on oil revenue led it into an [[Crisis in Venezuela|economic crisis]] and he grew increasingly authoritarian.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last=Reid|first=Michael|date=2015|title=Obama and Latin America: A Promising Day in the Neighborhood|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=94|issue=5|pages=45–53|quote=Washington's trade strategy was to contain Chávez and his dreams of continental domination ... the accurate assessment that Chávez was a threat to his own people. ... Chávez's regional influence peaked around 2007. His regime lost appeal because of its mounting left-wing authoritarianism and economic difficulties.}}</ref>

The [[death of Chávez]] in 2013 left the most radical wing without a clear leader as [[Nicolás Maduro]] did not have the international influence and prestige of his predecessor. Chinese trade and loans, which were more favourable than those provided by the [[International Monetary Fund]], resulted in economic growth, a steep fall in poverty, a decline in extreme income inequality, and a swelling of the middle class in South America. By the mid-2010s, Chinese investment in Latin America began to decline.<ref name=":0" /> 

By 2015, the shift away from the left became more pronounced in Latin America, with ''[[The Economist]]'' saying the pink tide had ebbed,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21679192-mauricio-macris-remarkable-victory-will-reverberate-across-south-america-ebbing-pink|title=The ebbing of the pink tide|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> and [[Vice News]] stating that 2015 was "The Year the 'Pink Tide' Turned".<ref name="VICEtideTURN2">{{cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-year-the-pink-tide-turned-latin-america-in-2015/|title=The Year the 'Pink Tide' Turned: Latin America in 2015|last1=Noel|first1=Andrea|date=29 December 2015|work=[[Vice News]]|access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref> In the [[2015 Argentine general election]], [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]]'s favoured candidate for the presidency [[Daniel Scioli]] was defeated by his centre-right opponent [[Mauricio Macri]], against a background of rising inflation, reductions in GDP, and declining prices for [[soybean]]s, which was a key export for the country, leading to falls in public revenues and social spending.<ref name=rojas/>

Shortly afterwards, the [[Operation Car Wash|corruption scandal surrounding Petrobras]] engulfed Brazilian politics and led to the impeachment of Brazilian president [[Dilma Rousseff]], culminating in her removal from office. In Ecuador, retiring president [[Rafael Correa]]'s successor was his vice-president, [[Lenín Moreno]], who took a narrow victory in the [[2017 Ecuadorian general election]], a win that received a negative reaction from the business community at home and abroad. However, after his election, Moreno shifted his positions rightwards and sidelined Correa's allies, resulting in Correa branding his former deputy "a traitor" and "a wolf in sheep's clothing".<ref name=rojas>{{cite journal |last1=Rojas |first1=René |date=Summer 2018 |title=The Latin American Left's Shifting Tides |url=https://catalyst-journal.com/vol2/no2/the-latin-american-lefts-shifting-tides |journal=[[Catalyst (journal)|Catalyst]] |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=6–71|access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/aa2c331a-e265-11e7-97e2-916d4fbac0da |title=Lenín Moreno unpicks Ecuador's leftwing legacy |last=Long |first=Gideon |date=29 December 2017 |website=[[ft.com]]|access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref>

By 2016, the decline of the pink tide saw an emergence of a "new right" in Latin America,<ref name="AFPebbs2">{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/latin-americas-pink-tide-ebbs-low-brazil-102115760.html|title=Latin America's 'pink tide' ebbs to new low in Brazil|last1=de Oliveira Neto|first1=Claire|date=1 September 2016|access-date=3 September 2016|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|last2=Howat Berger|first2=Joshua|archive-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902145900/https://www.yahoo.com/news/latin-americas-pink-tide-ebbs-low-brazil-102115760.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> with ''[[The New York Times]]'' stating "Latin America's leftist ramparts appear to be crumbling because of widespread corruption, a slowdown in China's economy and poor economic choices", with the newspaper elaborating that leftist leaders did not diversify economies, had unsustainable welfare policies and disregarded democratic behaviors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/23/opinion/the-left-on-the-run-in-latin-america.html?_r=0|title=The Left on the Run in Latin America|date=23 May 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> In mid-2016, the ''[[Harvard International Review]]'' stated that "South America, a historical bastion of populism, has always had a penchant for the left, but the continent's predilection for unsustainable welfarism might be approaching a dramatic end."<ref name=":4"/>

Far-right candidate [[Jair Bolsonaro]] was elected in Brazil in [[2018 Brazilian general election]], providing Brazil with its most right-wing government since the military dictatorship.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Watmough|first=Simon P.|date=15 February 2021|title=Jair Bolsonaro: Far-Right Firebrand and Cheerleader for Dictatorship |url=https://www.populismstudies.org/jair-bolsonaro-far-right-firebrand-and-cheerleader-for-dictatorship/|journal=ECPS Leader Profiles|publisher=European Center for Populism Studies|access-date=4 November 2022|doi=10.55271/lp0008|s2cid=246732745 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Resurgence: late 2010s and early 2020s ===
Some countries, however, pushed back against the trend and elected more left-leaning leaders, such as [[Mexico]] with the electoral victory of [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] in the [[2018 Mexican general election]] and [[Argentina]] where the incumbent [[centre-right]] president [[Mauricio Macri]] lost against [[centre-left]] challenger [[Alberto Fernández]] ([[Justicialist Party|Peronist]]) in the [[2019 Argentine general election]].<ref name="eng">{{cite news |title=Resurgence of the 'Pink Tide'? Revisiting Left Politics in Latin America |url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/resurgence-pink-tide-revisiting-left-politics |access-date=17 April 2021 |publisher=EPW Engage |date=23 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uribe reconoce derrota del Centro Democrático en las regionales |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/partidos-politicos/expresidente-uribe-reconoce-derrota-en-las-elecciones-regionales-427716 |access-date=28 October 2019 |agency=El Tiempo |date=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Cuttin |first1=Maurizio |title=The Americas: Is the 'Pink tide' seeing a resurgence? |url=https://warwickcongress.com/2019/11/29/the-americas-is-the-pink-tide-seeing-a-resurgence/ |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=Warwick Congress}}</ref> This development was later strengthened by the [[landslide victory]] of the left-wing [[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)|Movement for Socialism]] and its presidential candidate [[Luis Arce]] in [[Bolivia]] in the [[2020 Bolivian general election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/23/final-count-gives-big-victory-for-luis-arce-in-bolivia-election|title=Luis Arce promises to 'rebuild' Bolivia after huge election win|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=23 October 2020|access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ramos|first=Daniel|date=24 October 2020|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bolivia-election-idUSKBN27902N|title=Bolivia's Arce pledges to "rebuild" as landslide election win confirmed|publisher=Reuters|access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref>

A series of violent protests against [[austerity]] measures and [[income inequality]] scattered throughout Latin America have also occurred within this period in [[2019–2022 Chilean protests|Chile]], Colombia (in [[2019–2020 Colombian protests|2019]] and [[2021 Colombian protests|2021]]), [[2018–19 Haitian protests|Haiti]] and [[2019 Ecuadorian protests|Ecuador]].<ref name="eng" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Prashad |first1=Vijay |title=Latin America: Return of the Pink Tide |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30025582.ece |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=Fronteline |date=6 December 2019}}</ref>

This trend continued throughout 2021 and 2022, when multiple left-wing leaders won elections in Latin America. In the [[2021 Peruvian general election]], [[Peru]] elected the maverick peasant union leader [[Pedro Castillo]] on a socialist platform, defeating neoliberal rivals.<ref name="Aquino 2021">{{cite web | last=Aquino | first=Marco | title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results | website=Reuters | date=20 July 2021 | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/ | access-date=25 May 2023}}</ref> In the [[2021 Honduran general election]] held in November, leftist [[Xiomara Castro]] was elected president of [[Honduras]],<ref name=":5" /> and weeks later leftist [[Gabriel Boric]] won the [[2021 Chilean general election]] to become the new president of [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Luna|first1=Patricia|last2=Goodman|first2=Joshua|date=19 December 2021|title=Leftist millennial wins election as Chile's next president|url=https://apnews.com/article/elections-caribbean-donald-trump-chile-santiago-5fc78a1fe1cb26a06839e8a7b59c8730|access-date=21 December 2021|publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> The [[2022 Colombian presidential election]] was won by leftist [[Gustavo Petro]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carlsen|first1=Laura|last2=Dickinson|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Dimitroff|first3=Sashe|last4=Guzmán|first4=Sergio|last5=Molina|first5=Marco|last6=Shifter|first6=Michael|last7=Velez de Berliner|first7=Maria|date=21 June 2022|url=https://www.thedialogue.org/analysis/what-will-petros-presidency-mean-for-colombia/|title=What Will Petro's Presidency Mean for Colombia?|website=The Dialogue|publisher=Inter-American Dialogue|access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref> making him the first left-wing president of [[Colombia]] in the country's 212-year history.<ref>{{cite news |last=Turkewitz |first=Julie |date=19 June 2022 |title=Colombia Election: Gustavo Petro Makes History in Presidential Victory |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/06/19/world/colombia-election-results |access-date=19 June 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Galindo|first=Jorge|date=20 June 2022|url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-06-20/how-colombia-shifted-to-the-left.html|title=How Colombia shifted to the left|newspaper=El País|access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref> Lula followed suit in [[2022 Brazilian general election|October 2022]] by returning to power after narrowly beating Bolsonaro.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grattan |first=Steven |date=31 October 2022 |title=Latin America's 'pink tide' leaders congratulate Brazil's Lula on election win |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-americas-pink-tide-leaders-congratulate-brazils-lula-election-win-2022-10-31/ |access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> In 2023, Guatemala [[2023 Guatemalan general election|elected]] centre-left [[Bernardo Arévalo]] as its president.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://peoplesdispatch.org/2023/08/21/bernardo-arevalo-will-be-guatemalas-next-president/|title=Bernardo Arévalo will be Guatemala's next President|last=Salome Canteros|first=Laura|date=21 August 2023|website=Peoples Dispatch|access-date=21 August 2023|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Garrison |first1=Cassandra |last2=Menchu |first2=Sofia |date=2023-08-21 |title=International community cheers Guatemala anti-graft candidate's landslide victory |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/international-community-cheers-guatemala-anti-graft-candidates-landslide-victory-2023-08-21/ |access-date=2023-08-21}}</ref> In 2024, [[Claudia Sheinbaum]] won the [[2024 Mexican general election|Mexican presidency]] in a landslide, a continuation of [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]'s left-wing government,<ref name="SheinbaumCNN"/><ref name="SheinbaumLeMonde"/> and [[Yamandú Orsi]]'s [[2024 Uruguayan general election|victory]] in [[Uruguay]] marked a return to power for the [[Broad Front (Uruguay)|Broad Front]].<ref name="OrsiAP"/>

=== Second decline: early 2020s ===
Since mid-2022, some political commentators have suggested that Latin America's second pink tide may be dissipating, citing the unpopularity of Boric and the [[2022 Chilean national plebiscite]],<ref name=":6">{{cite news |last=Haynes |first=Brad |date=22 December 2022 |title=Latin America's 'pink tide' may have hit its high-water mark |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-americas-pink-tide-may-have-hit-its-high-water-mark-2022-12-22/ |access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite news |last1=Woodford |first1=Isabel |last2=Vargas |first2=Carlos |last3=Araujo |first3=Gabriel |last4=Araujo |first4=Gabriel |date=23 June 2022 |title=Latin America's new 'pink tide' gains pace as Colombia shifts left; Brazil up next |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-americas-new-pink-tide-gains-pace-colombia-shifts-left-brazil-up-next-2022-06-22/ |access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref> [[Third impeachment and removal of Pedro Castillo|the deposition of Castillo]],<ref name=":6" /> the shift of many elected leaders towards the [[Centrism|political center]],<ref name=":7" /> the [[2023 Paraguayan general election|election]] of conservative [[Santiago Peña]] as president of [[2023 Paraguayan general election|Paraguay]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://brazilian.report/cartoons/2023/08/17/latin-america-bolsonaro-milei/|title=Pink tide 2.0 in Latin America? Not so fast…|first1=Lucas|last1=Berti|author2=Jika|date=17 August 2023|website=The Brazilian Report|accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref> and Ecuador's [[2023 Ecuadorian general election|election]] of centre-right president, [[Daniel Noboa]], over his leftist rival, [[Luisa González]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Collyns |first1=Dan |title=Banana fortune heir Daniel Noboa wins Ecuador presidential election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/16/daniel-noboa-wins-ecuador-presidential-election |work=The Guardian |date=16 October 2023}}</ref>  Also in 2023, Argentina elected —for the first time in the country's history— a [[far-right]] candidate, [[Javier Milei]], as president, after November 19th's [[2023 Argentine general election|general elections]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67470549 | title=Javier Milei: Argentina's far-right outsider wins presidential election|work=BBC News|first=Vanessa|last=Buschschlüter|date=19 November 2023|access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref>

== Economic outcome ==
=== Economy and social development ===
<!--Intro-->
The pink tide governments aimed to improve the welfare of the constituencies that brought them to power, which they attempted through measures intended to increase wages, such as raising [[minimum wages]], and softening the effects of neoliberal economic policies through expanding [[welfare spending|welfare]] spending, such as subsidizing basic services and providing [[cash transfer]]s to vulnerable groups like the unemployed, mothers outside of formal employment, and the [[precariat]].<ref name=rojas /> In Venezuela, the first pink tide government of Chávez increased spending on social welfare, housing, and local infrastructures, and established the [[Bolivarian missions]], decentralised programmes that delivered free services in fields, such as healthcare and education, as well as subsidised food distribution.<ref name=rojas/>

<!--Brazil-->
Before Lula's election, Brazil suffered from one of the highest rates of poverty in the Americas, with the infamous [[favelas]] known internationally for its levels of extreme poverty, malnutrition, and health problems. Extreme poverty was also a problem in rural areas. During Lula's presidency several social programs like Zero Hunger (''Fome Zero'') were praised internationally for reducing hunger in Brazil,<ref name="nacla2">{{cite web|url=https://nacla.org/article/introduction-lula's-legacy-brazil|title=Introduction: Lula's Legacy in Brazil|access-date=5 November 2017|publisher=NACLA}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> poverty, and inequality, while also improving the health and education of the population.<ref name="nacla2"/><ref name="Kingstone2">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-11458409|title=How President Lula changed Brazil|last1=Kingstone|first1=Steve|date=2 October 2010|access-date=5 November 2017|agency=BBC News}}</ref> Around 29 million people became [[middle class]] during Lula's eight years tenure.<ref name="Kingstone2"/> During Lula's government, Brazil became an [[economic power]] and member of [[BRICS]].<ref name="nacla2"/><ref name="Kingstone2"/> Lula ended his tenure with 80% approval ratings.<ref name="phillips2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/17/accused-of-graft-popularity-near-zero-so-why-is-brazils-president-still-in-office|title=Accused of corruption, popularity near zero – why is Temer still Brazil's president?|last1=Phillips|first1=Don|date=17 October 2017|access-date=5 November 2017|agency=The Guardian}}</ref>

<!--Argentina-->
In Argentina, the administrations of [[Néstor Kirchner]] and [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] restored [[sectoral collective bargaining]], strengthening [[Trade unions in Argentina|trade unions]]: unionisation increased from 20 percent of the workforce in the 1990s to 30 percent in the 2010s, and wages rose for an increasing proportion of the working class.<ref name=rojas /> [[Universal allocation per child]], a [[conditional cash transfer]] programme, was introduced in 2009 for families without formal employment and earning less than the minimum wage who ensured their children attended school, received vaccines, and underwent health checks;<ref name=cedlas /> it covered over two million poor families by 2013,<ref name=rojas /> and 29 percent of all Argentinian children by 2015. A 2015 analysis by staff at Argentina's [[National Scientific and Technical Research Council]] estimated that the programme had increased school attendance for children between the ages of 15 and 17 by 3.9 percent.<ref name=cedlas>{{cite journal |last1=Edo |first1=María |last2=Marchionni |first2=Mariana|last3=Garganta |first3=Santiago |date=November 2015|title=Conditional Cash Transfer Programs and Enforcement of Compulsory Education Laws. The case of Asignación Universal por Hijo in Argentina |url=https://www.cedlas.econo.unlp.edu.ar/wp/wp-content/uploads/doc_cedlas190.pdf |access-date=13 September 2020 |journal=Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies Working Papers|publisher=[[Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies]] |issue=190 |issn=1853-0168}}</ref> The Kirchners also increased social spending significantly: upon Fernández de Kirchner leaving office in 2015, Argentina had the second highest level of social spending as a percentage of GDP in Latin America, behind only Chile. Their administrations also achieved a drop of 20 percentage points in the proportion of the population living on three US dollars a day or less. As a result, Argentina also became one of the most equal countries in the region according to its Gini coefficient.<ref name=rojas />

<!--Bolivia-->
In Bolivia, Morales's government was praised internationally for its reduction of poverty, increases in economic growth,<ref>{{cite web|title=Evo Morales|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Evo-Morales|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=5 November 2017}}</ref> and the improvement of indigenous, women,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8498081.stm|title=Bolivian women spearhead Morales revolution|last1=Schipani|first1=Andres|date=11 February 2010|access-date=5 November 2017|publisher=BBC}}</ref> and [[LGBT rights in Bolivia|LGBT rights]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/07/17/a-surprising-move-on-lgbt-rights-from-a-macho-south-american-president/|title=A surprising move on LGBT rights from a 'macho' South American president|last1=Tegel|first1=Simeon|date=17 July 2016|access-date=5 November 2017|agency=The Washington Post}}</ref> in the very traditionally minded Bolivian society. During his first five years in office, Bolivia's [[Gini coefficient]] saw an unusually sharp reduction from 0.6 to 0.47, indicating a significant drop in income inequality.<ref name=rojas /> [[Rafael Correa]], economist from the [[University of Illinois]],<ref name="north2">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/why-ecuadors-rafael-correa-one-latin-americas-most-popular-leaders/|title=Why Ecuador's Rafael Correa Is One of Latin America's Most Popular Leaders|last1=North|first1=James|date=4 June 2015|access-date=5 November 2017|agency=The Nation|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021162610/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/why-ecuadors-rafael-correa-one-latin-americas-most-popular-leaders/|url-status=dead}}</ref> won the [[2006 Ecuadorian general election]] following the harsh economic crisis and social turmoil that caused right-wing{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} [[Lucio Gutiérrez|Lucio Gutiérrez's]] resignation as president.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronology of the fall of Lucio Gutiérrez ( |url=https://pages.ucsd.edu/~lzamosc/sup_mat/ChronologyGutierrez.pdf |website=ucsd.edu}}</ref>

<!--Ecuador and Paraguay-->
Correa, a practicing Catholic influenced by [[liberation theology]],<ref name="north2"/> was pragmatic in his economical approach in a similar manner to Morales in Bolivia.<ref name=":3"/> Ecuador soon experienced a non-precedent economic growth that bolstered Correa's popularity to the point that he was the most popular president of the Americas' for several years in a row,<ref name="north2"/> with an approval rate between 60 and 85%.<ref name="Miroff2">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ecuadors-popular-powerful-president-rafael-correa-is-a-study-in-contradictions/2014/03/15/452111fc-3eaa-401b-b2c8-cc4e85fccb40_story.html|title=Ecuador's popular, powerful president Rafael Correa is a study in contradictions|last1=Miroff|first1=Nick|date=15 March 2014|access-date=5 November 2017|agency=The Washington Post}}</ref> In Paraguay, Lugo's government was praised for its social reforms, including investments in low-income housing,<ref>[http://www.rabobank.com/content/images/Paraguay-201101_tcm43-105909.pdf "Paraguay"] (PDF).</ref> the introduction of free treatment in public hospitals,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=44857|title=Paraguay: Mixed Results for Lugo's First 100 Days|date=25 November 2008|publisher=Inter Press Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005044658/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=44857|archive-date=5 October 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=1 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130414110612/http://www.bti-project.org/countryreports/lac/pry/2012/%23chap10 "Chap 10"]. {{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> the introduction of cash transfers for Paraguay's most impoverished citizens,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/13579202?story_id=13579202|title=The boy and the bishop|date=30 April 2009|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> and [[indigenous rights]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2008/8/19/inauguration_of_paraguays_new_president_fernando|title=The Bishop of the Poor: Paraguay's New President Fernando Lugo Ends 62 Years of Conservative Rule|website=Democracy Now!|access-date=5 January 2010}}</ref>

<!--Results-->
Some of the initial results after the first pink tide governments were elected in Latin America included a reduction in the [[income gap]],<ref name="pimenta"/> [[unemployment]], [[extreme poverty]],<ref name="pimenta"/> [[malnutrition]] and hunger,<ref name="Jared2"/><ref name="Ebert2">{{cite web|title=Tres tenues luces de esperanza Las fuerzas de izquierda cobran impulso en tres países centroamericanos|work=Nueva Sociedad|date=2014|url=http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/PERSPECTIVA%20Koschuetzke%20Lanz.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810134141/http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/PERSPECTIVA%20Koschuetzke%20Lanz.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> and rapid increase in literacy.<ref name="Jared2"/> The decrease in these indicators during the same period of time happened faster than in non-pink tide governments.<ref name="Ystanes">{{cite book |last1=Ystanes |first1=Margit |last2=Åsedotter Strønen |first2=Iselin |title=The Social Life of Economic Inequalities in Contemporary Latin America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RaI7DwAAQBAJ |quote=[reduction of inequality gap] On average, the decrease was much slower for countries not under the Pink Tide governments (Cornia 2012). In light of this, it is clear that the Pink Tide governments positively impacted the living standards of the working classes. |isbn=978-3319615363 |date=25 October 2017 |publisher=Springer |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Several of countries ruled by pink tide governments, such as Bolivia, Costa Rica,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/eco/outlook/costa-rica-economic-forecast-summary.htm |title=Costa Rica – Economic forecast summary (November 2016) |last1=OECD |access-date=5 April 2017|author1-link=OECD }}</ref> Ecuador,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/columnistas/1/boom-economico-en-ecuador |title=Boom económico en Ecuador |access-date=5 April 2017 |agency=El Telégrafo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120095015/http://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/columnistas/1/boom-economico-en-ecuador |archive-date=20 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[World Bank]] |date=2014 |title=Ecuador |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ecuador/overview |access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> El Salvador, and Nicaragua,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[World Bank]] |title=Nicaragua |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nicaragua/overview|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> among others, experienced notable economic growth during this period. Both Bolivia and El Salvador also saw a notable reduction in poverty according to the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[World Bank]] |date=2015 |title=Reducing poverty in Bolivia comes down to two words: rural development |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/07/06/desarrollo-rural-para-reducir-pobreza-bolivia |access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/elsalvador/overview |title=El Salvador |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> Economic hardships occurred in countries such as Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela, as oil and commodity prices declined and because of their unsustainable policies according to analysts.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name="WPargentina2">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/does-argentinas-pro-business-vote-mean-the-latin-american-left-is-dead/2015/11/23/acb85f04-915a-11e5-befa-99ceebcbb272_story.html |title=Does Argentina's pro-business vote mean the Latin American left is dead? |last1=Partlow |first1=Joshua |date=23 November 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=30 December 2015 |last2=Caselli |first2=Irene}}</ref> In regard to the economic situation, the president of [[Inter-American Dialogue]], [[Michael Shifter]], stated: "The [[United States–Cuban Thaw]] occurred with Cuba reapproaching the United States when Cuba's main international partner, Venezuela, began experiencing economic hardships."<ref name="ECONties2">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/05/economist-explains-37 |title=Why the United States and Cuba are cosying up |date=29 May 2015 |access-date=14 November 2015 |agency=[[The Economist]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/venezuela-s-ruling-socialists-face-defeat-at-polls-amid-unrest-and-chaos-a6761261.html |title=Venezuela's ruling socialists face defeat at polls |last1=Usborne |first1=David |date=4 December 2015 |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref>

== Political outcome ==
Following the initiation of the pink tide's policies, the relationship between both left-leaning and right-leaning governments and the public changed.<ref name="CSMeven2">{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2017/0404/Even-as-South-America-tilts-right-a-leftist-legacy-stands-strong |title=Even as South America tilts right, a leftist legacy stands strong |last1=Eulich |first1=Whitney |date=4 April 2017 |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref> As leftist governments took power in the region, rising commodity prices funded their welfare policies, which lowered inequality and assisted indigenous rights.<ref name="CSMeven2"/> These policies of leftist governments in the 2000s eventually declined in popularity, resulting in the election of more conservative governments in the 2010s.<ref name="CSMeven2"/> Some political analysts consider that enduring legacies from the pink tide changed the location of Latin America's center of the political spectrum,<ref name="ISBESTER68"/> forcing right-wing candidates and succeeding governments to also adopt at least some welfare-oriented policies.<ref name="CSMeven2"/>

Under the [[Obama administration]], which held a less interventionist approach to the region after recognizing that interference would only boost the popularity of populist pink tide leaders like Chávez, Latin American approval of the United States began to improve as well.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reid |first=Michael |date=2015 |title=Obama and Latin America: A Promising Day in the Neighborhood |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=94 |pages=45–53 |quote=Officials in the Obama administration argued that it was counterproductive to publicly criticize Chávez, since doing so failed to change his behavior and merely allowed him to pose as a popular campaigner against American imperialism ... According to Latinobarómetro, a polling organization, an average of 69 percent of respondents in the region held a favorable view of the United States in 2013, up from 58 percent in 2008. ... In today's Latin America, it is hard to imagine that more confrontational policies would have achieved better results, ... the United States is no longer the only game in town in much of Latin America, bullying is often ineffective. ... circumstances in the region are becoming increasingly favorable for the United States.}}</ref> By the mid-2010s, "negative views of China were widespread" due to the substandard conditions of Chinese goods, professional actions deemed unjust, cultural differences, damage to the Latin American environment and perceptions of Chinese interventionism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Piccone |first=Ted |date=November 2016 |title=The Geopolitics of China's Rise in Latin America |journal=Geoeconomics and Global Issues |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |pages=7–8 |quote=Meanwhile, recent public opinion polls of Latin Americans reveal wavering attitudes toward China's influence in the region ... opinions of China as a model and as a rising power declined between 2012 and 2014. ... the authors concluded that negative views of China were widespread, mainly regarding the poor quality of Chinese goods, unfair business practices, incompatible language and culture, unsustainable development policies harmful to the environment, and fears of Chinese economic and demographic domination in international relations.}}</ref>

== Term ==
As a term, the pink tide had become prominent in contemporary discussion of Latin American politics in the early 21st century. Origins of the term may be linked to a statement by [[Larry Rohter]], a ''[[New York Times]]'' reporter in [[Montevideo]] who characterized the [[2004 Uruguayan general election]] of [[Tabaré Vázquez]] as the president of Uruguay as "not so much a red tide ... as a pink one".<ref name="pitts2" /> The term seems to be a [[play on words]] based on [[red tide]]—a biological phenomenon of an [[algal bloom]] rather than a political one—with [[Red (politics)|red]], a color long associated with [[communism]], especially as part of the [[Red Scare]] and [[red-baiting]] in the United States, being replaced with the lighter tone of pink to indicate the more moderate [[socialist]] ideas that gained strength.<ref name="ips2">{{cite web |last=Carlsen |first=Laura |date=15 December 2006 |url=http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/3806 |title=Latin America's Pink Tide? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910093646/http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/3806 |archive-date=10 September 2009 |url-status=dead |publisher=Institute for Policy Studies |access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref>

Despite the presence of a number of Latin American governments that professed to embracing [[left-wing politics]], it is difficult to categorize Latin American states "according to dominant political tendencies" like [[red states and blue states]] in the United States.<ref name="ips2"/> While this political shift was difficult to quantify, its effects were widely noticed. According to the [[Institute for Policy Studies]], a left-wing [[think-tank]] based in Washington, D.C., 2006 meetings of the South American Summit of Nations and the Social Forum for the Integration of Peoples demonstrated that certain discussions that used to take place on the margins of the dominant discourse of [[neoliberalism]], which moved to the center of [[public sphere]] and debate.<ref name="ips2"/>

In the 2011 book ''The Paradox of Democracy in Latin America: Ten Country Studies of Division and Resilience'', Isbester states: "Ultimately, the term 'the Pink Tide' is not a useful analytical tool as it encompasses too wide a range of governments and policies. It includes those actively overturning neoliberalism (Chávez and Morales), those reforming neoliberalism (Lula), those attempting a confusing mixture of both (the Kirchners and Correa), those having rhetoric but lacking the ability to accomplish much (Toledo), and those using anti-neoliberal rhetoric to consolidate power through non-democratic mechanisms (Ortega)."<ref name="ISBESTER68">{{cite book|title=The Paradox of Democracy in Latin America: Ten Country Studies of Division and Resilience|last1=Isbester|first1=Katherine|date=2011|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1442601802|location=Toronto|page=68}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[File:Pedro Sánchez visita México 04.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] with [[Pedro Sánchez]] in January 2019]]
In 2006, ''[[The Arizona Republic]]'' recognized the growing pink tide, stating: "A couple of decades ago, the region, long considered part of the United States' backyard, was basking in a resurgence of democracy, sending military despots back to their barracks", further recognizing the "disfavor" with the United States and the concerns of "a wave of nationalist, leftist leaders washing across Latin America in a 'pink tide'" among United States officials.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Issue: A Changing Latin America: Fears of 'Pink Tide'|agency=[[The Arizona Republic]]|date=12 June 2006}}</ref> A 2007 report from the [[Inter Press Service]] news agency said how "elections results in Latin America appear to have confirmed a left-wing populist and anti-U.S. trend – the so-called 'pink tide' – which ... poses serious threats to Washington's multibillion-dollar anti-drug effort in the Andes".<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=35951 "Challenges 2006–2007: A Bad Year for Empire"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114043312/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=35951|date=14 November 2007}}. Inter Press Service.</ref> In 2014, Albrecht Koschützke and Hajo Lanz, directors of the [[Friedrich Ebert Foundation]] for Central America, discussed the "hope for greater social justice and a more participatory democracy" following the election of leftist leaders, though the foundation recognized that such elections "still do not mean a shift to the left", but that they are "the result of an ostensible loss of prestige from the right-wing parties that have traditionally ruled".<ref name="Ebert">{{cite web|url=http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/PERSPECTIVA%20Koschuetzke%20Lanz.pdf|title=Tres tenues luces de esperanza Las fuerzas de izquierda cobran impulso en tres países centroamericanos|date=2014|work=Nueva Sociedad|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810134141/http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/PERSPECTIVA%20Koschuetzke%20Lanz.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>

Writing in ''[[Americas Quarterly]]'' after the election of [[Pedro Castillo]] in 2021, Paul J. Angelo and Will Freeman warned of the risk of Latin American left-wing politicians embracing what they dubbed "regressive social values" and "leaning into traditionally conservative positions on gender equality, abortion access, LGBTQ rights, immigration, and the environment". They cited Castillo blaming Peru's femicides on male "idleness" and criticizing what he called "[[gender ideology]]" taught in Peruvian schools, as well as Ecuador, governed by left-wing leaders for almost twenty years, having one of the strictest anti-abortion laws worldwide. On immigration, they mentioned Mexico's southern border militarization to stop Central American migrant caravans and Castillo's proposal to give undocumented migrants 72 hours to leave the country after taking office, while on the environment they cited Ecuadorian progressive presidential candidate [[Andrés Arauz]] insisting on oil drilling in the Amazon, as well as the Bolivian president [[Luis Arce]] allowing agribusinesses unchecked with deforestation.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Angelo|first1=Paul J.|last2=Freeman|first2=Will|date=23 June 2021|title=A Socially Conservative Left Is Gaining Traction in Latin America|url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/a-socially-conservative-left-is-gaining-traction-in-latin-america/|access-date=8 September 2021|website=[[Americas Quarterly]]}}</ref>

== Heads of the state and government ==
=== Presidents ===
Below are left-wing and centre-left presidents elected in Latin America since 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theperspective.se/is-there-a-new-pink-tide-on-latin-americas-horizon/|title=Is there a new Pink Tide on Latin America's horizon?|work=The Perspective|date=9 March 2021|access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="second">{{cite web|url=https://theweek.com/articles/840587/why-generation-latin-american-leaders-failed-deliver-promise-progress|title=Why a generation of Latin American leaders failed to deliver on their promise of progress|work=The Week|first=Benjamin|last=Waddell|date=15 May 2019|access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/24574677 | title=Quinze anos da onda rosa latino-americana: balanço e perspectivas | last=Silva | first=Fabricio Pereira da | volume=9 | issue=12 | publisher=Observatório Político Sul-Americano | date=2014 | access-date=2020-11-27 | issn=1809-7588 | journal=Observador On-Line }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leftvoice.org/a-faded-pink-tide-broad-peronist-coalition-defeats-macri-in-argentina|title=A Faded Pink Tide? Broad Peronist Coalition Defeats Macri in Argentina|work=Left Voice|first=Ana|last=Rivera|date=1 November 2019|access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="declinio">{{cite web | url=http://observatorio.repri.org/2018/06/04/o-declinio-da-onda-rosa-e-os-rumos-da-america-latina/ | title="O declínio da "onda rosa" e os rumos da América Latina. | last=Gazzola | first=por Ana Elisa Thomazella | date=4 June 2018 | publisher=Observatório de Regionalismo | access-date=2021-03-20 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bilaterals.org/?the-battle-for-latin-america-how|title=The battle for Latin America: How the US helped destroy the "pink tide"|website=www.bilaterals.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jan/09/populista-review-chavez-castro-latin-america-pink-wave-strongmen|title=¡Populista! review: Chávez, Castro and Latin America's 'pink wave' leaders|work=The Guardian|first=Carrie|last=Gibson|date=9 January 2021|access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="first">{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/04/23/paraguays-baby-daddy-in-chief/|title=Paraguay's baby-daddy in chief|work=Foreign Policy|first=Joshua|last=Keating|date=23 April 2009|access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyZWDwAAQBAJ&q=fernando&pg=PT210|title = From the Tricontinental to the Global South: Race, Radicalism, and Transnational Solidarity|isbn = 9780822371717|last1 = Mahler|first1 = Anne Garland|date = 19 April 2018| publisher=Duke University Press }}</ref><ref>Book: Ollanta Humala: de Locumba a candidato a la presidencia en Perú</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/new-andean-politics-bolivia-peru-ecuador/|title=The new Andean politics: Bolivia. Peru, Ecuador|work=openDemocracy|first=John|last=Crabtree|date=25 March 2012|access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="peru">{{cite book|last= Santos |first=Leandro Wolpert dos |editor-last=Lima |editor-first=Maria Regina Soares de |display-editors=etal | title=América do Sul no século XXI: desafios de um projeto político regional |url=http://opsa.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Am%C3%A9rica-do-Sul-no-s%C3%A9culo-XXI-Desafios-de-um-projeto-pol%C3%ADtico-regional.pdf |location=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Multifoco |year=2020 |pages=139–155 |chapter=Capítulo 8: Política externa do Peru em um contexto regional em transformação (2006-2018) – da onda rosa à guinada à direita |chapter-url=http://opsa.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Am%C3%A9rica-do-Sul-no-s%C3%A9culo-XXI-Desafios-de-um-projeto-pol%C3%ADtico-regional.pdf#page=139 |isbn=978-65-5611-032-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Garat |first1=Guillermo |title=Tabaré Vázquez, Uruguay's first socialist president, dies at 80 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/tabare-vazquez-dead/2020/12/06/8c56f6c4-3828-11eb-9276-ae0ca72729be_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref name="third">{{cite news |title=Chile's crisis was decades in the making |first=Jennifer|last=Pribble |date= 28 Oct 2019 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/81801886-f650-11e9-bbe1-4db3476c5ff0 |work=Financial Times|access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>

Centre-left presidents are marked with * while Venezuela was under [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|a presidential crisis]] from 2019 to 2023, indicated with ‡.

<gallery class="center" widths="145">
File:Kirchner - Galería de Presidentes de casarosada.gob.ar.jpg|alt=ArgentinaNéstor Kirchner2003–2007|'''{{ARG}}'''<br />[[Néstor Kirchner]]<br />2003–2007
File:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner 2011-12-10.jpg|alt=ArgentinaCristina Fernández de Kirchner2007–2015|'''{{ARG}}'''<br />[[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]]<br />2007–2015
File:Alberto fernandez presidente (cropped).jpg|alt=ArgentinaAlberto Fernández *2019-2023|'''{{ARG}}'''<br />[[Alberto Fernández]] *<br />2019–2023
File:Evo Morales Ayma (cropped 3).jpg|alt=BoliviaEvo Morales2006–2019|'''{{BOL}}'''<br />[[Evo Morales]]<ref name="lemonde">{{cite journal | url=https://diplomatique.org.br/a-onda-rosa/ | title=A onda rosa | last=Renaud | first=Lambert | publisher=Le Monde Diplomatique | date=2010-03-01 | access-date=2021-03-20 | journal=Renaud Lambert }}</ref><ref name="declinio" /><br />2006–2019
File:Luis Alberto Arce Catacora (Official Portrait, 2020) Cropped II.png|alt=BoliviaLuis Arce2020–present|'''{{BOL}}'''<br />[[Luis Arce]]<br />2020–present
File:Foto oficial de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2023–2027).jpg|alt=BrazilLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva *2003–20102023–present|'''{{BRA}}'''<br />[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] *<br />2003–2010<br/>2023–present
File:Dilma Rousseff - foto oficial 2011-01-09.jpg|alt=BrazilDilma Rousseff *2011–2016|'''{{BRA}}'''<br />[[Dilma Rousseff]] *<br />2011–2016
File:Ricardo Lagos (45777830295) (cropped).jpg|alt=ChileRicardo Lagos *2000–2006|'''{{CHI}}'''<br />[[Ricardo Lagos]] *<br />2000–2006
File:Portrait Michelle Bachelet.jpg|alt=ChileMichelle Bachelet *2006–20102014–2018|'''{{CHI}}'''<br />[[Michelle Bachelet]] *<br />2006–2010<br />2014–2018
File:Retrato Oficial Presidente Boric Font (cropped).jpg|alt=ChileGabriel Boric2022–present|'''{{CHI}}'''<br />[[Gabriel Boric]]<br />2022–present
File:Presidente Gustavo Petro Urrego.jpg|alt=ColombiaGustavo Petro2022–present|'''{{COL}}'''<br />[[Gustavo Petro]] <br />2022–present
File:Rafael Correa Delgado.jpg|alt=EcuadorRafael Correa2007–2017|'''{{ECU}}'''<br />[[Rafael Correa]] <br />2007–2017
File:Mauricio Funes (Brasilia, May 2008).jpg|alt=El SalvadorMauricio Funes *2009–2014|'''{{SLV}}'''<br />[[Mauricio Funes]] *<br />2009–2014
File:Cadena 12 (34186610605) cropped.jpg|alt=El SalvadorSalvador Sánchez Cerén 2014–2019|'''{{SLV}}'''<br />[[Salvador Sánchez Cerén]] <br />2014–2019
File:Foto oficial de Álvaro Colom (cropped 1).png|alt=GuatemalaÁlvaro Colom *2008–2012|'''{{GUA}}'''<br />[[Álvaro Colom]] *<br />2008–2012
File:Retrato oficial de Presidente Bernardo Arévalo (cropped).jpg|alt=Bernardo Arévalo*|'''{{GUA}}'''<br>[[Bernardo Arévalo]]*<br>2024–present
File:Zelaya en Brasil Agosto 2009.jpg|alt=HondurasManuel Zelaya2006–2009|'''{{HON}}'''<br />[[Manuel Zelaya]]<br />2006–2009
File:Xiomara Castro 2023.jpg|alt=HondurasXiomara Castro2022–present|'''{{HON}}'''<br />[[Xiomara Castro]]<br />2022–present
File:Presidente AMLO 2021.jpg|alt=MexicoAndrés Manuel López Obrador *2018–present|'''{{MEX}}'''<br />[[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] *<br />2018–2024
File:Claudia Sheinbaum con la banda presidencial (cropped) (2).jpg|'''{{MEX}}'''<br />[[Claudia Sheinbaum]]<br />2024–present|alt=MexicoClaudia Sheinbaum2024–present
File:Posesión de Daniel Ortega como presidente de Nicaragua (6679779009) (cropped).jpg|alt=NicaraguaDaniel Ortega2007–present|'''{{NIC}}'''<br />[[Daniel Ortega]]<br />2007–present
Rosario Murillo Diciembre 2024.jpg|alt=RosarioMurillo2024-present|'''{{NIC}}'''<br />[[Rosario Murillo]]<br/>2025-present
File:Fernando Lugo Mendez (copyred).jpg|alt=ParaguayFernando Lugo *2008–2012|'''{{PAR}}'''<br />[[Fernando Lugo]] *<br />2008–2012
File:Ollanta Humala.jpg|alt=PeruOllanta Humala *2011–2016|'''{{PER}}'''<br />[[Ollanta Humala]] *<br />2011–2016
File:Pedro Castillo portrait.png|alt=PeruPedro Castillo 2021–2022|'''{{PER}}'''<br />[[Pedro Castillo]] <br />2021–2022
File:Visita Oficial del Presidente de Uruguay 2 (cropped).jpg|alt=UruguayTabaré Vázquez *2005–20102015–2020|'''{{URU}}'''<br />[[Tabaré Vázquez]] *<br />2005–2010<br/>2015–2020
File:Mujica.jpg|alt=UruguayJosé Mujica 2010–2015|'''{{URU}}'''<br />[[José Mujica]] <br />2010–2015
File:Yamandú_Orsi_perfil.png | alt=UruguayYamandú Orsi 2025-2030|'''{{URU}}'''<br />[[Yamandú Orsi]] <br />2025-present
File:Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías.jpeg|alt=VenezuelaHugo Chávez2002-2013|'''{{VEN}}'''<br />[[Hugo Chávez]]<br />2002-2013
File:Nicolás Maduro 2019 Inauguración (cropped).jpg|alt=VenezuelaNicolás Maduro‡2013–present|'''{{VEN}}'''<br />[[Nicolás Maduro]]‡<br />2013–present
</gallery>

=== Disputed pink tide leaders ===
The following left-wing and centre-left presidents, prime ministers, and other heads of governments, are sometimes included as part of the pink tide and sometimes excluded, either because the countries they lead are in the broader [[Latin America and the Caribbean]] region but are not technically part of Latin America or the leaders in question do not necessarily fit under the definition of the pink tide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diplomatique.org.br/a-onda-rosa/|title = A onda rosa - le Monde Diplomatique| date=April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=SCHEPERS |first1=EMILE |title=The Bolivarian crisis: Is Latin America's "pink tide" receding? |url=https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/the-bolivarian-crisis-is-latin-america-s-pink-tide-receding/ |website=People's World |access-date=19 April 2021 |date=June 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Becker, Marc |title=Twentieth-Century Latin American Revolutions}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes Pimenta |first1=Gabriel |last2=Casas V M Arantes |first2=Pedro |title=Rethinking Integration in Latin America: The "Pink Tide" and the PostNeoliberal Regionalism |url=http://web.isanet.org/Web/Conferences/FLACSO-ISA%20BuenosAires%202014/Archive/19e10599-bf80-42fa-a9e1-accb107de234.pdf |date=July 23–25, 2014 |journal=FLACSO |volume=FLACSO-ISA Joint International Conference Buenos Aires, Argentina |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Prestholdt2019">{{cite book|author=Jeremy Prestholdt|title=Icons of Dissent: The Global Resonance of Che, Marley, Tupac and Bin Laden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXKfDwAAQBAJ&q=dési+bouterse+pink+tide&pg=PA206|date=1 July 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-009264-1|page=206}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Cuba's Role in the Bolivarian Radical Populist Movement's Dismantling of Democracy | url=https://www.ibiconsultants.net/_pdf/cuba-in-the-bolivarian-revolution.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416105225/https://www.ibiconsultants.net/_pdf/cuba-in-the-bolivarian-revolution.pdf | archive-date=2019-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A decade of reporting by the FT's outgoing Latin America editor|url=https://www.ft.com/content/0ef20fb0-680a-11e9-9adc-98bf1d35a056 |work=Financial Times|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="145">
File:Luis Guillermo Solis 2017.jpg|alt=Costa RicaLuis Guillermo Solís *2014–2018|'''{{CRI}}'''<br />[[Luis Guillermo Solís]] *<br />2014–2018
File:Carlos Alvarado Quesada Future Affairs Berlin 2019.jpg|alt=Costa RicaCarlos Alvarado Quesada *2018–2022|'''{{CRI}}'''<br />[[Carlos Alvarado Quesada]] *<br />2018–2022
File:Leonel Fernandez Reyna.jpg|alt=Dominican RepublicLeonel Fernández *2004–2012|'''{{DOM}}'''<br />[[Leonel Fernández]] *<br />2004–2012
File:V Cumbre CELAC- República Dominicana (32130698470) (cropped).jpg|alt=Dominican RepublicDanilo Medina *2012–2020|'''{{DOM}}'''<br />[[Danilo Medina]] *<br />2012–2020
File:Luis Abinader en 2022.jpg|alt=Dominican RepublicLuis Abinader *2020–present|'''{{DOM}}'''<br />[[Luis Abinader]] *<br />2020–present
File:Gabriel Serville (cropped).jpg|{{Flagicon image|Flag of French Guiana.svg}} '''[[French Guiana]]'''<br />[[Gabriel Serville]]<br />2021–present
File:Jean-Bertrand Aristide (cropped).jpg|alt=HaitiJean-Bertrand Aristide2001–2004|'''{{HTI}}'''<br />[[Jean-Bertrand Aristide]]<br />2001–2004
File:VI Cumbre de las Américas (7077114569) (cropped) (cropped).jpg|alt=Saint LuciaKenny Anthony2011–2016|'''{{LCA}}'''<br />[[Kenny Anthony]]<br />2011–2016
File:Philip J Pierre Christmas 2020 (cropped).png|alt=Saint LuciaPhilip J. Pierre2021–present|'''{{LCA}}'''<br />[[Philip J. Pierre]]<br />2021–present
File:Ralph Gonsalves 2016.jpg|alt=Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesRalph Gonsalves2001–present|'''{{VCT}}'''<br />[[Ralph Gonsalves]]<br />2001–present
</gallery>

=== Timeline ===
The timeline below shows periods where a left-wing or center-left leader governed over a particular country; disputed pink tide leaders are omitted.
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize   = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:25
PlotArea    = left:85 bottom:60 top:0 right:55
Alignbars   = justify
DateFormat  = dd/mm/yyyy
Period      = from:01/01/1999 till:{{#time: d/m/Y }}
TimeAxis    = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy

Define $now = {{#time: d/m/Y }}

Colors      =
  id:left  value:red legend:Left
  id:centerleft  value:rgb(1, 0.7, 0.7) legend:Centre-left 
  id:white  value:white
Legend = orientation:horizontal position:bottom
ScaleMajor = increment:5 start:2000
ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:1999
BarData    =
  bar:arg   text:"Argentina"
  bar:bol   text:"Bolivia"
  bar:bra   text:"Brazil"
  bar:chi   text:"Chile"
  bar:col   text:"Colombia"
  bar:ecu   text:"Ecuador"
  bar:els   text:"El_Salvador"
  bar:gua   text:"Guatemala"
  bar:hon   text:"Honduras"
  bar:mex   text:"Mexico"
  bar:nic   text:"Nicaragua"
  bar:par   text:"Paraguay"
  bar:per   text:"Peru"
  bar:uru   text:"Uruguay"
  bar:ven   text:"Venezuela"
PlotData   =
  width:16 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(5,-5)
  bar:arg       from:25/05/2003 till:10/12/2007 color:left text:"[[Néstor Kirchner|N. Kirchner]]"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:arg       from:10/12/2007 till:10/12/2015 color:left text:"[[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner|C. Fernández de Kirchner]]"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:arg       from:10/12/2019 till:10/12/2023 color:centerleft  text:"[[Alberto Fernández|A. Fernández]]" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:bol       from:22/01/2006 till:10/11/2019 color:left    text:"[[Evo Morales|Morales]]"   textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:bol       from:10/11/2019 till:07/11/2020 color:left width:3 mark:(line,left) # political crisis - OAS Inter-American Court of Human Rights has admitted that their "irregularities" finding doesn't hold and the entire Áñez administration has been convicted as a coup.
  bar:bol       from:08/11/2020 till:$now color:left    text:"[[Luis Arce|Arce]]"   textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:bra       from:01/01/2003 till:31/12/2010 color:centerleft     text:"[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula]]"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:bra       from:01/01/2011 till:31/08/2016 color:centerleft     text:"[[Dilma Rousseff|Rousseff]]" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:bra       from:01/01/2023 till:$now color:centerleft     text:"[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula]]"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:chi       from:11/03/2000 till:11/03/2006 color:centerleft      text:"[[Ricardo Lagos|Lagos]]"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:chi       from:11/03/2006 till:11/03/2010 color:centerleft      text:"[[Michelle Bachelet|Bachelet]]" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:chi       from:11/03/2014 till:11/03/2018 color:centerleft      text:"[[Michelle Bachelet|Bachelet]]" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:chi       from:11/03/2022 till:$now color:left   text:"[[Gabriel Boric|Boric]]"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:col       from:07/08/2022 till:$now color:left   text:"[[Gustavo Petro|Petro]]"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:ecu       from:15/01/2007 till:24/05/2017 color:left    text:"[[Rafael Correa|Correa]]"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:els       from:01/06/2009 till:01/06/2014 color:centerleft text:"[[Mauricio Funes|Funes]]"     textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:els       from:01/06/2014 till:01/06/2019 color:left text:"[[Salvador Sánchez Cerén|Cerén]]"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:gua       from:14/01/2008 till:14/01/2012 color:centerleft      text:"[[Álvaro Colom|Colom]]" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:gua       from:15/01/2024 till:$now color:centerleft      text:"[[Bernardo Arévalo|Arévalo]]" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:hon       from:27/01/2006 till:28/06/2009 color:left   text:"[[Manuel Zelaya|Zelaya]]"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:hon       from:27/01/2022 till:$now color:left   text:"[[Xiomara Castro|X. Castro]]"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:mex       from:01/12/2018 till:30/09/2024 color:centerleft  text:"[[Andrés Manuel López Obrador|López Obrador]]"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:mex       from:01/10/2024 till:$now color:left  text:"[[Claudia Sheinbaum|Sheinbaum]]"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:nic       from:10/01/2007 till:$now color:left  text:"[[Daniel Ortega|Ortega]]"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:par       from:15/08/2008 till:22/06/2012 color:centerleft   text:"[[Fernando Lugo|Lugo]]"     textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:per       from:28/07/2011 till:28/07/2016 color:centerleft       text:"[[Ollanta Humala|Humala]]"   textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:per       from:28/07/2021 till:07/12/2022 color:left     text:"[[Pedro Castillo|Castillo]]"   textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:uru       from:01/03/2005 till:01/03/2010 color:centerleft    text:"[[Tabaré Vázquez|Vázquez]]"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:uru       from:01/03/2010 till:01/03/2015 color:left    text:"[[José Mujica|Mujica]]"   textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:uru       from:01/03/2015 till:01/03/2020 color:centerleft    text:"[[Tabaré Vázquez|Vázquez]]"   textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:uru       from:01/03/2025 till:$now color:left    text:"[[Yamandú Orsi|Orsi]]"   textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:ven       from:02/02/1999 till:05/03/2013 color:left  text:"[[Hugo Chávez|Chávez]]"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:ven       from:05/03/2013 till:$now color:left  text:"[[Nicolás Maduro|Maduro]]"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
  bar:ven       from:10/01/2019 till:05/01/2023 color:white width:3  # presidential crisis
}}

== See also ==
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
{{colbegin}}
* [[Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas]]
* [[Bolivarianism]]
* [[Conservative wave]]
* [[History of Latin America]]
* ''[[Indigenismo]]''
* [[Kirchnerism]]
* [[Latin American drug legalization]]
* [[Latin American integration]]
* [[Latin American liberation theology]]
* [[Legacy of Che Guevara]]
* [[Left-wing populism]]
* [[Lulism]]
* [[New Left]]
* [[Pan-Americanism]]
* [[Panhispanism]]
* [[Petrocaribe]]
* [[Politics of Fidel Castro]]
* [[Populism in Latin America]]
* [[Sandinista ideology]]
* [[Socialism of the 21st century]]
* [[Tankie]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Latin America topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pink tide}}
[[Category:1990s in South America]]
[[Category:2000s in South America]]
[[Category:2010s in South America]]
[[Category:2020s in South America]]
[[Category:Bolivarian Revolution]]
[[Category:Democratic socialism in South America]]
[[Category:Economic ideologies]]
[[Category:Latin America]]
[[Category:Left-wing populism in South America]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]
[[Category:Socialism in South America]]
[[Category:Socialism of the 21st century]]
[[Category:2000s neologisms]]